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ANOVA: HYPOTHESIS TESTING
1. Hypotheses: Ho & Ha 2. Level of Significance 3. Test Statistic 4. Critical Region 5. Compute test statistic 6. Statistical decision 7. Conclusion
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I. ONE-WAY ANOVA
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Symbols Definition
X individual observation
j group
µ or X̅ j sample mean of the treatment group
X̅ overall sample mean
k the number of treatments or independent comparison groups
N total number of observations or total sample size.
n total number of observations in one group
V.R Variance ratio or (F)
SSA Sum of Squares among samples
SSW Sum of squares within samples
MSA Mean Square Among Samples
MSW Mean Square Within Samples
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EXAMPLE 1:
Calcium is an essential mineral that regulates the heart, is important for blood clotting and for building healthy bones. The National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends a daily calcium intake of 1000-1200 mg/day for adult men and women. While calcium is contained in some foods, most adults do not get enough calcium in their diets and take supplements. Unfortunately some of the supplements have side effects such as gastric distress, making them difficult for some patients to take on a regular basis.
A study is designed to test whether there is a difference in mean daily calcium intake in adults with normal bone density, adults with osteopenia (a low bone density which may lead to osteoporosis) and adults with osteoporosis. Adults 60 years of age with normal bone density, osteopenia and osteoporosis are selected at random from hospital records and invited to participate in the study. Each participant's daily calcium intake is measured based on reported food intake and supplements. DO NOT REPLICATE OR COPY. PROPERTY OF FEU-BIOSTAT. EXAMPLE 1:
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1. Hypothesis Ho: μ1 = μ2 = μ3
Ha: Means are not all equal
2. Level of Significance α = 0.05
3. Test statistic F statistic for ANOVA, F= MSA/ MSW
4. Critical Region (2, 15) = 3.68
df1 = k - 1 = 3-1 = 2
df2 = N - k = 18-3 = 15
F = ≥ 3.68
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DO NOT REPLICATE OR COPY. PROPERTY OF FEU-BIOSTAT. I. ONE-WAY ANOVA Normal Bone Osteopenia Osteoporosis Density Example 1 1200 1000 890 5. Computation of Test Statistics 1000 1100 650 980 700 1100 900 800 900 750 500 400
5 7 𝑆𝑆𝐴 152,477.7 𝑀𝑆𝐴 76,238.85 MSA = = = 76,238.85 V. R or F = = = 0.23 𝑘 −1 3 −1 𝑀𝑆𝑊 327,933.28
𝑆𝑆𝑊 4,918,999.2 MSW = 𝑁 −𝑘 = = 327,933.28 18 −3
Source of Variation Sums of Squares (SS) Degrees of freedom (df) Mean Squares (MS) F
Among Samples (SSA) 152,477.7 2 MSA = 76,238.85 0.23
Within Samples (SSW) 4,918,999.2 15 MSW = 327,933.28
Total 17 DO NOT REPLICATE OR COPY. PROPERTY OF FEU-BIOSTAT. 6. Statistical Decision
We do not reject H0 because 0.23 < 3.68.
7. Conclusion
We do not have statistically significant evidence at a =0.05 to show
that there is a difference in mean calcium intake among patients with normal bone density osteopenia and osteoporosis. DO NOT REPLICATE OR COPY. PROPERTY OF FEU-BIOSTAT. II. TWO-WAY ANOVA
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EXAMPLE 1: As part of a randomized block experiment, a researcher tests the effect of three extracurricular activities on student’s academic performance. The researcher selects subjects randomly from a student population. The researcher assigns subjects to six blocks of three, such that students within the same block have the same (or similar) IQ. Within each block, each student is randomly assigned to a different extracurricular activities. At the end of the term, the researcher collects one test score (dependent variable) from each subject, as shown in the table below. IQ Level Extracurricular Activity
A B C
91-95 84 85 85
96-100 86 86 88
101-105 86 87 88
106-110 89 88 89
111-115 88 89 89
116-120 91 90 91 II. TWO-WAY ANOVA EXAMPLE 1:
1. Hypothesis
(Treatment) Ho: There are no differences in the test scores among different extracurricular activities Ha: There are significant differences in the test scores among different extracurricular activities.
(Blocks) Ho: There are no differences in the test scores among different IQ levels. Ha: There are significant differences in the test scores among different IQ levels.
2. Level of Significance α = 0.05
3. Test Statistic Two –Way ANOVA
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DO NOT REPLICATE OR COPY. PROPERTY OF FEU-BIOSTAT. DO NOT REPLICATE OR COPY. PROPERTY OF FEU-BIOSTAT. DO NOT REPLICATE OR COPY. PROPERTY OF FEU-BIOSTAT. 1. At 5% level of significance, we cannot conclude that there are significant differences in the test scores among different extracurricular activities. (Treatment)
2. At 5% level of significance, there are significant differences in the test scores among different IQ levels. (Blocks)
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