Weekly assignment2

U7735982
JaeminKim

INFS2024 assignment start

What would you say is the purpose or function of the system?

The purpose or function of EyeKinetix is used by the eye optician to effectively measure
and analyze the patient's pupil reflexes to accurately document RAPD and physical
imbalances. This helps to accurately assess eye health conditions and identify
microscopic abnormalities, and also supports a variety of effective eye examinations and
patient care.
How would you define its boundary (logical and physical)?

Logical Boundary:

 The logical boundary of the EyeKinetix® system is defined by the scope and
components that constitute the system for pupillary assessment. It includes
the internal components and subsystems that work together to achieve the
system's objectives, such as high-definition video cameras, infrared
technology, and the RAPDx scoring algorithm.

Physical Boundary:

 The physical boundary of EyeKinetix® encompasses the tangible elements

that make up the system. This includes the hardware components such as the
video cameras, infrared sensors, and any processing units. Additionally, the
physical boundary may extend to the device's casing or housing that contains
and protects the internal components.

In summary, the logical boundary defines the conceptual scope and

functionalities of the EyeKinetix® system, while the physical boundary
encapsulates the tangible components and interfaces that manifest those
concepts into a functional pupillometer.
What appear to be some of the components or subsystems of the system, and what are some
examples of inter-relationships between these components or subsystems?

1. High-Definition Video Cameras:

 Component: The cameras are responsible for capturing pupillary
responses in high definition under infrared conditions.
 Inter-relationship: These cameras serve as the primary sensory input for
the system, recording both direct and consensual pupillary light
reflexes simultaneously.
 2. Infrared Technology:
 Component: Infrared conditions are created to enhance the visibility
and recording of pupillary responses.
 Inter-relationship: Infrared technology complements the high-definition
cameras, ensuring accurate and detailed recording of pupillary
reactions.
3. RAPDx Scoring Algorithm:
 Component: The algorithm is responsible for quantifying the
asymmetry in pupillary responses and generating the RAPDx score.
 Inter-relationship: The RAPDx scoring algorithm interacts with the
recorded data from the cameras to provide an objective and
quantitative assessment of relative afferent pupillary defects.
4. LED Array for Monocular Stimuli:
 Component: The LED array presents monocular stimuli to each eye
individually during the assessment.
 Inter-relationship: This component facilitates controlled stimuli
presentation, contributing to the accurate measurement of pupillary
responses.
5. Green Progress Bar and Audible Tones:
 Component: These provide feedback during the testing process,
helping technicians and patients understand the progress of the
assessment.
 Inter-relationship: The green progress bar and audible tones create an
interactive interface, guiding the user through the test and facilitating a
smooth testing experience.
6. Screen Display:
 Component: The screen displays the results promptly after the
assessment is completed.
 Inter-relationship: The screen serves as the output interface, presenting
the quantified RAPDx score and any relevant information to the user.
7. Device Casing/Housing:
 Component: The physical enclosure that houses internal components
and provides protection.
 Inter-relationship: The casing ensures the integrity of internal
components and contributes to the durability and portability of the
system.

Examples of Inter-relationships:

1. Camera-LED Array Interaction:

 The high-definition cameras coordinate with the LED array to capture
the pupillary responses when monocular stimuli are presented. This
 interaction ensures synchronized recording of the stimuli and
corresponding reactions.
2. Camera-Infrared Technology Integration:
 The high-definition cameras integrate with the infrared technology to
optimize visibility and recording conditions. This collaboration
enhances the accuracy of pupillary assessments, especially in varying
lighting conditions.
3. RAPDx Scoring Algorithm-Recorded Data Processing:
 The RAPDx scoring algorithm processes the recorded data from the
cameras, analyzing the pupillary responses to generate an objective
and quantified RAPDx score. This inter-relationship forms the core of
the system's analytical capabilities.
4. Green Progress Bar and Audible Tones-User Interaction:
 The green progress bar and audible tones provide real-time feedback
during the assessment, guiding both technicians and patients through
the testing process. This interactive feedback loop contributes to a
user-friendly experience.

What are some of the inputs, outputs and interfaces of the system?

Inputs:

1. Visual Stimuli:
 Nature: Monocular visual stimuli presented to each eye individually
using the LED array.
 Purpose: To elicit pupillary responses for recording and analysis.
2. Patient Information:
 Nature: Information about the patient undergoing the assessment.
 Purpose: To associate pupillary responses with specific patient data for
record-keeping and analysis.
3. Technician Commands:
 Nature: Commands from the technician to initiate, control, or conclude
the pupillary assessment.
 Purpose: To facilitate the testing process and ensure proper interaction
with the system.
4. Environmental Conditions:
 Nature: Lighting conditions, including ambient light.
 Purpose: To adapt the system to varying environments and optimize
the recording of pupillary responses.
Inputs, Outputs, and Interfaces of EyeKinetix®:

Inputs:

1. Visual Stimuli:
 Nature: Monocular visual stimuli presented to each eye individually
using the LED array.
 Purpose: To elicit pupillary responses for recording and analysis.
2. Patient Information:
 Nature: Information about the patient undergoing the assessment.
 Purpose: To associate pupillary responses with specific patient data for
record-keeping and analysis.
3. Technician Commands:
 Nature: Commands from the technician to initiate, control, or conclude
the pupillary assessment.
 Purpose: To facilitate the testing process and ensure proper interaction
with the system.
4. Environmental Conditions:
 Nature: Lighting conditions, including ambient light.
 Purpose: To adapt the system to varying environments and optimize
the recording of pupillary responses.

Outputs:

1. RAPDx Score:
 Nature: Quantified score indicating the presence and extent of Relative
Afferent Pupillary Defects (RAPDs).
 Purpose: To provide an objective measure of pupillary asymmetry for
clinical assessment.
2. Visual Display:
 Nature: Screen display presenting the results and any relevant
information.
 Purpose: To communicate the outcome of the pupillary assessment to
the technician and, if applicable, the patient.
3. Audible Tones:
 Nature: Tones indicating calibration, test initiation, progress, and
completion.
 Purpose: To provide real-time auditory feedback, guiding the
technician and patient through the assessment.

Interfaces:
 1. User Interface (UI):
 Nature: The visual display, buttons, and controls accessible to the
technician.
 Purpose: To enable the technician to interact with and control the
system during the pupillary assessment.
2. LED Array Interface:
 Nature: Interface facilitating the presentation of monocular visual
stimuli.
 Purpose: To ensure controlled and synchronized stimuli presentation
to elicit pupillary responses.
3. Green Progress Bar:
 Nature: Visual indicator of test progress.
 Purpose: To provide a visual cue to the technician and patient,
indicating the ongoing status of the pupillary assessment.
4. Calibration Interface:
 Nature: Audible tones and potential visual cues during calibration.
 Purpose: To guide the technician and ensure proper calibration for
accurate pupillary recording.
5. Patient Data Input Interface:
 Nature: Input mechanism for entering and associating patient
information.
 Purpose: To link pupillary responses with specific patient data for
documentation and analysis.
In summary, EyeKinetix® interacts with visual stimuli, patient information, technician
commands, and environmental conditions as inputs. It produces outputs in the form
of quantified RAPDx scores, visual displays, and audible tones. The system interfaces
with users through a dedicated user interface, the LED array for stimuli, progress
indicators, calibration cues, and mechanisms for entering patient data. These inputs,
outputs, and interfaces collectively contribute to the functionality and user
experience of the EyeKinetix® pupillometer.

Give an example of feedback (positive or negative) that does, or might, affect the system?

Example of Negative (Balancing) Feedback:

Scenario: Quality Control in Pupillary Assessments

 Feedback Mechanism:
 If the system detects inconsistencies or errors in the recorded pupillary
responses during calibration or testing, it triggers a negative feedback
loop.
 Nature of Feedback:
 The system may provide an audible alert, a visual warning, or both,
indicating that the recorded data may be unreliable or inaccurate.
 Purpose of Feedback:
 The negative feedback aims to draw the attention of the technician to
potential issues, prompting corrective actions. It helps maintain the
accuracy and reliability of the pupillary assessments by preventing the
use of flawed data.
 Response to Feedback:
 The technician, upon receiving the negative feedback, can reevaluate
the calibration, check for environmental factors affecting the
assessment, or review the patient's cooperation. By addressing the
identified issues, the system ensures that subsequent pupillary
assessments are conducted with improved accuracy.

This negative feedback loop serves as a mechanism to maintain the quality and
integrity of the pupillary assessments performed by the EyeKinetix® system. It aligns
with the principles of negative feedback in systems theory, where deviations from a
desired state prompt corrective actions to maintain system stability and performance.

What constraints (internal and external) that you can think of that apply to the system?

1. Internal Constraints:
 Technological Limitations:
 Nature: The system's performance may be constrained by the
technological capabilities of its hardware components, such as
the resolution and sensitivity of the high-definition cameras or
the processing power of the internal algorithms.
 Impact: Technological limitations may affect the system's ability
to accurately record and analyze subtle pupillary responses.
 Calibration Precision:
 Nature: The precision of the calibration process is an internal
constraint. If the calibration is not performed accurately, it may
introduce errors in subsequent assessments.
 Impact: Inaccurate calibration could lead to unreliable pupillary
measurements and affect the overall reliability of the system.
2. External Constraints:
 Patient Cooperation:
 Nature: The willingness and cooperation of the patient during
the assessment are external constraints.
  Impact: Patient movement, non-compliance, or inability to follow
instructions may introduce variability in the recorded pupillary
responses, affecting the accuracy of the assessment.
 Ambient Lighting Conditions:
 Nature: External lighting conditions, such as variations in
ambient light, may impact the system's ability to detect and
record pupillary responses accurately.
 Impact: Inconsistent lighting conditions could introduce
variability in the recorded data, affecting the reliability of the
pupillary assessments.
 Environmental Interference:
 Nature: External factors, such as electromagnetic interference or
ambient noise, may introduce interference during the
assessment.
 Impact: Environmental interference could disrupt the recording
process and compromise the accuracy of the pupillary
responses.
 Patient-Specific Factors:
 Nature: Patient-specific factors, such as the presence of eye
conditions or abnormalities, can be external constraints.
 Impact: Certain eye conditions or anatomical variations may
influence the pupillary responses and introduce complexities in
the interpretation of results.
 Regulatory Compliance:
 Nature: Adherence to regulatory standards and guidelines is an
external constraint.
 Impact: Non-compliance with regulatory requirements may
impede the use or acceptance of the system within the
healthcare industry.
 User Training:
 Nature: The proficiency of the technician or user operating the
system is an external constraint.
 Impact: Insufficient training may lead to suboptimal usage,
affecting the accuracy of assessments and interpretation of
results.