Chemistry 20 Gases Unit

G1: Properties of - Effect of temperature, volume, and

B1
Gases number of moles of gas on pressure

- Boyle’s Law
B1 G2: Gas Laws - Charles’ Law
- Guy-Lussac’s Law

G3: Combined Gas - Combined Gas Law – combining all 3 gas

B1
Law laws into 1

G4: Law of
- Gas reactions
B1 Combining Volumes
- Molar volume of gases at STP and SATP
and Avogadro’s Law

- Defining “Ideal” (Kinetic Molecular Theory)

B1 G5: Ideal Gas Law
- Ideal Gas Law

D1 - Using Ideal Gas Law, calculate for

G6: Gas
unknown quantities of products and
Stoichiometry
D2a reactants.

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G1: Properties of Gases

 Gases are
o Liquids and solids are virtually incompressible
 Gases expand due to increases
o Liquids and solids expand to a smaller degree with temperature increases
 Gases flow
o Allows them to escape from small opening easily
 Gases
o Solids and liquids have higher densities
o H2O(g) is 1/1000 X the density of H2O(l)
 All gases are
o Few liquids are miscible (e.g. alcohol and water)

The above properties are referred to as macroscopic properties

Gases - are defined

- have no
- will take the
- expand

Variables that describe a gas and their common units:

 V=
 T=
 n=
 P=

Pressure

 Is the force exerted by

 The difference between force and pressure is that pressure is exerted in all directions
whereas force is generated in only one direction
 (
The pressure of a gas is a measure of the force per unit area P=
F
A )
 The force exerted by the moving molecules as they collide with objects in their path
particularly
 For atmospheric pressure, it is defined as the force exerted by a column of air with a
cross section of 1m2 extending from sea level to the top of the atmosphere. The force
exerted by this column of air is 101325 N.

 SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (Pa)

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  1 atmosphere (atm) = 101.3 kPa (101.325 kPa exactly)

Factors that affect gas pressure

1. Amount of gas (n in moles)

- when we inflate a balloon, we are adding more gas molecules
-

- if temperature is constant; doubling the # of particles doubles the pressure

-

- gases naturally move from areas of high pressure to low pressure because there
is empty space to move in (ex. spray can)

2. Volume of a gas (V in litres)

- in a smaller container, molecules have less room to move and hit the sides of the
container more often
-

3. Temperature of a gas (T in kelvins)

-

- the molecules hit the walls harder and more frequently

1 atm = 760 mm Hg
= 760 torr
= 101.325 kPa

Temperature
 Temperature is measured in Kelvin (K) - no degrees just the K
o

o ALL temperatures in the entire chapter MUST be in Kelvin!!! No Exceptions!

o Absolute zero, or 0 K, is the temperature at which molecular energy is a
minimum, and it corresponds to a temperature of -273.15°C.

Ex. 35C = _______ K -196C = __________ K

212 K = _______ C 450 K = __________C

On Earth, pressure and temperature can vary from one location to another, it is commonly
reported according to two sets of conditions:
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  Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) = ____________________
 Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP) = ______________________

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 Pressure (kPa) Pressure (atm) Pressure (mm Hg) Pressure (Torr)
96.5

825

2.50
Convert the following:

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G2: Gas Laws

Boyle's Law

As the pressure on a gas changes, the volume varies inversely, provided the other variables, like
temperature, amount of gas, etc., remain constant.
a)

b)

*one goes up, the other goes down!

Formula to use:

1. A tire contains a 250mL volume of air at a pressure of 270 kPa. What is the new volume of
air present if the pressure increases to 3751 mm Hg?

2. A sample of carbon dioxide gas has a volume of 15.0 L at 2.53 atm. To what must the
pressure, in mm Hg, be increased to change the volume to 12.0 L?

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Charles' Law

Temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance.

The law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature, in Kelvin, at a
constant pressure.

Formula to use:
*Do the temperature conversion “outside” of the equation so that
the units are already K and will cancel properly.

1. A 25.0oC of nitrogen gas has a volume of 45.0 L. What will be the volume at 75.0 oC?

2. A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 345 mL at STP. What is the temperature in degrees
Celsius if the volume changed to 0.37L?

Guy–Lussac's Law

The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature, in Kelvin, if the volume of the
gas is kept constant.

Formula to use:

1. A gas has a pressure of 2.73 kPa at 450 K. What will be the new pressure at 200 K if the
volume remains constant?

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G3: The Combined Gas Law

 In each of the other gas laws, one of the variables was always kept constant (pressure,
volume, or temperature), however, very often all three will change
 For example, when a helium balloon is let go and drifts high into the sky the temperature, the
volume the gas occupies, and the pressure of the gas inside the balloon will change
 We can calculate the new value of any one of the three variables as long as the new values
of the other two variables are known
 The Combined Gas Law contains all the other gas laws!
 That’s why it’s called the combined gas law

Boyle's Law -

Charles' Law -

Guy - Lussac's Law -

Combining gives -

Remember – convert all temperatures to _______________

1. A sample of ethane gas has a volume of 35.0 L at 25.0C and 100.0 kPa. The temperature is
increased to 35.0C while the pressure drops to 0.839 atm. What is the volume of the gas?

2. If 6.20 L of gas at 723 mm Hg and 21.0C is compressed to 2.20 L at 4117 mm Hg, what is
the final temperature of the gas?

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3. The gas in a cylinder of a diesel engine occupies 1.00 L at 24.0C and 101.3 kPa. What is
the pressure in the cylinder when the gas is compressed to 0.0714 L at 480C?

4. An aerosol can with a volume of 325.0 mL contains propellant gas at 445.0 kPa and 12.0C.
What volume would this gas occupy if it was allowed to escape at 101.0 kPa and 21.0C?

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G4: Law of Combining Volumes and Avogadro’s Law

Consider the reaction:

CO(g) + O2(g) CO2 (g)

100 mL + 50 mL 

When gases react, the volumes of the reactants and products are in whole-number ratios (when
measured at the same conditions)

Examples:

What volumes of nitrogen and hydrogen form when 300 mL of ammonia decomposes into
nitrogen and hydrogen gases?

NH3 (g)  N2 + H2

Ratio of NH3 to N2 is __ :__.

For every 2 mL of NH3 consumed, only 1 mL of N2 will be produced.

300 mL NH3 x 1 N2 = 150 mL

2 NH3

Avogadro’s Law

When measured at the same pressure and temperature, equal volumes of gases contain an
equal number of molecules (and moles).

Mathematically:

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Example:

CO2 is produced in a reaction and fills up a balloon to a volume of 273 mL. How many moles of
CO2 was produced if the gas was collected at room temperature? (We know that ANY gas at
SATP (room temp) occupies 24.8 L for every 1 mole)

 Convert volumes to same unit

 Solve for unknown moles

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G5: Ideal Gas Law

Avogadro's Law
 This law states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the
same number of particles, or moles.
 Avogadro's, Charles', and Boyle's Laws can be combined to create the Ideal Gas Equation.

pv = nRT where,
p = pressure (kPa)
v = volume (L)
n = number of moles (mol)
T = temperature (K)
R = universal gas constant
= 8.314 LkPa or 0.0821 Latm
molK molK

What makes gases ideal?

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) of Gases

o KMT is a model to explain the behavior of gaseous particles and is based on extensive
observations of the behavior of gases.
o If a gas follows all the postulates of the KMT it is said to be an ideal gas.
o Postulates of the KMT
- Particles are in constant, random, straight-line motion. Collisions with walls of their
container
- The actual volume of gas particles is negligible. Particles are far apart. The volume of a
gas is effectively
- Gas particles do not
- The average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles is directly proportional

Ideal vs. Real Gases

KMT Assumption for Ideal Gases Interpretation for Real Gases

For high pressures, the molecules are forced much
Gas molecules are very far apart closer together and their size becomes significant.
compared to their size; in other In other words, the empty space available is less
words, the particle size is negligible than the size of the container (their volumes take
up some of that space)
As the temperature decreases, the molecules slow
Gas molecules are in constant,
down. At some point, the intermolecular attractions
random, straight-line motion because
may cause the molecules to stick together and the
no forces exist between them.
gas becomes a liquid.

Molecules of a real gas are more like “soft” spheres.

Gas molecules undergo perfectly
When they collide, they lose a little energy. This
elastic collisions in which no energy
means that the pressure of the gas is actually a little
is lost
less than ideal.
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Real gases behave similar to ideal gases for:
 relatively low pressures (the molecules of the gas are far apart)
 high temperatures (moving faster, are less affected by attraction forces between
molecules)
The size of the molecules also appears to affect the deviation from ideal behavior. The smaller
the molecules, the more closely the gas resembles an ideal gas.

Examples:
1. How much N2 is required to fill a small room with a volume of 960 cubic feet (27,000 L) to 745
mm Hg at 25.0oC?

Get all data into proper units in the variable list

p=
v=
n=
R=
T=

Manipulate the formula to solve for what you want, then substitute into the formula.
pv = nRT
n = pv
RT

2. What is the volume of 66.4 g of CO2(g) at 32.0°C and 115 kPa?

3. 2.105 g of an ideal gas has a volume of 1.500 L at 120.0 kPa and 15.00C. What is its molar
mass? Can you guess what gas this might be?

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G6 – Gas Stoichiometry
Using the same 4 steps for stoichiometric calculations, we can predict the amount of product in a reaction
given the amount of one reactant or product. For gas stoichiometry, we will need to use the ideal gas law
to calculate the number of moles.

1. An alchemist reacted iron metal with sulfuric acid. What volume of gas could be produced by the
reaction of 50.0 g of iron with excess sulfuric acid at 18.0C and 100.0 kPa?

2. If 275 g of propane burns in a gas barbecue, what volume of oxygen measured at STP is required
for the reaction?

3. In the decomposition of water, what maximum volume of oxygen gas could be collected at 15.00C
and 100.5 kPa if 250 g of water is decomposed?

4. Chlorine gas is produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride. The other product of the reaction
is metallic sodium. How many moles of sodium chloride are needed to produce 4.00 x 103 L of chlorine
gas at 25.0C and 125 kPa?

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5. 10.00 L of nitrogen gas at 105.0 kPa and 35.0C are mixed with 33.5 L of hydrogen gas at 95.0
kPa and 40C and ammonia gas is formed. What mass of ammonia gas will form?

6. When 6.50 moles of propane gas burns in air, what volume of CO2 would be produced at SATP?

7. Sodium metal reacts vigorously with water to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. What
volume of hydrogen at 25.0C and 113 kPa can be produced from 8.05 g of sodium?

8. Natural gas is mainly methane. What mass of methane must be burned to produce 56.0 L of
carbon dioxide at STP?

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 9. What volume of oxygen at STP is needed to completely burn 15 g of methanol in a fondue burner?
Ans: 16 L

10. What volume of hydrogen gas at SATP is produced by adding 10 g of iron to an excess of sulfuric
acid? Ans: 6.7 L

11. When reacted with excess aqueous sodium hydroxide, what mass of ammonium sulfate is
required to produce 75.0 kL of ammonia at 10 C and 110 kPa? The byproducts of thisreaction are
sodium sulfate and water. Ans: 2.3 x 105 L

12. What volume of oxygen gas at SATP is required to burn 2.00 ML of methane measured at 0.00 ℃
and 120 kPa? Ans: 5.24 x 106 L

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 13. Oxygen gas and magnesium react to form 2.43 g of magnesium oxide. What volume of oxygen
gas at 94.9 kPa and 25.0 ℃ would be consumed to produce this mass of magnesium oxide? Ans:
0.787 L

14. How many litres of water can be made from 34 g of oxygen gas and 6.0 g of hydrogen gas at
STP? Ans: 48 L

15. Hydrogen sulfide gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce water vapour and sulfur (just S(s)). If 6.00
L of hydrogen sulfide gas at 750 torr produced 3.20 g of sulfur, calculate the temperature in ℃ .
Ans: 450 ℃

16. Sodium metal reacts vigorously in water. What volume of hydrogen gas at 25.0 o C and 113 kPa
can be produced from 8.05 g of sodium? Ans: 3.84 L

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