Python

Getting Started

Instructor:
Sayed Shahid Hussain
Research Associate,
AI in Healthcare, National Center of AI
UET Peshawar
Email: sayedshahid310@gmail.com
 Install Python
Download Python for free from the following website:
https://www.python.org/

# Start
print("Hello World!")
 Python Comments
Comments starts with a #, and Python will ignore them:

For a comment more then one lone, add a multiline string (triple quotes) in
your code, and place your comment inside it:

#This is a comment

"""
This is a comment
written in
more than just one line
"""
 Print & Input
# Display something
print("Hello World!")

# Help: This is user Input

name = input('Enter your Name: ')
 Variables
• Variables are containers for storing data values.
• Python has no command for declaring a variable. A variable is created the moment you
first assign a value to it.

• Variable Names
• A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name (age, carname,
total_volume)
• Rules for Python variables:
• A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
• A variable name cannot start with a number
• A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
• Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different variables)
 Variables
Exercise:

Create three variables named “age, Age and AGE” and assign the values
20,30,40 to the them. Print the variables.
 Python Data Types
• Variables can store data of different types, and different types can do
different things.
• Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these categories:
• Numeric Types: int, float, complex
• Text Type: str
• Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
• Mapping Type: dict
• Set Types: set
• Boolean Type: bool
 Python Numbers
• There are three numeric types in Python: int, float, complex
• Int, or integer, is a whole number, positive or negative, without decimals, of unlimited
length.
• Float, or "floating point number" is a number, positive or negative, containing one or
more decimals.
• Complex numbers are written with a "j" as the imaginary part.

You can get the data type of a variable with the type() function.
 String
• Strings in python are surrounded by either single quotation marks, or
double quotation marks.

• Multiline Strings
• You can assign a multiline string to a variable by using three quotes
 String
Strings are Arrays

• Like many other popular programming languages, strings in Python are

arrays of bytes representing unicode characters.

• However, Python does not have a character data type, a single character is
simply a string with a length of 1.

• Square brackets can be used to access elements of the string.

To get the length of a string, use the len() function.

 String
• Slicing String
• You can return a range of characters by using the slice syntax.
• Specify the start index and the end index, separated by a colon, to return a part of the
string.

• String Concatenation
• Use + to combine strings
 String
• String Format
• Use the format() method to insert numbers into strings

• Exercise:
• Insert the correct syntax to join text and int,
• Print: My name is John, and I am 36

age = 36
txt = "My name is John, and I am "
 String
String Methods

• The upper() method returns the string in upper case.

• The lower() method returns the string in lower case.

• The strip() method removes any whitespace from the beginning or the end.

• The split() method splits the string into substrings if it finds instances of the
separator.
 String
• Exercise:
• Make a string with variable name txt, and then:
• Print the length of the string.
• Get the first character of the string
• Convert the value of txt to upper case.
 Python Booleans
Booleans represent one of two values: True or False.

print(10 > 9) # true

print(10 == 9) # false
print(10 < 9) # false
 Python Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

• Arithmetic Operators
• Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations.

• Assignment Operators
• Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

• Comparison Operators
• Comparison operators are used to compare two values.

• Logical Operators
• Logical operators are used to combine conditional statement.
 Python Operators
Exercise:

Take two numbers from the user, store them in variables, and apply
Arithmetic operators. Print the result.
 Python Lists
• Lists are used to store multiple items of any data type in a single variable.
• Lists are created using square brackets. It is also possible to use the list()
constructor when creating a new list.
• To determine how many items a list has, use the len() function:

• Access Items
• List items are indexed and you can access them by referring to the index number:
 Python Lists
List Methods
• Add List Items, use append() method
• The insert() method inserts an item at the specified index
• To append elements from another list to the current list, use the extend()
method.
• remove() method removes List Items
• The pop() method removes the specified index.
• List objects have a sort() method that will sort the list alphanumerically,
ascending, by default
 Python Lists
Exercise:

Take a list:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
• Print the second item in the fruits list.
• Change the value from "apple" to "kiwi", in the fruits list.
• Add "orange" to the fruits list.
 Python Tuple
• Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single variable.

• A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. While A list is a

collection which is ordered and changeable.

• Tuples are written with round brackets.

 Python Tuple
• Change Tuple Values

• Once a tuple is created, you cannot change its values. Tuples are unchangeable, or
immutable as it also is called.
• But there is a workaround. You can convert the tuple into a list, change the list, and
convert the list back into a tuple.
 Python Sets
• Sets are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
• Set items are unordered, unchangeable, and do not allow duplicate values.
• Unordered means that the items in a set do not have a defined order. Set
items can appear in a different order every time you use them, and cannot
be referred to by index or key.
• Set items are unchangeable, meaning that we cannot change the items
after the set has been created.
• Sets cannot have two items with the same value. Duplicate values will be
ignored
 Python Sets
• Python Collections (Arrays)
• List is a collection which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members.
• Tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate members.
• Set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable, and unindexed. No duplicate
members.
• Dictionary is a collection which is ordered and changeable. No duplicate members.

• You cannot access items in a set by referring to an index or a key.

• But you can loop through the set items using a for loop,
 Dictionary
• Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs.
• A dictionary is a collection which is ordered, changeable and do not allow
duplicates.

thisdict = {
key1: Value1,
Key2: Value2,
Key2: Value3
}
 Dictionary
• Accessing Items
• You can access the items of a dictionary by referring to its key name, inside square
brackets
• thisdict[key1]

• Change Values
• thisdict[key1] = New_Value

• Adding Items
• thisdict[Key4] = Value4

• Removing Items
• thisdict.pop(Key1)
 Python Conditions
Python Conditions, If ... Else

• Exercise
• The task is to write code in Python that takes an age (years) as an input and then
check:
• If age is less than 18, print that you are not eligible to vote
• If age is greater than 18 and less than 35 print that you are eligible to vote in the youth
demographic
• Otherwise, print that you are eligible to vote but not in the youth demographic
 Python loops
Python has two primitive loop commands:
• while loops
• for loops

• While loop
• With the while loop we can execute a set of statements as long as a condition is true.
• The while loop requires relevant variables to be ready, in this example we need to
define an indexing variable, i, which we set to 1.
• Remember to increment i, or else the loop will continue forever.
 Python loops
• The break Statement
• With the break statement we can stop the loop even if the while condition is true

• The continue Statement

• With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration, and continue with the
next:
 Python loops
• Python For Loops
• A 'for loop' is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a dictionary, a set,
or a string).
• With the for loop we can execute a set of statements, once for each item in a list, tuple,
set etc.

• The range() Function

• To loop through a set of code a specified number of times, we can use the range()
function,
• The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and
increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number.
 Python loops
Exercise
• Take a List of numbers, call it main_list
• Create empty even and odd lists
• Check the even and odd numbers in the main_list
• Append even numbers in the even list
• Append odd numbers in the odd list
 Python Functions
• Python Functions
• A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called.
• You can pass data, known as parameters, into a function.
• A function can return data as a result.

# Creating a Function
def my_function():
print("Hello from a function"

# Calling a Function
my_function()
 Python Functions
Exercise
• Take a List of numbers, call it main_list
• Create empty even and odd lists
• Check the even and odd numbers in the main_list
• Append even numbers in the even list
• Append odd numbers in the odd list

Do this task again using a function

 Python Exercise
Exercise
• Ask the user for a number. Depending on whether the number is even or odd, print out
an appropriate message to the user.

• Do this repeatedly and Check another number by checking a key y/n from user and
end the program by entering by user.
 Python Exercise
Exercise
• Python Program to Print Table of a Given Number
• Take a number to print the table for
• Take the last limit of table
• print table e.g:
• 2*1=2