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Lecture 8

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7 views

Lecture 8

Uploaded by

alpsmount43
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 8: Branches of multi-valued functions

Hart Smith

Department of Mathematics
University of Washington, Seattle

Math 427, Autumn 2019


Theorem: assume f is continuous
Suppose that f maps C to either C or R. If E is open, then the
pre-image f −1 (E) = z : f (z) ∈ E is an open subset of C.


Proof. Show if w ∈ f −1 (E), then Dδ (w) ⊂ f −1 (E) some δ > 0.



• Since E open, E ⊃ D f (w) ,  > 0.

• f continuous, so f (z) ∈ D f (w) ⊂ E if |w − z| < δ.

Example: {z : |z 3 + z| < 1} is open.

Fact
Suppose E ⊂ C is open, and f is a function from E to C.
Then f is continuous if and only if the following property holds:
f −1 (U) is an open subset of E whenever U is open.
A multi-valued function f on E ⊂ C assigns a set of complex
values to each z ∈ E, i.e. f (z) is a set of complex numbers.

Examples:
log z = log |z| + i arg(z) with domain E = C\{0}.
The multiple values of log z differ by k 2πi
√
z assigns to z ∈ C the numbers w with w 2 = z.
√
If z 6= 0 , z has exactly two values, of the form {w, −w}.
√
z 2 − 1 assigns to z ∈ C the w ∈ C with w 2 = z 2 − 1.

A branch of a multi-valued function f on E ⊂ C is a function


that assigns to each z ∈ E one value from f (z).
1
Principal branch of z n .

The principal branch of log z is log |z| + i arg(−π,π] (z) , z 6= 0.

• For any branch of log z,


 1 n
e n log z = e log z = z

1 √
n
The principal branch of z n = z , for z 6= 0 , is the function
1 i
e(log |z|+i arg(−π,π] (z))/n = |z| n e n arg(−π,π] (z)

• Gives unique solution to w n = z such that arg(w) ∈ (− πn , πn ]


1
• The principal branch of z n is continuous on C \ (−∞, 0] .
Two branches for the square root of z 2 − 1 .
√ √
• Consider z 2 − 1 ; · the principal branch of square root.
2

Let E = z : z − 1 ∈ C \ (−∞, 0] . E is an open set, and

E = C \ [−1, 1] ∪ i R

Each point z ∈ (−1, 1) ∪ i R is a point of discontinuity.

√ √
• w= z −1 z + 1 also solves w 2 = z 2 − 1 .
By composition, this is continuous on F = C \ (−∞, 1] .

• In fact, it is continuous on C \ [−1, 1] , and


each point in (−1, 1) is a point of discontinuity.

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