● Renewable and Sustainable ● Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions ● Low Operating Costs ● Energy Independence ● Low Environmental Impact ● Versatility and Scalability
Limitations: ● Climate conditions ● High Initial Costs ● Land Use ● Energy Storage Challenges ● Resource Limitations ● Aesthetic Impact
2.Difference btw Diffused radiation and beam radiation.
● Beam radiation is the solar radiation received from the Sun without having been scattered by the atmosphere. ● Diffused radiation is that received from the Sun after its direction has been changed by scattering by the atmosphere.
3.Solar constant. ● The amount of incoming solar radiation per unit area measured on the outer surface of earth’s atmosphere in a plane perpendicular to rays ● 1380 W/m^2
4.Differentiate flat plate and concentrating collectors
FPC CC
● Flat plate collectors have a simple ● Concentrating collectors use
design consisting of a flat, mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight insulated metal box with a glass on onto a smaller receiver area. the top. ● They are designed to maximize ● Concentrate sunlight onto a smaller absorption rather than focus area, increasing the intensity of the sunlight. sunlight at the focal point. ● Commonly used for residential and commercial water heating, space ● Often employed in power heating generation systems ● lower efficiency ● higher efficiency 5.Examine the effects of various parameters affecting the performance of a collector. ● Absorber Plate Material and Coating. ● Fluid Flow Rate. ● Efficiency of Heat Transfer Fluid. ● Dust and Soiling on collector. ● Weather Conditions. ● Number of glass covers.
6.Define Sensible heat and latent heat in solar energy storage
● Sensible thermal storage includes storing heat in liquids such as molten salts and in solids such as concrete blocks, rocks, or sand-like particles. ● It is the energy moving from one system to another that changes the temperature rather than changing its phase.
● Latent heat storage involves storing heat in a phase-change material that
utilizes the large latent heat of phase change during melting of a solid to a liquid ● it is possible to store large amounts of heat with only small temperature changes and therefore to have a high storage density;
7.Infer solar azimuth angle and Zenith angle
Solar Azimuth Angle:
● The angle on a horizontal plane,between the line due south and the projection of sun’s ray on the horizontal plane ● It is considered as positive when it is measured from south towards west.
Zenith Angle: ● The angle between the sun’s ray perpendicular to the horizontal plane ● Zenith angle is compliment of inclination angle
8.List out the site selection factor for wind turbine.
● Wind speed ● Turbine size ● Economic considerations ● Capital cost ● Land cost
9.Enumerate the mechanism of Yaw control.
● The yaw control mechanism comprises a motor and drive. The main purpose of this arrangement is to move the nacelle and blades according to the wind direction. ● It enables the wind turbine to capture the maximum available wind. During the nacelle movement, a fair chance of cable twisting occurs inside the tower.
10.List out any 4 organic materials used in biomass plant.
● Rice hulls ● Straw ● Sawdust ● Bagasse(sugarcane remains) ● And other raw materials
11.Write in detail about Energy storage system.
● Energy Storage Systems are the set of methods and technologies used to store energy. ● The stored energy can be drawn upon at a later time to perform useful operation. For instance, many renewable energy sources (such as wind, solar energy or solar energy, tides) are intermittent.
12.Draw the OTEC open cycle power plant.
13.How the wind mills are classified
● Wind turbines are classified generally according to the direction of the axle ● Vertical Axis Wind Turbine: Its blades rotate around a central, vertical axle. ● Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine: In this case, the blades turn in a direction perpendicular to the wind speed.It is further classified into Upwind turbine and Down wind turbine 14.Solar energy applications:
● Solar Water Heating.
● Solar Heating for Buildings. ● Solar-distillation. ● Solar Cooking. ● Solar Electric Power Generation. ... ● Solar Thermal Power Production. … ● Solar drying
15.Compare solar PV systems with solar thermal systems.
Pv system Solar thermal system
Converts sunlight directly into Converts sunlight into heat energy,
electricity using semiconductor materials
Typically has lower efficiency in Generally has higher efficiency in
converting sunlight into electricity converting sunlight into electricity
Commonly used for small-scale More suitable for large-scale power
applications like residential rooftop plants that require consistent and installations, high-power output,
Energy storage is typically achieved Can integrate thermal storage
using batteries, systems.
it is more economically Generally more expensive to install
compared to solar PV systems,
16.Enumerate solar drying
● Solar dryers are devices that use solar energy to dry the substances especially food. There are two general types of solar dryers
● Direct dryer-in direct solar dryers, the substance that is to be dehydrated
is exposed to the sunlight in a vast field ● Indirect dryer-Indirect solar dryers consist of an insulated box coated inside with a black absorption surface, an air inlet and an air outlet, and a single- or double-glazed glass.
17.List the site selection criteria for installing wind power plant(8th qn repeated)
18.Explain the principle of solar photovoltaic power generation
● A photovoltaic (PV) panel, also known as a module, is a unit consisting of special cells that generate an electric current in sunlight that are linked together. ● When the sun shines over the cells, an electric field is created.The stronger the sun, the more electric energy is produced.
19.Classify the different types of solar energy storage systems
● 1. Batteries · ● 2. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage · ● 3. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) · ● 4. Flywheel Energy Storage (FES).
20.Define pitch angle in wind mill?
● Pitch angle control is the most common means for adjusting the aerodynamic torque of the wind turbine when wind speed is above rated speed and various controlling variables may be chosen, such as wind speed, generator speed and generator power.
21.List the factors affecting biogas generation.
● Factors affecting Biogas Production: There are several factors such as biogas potential of feedstock, inoculums, nature of substrate, pH, temperature, loading rate, hydraulic retention time (HRT), C:N ratio, volatile fatty acids (VFA), inhibitory substances, etc.
22.Define direct Energy Conversion in renewable energy
● Direct Energy Conversion (DEC) refers to the process of converting one
form of energy directly into another without an intermediate conversion step. This concept is often applied in the context of converting primary energy sources, such as heat or light, directly into electricity.
23.Explain the advantages and limitations of tidal power generation
● Advantages of Tidal Power Generation: 1. Tidal power is completely independent of the precipitation (rain). 2. Large area of valuable land is not required. 3. When a tidal power plant works in combination with thermal or hydroelectric system peak power demand can be effectively met with. 4. Tidal power generation is free from pollution. ● Limitations of Tidal Power Generation: 1. Due to variation in tidal range the output is not uniform. 2. Since the turbines has to work on a wide range of head variation (due to variable tidal range) the plant efficiency is affected. 3. Machineries are corroded due to corrosive sea water. 4. It is difficult to carry out construction in sea. 5. As compared to other sources of energy, the tidal power plant is costly. 6. Sedimentation and silteration of basins. 7. The power transmission cost is high because the tidal power plants are located away from load centres.
