Theory of Emf 22 Batch

THEORY OF EMF
MUET SZAB KHP

ENGR ZUHAIB RIND
SCALARS AND VECTORS
SCALARS:
 The term scalar refers to a quantity whose value may be represented by a single (positive or
negative) real number. The x, y, and z we use in basic algebra are scalars, and the quantities
they represent are scalars.
 EXAMPLE : If we speak of a body falling a distance L in a time t, or the temperature T at
any point in a bowl of soup whose coordinates are x, y, and z, then L, t, T, x, y, and z are all
scalars.
 Other scalar quantities are mass, density, pressure (but not force), volume, volume resistivity,
and voltage.
VECTORS
 A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction in space.
 EXAMPLE : Force, velocity, acceleration, and a straight line from the positive to the
negative terminal of a storage battery are examples of vectors. Each quantity is
characterized by both a magnitude and a direction.
Scalar and Vector fields.
 A field (scalar or vector) may be defined mathematically as some function that connects an
arbitrary origin to a general point in space.
 We usually associate some physical effect with a field, such as

 The force on a compass needle in the earth’s magnetic field.
 The movement of smoke particles in the field defined by the vector velocity of air in some
region of space.
 Note that the field concept is invariably related to a region.
 SCALAR FIELD EXAMPLES:

 The temperature throughout the bowl of soup and the density at any point in the earth are
examples of scalar fields.
 VECTOR FIELD EXAMPLES:
 The gravitational and magnetic fields of the earth, the voltage gradient in a cable, and the
temperature gradient in a soldering-iron tip are examples of vector fields.
 The value of a field varies in general with both position and time.
NOTATIONS FOR SCALARS AND VECTORS

 vectors will be indicated by boldface type, for example, A
 Scalars are printed in italic type, for example, A.
Coplanar vectors
Subtraction of vectors
Multiplication of a vector by scalar/number

Equal vectors
COORDINATE SYSTEMS
To describe a vector accurately, some specific lengths, directions, angles, projections,
or components must be given.
 For this there are three basic methods which are given below
 1) Rectangular coordinate system OR Cartesian coordinate system
 2) Cylindrical coordinate system
 3) Spherical coordinate system
 The simplest method among the three is Rectangular coordinate system.
Developed by René Descartes
 In the rectangular coordinate system we set

up three coordinate axes mutually at right
angles to each other and call them the x, y,
and z axes.
 It is customary to choose a right-handed
coordinate system, in which a rotation
(through the smaller angle) of the x axis into
the y axis would cause a right-handed screw
to progress in the direction of the z axis. a) A right-handed rectangular
 If the right hand is used, then the thumb, coordinate system. If the curved
forefinger, and middle finger may be fingers of the right hand indicate the
identified, respectively, as the x, y, and z direction through which the x axis is
axes. turned into coincidence with the y
 Figure (a) shows a right-handed rectangular axis, the thumb shows the direction
coordinate system.
of the z axis.
 A point is located by giving its x, y, and z
coordinates. These are, respectively, the distances
from the origin to the intersection of
perpendicular lines dropped from the point to the
x, y, and z axes.
 To describe a vector in the rectangular
coordinate system, let us first consider a
vector r extending outward from the origin.
 A logical way to identify this vector is by
giving the three component vectors, lying
along the three coordinate axes, whose vector
sum must be the given vector.
 If the component vectors of the vector r are
x, y, and z, then r = x + y + z. The
component vectors are shown in Figure 1.3a.
 Instead of one vector, we now have three,
each is always directed along one of the
coordinate axes.
 Having unit (1) magnitude.
 These are parallel to the coordinate axes and they point in
the direction of increasing coordinate values.
 We reserve the symbol a for a unit vector and identify its
direction by an appropriate subscript. Thus ax , ay , and az
are the unit vectors in the rectangular coordinate system.
 They are directed along the x, y, and z axes, respectively, as
shown in Figure.
 The symbols i, j, and k are also commonly used for the unit
vectors in rectangular coordinates.
 If the component vector y happens to be two units in
magnitude and directed toward increasing values of y, we
should then write y = 2ay .
 A vector rP pointing
EXAMPLES are work , magnetic flux etc
Examples
As a determinant in a more easily remembered form

Example
ρ is the radial line in the 𝑧 = 0 plane, which makes an angle of ∅ with respect to 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
 ρ which represents the
distance from the point to
the z-axis. It is often called
the radial coordinate.
 Its unit is meter
 ∅ which represents the

angle between the positive
x-axis and the line segment
from the origin to the
point, projected onto the xy-
plane. It is also sometimes
called the polar angle or
azimuthal angle.
 Its unit is degree or radian
Spherical coordinate system
 Radial distance (r): This represents the

distance from the origin to the point
 Polar angle (θ): This represents the angle

between the positive z-axis and the line
segment joining the origin and the point.
It's also called the colatitude or zenith
angle
 Azimuthal angle (φ): This represents the
angle between the positive x-axis and the
projection of the line segment from the
origin to the point onto the xy-plane.
 Cartesian into spherical  spherical into Cartesian
OR
Work done in moving a point charge in an electrostatic field
(1)
 Multiplying both sides of the equation 1 by dL
 Work done on the charge by the external force is taken as positive because it increases the
potential energy of the charge.
 Work done on the charge by the filed force is taken as negative because it decreases the
potential energy of the charge.Hence
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
As we know from the expression of “Work done in moving a point charge in an
electrostatic field”
 VAB signifies the potential difference between points A and B and is the work done in moving
the unit charge from B (last named) to A (first named).
 Thus, in determining VAB, B is the initial point and A is the final point.
 Potential difference is measured in joules per coulomb, for which the volt is defined as a
more common unit, abbreviated as V
 Electric potential at a point due to a point charge
 Finally , hence
derived required
expression of
electric potential at
a point due to a
point charge.
•They are always perpendicular to the
electric field lines. This is because the
electric field points in the direction of
the greatest decrease in potential, and so
if two points are on the same
equipotential surface, there can be no
change in potential between them.
 An equipotential surface is a three- •The closer the equipotential surfaces

dimensional surface in space where are together, the stronger the electric
every point has the same electric field in that region. This is because a
potential. This means that no work is larger change in potential occurs over a
done on a charge when it moves from smaller distance.
one point to another on the same  It is worthwhile to note that P.D is zero
equipotential surface. on equipotential surface..
 A magnetic field cannot arise
from stationary charges and
cannot exert any force on a
stationary charge.
 When a charge Q moves with a DIRECTION OF FORCE on a moving charge:
velocity V in a uniform magnetic using right hand rule
field B , it experiences force
called magnetic force which is
given by
F=QvBsinθ, where θ is the angle

between the directions of v and B .
 Charge at rest only produces

electric field.
 Charge in motion (moving
charge) produces both electric as
well as magnetic fields.
DO YOUR SELF
 As we are familiar with the force exerting on a moving charge in a steady/uniform magnetic
field which is given by
 Now this force on a moving charged particle through a Steady magnetic field may be written
as the differential force exerted on a differential element of charge
equation (1)
 The current density in terms of the velocity of the volume charge density is given by
 velocity equation (1)

 volume charge density
 current density
 The differential element of charge in equation (1) may also be expressed in terms of
volume charge density
Putting this value of differential element of charge (dQ) in equation (1) , we have
 One simple result is obtained to a straight conductor in a uniform magnetic field,

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THEORY OF EMF

MUET SZAB KHP

 We usually associate some physical effect with a field, such as

 SCALAR FIELD EXAMPLES:

NOTATIONS FOR SCALARS AND VECTORS

Multiplication of a vector by scalar/number

 In the rectangular coordinate system we set

As a determinant in a more easily remembered form

 ∅ which represents the

 Radial distance (r): This represents the

 Polar angle (θ): This represents the angle

 Multiplying both sides of the equation 1 by dL

 An equipotential surface is a three- •The closer the equipotential surfaces

F=QvBsinθ, where θ is the angle

 Charge at rest only produces

 velocity equation (1)

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