Telangana Movement and State Formation

Formation of Andhra State

- Sairam Sampatirao
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 Introduction
- Before we find out how the present Andhra
Pradesh State came into being on November 1,
1956, we have to turn the pages of history a little to
go back find the situation about this region prior to
the independence of India from the shackles of the
British Rule in 1947.

- The three regions of coastal Andhra, the

Rayalaseema area and the Telangana regions were
not the parts of the Andhra Pradesh until
November 1, 1956.

- Before independence, the regions of coastal

Andhra and the Rayalaseema areas were part of
the Madras Presidency which was province of the
British India then.

- The Telangana region was the part of the

independent native state ruled by the Nizam of
Hyderabad under British protection.
- 1756 - Coastal Andhra Pradesh and Rayalaseema
regions came under the control of the British.

- British merged both these regions in erstwhile Madras

Presidency.

- But the Tamil dominance over centuries restricted the

growth of Andhra People in Madras Presidency.

- Andhra people were deprived culturally, socially,

economically for over two centuries in Madras
Presidency.

- Even British administration preferred Tamil over

Telugu for various reasons.

- Though the share of Telugu people in Madras

population is about 40%, the share of Andhra people in
covenant jobs was merely 7%.

- The degree of exclusion and deprivation grew over

time and the Andhra People of then Madras Presidency
thought that the only solution for this growing problem
was a separate state for Telugu people.
- The idea of separating Coastal Andhra Pradesh
and Rayala Seema regions from then Madras
Province and establish a new separate Andhra
State was emerged in the early decades of 20th
century.

- Andhra Maha Sabha

- Prominent leaders from Coastal Andhra Pradesh

and Rayalseema Regions started an organisation
named Andhra Maha Sabha in 1913 on the similar
lines of Indian National Congress.

- This organisation worked relentlessly for over 4

decades for a separate Andhra State.

- Andhra Maha Sabha had conducted annual

conferences between 1913 to 1941 for effective
political mobilisation of Andhra People.

- It helped the demand of separate Andhra state to

penetrate among masses and stay alive over a
period of time.
- The leaders of Andhra Mahasabha
had written multiple letters to the
British officials along with the Crown
for the creation of a separate state.

- They placed their demands before

Montagu in 1917, and Simon
Commission in 1927, and before the
Cripps Mission in 1942.

- Despite these constant efforts by

the leaders of Andhra Mahasabha,
the British never considered this
demand of creating a new state.
Establishment of Andhra University: Rayalaseema Mahasabha:
- As the fight for a separate state is brewing day after - Formed in 1934 by Justices like
day, then British govt established Andhra University on C.L.Narasimha Reddy and K.
26th April, 1926 in Vijayawada to pacify Andhra People. Subrahmanyam to safeguard the interests
of Rayalaseema and stay within Madras
- But the AU was later shifted to Visakhapatnam in 1930. University jurisdiction.

- The first VC of AU - Sir C.R. Reddy.

- The first session of the Rayalaseema
- Second VC of AU - Dr. Sarvepalli Radha Krishna. Mahasabha was held at Madras on 28
January 1934.
- The establishment of AU in Coastal Andhra Region was
perceived by Rayalaseema leaders as an instrument of - It was presided over by Nemali
dominance by Coastal Andhra People. Pattabhirama Rao of Cuddapah.

- For the first time, The controversy over the

headquarters of the Andhra University had created the - The conference opposed the attempts
differences between the people of Rayalaseema and made by the congress legislators of the
Coastal Andhra. coastal districts to extend the jurisdiction of
the Andhra University over Rayalaseema
- Then leaders of Rayalaseema decided to leave Andhra
Maha Sabha and they started a new organisation -
Rayalaseema Maha Sabha.

- This lack of unity among Andhra and Rayalaseema

leaders further diluted the demand of separate state.
 Contact: Sairam Sir - +91- 8500671913
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 Sri Bagh Pact:

- On 16 November 1937, the leaders of both the

regions sat for an agreement in Sribagh, the
house of Kashinathuni Nageshwara Rao, a well
known media owner, founder of Andhra Patricia
and of Amrutanjan.

- The committee discussed on the conditions to

be fulfilled if Rayalaseema should co-operate
with the Coastal districts in the demand for an
Andhra Province.

- This agreement came to be known as the

Sribagh pact or Sribagh Agreement.
This was an agreement for the development of Rayalaseema
region at par with coastal areas and to bring in consensus
among all the regions before formation of Andhra province.

The main points of the pact were:

• University: That two University Centers are to be

developed under the Andhra University, one at Vizag
and another at Anantapur so as to distribute the centers
of culture over the Andhra province, and create
opportunities for social and cultural intercourse
amongst the Andhras and locate colleges in areas
favorable to the subjects dealt with.

• Irrigation: The rapid development of the agricultural and

economic interests of Rayalaseema and Nellore shall be
done to the level of those in the Coastal districts. In
respect of the utilization of the waters of Tungabhadra,
Krishna and Pennar, ten year exclusive attention shall
given in respect of major projects beneficial to
Rayalaseema. Whenever the question of sharing waters
arise, the needs of the Rayalaseema are to be first met.
• Legislature: That in the matter of general seats in the
Legislature, the distribution shall be generally on an
equal district basis.

• Decentralization: The location of the University, the

Headquarters and the High Court shall be in different
regions. While the University may continue to be
where it is, the High Court and Metropolis are to be
located in suitable places in the Coastal districts and
Rayalaseema and the choice shall be given to
Rayalaseema.

• It shall, however, be open to vary these terms by

common consent.

- Result - At last, the Rayalaseema joined in the

Andhra University. A memorandum was submitted to
the Assembly of Madras regarding the separate
Andhra province and was forwarded the Government
of India on 21 April 1938. The Secretary of State for
India declared that the Government was not
interested to create any new state.
Dhar Commission:
- The report submitted by Dhar
- Right after India’s Independence, there has been a demand commission led to much resentment
from different regions, particularly South India, for the among the people.
reorganisation of states on a linguistic basis.

- Accordingly, in June 1948, To recommend whether the States

can be reorganized on a linguistic basis, Dr. Rajendra Prasad,
the President of the Constituent Assembly, set up the Linguistic
Provinces Commission (Dhar Commission) to recommend
whether the states should be reorganized on a linguistic basis.

- S.K. Dhar (Retd. Judge, Allahabad High Court) was

the chairman of the first Linguistic Provinces Commission set up
by the Government of India in 1948.

- It’s a three-member committee, with a Chairman - S.K. Dhar,

and two other members - Jagat Narayan Lal (Member in
constituent assembly) and Dr. Pannalal (Retd. ICS officer).

- The committee has submitted its report on 13 December, 1948.

Dhar committee advocated for reorganization of states based on
geographical contiguity, administrative convenience, financial
self-reliance and potential for development instead of linguistic
basis.
JVP Committee - While the Committee's Report did
not advocate for large-scale
linguistic reorganisation, it did
- The Dhar Commission report caused widespread make special mention of Andhra.
dissatisfaction, prompting the Congress to appoint
another Linguistic Provinces Committee in December - It recommended its creation but
1948, comprisingof three members: Jawahar Lal on the condition that its
Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitaramayya, protagonists abandon their
and thus popularly known as the JVP Committee. claims to the city of Madras.
- The committee rejected the linguistic factor of
reorganization of the states.

- The Committee reaffirmed the Dhar Commission's

position in its report in 1949.

- The committee recommended the reorganization of

States on the basis of security, unity and economic
prosperity of the nation.

- The Committee also recommended that the creation

of new provinces be delayed for a few years so that
they could focus on other important issues and not be
distracted by this one.
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Hunger strikes for the formation of separate
Andhra State:
- Despite the recommendations by JVP Committee, there
was a long delay in the formation of Andhra State since
there is no consensus reached between Andhra and
Madras leaders over the distribution of assets and
liabilities.

- Two important people started hunger strike against this

delay in the formation of Andhra State.

1. Gollapudi Sitarama Sastri (15-Aug-1951 to 19-

September-1951) - 35 Days.

2. Potti Sriramulu (19-October-1952 to 15-December-1952)

- 58 days - At the residence of Bulusu Samba Murthy in
Madras.

- The prolonged agitation and the death of Potti Sriramulu,

a Gandhian activist triggered mass agitations by the people
of Andhra.

- This forced them Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal

Nehru to announce the formation of Andhra State on 19th
December, 1952 in Parliament.
- The central government constituted Justice Kailas
Nath Wanchoo Committee to demarcate the
boundaries between Andhra State and Madras State.

- This committee recommended that Madras should

continue as the capital of both states for the next 4
years.

- But then Chief Minister of Madras, C.

Rajagopachary staunchly opposed this
recommendation.

- After nearly 40 long years of intense agitations and

people protests, Andhra State was formed on 1st
October, 1953 with Kurnool as its capital.

- Thus, Andhra state became the first state in

independent India to be created on linguistic lines.

- As per the provisions of Sri Bagh Pact, Capital city

was formed in Rayalaseema Region and the High
Court was established at Guntur on 4th July, 1954.
Early Leaders of Andhra State
- Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu - First CM of Andhra
State (Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party)

- Neelam Sanjiva Reddy - First Dpty. Chief Minister

- C.M. Trivedi - First Governor

- N. Venkata Ramanayyah - First Speaker

- Pasala Surya Chandra Rao - Dpty. Speaker

- Koka Subba Rao - Chief Justice of Andhra HC.

- Note - Congress Party was successful in passing

No-Confidence Motion against Tanguturi Prakasam
Panthulu in 1954. That was followed by President
Rule in Andhra State. Congress Party emerged
victorious in 1955 General Elections and formed
Democratic Government. Subsequently, Bejawada
Gopal Reddy became CM and Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
continued as Dpty. CM.
 Contact: Sairam Sir - +91- 8500671913
email: sairam.sampatirao006@gmail.com
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