Lesson Plan

Classification of

Programming Languages
List of Concepts Involved:

Fundamentals of Microprocessor:
The processor on a single chip is called a Microprocessor which can process micro-instructions.
Instructions in the form of 0s and 1s are called micro-instructions. The microprocessor is the CPU part of a
microcomputer, and it is also available as a single integrated circuit. Thus as main components, the
microprocessor will have the Control Unit (CU) and the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of a microcomputer. An
example is Intel 8085 microprocessor.

The microprocessor follows a sequence: Fetch, Decode, and then Execute. Initially, the instructions are
stored in the memory in sequential order. The microprocessor fetches those instructions from the memory,
then decodes it and executes those instructions till STOP instruction is reached. Later, it sends the result in
binary to the output port. Between these processes, the register stores the temporary data and ALU
performs the computing functions.

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MLL Vs ALL Vs HLL:
Machine Level Language (MLL):
Machine language is only understood by computers
In machine language data is only represented with the help of binary format(0s and 1s), hexadecimal and
octal decimal
Machine language is very difficult to understand by human beings
Modifications and error fixing cannot be done in machine language
Machine language is very difficult to memorize so it is not possible to learn the machine language
Execution is fast in machine language because all data is already present in binary format
There is no need for a translator.The machine understandable form is the machine language
Machine language is hardware dependent.

Assembly Level Language (ALL) & Assembler:

Assembly language is only understood by human beings, not by computers
In assembly language data can be represented with the help of mnemonics such as Mov, Add, Sub, End etc
Assembly language is easy to understand by human being as compared to machine language
Modifications and error fixing can be done in assembly language
Easy to memorize the assembly language because some alphabets and mnemonics are used
Execution is slow as compared to machine language
Assembler is used as a translator to convert mnemonics into machine understandable form
Assembly language is machine dependent and it is not portable.

High Level Language (HLL):

It needs a compiler/interpreter for conversio
In this, we convert a high-level language to Assembly level language to machine level languag
It is machine-independen
In this English statement is use
In this, it is difficult to access hardware component

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Assembler, Compiler & Interpreter Assembler:

An Assembler is a special tool that translates programs written in Assembly language into machine code,
which the computer can understand.
In the source program, we write instructions using simple mnemonics like ADD, MUL, SUB, etc
The Assembler acts as the first link between humans and machines, helping them communicate.
It takes the program written in Assembly language as input and produces the machine code as output
The machine code consists of 0s and 1s, and it depends on the specific computer’s architecture.
The Assembler converts these mnemonics (instructions) into the corresponding binary code, bridging the
gap between human-readable instructions and computer-executable instructions.

High Level Language (HLL):

It needs a compiler/interpreter for conversio
In this, we convert a high-level language to Assembly level language to machine level languag
It is machine-independen
In this English statement is use
In this, it is difficult to access hardware component

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Compiler:
A Compiler is a type of language processor that takes the entire program written in a high-level language
(like C, C++, Java, C#) and translates it all at once into machine language.
It’s like converting the whole code into a language that the computer can understand
If the source code is free of errors, the compiler can successfully translate it into an object code.
However, if there are any errors in the source code, the compiler will point them out at the end of the
process, indicating the line numbers where the errors occur
To get the program to run smoothly, these errors must be fixed before recompiling.
Once the code is error-free and successfully compiled into object code, it can be executed multiple times
without needing to translate it again.

Interpreter:
An Interpreter will run line by line and further translate each line accordingly after taking the source
progra
In this Processor, debugging is much easy since it translates until the error is foun
It needs less memory than the compile
No object code is generated
A compiler is more useful for the security purpose
Examples: Python, Perl, JavaScript and Ruby

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 Programming Paradigms
A paradigm is also a way of approaching a problem or carrying out a task. 

A programming paradigm is a way of approaching problems with programming languages, or alternatively, 

It is a way of approaching problems with the tools and techniques at our disposal while adhering to a certain
approach. 

There are many well-known programming languages, but when they are used, they all need to adhere to a
technique or strategy, and this approach is known as paradigms. 

In addition to several programming languages, there are numerous paradigms to meet every need.

Imperative programming paradigm: It is one of the oldest programming paradigm. It features close relation to
machine architecture. It is based on Von Neumann architecture. It works by changing the program state
through assignment statements. It performs step by step tasks by changing state. The main focus is on how to
achieve the goal. The paradigm consists of several statements and after execution all the results are stored.

Examples of Imperative programming paradigm:

C : developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson

Fortran : developed by John Backus for IBM

Basic : developed by John G Kemeny and Thomas E Kurtz

Procedural programming paradigm – 

This paradigm emphasizes procedure in terms of the underlying machine model. There is no difference in
between procedural and imperative approaches. It has the ability to reuse the code and it was boon at that
time when it was in use because of its reusability.

Examples of Procedural programming paradigm:

C : developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson

Pascal : developed by Niklaus Wirth

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Examples of Object Oriented programming paradigm:

Simula : first OOP language

Java : developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems

C++ : developed by Bjarne Stroustrup

Objective-C : designed by Brad Cox

Visual Basic .NET : developed by Microsoft

Python : developed by Guido van Rossum

Ruby : developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto 

Smalltalk : developed by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldber

History of Popular HLLs

High-level languages are programming languages that are designed to allow humans to write computer
programs and interact with a computer system without having to have specific knowledge of the processor or
hardware that the program will run on.

High-level languages use command words and Syntax which reflects everyday language, which makes them
easier to learn and use. High-level languages also offer the programmer development tools such as libraries
and built-in functions.

Many types of high-level language exist and are in common use today, including:

Jav
Pytho
C+
C
JavaScript, etc.

Features of Java:
Object Oriented:
In Java, everything is an Object. Java can be easily extended since it is based on the Object model.

Platform Independent
Unlike many other programming languages including C and C++, when Java is compiled, it is not compiled
into a platform specific machine, rather into platform-independent bytecode. This byte code is distributed
over the web and interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) on whichever platform it is being run on.

Simple
Java is designed to be easy to learn. If you understand the basic concept of OOP Java, it would be easy to
master.

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Secure
With Java's secure feature it enables the development of virus-free, tamper-free systems. Authentication
techniques are based on public-key encryption.

Architecture-neutral
Java compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format, which makes the compiled code
executable on many processors, with the presence of Java runtime system.

Portable
Being architecture-neutral and having no implementation dependent aspects of the specification makes
Java portable. The compiler in Java is written in ANSI C with a clean portability boundary, which is a POSIX
subset.

Robust
Java makes an effort to eliminate error-prone situations by emphasizing mainly on compile time error
checking and runtime checking.

Multithreaded
With Java's multithreaded feature it is possible to write programs that can perform many tasks
simultaneously. This design feature allows the developers to construct interactive applications that can run
smoothly.

Interpreted
Java byte code is translated on the fly to native machine instructions and is not stored anywhere. The
development process is more rapid and analytical since the linking is an incremental and light-weight
process.

High Performance
With the use of Just-In-Time compilers, Java enables high performance.

Distributed
Java is designed for the distributed environment of the internet.

Dynamic
Java is considered to be more dynamic than C or C++ since it is designed to adapt to an evolving
environment. Java programs can carry an extensive amount of run-time information that can be used to
verify and resolve accesses to objects at run-time.

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Versions of Java:
There are many java versions that have been released.

JDK Alpha and Beta (1995

JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996
JDK 1.1 (19th Feb, 1997
J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec, 1998
J2SE 1.3 (8th May, 2000
J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb, 2002
J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep, 2004
Java SE 6 (11th Dec, 2006
Java SE 7 (28th July, 2011
…………….

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