Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

A review of related literature and studies, local and foreign will be

conducted for the achievement of the goals and completion of the study. This

chapter helps in familiarizing information that is relevant and similar to the

study, as well as gaining an understanding of the existing research and

debates pertinent to our area of study, and presenting knowledge in the form

of a written report.

The variables in this research entitled “Mismanagement of Time on the

Low Performance of Grade-9 students of MIS S.Y 2022-2023” will be given

emphasis in this chapter.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The related literature showed that the time management attitude and

skill levels of university students and the effects of these skills on their

academic achievement. The research revealed that a majority student

possesses moderate level time management skills and only a significantly

small portion has high level time management skills (Yilmaz, Yoncalik &

Bektaş, 2006).

The literature revealed that the students' time management skills affect

their academic achievement at a significant level and the skills are one of the

predictors of academic performance. The relevant literature suggested that

students should start to acquire time management senses on their own in

their primary school years by reading materials on the issue or via the

framework of psychological counseling and guidance studies applied in

7
schools and adopt effective time management attitudes and techniques to

determine how and where they spend their time (Lisa & Robert, 2008).

The various group of the students who exploited time saving

proficiencies notably had rich academic. They accomplish those students who

do not use time saving techniques in their educational surrounding having

significantly lower academic as compared result students who employ time

management tactics have considerably higher achievement (Mercanlioglu,

2010).

To calculate the cumulative time spent working during a week, these

objects were also added. Time management practices have been proven to

be some of the indication toward achieving a high level of academic success

and performance. They not use influences on the achievement but using time

management.

The ability to effectively manage time is one of the characteristics that

students employ to achieve academic performance. Focusing on efficient time

management is the key to attaining success in life. In the late 1950s, the

behavior of time management was first characterized. Time management is

the process of maximizing the use of available time, which includes

organization, goal setting, prioritizing goals and activities, communication, and

delegation. By controlling oneself at the same time, Individuals are able to

perform many tasks, recognize their tasks, and adjust to their limitations. The

development of other resources is contingent upon the presence and

availability of time (Mohamadkhani et al, 2017).

Neena Khanna and Joginder Singh (2000) found that the students get

less time for leisure in school as compared to home because most of the time

is utilized on academic activities in school. Adnan Kisa and Korkut Ersoy

8
(2005) stated that, high school students lacked time management skills.

Ahmad Farras Oran (2009) defined that, the length of the school year may be

cut by two months without any qualitative or quantitative losses.

Time management is a skill that every student should not only know,

but also apply. A lot of university students complain about running out of time

when asked to do a certain task, they get frustrated because they are not able

to make it before the deadline. Time management is extremely important,

especially when it comes to university students because it will boost their

grades and enhance their productivity (Laurie & Hellsten, 2002). However,

most of the time students face problems like task aversion and uncertainty, so

they start to procrastinate because they lack organizational skills. As a result,

students will not be able to organize duties according to their priorities, so

they get distracted easily, ending up procrastinating. As we can see, time

management is quite essential to any university student, and it is one of the

keys to higher academic achievements (Kelly, 2004).

Eilam and Aharon, 2003). In this regard, it would be more appropriate

to speak about self-management with regard to the performance of multiple

tasks within a certain time period. But in the literature, the term self-

management has a different meaning. It refers to monitoring and regulating

oneself, but without any specific reference to techniques for monitoring time

use. Therefore, we will stick to the use of the term time management in the

present paper. In spite of all popular attention to managing time, relatively little

research has been conducted on the processes involved in using one's time

effectively.

Time managing is a massive distinction between formal and web-

based education academically and administratively. In formal education, there

was the sort of learning opportunities that incorporates a clarification of

everything. Because in this system, teacher is front of students and they can

ask anything without delay or any hesitation. But distance learning students

have no this kind of academic environment as compare to formal learners.

Physical distance exists between student and teacher in online learning.

Therefore, it is more difficult to manage time and gain high scores in distance

education.

The use of time can be vary depending on the tasks and

responsibilities performed (Alay & Kocak, 2013). Moreover, the competitive

environment nowadays urged the individuals, particularly students to manage

time effectively to achieve desirable outcomes.

According to Candelario (2005), time management is the conservation

of time to match Students needs and wants. Students decided on what

activities to be included for the day, week, month or year. Time management

can reflect a person's personal goal at home and at school.

Also Candelario (2005), defined time management as the use of time

that is available in the most productive manner. The development of a clear

objective for a academic performances and the identification of activities that

will help accomplish and can lead the students toward greater effectiveness.

Time management is extremely important, especially when it comes to

university students because it will boost their grades and enhance their

productivity (Laurie & Hellsten, 2002). However, most of the time students

face problems like task aversion and uncertainty, so they start to procrastinate

because they lack organizational skills. As a result, students will not be able to

organize duties according to their priorities, so they get distracted easily,

ending up procrastinating. As we can see, time management is quite essential

to any university student, and it is one of the keys to higher academic

achievements (Kelly, 2004).

Time is endless, and the time consumed by everyone can never be

retrieved. Time may seem to flow constantly, but as it is spent on certain

activities, some may find it not enough to finish the things to be done in a day

(Carroll, 2015). Ti me management is a skill that everyone should possess to

effectively and efficiently accomplish their tasks. According to Carroll (2015),

proper time management leads to better decisions, especially if one is not

pressured, and thus, by making the right decisions in a mindful manner, one

can attain a successful life just by properly managing their time. Moreover,

time management skills and techniques can be characterized by one's

personal approach, which contributes to numerous fundamental qualities in

general. And some of the main and primary factors that should be considered

in one's time management skills are goal setting, planning, prioritizing, and

scheduling.

The use of time can be vary depending on the tasks and

responsibilities performed (Alay & Kocak, 2013). Moreover, the competitive

environment nowadays urged the individuals, particularly students to manage

time effectively to achieve desirable outcomes.

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

Time management is very important and it may actually affect

individual's overall performance and achievements. However, all of these are

related by how individuals manage their time to suit their daily living or to

make it flow steadily with their routines.

For students to better manage their curriculum and achieve learning

objectives, time management behaviors or skills are argued to improve the

positive academic output. Time management is actually self management.

The skills that people need to manage others are the same skills that are

required to manage themselves.

As one of the challenges, the individuum skill set and different ways to

managing their time, which, according with Creswell (2013), is important to

understand the context and which situations have directly influenced the

group experiences, that could be adapted as per each social, professional

and extra activities aspects, as for example, drop or collect children at school.

Moreover, a literature review will be produced, in order to recognize and

present evidence accessible, focusing to support its academic work.

Effective time management is associated with greater academic

performance and lower levels of anxiety in students; however many students

find it hard to find a balance between their studies and their day-to-day lives.

Time management also shows a moderate, negative relationship with

distress. Interestingly, individual differences and contextual factors have a

much weaker association with time management, with the notable exception

of conscientiousness. The extremely weak correlation with gender was

unexpected: women seem to manage time better than men, but the difference

is very slight. Further, we found that the link between time management and

job performance seems to increase over the years: time management is more

likely to get people a positive performance review at work today than in the

early 1990s.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the

time management skills of students and their academic achievements; to

evaluate whether students’ time management skills and academic

achievements differ according to the socio demographic characteristics.

 The findings confirm an effect between time-management skills and

academic success that offers substantial savings from fewer lost students.

Time management is very important and it may actually affect

12
individual’s overall performance and achievements. Students nowadays

always commented that they do not have enough time to complete all the

tasks assigned to them.

Time management is essential, and it may affect an individual's overall

performance and achievements. Research has shown that all the time

management behaviors are positively related to academic achievement.

Kassab study (2009), of time management using (40) academic heads

of departments at Aljazeera University in Sudan to find out whether time

management plays a prominent role in achieving the goals of school

management and the effective degree of time management of school

principals. Findings revealed that time level of heads of departments was

huge, in addition to that they face medium self- wasters and low external

wasters. The study results show that there are statistical differences attributed

to the level of expertise in terms of time management of sample members

attributed to the gender variable.

The study recommends preparing training programs and workshops for

short experience to confirm the importance of time management for the heads

of departments to be time managements sensitive and that management

quality depends on time factor at large.

Olwan and Ehhmaid (2009), which tried to identify the trends of the

principals of middle management due to the importance of time management

and taking a advantage of its possibility to identify the effectiveness of time

managements in Libya including the problems and barriers against time

management. Finding revealed there is no statistical significance in terms of

management with its various fields attributed to educational level. While there

is an effect of statistical significance for social variables (the policy of the open

door and unofficial phone calls) that effects the effectiveness of time

management of middle managers in Libya.

Felton (2009) said that time management is the process of planning

and exercising conscious control of time spent on specific activities, especially

to increase effectiveness, efficiency or productivity. Further, Cotrell (2013)

defines time management as a juggling act of various demands of study,

social life, employment, family, and personal interests and commitments with

the finiteness of time.

Time management skills are integrated into the subjects to form and

promote students' positive reactions. From the theoretical point of view, once

the competencies have been learned and practiced, students are expected to

manage, strive for, and fulfill their life objectives more effectively.