CHAPTE 2

Kirchhaff's LaWs

Suana bnit ler

e
Suano Eaolae

onale e silol Sundo Jonra

fet dvenc.
L t
aleure
basif elennon (evn

rleyuinoler oluln lo lo kornnourt aurolui nayce

* Devre/erleti ilettenler muttMnel lethan o ld, iaih (varn-

ar. Boylece, deurede horca

iGdirenalui olur.
no ee bu bajt e Cmanlssn zulaole foplas nnt)
u
unloro la nmpeo-porcnnetes civeuu/f 4oplu pronehel
e re da Lu dw.

Deure anceliadole GO lullernalon feual kaurennla

ele alalin

1. Node :(Dugin,rotto) 3inply pot of COnnLe Hon

a
a

fwp or ore circuit olunss(2 vey olohaola

Lidey tilp nolla alu
ure e lenonunin
ehilek
selile
*brolp temm ilettulule yaye

Le th Li dopvu.
p steilse

slt) N

7lt)
bir olwre
b notforolon Laslenp bir olure
LasloP
(Bi chure uLunols
elenonna rastrelne
Eodar aut emn lH 6y
kunon fom yol bit tel dSpnad foufil ede
lerltdiplnJt
Deure heuluolpr-ole b olirolu peaen 'bi Gol yol
o
eupun prur
 Hroul,
ony cloe d porb
Loop op (Geure s3t ple

H tircui n
CBi
whicl&

olevredla
yn
nooe

du
encowmbeve
birolr
s
pla kec
nora

Lon on ce.
olus furu len kapody du
tAutlonades

orn ode

Basta bi
1

RI,i,Rs, u2
'den-
bas lcpn qeure

cere
R-

,k3,
Noode

t
,
, R4, tit)

du - R2,

loap op
,
caere bilirts

Ua, 2,ti da
(Auovrol
oludur.

dip

brircte aet. 7vg

c a portion
a cicuit ondo ih ig ony
6ranch (Dol,tol)
end He eleuut.
He nodes af eac4
shgle elemnt end

Saolee fel L odevre eleuana

ve elenanin
-(& dadolon
u cundor
oludur.)
iaeren deure perracsi dr)
dupu-s
Kirch. Ys-BAsiT AMA Goc oN EmmiD -2 toul did

Law

o
Cutext
KirchhofLs
Curet lau (kca),which
law
The states
first
Haf fe
Lirchhoff's
alpelraie
he cureats enti
for le
s2evo. L
Matemat/cal
nole

pcar

hre clt) Jta curaf enterg H ode hro

Aumbe brancles CoAneCcks
bronch 1
to tha 0Jes
Fo ade edilelli

KCC
fortl

of rod
sekilda
3 The alraic
15.2eso.
Sum o e currests enttrihg

O
a o de

La4) -iu11)+(5()-(a
ire oumlasin (4)=
iseti ), cikan
alelas (-dv.
 6 ode
*T pe
)
brait
le aopildiin da)
Su
cwreat
Cwrens leonuta
leo
(3)

2eso
-tl4)+ (ty4) -ts(4)+ (>(4)-o Gka +
6iren-)

Te s oe Curre ente
a ode i
cauel

o4 Cwrt
=
leov 0de

C2lt)1 Cs(4) il+)+ (7(4)

3 de tc n r oolss/d.
elilei 2snled. 6ercok
a lar rostaele
dn
mis
Barodo
&urodet
l
olo4lir
dep/ldir, Ornepin

mcot eqer peraet

-14),

dep r
6'e dag
secl

aslda
nea ifse aslda9
l
tnsudur.
'e doprA poiH
poretl
4E kor uma lkou dayou Buno
KAY
Lir

t
pmde
deplne ,
depolemoma.( Bir
sadece ryued
olwreda

Lir m
oplountleta ys
Loska

ecel
ye p'd)
sekilde
KAY (cL -expeula

genialetelilirie.
poly eltnan &m)
4el edi
t
ollumg
ire
a elunona

elunon dpolnat) elwan

e olacop.n
otaan a aualn to pl
lenSileim
irl03
toidoa cka auulue eytHir.

ats etnug oy
T cloed
lpeLreie
a
u
is
Curf uts
Curt
 wrik CCL pr ryod tLe0fwo.
Exp. 2.S Let u
leai
asi Ha cur rents

Pohive.
2(t)+(3(4) i4)= O 2 4 ilE deulle-

kcL at rode 2(4)+ 7Mi toplen

-ty 4)- O 5' i
Clt)+ Budeileu-
ode 2
(614)
CLot
14)=0le
le dapasod
doprusol
ult)+ (aH)
- (24)-(5 olerot Loam
SI2 olmadp
ode3
is4) C 4)- cz = O l+)

cat ode y 4) -(z(tE)=O

slln dop-
No Lplde
kc at rode S: is(4)- t6
doAo Lopu de
Hd L aknOwn
6oA 20A Currea4
intHe
fxp.2.6 wort

40A 30mA

(Bir nnisek lin

tapolaie
Topelogie
diagro dioproa

KLC a+ Nole
- I+20mA + 60mA =0
= 80nA
(Gide+))

o
LCL t node 3OmA-I -40A
I= - 10mA

LCL t rode 2
-Tu=O
OA- 1o mA

T +40A 60A Is2O, Kclat

O
ode
70A20A = Is -I5 -20A 30mA
Z5 50mA
I5=50mA
 Wite KCL equ hiO

)
Exp.2 4)-0
cyt)+(2 (4)-r
nede1
O
2 t()-t24)500214)=
M spir) Neds

Node3 t4)+
5 0th 4)- (e 14)=O

(4)-t4)-0
Y Node c4)-a

toplom
Boledtl

Exp. 2.8 (3esAc£ 1)

Fiad d 6omA 20MAA

efACE
CGei
li Eayropi var)

30A

CL rate - IiT 60mA +20A

o

-20mA-Š nA= O
4 tonA - 6OmA

y= 2OmA
slir eleuana etr e atun atan atu mg
uoll
ext ola cai dan
elwa depolarat )
elenslarn Lirlene not taSina re atalon toploa

Loirles otta sin b aiken atumlan oplonina erit ol

Harear lue questias 3 a)

 kircuhe
VoHo Law
la
veltapelow
v»ltape
* irch Loff
Cev), states+hat
second lauw, called Circh hofH

+ alee Lrajc o voltepej

zso-
Oround
CBir
n laop
cere zeindei gei liluin
celiel o planninn

suroldnulade eda) 985 lkapod yol

KVL, ene dayon Mitte
eblj î
i
ceuresnde kareket etuanna
ekti ve
icin

lorkn ene okset

sfirdrr Devre ireinde
-
enei eigt
oplou sifr olaud Cquilina
hrr
hurLr eua
eluna
dupsliain Bonedan dolay
artult old ore) kay

a
luindale
nesdSaSs ue tsedialutns
uzesnde ilerlerkin

önuli dir
LherLir Cere
wn de
de
* evu dern, deve ve aaauslin
ahalonn veaaeuslin
tlenn
dSut-dolei
retE enej Brced eny ox2olan
+oo stra estlunslidt kare
M p2 ol (
cop Neatarc

ene e2auelnu H, ortyin

a Fole o nsi cnsidering
Cering
ouca Ne will adop+
od norea
en ray level oo poaityve
o dereose
eq le a atve. (Geurtde dolopurle

(+)i&et lecars|la
ei) a ol tauan noloh3ina påe
VaL
t
ve b
sIdo
lalM
pei lin
Cth uo Hope
volto
o polat
a wL fesrect

notlo L sttaDna pöre pozid)

Vbo L
otdo ana ore poat-
 AroQ da oililui iserttul lua ulllan es/

lar atuilaist

Vo

Nx-Vo
Vx -Vo
Vo
Vx-Vo 7v VxVob= Vo

shaleLaoeled ond
ol-subscri
Caitxl4
pt

dis
nolaton arrow ndtaHon

Ctee yinlu
o otoHa
nteoyon
Atesyo

forns far alerg oltape

Eauialt lef us
Cre tnoun qunndrrey
Ve
Exp.2.9 TVe
d Veg
and Ve
C
*a
VI=18,Vea
naetoindlou

Soat yhdnole
12V

Laslay
hare teA
|
esilhe
3ov
3 -5 +Vea - ISV+ VAg-30-O
te A5 Ve
-15 +Veg-30=O
/8-5+12
VAg 20V
Nei Ve Ve Let us dnonotrad
tat two o
bp 2.10
only
P the threeosle
e &v foop euatons
16 ere likearo
nde pedt
CMneer Les oiz)

a dan Laaleyala: (for he left loop

soldai Gereele stortng at palt
- =O
VLI+ Ve

Spelak Geureda
16-24
L'd Lasloeuldn:far e
slartina
rifht
at
lp
poit
VLL tVLg 84 Ib -N4=O
 t outu at pont a
Vesuatin lor loop stortt

N+Ner+Vg+ &-24 - O
No te at we add frnd as equaba, we alth
third equatHon.TLaefore,
Ha threce e uadia
al
Devredilei voltolo
Wnly idepedt.
Sodece s Jnlleme

VL t hnns
hhas oldnavo
dekomtns
hap behves
lop
te dovslk-
tLe dovble
- e Lehwen
subsesipt
subsesipt

tp2,u
let u
apply

Specicol,
ta r o
wo poitr.
ws
od Vec
fud Vae oud
Vec.
pore po
ntaton, let
16 Vaea,e'ya
Vece
' poe pou c'
Nae Vec
(©E i))
pout
24v
6 V
Vae = l4

+10V-24
=O
Vone
or
ob cde a)
(aefa =O
6-12+4 t6 -Vae
Voe 14
or cefabc =O
Vec cdee -Vec+loV
-24+l6-]2

-4t6+
Vec =O Vec -10V
Vec 10U
iata ceabC
Vae Lilndip!
O
-Vec - Vae +lb-12
O
-Vec 4+lb -12
Vec -10 V
 geual, t mathumaHe represt-tin o 9
kVL 15

V (t)-O
J-

wherr Uiltl
(w t n s tuvoltPe
praper, relwena
ocross

directin)
e
in a losp
Lronch
contanm
N
do smi
votopes.

Detl yaumu sraindo wil

OT
NOT
secu ilwlene
eis oret
Cere üunde d
alnmalu
depllbe-)
V
Exp.
2.122
VLLR2
20VL V

V24+Ve-Vs =
Op
abda
-Vk ==O
Lcoll 20V+Veg
Howemore
E,£2.8, E2,9
e)
C 3ole
V=IR abi o le guilin araindald
le lee

.
Ohr yoias
NOT vesr.
ig
I

pJajin

hrn Aeun yors DJ

veM
slonaji AS geilai A B teMholli C dop
5),A() ise auil
A), )»e
arvee.
ealaresi

8A
oriesi
o
sA),
abnLJe)
'2solvaly
D4),c(
(LVunse) o(+),c(
 VOCTAGE BUStON (10)

de-reluin
Daha 8nce gr düauAuz yo olon buit anali

2de 6un cain en Lad due ola

alau
Etbnablirit
et
+et cevrei ere ceyelya .

iA series
f4)
Tek aere derede

EvL
he Asde
md +Sa olnanle
UlH) ulrsa min
ow Swind a

Bu elmo n
au or lnoun da dob
i daj

2 balarin sei Lopl oldn sogur. Deureda va

LO Elui Lea planol ian evL Own

ullo r. BoMA'C
sidoit i Lolena onra tarmos dre)
A&l

irce e oplmm val ae)

Dert-(2

Aun sovaG)
so-ok

o
n
carlt)
de avhpin
()
vo olum. (Daprla
soat pnun tend aka

+ P ualto
de n sea an
Anric oleal Lel di?
na \unp
ohn y

K* A
(Soot n de iluluud)

)
-ul4)t Ve, + VEt
Vtvk2
=0 oL
 A
o
Lnawing
to

A
de term
ecusrat,

idk ten

VLI=
he
sara
altope

R dt)
Ve= 21 ult
e
direra
1
acrois

)
now
eao
apply

wnndeAd
Ln's lew
esvstor:

t)
volt
volt-

Sinilerly
ut)
Vlz R2. uH
fh
fLe
dad Lefwe
diuidad Lefween
ult)s
ul4) diui
+lur
trcui The source volepe dreet propor tion
volHope
diuide ros For
res is+onte.
alum esnplma
MU e
diyarso
VE jefeslidt.
i a cepma

Asldo
u4) il
aaitao pás
e ilms se de aua esnplanal

-uI)+ ult)+ u)= O

1VL Saqla.
 12
2.13 SuPoe lat Vs U, RI=90k ,zlot
Exp.
Let s axomj cla
clhange

assor
Loi
s Leuo
re) for
lape

aG
ocroy

)
Led

Tchoged rom 9ot o 15tl.

Voltope

Va = V
Vs

V2= 3
Sol+3ot
x

ok 9= V= 2.25V
V2

Vs = V+V2
2,2 5 =6,45 V
V-Vs-V2 =

R ot 15 30. 9 = 6V
.Vs =
V. = SE+30E
Rta
I at Ll O ha yaono
Vepede Siuision
alt Lulanlo essepedin
dyind
daluos S gil
75MA
odna diat
edin.

930t = 0,169mw

R 90L
30 = ,2 W
209MA
la at
Ri90t Am MA RI=15t

900uA dir. 6 ou mn esin tga old. it

hiu durondh asc o ul oldkaa artid.

 MuAple-Jource Pesh tor Jehworti
CCo Enatl Dir eal; erels)
3li
qeli taunepi e d irend ven deurel,

soa (4)+ Ve Vt)

eteli)

Vi ercuiH
Equaleat sourcet
Mulfipli
Aaconl au
e4A Ancol alu Mn
lkalul
A n soat gSnde daperlame

ey n pel) dapeleine

s
deutedei kaynollan

bafl dr)
4o cirtulE
EVL
Applyin - GiH= O
+ V2 4) -U3 (+)+ Va + Uu4) +U54
VLi

h Law tUs lt)-u(tj=

O
ka.(zlt)+Uult)
P4 + U2(t)-U3lt)t
= url)- Vz 1H)+ UgH) U |4)-vslt)
(R+P) t(4 t H JUm seero
Con
in eries
ourus our
B N s vo lHope
d L ont
ere icin de ereplo ce
alpebraic
bivr wese volue h
paelleir/le sv oL dilduo sourn.

+))= 4)
uf)- Us4)
lt)- U24) +9314)
I4)
 Ve
t
Ve +V
tJe

TJes
PN
.+RN

Non Consi d
sesie, a
VeN

sho wn
+F circurt

Aprhg
wtEVL N rejis

to
tors in

circus

VeN

It)-Rs.d4)
R P Ri+

lt)

nu esisar in eut euil

*Nofe lso hat or e expresiyo

voltepe
sos P is
8ueA

Vei u)
s reaitor
reafatorn
diunr'an
4ipla
multiplk
ol4ope
which
sies.
Rs N=Ri+ Pz+
reistor s
-

la Seit
+RN
is
H He equtuolint
impla
eqolnt ceisreuisleu
Jum o
H hdlduou resis eas.
(tek tet)
 Exp 2.15
o o 2 0t

Fiad T,VLa, ud
12V
6v

30t 3Ot
e
H powr alsrtes
sOtlesistor.

Vbe Voltope diaio

ile buln

I + 204T + 12 +3ol I =O
-6+1o
60I
6ot
0, A

0,lmA Amn tes ddir (tatul edleain)

At deju:

(-o.(mA)t 2 VLd =O
VLed bcdbb 20.lo Vbd
(V) =

o I+ Vbd +30e I - 6 =O
I--0.AaA
obde
yot-O IA)- 6 = V6J
Vbd (OV
-
epun on
llonos
V 1O buldu lud
R-30t P= IR= (-o,IA). 30 =03mw
asorses
diisro
Vbc voliopt

20t Y6)
VLC
VLC
4ot204
20
6v
Vbe 2.-6)=-2(V)
 DIuiston (Sinle Noeo-FairCrceuhi)
eoteku)
Crret dßun
Fpe
*Ond Lessit deoe idune davtelesdir.
olenre de her
Lir Geure
ek
te pö a4t soip Lir

43 olure oluunenlu
icai da liunle
enwnl
erida ay ildr dacopn
duir. Deureduuls di
birsiri Poure
i IcC ve Ouu pon
Lil
()
ullaut
uper de
In novoul
( on uolfope

lowe rodo
oralu
Ldirna
Verd Lalclr31a7
LSaterG7
Ka
(lt)
K C4),
ti4) (t olualeina

t+)- u lt) + lz (4)

Ons law
drre
Pevalll
Adere

p
clelcyova
lceyava4

=
r(4/
P Pare reis toue
whwe equahi
on

Pp= 22
Speaal
Caae
R Pp= EIt R2
2
* omak ta qln olunin t ovan do Poryl

ol adlndarl.
** Le nonnrr in whrc csent
orte siuide Letwe the fwe
a
Lrantles

s callts Curret diuron ond eord

prece prec diq
ex pre lua^. For k ouple

lt)= (+)
((+) u4)= old-g-dan

iuslad
4) = KK
Siuoio)

4,4)= Ptka

C214)
LA

Evame 2.19
0,9Al Vo -
V 6o
Vo
CA
p
20
tolu tes
orel linp
= 0.6 MA
Curt I=0mA).
Voz 8oe(T)
O.7nAO -O.6mA = 03aA
Vo=FoE(0,3A)
O,3aA Vo 2yV
In
In = 0k.9mA)=
got
 Exp.
E.2.12
2.12 t (16A 120
1
fuL 7
AT
2A

Pu =IR =(2mA) uot = 5,9C w lolsaring)

Muttil Sourc esis tor Jekwort) (a leanot.
dieaali darelu)

ve
Anniaimi povolul

direnc
olev
eapsoya Coat
uppro de
belon
ekilde
Got erola
islhel

rit4) (6l+)
eurnode
upper da
44)+414)-C3+)- 6 (+)-t2l4)- s(J>o
4) 24) s4)
6elu
til4)- 3 l4
+(4 4) -(61+) = R

allrepresent
Jource at
co e casi alpe Lralcok
nto ouret
t64)( eoynat ian de
Colt)= ti4)- tz 4)+ lulE)-
Olidr)
ult)
it)
 For N perolluU
e tot
sls 19
RN
ColH) (1) 4)(
Co )=(4)+ a ()+ + tnt)

CoH)- u(t)

Coltl=

T raalu e
Lr renu ndVren
wre

T Currat diubio
hn' law
y bvonch
and preceGce i)
dana
d
an be

Coucalndtd v>ing

2unt
Forexont
ens.

1)= G For it
twa
Lronch m le

6 urfut 1)= lt) Curre

Uson

Exp 2,19
t2A
Ag
2mA
L2
YIL=?

mh Pp
mA
1mA-4 (u (3)

PL
12
= lA) 0,25mA