Lecture 5

§ hiver title Matrices

-

An invertible
Def : nxn mate x
A is
if Iheu exists

an nxn matrix B s -
t AB = I and BA = I

The matai x B
unique !
•
is

[ suppose There exists B and C S t

- AB -
-
BA
-
-

AE
Az
( AB) BCAC )
B CBA ) B- ( BAD C Btc
]
=

Def If :
an nxa mate x A- is invertible ther A-
'
is called
the universe of A e denote the
unique nxn matrix .

t ' '
by A A- A I
-

A
-

s
-
t =
A =

Aa invertible mate K Air also called non

sifaka
-

• -

dos not have then its called

If A an invoice
singular .

If A- in invertible crate t lnxu) -

Properties
'
:@ ( A -15
= A
cnxa,
② If B is also invertible then
AB is also inert ble and

CABJt-B-IA.TL
 ③ If Cal Dale axon matrices .

If AC =
AD . C =D .

④ If AC =
Q then G- Q
→Zero←
matrix .

§ Determinants .

nato invertible
Sappae I xD EAT then Eas is
-

f a -40
'

If Air 2×2 matrix A

[{ bae]
-

A"
adf.sc 'LL ba]
-

'
determinately
'
A- A- =
1. = A' A .
A -

+
I
A- makes sense Culver ad -
b CFO .

•
Let A- be a 2×2 matrix ,
then dit A- = ad bc -

•
A- is a 3×3 matei x

La::::c:D I:÷÷÷:÷÷i÷÷÷
Ay Al 293
-

Assume attleaf Ay , age , es , to .

after erearaayomt auto

 the mate x is invertible when

Cia :*::::3 : :÷÷÷ ;D " venue

.

A- is invertible when determinant

of
F is non aero
.

• determent Al
[
( 911922935104292393 -193921932 ,

ofmatrix
3×3
.
-
Au 923932-92921935939293 )
nxnenatox
Def :
Let A- be a

a .

.i÷÷:
The determinant of A- is
given by
dit ( A) = Ae , C
, ,
t oyzcizt - - - -

t
gnaw .

Where can . . .
s Gn are the cofactor maters of an .
-
- -

am .

Dit Het ( Nij)

'

Cij =
C-

Nij all where

Nij denote the cat) love) matrix
Called
x
.

minors of that we
get from A
bydeleting the row of
aij column containing aij
(delete the ith row & jla column)
 [I §) -4
Exe : A- =

I]
' "

deff
cu - t -

D =
8
,

'"
dit
-µz 0.2J
Cre e -
D = -
2

344 14
Its dit
[b J
4 ti -

Cis = c-
-

,
= -
Il

def A- = Ay 9 , t 92 Cut 9343

= 2 (8) t C-

DC d -
t 3L II
-

) =
-
I 5 .

Theorem : dit ( Imu ) -

1

diff ? ]
Eg I g)
-
I dit '
= I
Theorem : del -
A- be an nx a matrix .

(a) Iet A = a- i G- ,
t - - - -

t ar u Cen (expansion along

)
-

row u

( )
b dnt A =

Aj Gj t
92J Gj t
- -
t
-

Aaj Cnj (expansion along

Col j
)
(original definition 1)
is
expansion along row

÷
'
⇐ in

÷ .

Expand 2nd Col 4th row

aloy
the
og .

2nd Col : del ableist am Costasecstasies

Expand along A
-
=

922 = 942--0
dit A =
9242 t 93262 .

"dtt[oI I]
'

c. se et s = -20 .

[I¥÷J
't'
↳ so I → dit
=
-

Il

dit A = I l -
20 ) th ) C -
I D= -
9 .
 ±
¥:
• :

ftp.gtzokj?fuscDdet/IIg ¥ )
det = c-'

) C D dit
tf I thou D tbh )
es s
c y
-
-

= =
-

Def :
If A- is
diagonal , upper triangular or
lower
tugela
then dit A is the product of the teems along
the diagonal
( dit A = 9, 922 - -
-
Ann
) .

Theorem : A co nxn nato x -

det CAT ) = def A .

[age; :] dat
a
A au ah azan
=
- -
-

Iaaf's II)
At =
dit -
an au
-

9294

¥÷÷÷, L÷:÷
*
*
:
.
Theorems : A is an axon matrix .

⑨ If column
18% )
hes
i i n A a row or
of seeps there

.
:
.

.
. dit A =
O

⑥ If A- has two identical rows or Colleen then

dit A- =
0 .

§
properties of determinants .

Theorem : des au n xn matrix .

② Tat B produced by undercharging two rows

Suppose
is

dit A dit B
of A
.
= -

④ Suppose that B is produced by multiplying a row

of
A
by a constant C .
Then

det A dit B
te
-
.

⑥ suppose B is produced by adding a multiple of

to another then def A ditB
of A
=
onerow
.

±
:* .

* .
.
 Io it ?
dita deta ,
A
-
-
-

R2-712272121

÷:3
* .
Rz -31255K ,

:* :*:
dit A- =
-

dit Az .

[§9qIz},]
As
Rz→±zR3
-

deta-E-3det-AS.del-A-3det-A.rs .

124-31241-123

4=[6%0-1323,2]
A-

deta-z-detatdel-A-sdet.at .

=3 CDC-334 )
=
-9 .
Theorem : Let A bean nxn mate x -
Ther Au invertible
if an only if dit A- to .

Theorem :
If Aa Babe n x amateur then

dit AB = dit A .
det B .
= det LB A)
( AB not equal B A bit their deterrents aee equal)
!
may
dit
CA tB) F dit At det B .

Theorem : If E a Bale n x n mates & E is an

matrix then del EB ditEdel

elementary B
-

=
-

[Suppes Evian
elementary mate
mate x Iaxn
x obtained
by scalerdiag
two
of odeutity
-

rows .

dit In xn
- I ditE =
-

I
F-B is obtained
by performing the
same
eerterchaye of
two row on B ditCE B) = - dit B .

dit CE BI -
-
I . dit B - dit E .
del -

B
]
Theorem : A be an nxn Mateo x . Then

dit A
-

I
= I
die A - .

[
]
'
'
In det dat Ina l
-

A a- =
.
AA = -
a
. ,

data dit A- I
.
§ Cramer 's Rule .

Theorem A-seek linear

.

Suppose is a
system of equates .

& A is an *x n invertible mature Then .

the components of the

unique solution to Az =L
a-
gwen by
a = detain
det A

where Ai is the mate x obtained from the mate A

x .

ith column
after replacing by b .

Et : 3 X, t Xz = 5

-
Xi t 2×2 + Xz =
-
z

-
Xu t 2×3 s
-
I
A- a be

FI)
s

EE I I]
"
b- -

cheek dit o , .

E. ÷ :3
a-
÷ :3
.

*
II ;
 x,
detwfa-zozxa-ohtw.I-fzxs-ditu.at
=

.
.

§ Inverses from Determinants .

'

Ctjb phj← minor corresponding tag

Aj
.

?! ! ?
cofactor malwx : c

matrix
adj CA) CT
Adjout : = .

Theorem : If A is an invertible matrix

-
then

'
A- = 1- edjfaj
dit a

Image E::: ::D i

-

.
.

Tom ?and ]
-

a
-

.
= dit a- Iaxn .
 =[IoI I]
Et : a-

5134=5 Gruff
.io/---2csi=Ct5/LY/--
Gi - c-'

I GET
B) to L )
-
'
- 2

Cos = 6 ↳2=-3 43=1 ,

(↳ =3 ↳3=7 .

LEE ] aaga-E-E.IE) 's

⇐

dil-A-cayc.it 9.242+9343--17 -

'

tf }
A-
# ads A
=
-