Week 15

Chapter 8: Deadlocks
Instructor :Dr Farzana

Class Assignment
CLAIM EDGE
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Chapter 7: Deadlocks
System Model
Deadlock Characterization
Methods for Handling Deadlocks
Deadlock Prevention
Deadlock Avoidance
Deadlock Detection
Recovery from Deadlock
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 7.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
System Model
System consists of resources
Resource types R1, R2, . . ., Rm
CPU cycles, memory space, I/O devices
Each resource type Ri has Wi instances.
Each process utilizes a resource as follows:
request
use
release
System Model
Deadlock Characterization
Deadlock can arise if four conditions hold simultaneously.
Mutual exclusion: only one process at a time can use a

resource
Hold and wait: a process holding at least one resource is
waiting to acquire additional resources held by other
processes
No preemption: a resource can be released only voluntarily
by the process holding it, after that process has completed
its task
Circular wait: there exists a set {P0, P1, …, Pn} of waiting
processes such that P0 is waiting for a resource that is held
by P1, P1 is waiting for a resource that is held by P2, …, Pn–1
is waiting for a resource that is held by Pn, and Pn is waiting
for a resource that is held by P0.
Deadlock with Mutex Locks
Deadlocks can occur via system calls, locking, etc.
See example box in text page 318 for mutex deadlock
Deadlock Detection
Deadlock Detection in OS
A deadlock occurrence can be detected by the resource scheduler. A
resource scheduler helps OS to keep track of all the resources which
are allocated to different processes. So, when a deadlock is detected, it
can be resolved using the below-given methods:
Deadlock Handling
Methods for Handling Deadlocks
Ensure that the system will never enter a deadlock

state:
Deadlock prevention
Deadlock avoidence
Allow the system to enter a deadlock state and then
recover
Ignore the problem and pretend that deadlocks never
occur in the system; used by most operating systems,
including UNIX
Deadlock Prevention
Restrain the ways request can be made
Mutual Exclusion – not required for sharable resources

(e.g., read-only files); must hold for non-sharable resources
Hold and Wait – must guarantee that whenever a process
requests a resource, it does not hold any other resources
Require process to request and be allocated all its
resources before it begins execution, or allow process
to request resources only when the process has none
allocated to it.
Low resource utilization; starvation possible
Deadlock Prevention (Cont.)
No Preemption –
If a process that is holding some resources requests
another resource that cannot be immediately allocated to
it, then all resources currently being held are released
Preempted resources are added to the list of resources
for which the process is waiting
Process will be restarted only when it can regain its old
resources, as well as the new ones that it is requesting
Circular Wait – impose a total ordering of all resource types,
and require that each process requests resources in an
increasing order of enumeration
Deadlock Avoidance
Deadlock Detection and Recovery
Deadlock Ignorance
Class Activity
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Deadlock Example
/* thread one runs in this function */
void *do_work_one(void *param)
{
pthread_mutex_lock(&first_mutex);
pthread_mutex_lock(&second_mutex);
/** * Do some work */
pthread_mutex_unlock(&second_mutex);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&first_mutex);
pthread_exit(0);
}
/* thread two runs in this function */
void *do_work_two(void *param)
{
pthread_mutex_lock(&second_mutex);
pthread_mutex_lock(&first_mutex);
/** * Do some work */
pthread_mutex_unlock(&first_mutex);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&second_mutex);
pthread_exit(0);
}
Deadlock Example with Lock Ordering
void transaction(Account from, Account to, double amount)
{
mutex lock1, lock2;
lock1 = get_lock(from);
lock2 = get_lock(to);
acquire(lock1);
acquire(lock2);
withdraw(from, amount);
deposit(to, amount);
release(lock2);
release(lock1);
}
Transactions 1 and 2 execute concurrently. Transaction 1 transfers $25

from account A to account B, and Transaction 2 transfers $50 from account
B to account A
Deadlock Avoidance
Requires that the system has some additional a priori information
available
Simplest and most useful model requires that each process
declare the maximum number of resources of each type
that it may need
The deadlock-avoidance algorithm dynamically examines
the resource-allocation state to ensure that there can never
be a circular-wait condition
Resource-allocation state is defined by the number of
available and allocated resources, and the maximum
demands of the processes
Safe State
When a process requests an available resource, system must

decide if immediate allocation leaves the system in a safe state
System is in safe state if there exists a sequence <P1, P2, …, Pn>
of ALL the processes in the systems such that for each Pi, the
resources that Pi can still request can be satisfied by currently
available resources + resources held by all the Pj, with j < I
That is:
If Pi resource needs are not immediately available, then Pi can
wait until all Pj have finished
When Pj is finished, Pi can obtain needed resources, execute,
return allocated resources, and terminate
When Pi terminates, Pi +1 can obtain its needed resources, and
so on
Basic Facts
If a system is in safe state  no deadlocks
If a system is in unsafe state  possibility of deadlock
Avoidance  ensure that a system will never enter an

unsafe state.
Safe, Unsafe, Deadlock State
Avoidance Algorithms
Single instance of a resource type

Use a resource-allocation graph
Multiple instances of a resource type

Use the banker’s algorithm
Resource-Allocation Graph
A set of vertices V and a set of edges E.
V is partitioned into two types:
P = {P1, P2, …, Pn}, the set consisting of all the processes
in the system
R = {R1, R2, …, Rm}, the set consisting of all resource

types in the system
request edge – directed edge Pi → Rj
assignment edge – directed edge Rj → Pi
Resource-Allocation Graph (Cont.)
Process
Resource Type with 4 instances
Pi requests instance of Rj
Pi
Rj
Pi is holding an instance of Rj
Pi
Rj
Example of a Resource Allocation Graph
Resource Allocation Graph With A Deadlock
Graph With A Cycle But No Deadlock
Basic Facts
If graph contains no cycles  no deadlock

If graph contains a cycle 
if only one instance per resource type, then deadlock
if several instances per resource type, possibility of
deadlock
Resource-Allocation Graph Scheme
Claim edge Pi → Rj indicated that process Pj may request
resource Rj; represented by a dashed line
Claim edge converts to request edge when a process requests
a resource
Request edge converted to an assignment edge when the
resource is allocated to the process
When a resource is released by a process, assignment edge
reconverts to a claim edge
Resources must be claimed a priori in the system
Resource-Allocation Graph
Unsafe State In Resource-Allocation Graph
Resource-Allocation Graph Algorithm
Suppose that process Pi requests a resource Rj

The request can be granted only if converting the
request edge to an assignment edge does not result
in the formation of a cycle in the resource allocation
graph
Banker’s Algorithm
Multiple instances
Each process must a priori claim maximum use
When a process requests a resource it may have to wait
When a process gets all its resources it must return them in a

finite amount of time
Data Structures for the Banker’s Algorithm
Let n = number of processes, and m = number of resources types.
Available: Vector of length m. If available [j] = k, there are k

instances of resource type Rj available
Max: n x m matrix. If Max [i,j] = k, then process Pi may request at

most k instances of resource type Rj
Allocation: n x m matrix. If Allocation[i,j] = k then Pi is currently

allocated k instances of Rj
Need: n x m matrix. If Need[i,j] = k, then Pi may need k more

instances of Rj to complete its task
Need [i,j] = Max[i,j] – Allocation [i,j]
Safety Algorithm
1. Let Work and Finish be vectors of length m and n, respectively.
Initialize:
Work = Available
Finish [i] = false for i = 0, 1, …, n- 1
2. Find an i such that both:

(a) Finish [i] = false
(b) Needi  Work
If no such i exists, go to step 4
3. Work = Work + Allocationi

Finish[i] = true
go to step 2
4. If Finish [i] == true for all i, then the system is in a safe state
Resource-Request Algorithm for Process Pi
Requesti = request vector for process Pi. If Requesti [j] = k then

process Pi wants k instances of resource type Rj
1. If Requesti  Needi go to step 2. Otherwise, raise error condition,
since process has exceeded its maximum claim
2. If Requesti  Available, go to step 3. Otherwise Pi must wait,
since resources are not available
3. Pretend to allocate requested resources to Pi by modifying the
state as follows:
Available = Available – Requesti;
Allocationi = Allocationi + Requesti;
Needi = Needi – Requesti;
If safe  the resources are allocated to Pi
If unsafe  Pi must wait, and the old resource-allocation state
is restored
Example of Banker’s Algorithm
5 processes P0 through P4;

3 resource types:
A (10 instances), B (5instances), and C (7 instances)
Snapshot at time T0:
Allocation Max Available
ABC ABC ABC
P0 010 753 332
P1 200 322
P2 302 902
P3 211 222
P4 002 433
Example (Cont.)
The content of the matrix Need is defined to be Max – Allocation
Need
ABC
P0 743
P1 122
P2 600
P3 011
P4 431
The system is in a safe state since the sequence < P1, P3, P4, P2, P0>
satisfies safety criteria
Example: P1 Request (1,0,2)
Check that Request  Available (that is, (1,0,2)  (3,3,2)  true
Allocation Need Available
ABC ABC ABC
P0 010 743 230
P1 302 020
P2 302 600
P3 211 011
P4 002 431
Executing safety algorithm shows that sequence < P1, P3, P4, P0, P2>
satisfies safety requirement
Can request for (3,3,0) by P4 be granted?
Can request for (0,2,0) by P0 be granted?

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Chapter 8: Deadlocks

Instructor :Dr Farzana

Mutual exclusion: only one process at a time can use a

Ensure that the system will never enter a deadlock

Mutual Exclusion – not required for sharable resources

Transactions 1 and 2 execute concurrently. Transaction 1 transfers $25

When a process requests an available resource, system must

If a system is in safe state  no deadlocks

If a system is in unsafe state  possibility of deadlock

Avoidance  ensure that a system will never enter an

Single instance of a resource type

Multiple instances of a resource type

R = {R1, R2, …, Rm}, the set consisting of all resource

request edge – directed edge Pi → Rj

assignment edge – directed edge Rj → Pi

Resource Type with 4 instances

If graph contains no cycles  no deadlock

Suppose that process Pi requests a resource Rj

Each process must a priori claim maximum use

When a process requests a resource it may have to wait

When a process gets all its resources it must return them in a

Let n = number of processes, and m = number of resources types.

Available: Vector of length m. If available [j] = k, there are k

Max: n x m matrix. If Max [i,j] = k, then process Pi may request at

Allocation: n x m matrix. If Allocation[i,j] = k then Pi is currently

Need: n x m matrix. If Need[i,j] = k, then Pi may need k more

Need [i,j] = Max[i,j] – Allocation [i,j]

2. Find an i such that both:

3. Work = Work + Allocationi

Requesti = request vector for process Pi. If Requesti [j] = k then

5 processes P0 through P4;

Can request for (3,3,0) by P4 be granted?

Can request for (0,2,0) by P0 be granted?

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