LABORATORY

MANUAL
FOR
MATHEMATICS
PRACTICALS
(WITH FOSS TOOLS)
FOR 2ND SEMESTER B.Sc.

1|BMSCW
 LIST OF PROGRAMS

Lab 1: Simple Programs

Lab 2: Plotting of curves

Lab 3: Tracing of curves (Cartesian form)

Lab 4: Tracing of curves (Polar form and Parametric form)

Lab 5: Surface Area

Lab 6: Volume of Revolution

Lab 7: Groups

Lab 8: Groups- Cayley Table

Lab 9: Differential Equations-1

Lab 10: Differential Equations-2

Lab 11: Differential Equations-3

Lab 12: Differential Equations-4

Lab 13: Revision

Lab 14: Preparatory Exam

NOTE:
In each lab one program has to be executed and relevant problems have to be
solved manually.

2|BMSCW
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lab I : Simple Programs
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//1. Write a program to generate the sequence 1,4,7,10,13,…..,52

for i=1:3:52
disp(i)
end
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//2. Write a program to generate Prime numbers between 125 to 300.

p=primes(300);
k=length(p)
for i=1:k
if p(i)>125 & p(i)<300 then
disp(p(i))
end
end
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

//3. Write a program to find the sum of first 100 natural numbers.

sum=0;
for i=1:100
sum = i + sum;
end
printf("sum of natural numbers from 1 to 100 is %d", sum);

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//4. Write a program to find the Largest number from the given set of 3 numbers

a=input("Enter the value for a :");

b=input("Enter the value for b :");
c=input("Enter the value for c :");
if a>b & a>c then
mprintf("%d is the largest element\n",a)
elseif b>c then
mprintf("%d is the largest element\n",b)
else
mprintf("%d is the largest element\n",c)
end
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3|BMSCW
//5. Write a program to generate first 10 terms of Fibonacci Series

mprintf("Fibonacci series ");

n=input("enter the number = ")
for i=1:n
if i<3
f(i)=1
disp(f(i));
else
f(i)=f(i-1)+f(i-2)
disp(f(i))
end
end
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PRACTICE

//Write a program to verify whether the given number is a palindrome or not

num=input("Enter the number :");

rev=0;
temp=num;
while num>0
rem=modulo(num,10);
num=(num-rem)/10;
rev=rev*10+rem
end
if temp==rev then
mprintf("The given number is a palindrome")
else
mprintf("The given number is not a palindrome")
end
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//Write a program to generate the Prime numbers till 50

primes(50)

//Write a program to find the Smallest number from the given set of 3 numbers( use < in
Program 4 )

4|BMSCW
Lab II : Plotting of curves
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// 1.Plot the curve

x =[0:0.1:10]';
y=[2*x^2-2*x+1];
plot2d(x,y)
title("curve of y=2x^2-2x+1 ",'fontsize',4)
xlabel("x")
ylabel("y")
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//2. Plot the curve and
x =[0:0.1:10]';
y=[x^2+1,x^2+2*x+2];
plot2d(x,y)
title("curves of y=x^2+1 and y=x^2+2x+2 ", 'fontsize',4);
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// 3.Plot the curve and

x=[0:%pi/16:2*%pi]'
y=[sin(x), cos(x)]
plot2d(x,y)
title(" curves of sin(x) and cos(x)",'fontsize',4)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICE
1. Plot the curve y=ex
2. Plot the curve y=log x
3. Plot the curve y=x3

5|BMSCW
Lab III : Tracing of curves (Cartesian form)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// 1. Plot the curve catenary in Cartesian form

x=[-5:0.01:5]';
a=2;
y=a*cosh(x/a);
plot2d(x,y)
title("Catenary ",'fontsize',4)
xlabel(“ x ”)
ylabel(“ y”)

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PRACTICE

Plot the curve Cissoids in Cartesian form

x =[0:0.1:15.99]'
a=16;
y=abs(sqrt ((x^3)/(a-x))) ;
plot2d(x,y)
plot2d(x,-y)
title("Cissoids ",'fontsize',4)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Astroid and Strophoid in Cartesian form.

// Astroid : y=(a^(2/3)-x^(2/3))^(3/2);
a=8;
x=[0:0.01:8]';
y=(a^(2/3)-(x^2)^(1/3))^(3/2);
x1=[-8:0.01:0]';
y1=(a^(2/3)-(x1^2)^(1/3))^(3/2);
b=gca()
b.x_location="origin"
b.y_location="origin"
plot2d(x,y)
plot2d(x,-y)
plot2d(x1,y1)
plot2d(x1,-y1)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

//Strophoid : y=x*((a+x)/(a-x))^(1/2)
a=16;
x=[-16:2:15.99]';
y1=x.*abs((a+x)./(a-x)).^(1/2);
b=gca()
b.x_location="origin"
b.y_location="origin"
y=[y1,-y1];
plot(x,y);
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6|BMSCW
Lab IV : Tracing of curves (Polar form and Parametric form)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// 1. Plot the curve cardioid in Polar form

// Cardioid : r=a*(1+cos(t))
t=[0:0.1:2*%pi]';
a=1;
r=a*(1+cos(t));
polarplot(t,r)
title("Cardioid ",'fontsize',4)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// 2. Plot the curve Astroid in Parametric form

// Astroid : x=a*(cos(t))^3, y=a*(sin(t))^3

t=[-2*%pi:%pi/32:2*%pi]';
a=4;
x=a*(cos(t))^3
y=a*(sin(t))^3
b=gca()
b.x_location="origin"
b.y_location="origin"
plot2d(x,y)
title("Astroid ",'fontsize',4)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICE

// Plot the curve Three leaved rose in Polar form

// Three leaved rose : r=a*sin(3*t)

t=[0:0.1:2*%pi]';
a=1;
r=a*sin(3*t)
polarplot(t,r)
title("Three leaved rose ",'fontsize',4)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

r=a*(1-cos(t))
r=a*cos(3*t)
r=a*cos(2*t)
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7|BMSCW
LAB V: Surface Area
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// 1. Find the surface area generated by revolving the arc of the catenary y=acosh(x/a)
//from x=0 to x=a about X-axis

a=1;
//funcprot (0)
function I=I(x)
y=a*cosh(x/a)
dy=sinh(x/a)
I=2*%pi*y*sqrt((dy)^2+1)
endfunction
SA=intg(0,a,I);
disp(SA)

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PRACTICE
// 2. Find the surface area generated by revolving the cardioid r=a(1+cosx) about the
//initial line

a=1
function I=I(x)
r=a*(1+cos(x))
y=r*sin(x)
dr=-a*sin(x)
I=2*%pi*y*sqrt((dr)^2+r^2)
endfunction
SA=intg(0,%pi,I);
mprintf(“Surface area=",SA)
disp(SA)

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8|BMSCW
LAB VI: Volume of Revolution
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// 1. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the ellipse about the x-axis

a=2;
b=1;
function y=y(x)
y=2*%pi*((b^2)*(1-(x/a)^2))
endfunction
v=intg(0,a,y)
disp(v,"volume=")

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PRACTICE

//Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the cardioid r=a(1+cosθ)about the
initial line
a=1;
function y=y(x)
y=(2/3)*%pi*(a*(1+cos(x)))^3*sin(x);
endfunction
I=intg(0,a,y)
disp(I)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

//Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving of one arc of the cycloid x=a(1+sint)
and y=a(1+cost) about its base.

//cycloid x=a(t+sint), y=a(1+cost)

a=1;
function v=v(t)
y=a*(1+cos(t))
dx= a*(1+cos(t))
v=2*%pi*y^2*dx
endfunction
vol=intg(0,%pi,v);
mprintf("The required volume is \n %f", vol)
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9|BMSCW
LAB VII : Groups
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// 1. To show that [1,-1] is a group under multiplication

H=[1,-1];
a=1;
b=-1;

// closure law

if a*b==a | a*b==b then

printf("H is closed under multiplication\n");
else
printf("H is not closed under multiplication and hence H is not a group\n");
abort;
end

// Associative law

if a*(b*a)==(a*b)*a then
printf("H is associative under multiplication\n");
else
printf("H is not associative under multiplication and hence H is not a group\n");
abort;
end

// Identity law

if a*a==a & b*a==b then

e=a;
printf("e=%f is an unique identity element\n",a);

elseif a*b==a & b*b==b then

printf("e=%f is an unique identity element\n",b);
else
printf("No identity element exits and hence H not a group\n");
abort;
end

// Inverse exists
in1=e/a;
in2=e/b;
if in1==a | in1==b & in2==a | in2==b then
mprintf("i=%f is an inverse element of %d\n",in1,a);
mprintf("i=%f is an inverse element of %d\n",in2,b);
else
printf("No inverse element exists and hence H is not a group\n")
abort;
end
printf("H is a Group\n");

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Note : For generalisation take a=H(i), b=H(i+1)
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10 | B M S C W
LAB VIII: Groups- Cayley Table
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// 1. Construct a Cayley Table for (Z4,+4)

function cayley(n)
for i=0:n-1
for j=0:n-1
c=i+j;
if c>=n then
c=c-n;
end
mprintf("%d \t",c);
end
mprintf("\n");
end
endfunction

// type Cayley(4) at the cursor ----> to get Cayley table of (Z4,+4)

// type Cayley(5) at the cursor ----> to get Cayley table of (Z5,+5)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICE

//Create Cayley table for (Z4,X4)

// Enter cayley(4) at the cursor

function cayley(n)
for i=0:n-1
for j=0:n-1
c=i*j;
if c>=n then
c=modulo(c,n)
end
mprintf("%d \t",c);
end
mprintf("\n");
end
endfunction
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//Create Cayley table for (G,X 10) where G={2,4,6,8}
// Enter cayley(10) at the cursor

function cayley(n)
for i=2:2:n-1
for j=2:2:n-1
c=i*j;
if c>=n then
c=modulo(c,n)
end
mprintf("%d \t",c);
end
mprintf("\n");
end
endfunction
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11 | B M S C W
LAB IX : Differential Equations-1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// 1. Solve dy/dx= sec(x)^2 with y(0)=0 - Variable separable

function f=f(x, y)
f=sec(x)^2
endfunction
x0=0;
y0=0;
x=[0:0.1:1];
a=ode(x0,y0,x,f)
disp(a)
plot2d(x,a)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// 2. Solve (x^2+y^2)dx-2xy dy=0 – Homogenous equation

function f=f(x, y)
f=(x^2+y^2)/(2*x*y)
endfunction
x0=1;
y0=1;
x=[1:0.1:10]
a=ode(x0,y0,x,f)
disp(a)
plot2d(x,a)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICE

// Solve dy/dx=1/(x^2+1) - Variable separable

function f=f(x, y)
f=1/(x^2+1)
endfunction
x0=0;
y0=0;
x=[0:0.1:10]
a=ode(x0,y0,x,f)
disp(a)
plot2d(x,a)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

//Solve dy/dx=e^x - Variable separable

function f=f(x, y)
f=%e^x
endfunction
x0=0
y0=1;
x=[1:0.1:10]
a=ode(x0,y0,x,f)
disp(a)
plot2d(x,a)

12 | B M S C W
LAB X: Differential Equations-2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// 1. Solve dy/dx = 2*y*tan(x)+sin(x) – Linear Equation
function f=f(x, y)
f=-2*y*tan(x)+sin(x)
endfunction
x0=%pi/3;
y0=0;
x=5;
x=[1:0.1:5]
a=ode(x0,y0,x,f)
disp(a)
plot2d(x,a)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICE

// Solve dy/dx = (-y+2*x^3)/(2*x) - Linear Equation

function f=f(x, y)
f=(-y+2*x^3)/(2*x)
endfunction
x0=0; y0=1;
x=[1:0.1:5]
a=ode(x0,y0,x,f)
disp(a)
plot2d(x,a)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//Solve dy/dx=y^2-y*sin(t)+cos(t) –Linear Equation

function f=f(t, y)
f=y^2-y*sin(t)+cos(t)
endfunction
y0=0;
t0=0;
t=0:0.1:%pi;
y=ode(y0,t0,t,f);
plot2d(t,y)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13 | B M S C W
LAB XI: Differential Equations-3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// 2. Solve xdy/dx +(1-x)y=x^2*y^2 –Bernoulli Equation

function f=f(x, y)
f=(x^2*y^2+(x-1)*y)/x
endfunction
x0=-1;
y0=1;
x=[4:0.1:15]
a=ode(x0,y0,x,f)
disp(a)
plot2d(x,a)
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PRACTICE

// Solve dy/dx+ytan(x)=y^3*sec(x)- Bernoulli Equation

function f=f(x, y)
f=(y^3*sec(x))-(y*tan(x))
endfunction
x0=%pi;
y0=3;
x=[%pi:0.1:2*%pi]
a=ode(x0,y0,x,f)
disp(a)
plot2d(x,a)

14 | B M S C W
LAB XII: Differential Equations-4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

//1. Solve dy/dx = -((4*x+3*y+1)/(3*x+2*y+1)) –Exact

function f=f(x, y)
f=-((4*x+3*y+1)/(3*x+2*y+1))
endfunction
x0=1
y0=0;
x=[1:0.1:6]
a=ode(x0,y0,x,f)
disp(a)
plot2d(x,a)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICE

// Solve (x^2-y)dx + (y^2-x)dy =0- Exact

function f=f(x, y)
f=(y-x^2)/(y^2-x)
endfunction
x0=10
y0=1;
x=[3:0.1:10]
a=ode(x0,y0,x,f)
disp(a)
plot2d(x,a)

15 | B M S C W