Lecture 7 - Angle and Direction Measurement

ANGLE and DIRECTION
MEASUREMENTS
Components of an Angle
1. Reference line
2. Direction of the turn
3. Magnitude of the angle itself
Angles in the Vertical Plane
1. Zenith Angle – angle measured in the

vertical plane
2. Vertical Angle – angle measured from the

horizontal
Meridian
Fixed line of reference for determining

direction of lines
Types of Meridian
1. True Meridian – north-south line passing through

the geographic poles of the earth
2. Magnetic Meridian – lies parallel to the magnetic
lines of force of the earth and is indicated by the
direction of the magnetized needle
3. Grid Meridian – line
parallel to the central
true meridian
4. Assumed Meridian –
arbitrarily chosen for
convenience
Units for Measuring Angles
1. Degree
2. Grad
3. Radians
4. Mil
The Degree (DMS)
 Sexagesimal system is
used (circumference of a
circle is divided into 360
parts or degree)
 Basic unit is degree
(0)which is further
subdivided into minutes
(’) and seconds (”)
10 = 60’ = 3600’’
The Grad
 Centesimal system is used (circumference of a

circle is divided into 400 parts or grads)
 Basic unit is grad (g) subdivided into centesimal
minutes (c) and centesimal seconds (cc)
1g = 100c Note: 200g = 180o
1c = 100cc
e.g. 235.2618g = 235g26c18cc
The Radians
 1 radian is defined as the angle subtended at
the center of a circle by an arc length exactly equal
to the radius of the circle
 Sometimes referred as the natural angle
because there is no arbitrary number in its
definition
1 radian = 180/p  57.2958o
The Mil
 Circumference of circle is divided into 6400
parts called mils
1600 mils = 90o
 Commonly used in military operations as in

fire direction of artillery units
Example:
What is the equivalent angular unit of 128015’05”

in:
a. Grad 142g50c15cc
b. Radians 2.238 rads
c. Mil 2280.02 mils
Bearing
- direction of any line with respect to a given
meridian
- indicated by the quadrant in which the line
falls and the acute angle that the line makes
with the meridian in that quadrant
a. True bearing 2
N
75015’
b. Magnetic bearing
c. Assumed bearing
W E
1
β12 = N 75015’ E
S
Azimuth
- direction as given by the angle between the
meridian & the line measured in a clockwise
direction
- on any given survey the direction of zero
azimuth is either always South or always North
a. True azimuth N 255015’
2
b. Magnetic azimuth
c. Assumed azimuth
W E
1 Az(s) = 255015’
Az(N) = 75015’
S
3. Interior Angle
- angle between adjacent lines inside a polygon
4. Deflection Angle
- angle between the line and the prolongation
of the preceding line
5. Angle to the Right

- measured clockwise from the preceding to the
following line
Example:
Compute for the bearing and azimuth from
South of lines 12 and 13
2
220005’
25015’
1
13:
β = S 24-40 W; Az=24-40 12:
β = N 64-45 E; Az = 244-45
3
Instruments for Angle and Direction
Measurement
1. Tape
2. Magnetic Compass
3. Engineer’s Transit
4. Theodolite
5. Total Station
Magnetic Declination
The angle between the true meridian and

the magnetic meridian T E (+)
N
f
TS
Variations in Magnetic Declination
1. Secular Variation
- the magnetic meridian swings in one direction for
perhaps 150 yrs until it gradually comes to rest and
then swings in the other direction, due to an
unexplainable phenomenon
2. Annual Variation
- small annual swing distinct from secular variation;
the value is less than a minute
3. Daily Variation
- periodic swing of the magnetic needle occurring
each day
4. Irregular Variation
- due to magnetic storms and disturbances caused
by solar flares
Example:
The magnetic declination in a locality is 2030’E.

Determine the true bearing and true azimuths
reckoned from north and south of the following
lines whose magnetic bearings are given.
a) AB, N 25040’ E b) AC, S 50012’ E c) AD, S 62018’ W

True b: N28010’E True b: S47042’E True b: S64048’W
True Aznorth=28010’ True Aznorth=132018’ True Aznorth=244048’
True Azsouth=208010’ True Azsouth=312018’ True Azsouth=64048’
Closed Compass Traverse
Adjustments
Steps in Closed Compass Traverse
Adjustments
1. Compute and Adjust interior angles

2. Select the best line (line in the
traverse w/c is unaffected by local
attraction)
3. Adjust observed bearings of
successive lines
Example:
Adjust the closed compass traverse with the
following observed bearings:
LENGTH OBSERVED BEARINGS

LINE
(m) FORWARD BACK
T1-T2 400.00 N 19O28’ W S 19O28’ E
T2-T3 287.00 S 48O37’ W N 48O40’ E
T3-T4 320.00 S 15O16’ E N 15O11’ W
T4-T1 360.00 N 50O06’ E S 50O11’ W

Adjustment of Interior Angles
Computed Adjusted
Sta Corr’n
Int. Angles Int. Angles
T1 110o21’ +03’15” 110o24’15”
T2 68o05’ +03’15” 68o08’15”
T3 116o04’ +03’15” 116o07’15”
T4 65o17’ +03’15” 65o20’15”
Sum: 359o47’ +13’ 360o00’

Adjustment of Bearings
ADJUSTED BEARINGS
LINE
FORWARD BACK
T1-T2 N 19O28’00” W S 19O28’00” E
T2-T3 S 48O40’15” W N 48O40’15” E
T3-T4 S 15O12’30” E N 15O12’30” W
T4-T1 N 50O07’45” E S 50O07’45” W

Sources:
La Putt, Juny Pilapil. “Elementary Surveying”,

3rd Ed.National Bookstore: 2007. pp. 314-318

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ANGLE and DIRECTION

1. Zenith Angle – angle measured in the

2. Vertical Angle – angle measured from the

Fixed line of reference for determining

1. True Meridian – north-south line passing through

 Centesimal system is used (circumference of a

 Commonly used in military operations as in

What is the equivalent angular unit of 128015’05”

5. Angle to the Right

The angle between the true meridian and

The magnetic declination in a locality is 2030’E.

a) AB, N 25040’ E b) AC, S 50012’ E c) AD, S 62018’ W

1. Compute and Adjust interior angles

LENGTH OBSERVED BEARINGS

T1-T2 400.00 N 19O28’ W S 19O28’ E

T2-T3 287.00 S 48O37’ W N 48O40’ E

T3-T4 320.00 S 15O16’ E N 15O11’ W

T4-T1 360.00 N 50O06’ E S 50O11’ W

Sum: 359o47’ +13’ 360o00’

T2-T3 S 48O40’15” W N 48O40’15” E

T3-T4 S 15O12’30” E N 15O12’30” W

T4-T1 N 50O07’45” E S 50O07’45” W

La Putt, Juny Pilapil. “Elementary Surveying”,

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