Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. 2 : BOSH-1STSEM-2020-2021

College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang

DEGREE PROGRAM BSME COURSE NO. BOSH

SPECIALIZATION Mechanical COURSE TITLE Basic Occupational Safety and Health
YEAR LEVEL Third Year TIME FRAME 6 Hrs WK NO. 2-3 IM NO. 02

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

CHAPTER II – OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

II. LESSON TITLES

1. Definition of Terms
2. Identify hazards and risks
3. Evaluate and control hazards and risks

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This lesson deals with the Occupational Safety, hazards, and risks.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to :

1. Understand Occupational Safety; and

2. Learn and Understand in identifying the hazards and risks;

V. LESSON CONTENT

1. DEFINITIONS

What is Occupational Safety?

As defined in Chapter 1, Occupational safety deals with understanding the causes of accidents
at work and ways to prevent unsafe act and unsafe conditions in any workplace. Hazard and Risk
were also defined in chapter 1 where in hazard is a source or situation with a potential to cause
harm in terms of injury, ill health, damage to property, damage to the environment or a
combination of these and risk is a combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous
event with specified period or in specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to
the health of people, property, environment or any combination of these caused by the event.
In this chapter, we will be dealing with occupational safety by identifying hazard and risk in
any workplace. Some cases and examples will be taken into consideration.

2. Identify Hazards and Risks

Every workplace has hazards. As an employer, you have a legal responsibility to look after
your employees’ safety and protect them against health and safety hazards at work.
In order to manage workplace health and safety and help prevent accidents and sickness, it’s
important to identify, monitor and reduce the risk associated with workplace hazards.

What are workplace hazards?

Simply workplace hazards are any aspect of work that cause health and safety risks and have
the potential to harm.
Some hazards are more likely to be present in some workplaces than others, and depending on
the work that you do, there will be hazards that are more or less relevant to your business.

What are the most common workplace hazards?

There are many types of workplace hazards, which tend to come under four main categories:

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. 2 : BOSH-1STSEM-2020-2021

1. physical hazards – the most common workplace hazards, including vibration, noise and slips,
trips and falls;
2. ergonomic hazards – physical factors that harm the musculoskeletal system, such as repetitive
movement, manual handling and poor body positioning;
3. chemical hazards – any hazardous substance that can cause harm to your employees; and
4. biological hazards – bacteria and viruses that can cause health effects, such as hepatitis,
HIV/AIDS and Legionnaire’s disease.

2.1. Identifying hazards

Your first step in protecting workers involves accurately identifying potential hazards in
your workplace. You're looking for all the things and situations that could possibly harm your
workers or other workers that may be on site.

Identifying hazards starts with a workplace inspection. This includes walking around your site:

a. Observing how work tasks are being performed

b. Assessing the equipment workers are using, and considering how that equipment is being
used
c. Analyzing the design and layout of the work areas
This is a proactive process. Ask yourself, what is it about the activities, processes, or
substances used that could injure your workers or harm their health?

Hazards generally arise from the following aspects of work:

a. The physical work environment

b. Equipment, materials, and substances used at the workplace
c. Work tasks and how they are performed
d. Work design and management

When you work in a place every day, it's easy to overlook some hazards. Here are
some tips to help you identify risks in your workplace:
1. For equipment, check manufacturer instructions or safety data sheets. Think about long-
term health hazards such as high levels of noise.
2. Consider non-routine operations, such as maintenance, cleaning operations, or changes
in production cycles.
3. For chemicals, check manufacturer instructions or safety data sheets. Remember to
think about long-term health hazards such as exposure to harmful substances.
4. Do an overall review of your incident and worker health records, as well as records of
near misses or worker complaints. These can help identify less obvious hazards. People
tend to deal with incidents as they occur, but viewing all that has occurred over time can
alert you to a pattern and help you identify a hazard that may be systemic. If you're a
large employer, our Employer Health and Safety Planning Tool Kit may help.
5. Consult with your workers about any health and safety issues they've encountered in
their work. It is important to keep lines of communication open with your workers, as they
can likely identify risks to both workers and production. Survey them anonymously,
asking open-ended questions. You may even choose to recognize workers who identify
hazards in advance, since this helps business in the long run.
6. Keep up with the information about hazards and risks relevant to your specific industry or
type of work. Consult with industry associations, manufacturers, and suppliers — all of
which can provide you with valuable information. Also check out our Industry health and
safety data, which shows detailed data for any industry.
7. Review our resources and information on common risks in specific industries, including
common hazards and exposures and tools, equipment, and machinery.

Workplace hazards can come from a wide range of sources. General examples include any
substance, material, process, practice, etc. that has the ability to cause harm or adverse health effect to
a person or property. See Table 1.

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copy righted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. 2 : BOSH-1STSEM-2020-2021

Table 1
Examples of Hazards and Their Effects
Workplace HazardExample of Hazard Example of Harm Caused
Thing Knife Cut
Substance Benzene Leukemia
Material Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tuberculosis
Source of Energy Electricity Shock, electrocution
Condition Wet floor Slips, falls
Process Welding Metal fume fever
Practice Hard rock mining Silicosis
Behaviour Bullying Anxiety, fear, depression

Workplace hazards also include practices or conditions that release uncontrolled energy like:

a. an object that could fall from a height (potential or gravitational energy),

b. a run-away chemical reaction (chemical energy),
c. the release of compressed gas or steam (pressure; high temperature),
d. entanglement of hair or clothing in rotating equipment (kinetic energy), or
e. contact with electrodes of a battery or capacitor (electrical energy).

Once you have a documented list of hazards, you're ready to begin identifying the risks.

2.2. Identifying Risks

Common health risks

Some of the most common health risks associated with workplace hazards include:
a. breathing problems;
b. skin irritation;
c. damage to muscles, bones and joints;
d. hearing damage;
e. reduced wellbeing.

How to prevent workplace hazards

The best way to protect yourself and your employees from workplace hazards is to
identify and manage them and take reasonable steps to prevent their potential to harm.
In order to control workplace hazards and eliminate or reduce the risk, you should take
the following steps:
1. identify the hazard by carrying out a workplace risk assessment;
2. determine how employees might be at risk;
3. evaluate the risks;
4. record and review hazards at least annually, or earlier if something changes.

Effect of Hazards in Workplace

1. Mechanical Hazards-The severity of the injury depends on mostly how the accident happens like
slips, falls and entanglement. It is the responsibility of the company to make sure all risks are
minimized.
2. Chemical Hazards-Everywhere around us see chemical and mixture of chemicals. Some
chemicals are acidic while some are extremely volatile. The workplace health risks involved any
particular chemical is hard to determine without first knowing what exactly the chemical is and what
environment it is in.
3. Biological Hazards-Viruses, diseases and other forms of sickness and biological hazards are the
hardest to manage when it comes to the workplace. The most common areas of transmitting
disease are in public areas and at work so workplace health is seriously threatened by biological
hazards. One more reason why biological hazards are hard to manage is their ability to travel from
place to place.

Hazard vs. Risk

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copy righted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. 2 : BOSH-1STSEM-2020-2021

The terms hazard and risk are often used interchangeably, however, in terms of risk
assessment, these are two very distinct terms. As defined above, a hazard is any biological,
chemical, mechanical, or physical agent that is reasonably likely to cause harm or damage to
humans or the environment with sufficient exposure or dose. Risk is defined as the probability that
exposure to a hazard will lead to a negative consequence, or more simply, Risk = Hazard x Dose
(Exposure).

The effective systematic management of risks improves worker health and safety, as well as
productivity.

Eliminating and controlling risks in the workplace helps to:

a. prevent and reduce the number and severity of workplace injuries, illnesses and
associated costs
b. promote and improve worker health, wellbeing and capacity to work, and
c. helps to foster innovation and improve quality and productivity of work.

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Copy and answer the following questions in your own handwriting on a bond paper then picture it then
send.

1. Answer the following questions

1. Which is not a major field of occupational safety and health?

a. Construction b. occupational safety c. occupational health d. industrial hygiene
2. What is the best way of dealing with a hazard to ensure others are not put at risk?
3. How can workers best contribute to a positive safety culture in the workplace? Select any that
apply then Discuss how and why.
a. They should know how to complete work quickly if things go wrong
b. They should report unsafe conditions after an accident has occurred
c. They should report any unsafe conditions as soon as possible
d. They should know the location of the first aid kit and accident book
4. The legal responsibilities of an employer with regards to health and safety include what? Explain.
a. Charging employees for replacing damaged or lost PPE
b. Providing safe systems of work for all employees
c. Taking out additional insurances for dangerous work
d. Ensuring that only one member of staff works on a dangerous job
5. What does PPE stand for?

VII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)

VIII. ASSIGNMENT

Submit at least ten (10) hazard symbols and its description used in a workplace. Identify the workplace
where that symbol is being used.

IX. REFERENCES

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copy righted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution.”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. 2 : BOSH-1STSEM-2020-2021

Alli, Benjamin O. Fundamental Principles of Occupational Safety and Health. Second Edition. 2008.
ISBN 978-92-2-120454-1. International Labour Office, Geneva.

e-resources
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3143/OSHA3143.htm
http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/republic_acts/ra%2011058.pdf
http://www.oshc.dole.gov.ph/images/NOSHCongress/4.-SHAPING-FUTURE-ENGINEERS-TO-
BECOME-OSH-CHAMPIONS.pdf
https://www.ibhsolutions.com/blog/what-is-occupational-health/
https://fitforwork.org/blog/identifying-workplace-hazards/
https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/hazard_risk.html

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copy righted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution.”