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    5.2.1 Pesticide and Non Pesticide - CHEM 003A ENSE12S1 Environmental and Sanitary Chemistry

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    Jabez Wilhelm Galicia

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    5.2.1 Pesticide and Non Pesticide - CHEM 003A ENSE12S1 Environmental and Sanitary Chemistry

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    Jabez Wilhelm Galicia
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    5.2.1-Pesticide-and-Non-Pesticide_-CHEM-003A-ENSE12S1-Environmental-and-Sanitary-Chemistry

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    5.2.1 Pesticide and Non Pesticide - CHEM 003A ENSE12S1 Environmental and Sanitary Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Jabez Wilhelm Galicia

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    5.2.

    1 Pesticide and Non-Pesticide


    Background

    Pesticides- are substances that kill or otherwise control an unwanted organism. It operates by
    blocking a particular vital metabolic process in the organisms to which it is toxic.
    Major Types of Synthetic Pesticides

    a. Chlorinated Pesticides (Organochlorines) - organic compounds that contain chlorine.

    e.g. Hexachlorobenzene

    Hexachlorobenzene, or perchlorobenzene, is an organochloride with the molecular formula


    C6Cl6. It is a fungicide formerly used as a seed treatment, especially on wheat to control the
    fungal disease bunt. It has been banned globally under the Stockholm Convention on
    Persistent Organic Pollutants.

    e. g. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane,

    DDT, is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline chemical compound, an


    organochlorine. Originally developed as an insecticide, it became infamous for its
    environmental impacts. DDT was first synthesized in 1874 by the Austrian chemist Othmar
    Zeidler.

    b. Organic Phosphorus Pesticides (Organophosphates) - environmentally non-persistent


    organic compounds containing a central pentavalent phosphorus atom to which are connected
    an oxygen or sulfur atom doubly bonded to the P atom
    two methoxy (-OCH3) or ethoxy (-OCH2CH3) groups singly bonded to the P atom, and
    a longer, more complex, characteristic R group singly bonded, usually through an oxygen or
    sulfur atom to the phosphorus unit, that differentiates one organophosphate from another.

    Organophosphates (OPs) are one type of pesticide that works by damaging an enzyme in the
    body called acetylcholinesterase. Organophosphates are used in agriculture, homes, gardens
    and veterinary practices; however, in the past decade, several notable OPs have been
    discontinued for use, including parathion, which is no longer registered for any use, and
    chlorpyrifos, which is no longer registered for home use.

    e.g. Parathion

    Parathion, also called parathion-ethyl or diethyl parathion and locally known as "Folidol", is
    an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide. It was originally developed by IG Farben in the
    1940s. It is highly toxic to non-target organisms, including humans, so its use has been banned
    or restricted in most countries.

    e.g. Dichlorvos

    Dichlorvos is an organophosphate widely used as an insecticide to control household pests, in


    public health, and protecting stored products from insects.
    c. Carbamates -

    Carbamates pesticides are amides having the general formula RHNCOOR'. It is a class
    of insecticides structurally and mechanistically similar to organophosphate
    (OP) insecticides. Carbamates are N-methyl carbamates derived from a carbamic acid and can
    cause carbamylation of acetylcholinesterase at neuronal synapses and neuromuscular
    junctions (kill insects by reversibly inactivating the enzyme acetylcholinesterase).

    e.g. N-phenyl carbamate (IPC) -

    Other Non-Pesticide pollutants:

    Pharmaceutically Active Chemicals (PhACs) - are generally defined as chemicals used for the
    treatment or prevention of illness.

    Ibuprofen
    Acetaminophen
    Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)
    Codeine
    Sulfanilamide
    Tetracycline
    Fluoroquinolone
    Erythromycin
    Clofibric acid
    Caffeine

    Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) - synthetic organic chemicals released into the


    environment can interfere with or disrupt the human endocrine system (e.g. thyroid, pituitary,
    pineal, ovaries, and testes) and the hormones it produce (e.g. adrenaline, estrogens, and
    testosterone).

    Methoxychlor
    Butyl benzyl phthalate
    Genistein

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