Calculus I

Tutorial #4 (16–20 Oct 2023)

Topics:

• Rate of change

• Derivatives of trigonometrical functions

• The Chain Rule

• Implicit differentiation

• Related rates

• Linearization

Problem 1. An airplane takes off from an airport and lands an hour later at another
airport, 400 miles away. If t represents the time in minutes since the plane has left the
terminal building. Let x(t) be the horizontal distance traveled and y(t) be the altitude
of the plane.

a) Sketch a possible graph of x(t).

b) Sketch a possible graph of y(t).

c) Sketch a possible graph of the ground speed.

d) Sketch a possible graph of the vertical velocity.

Problem 2. (Particle motion) At time t, the position of a body moving along the
s-axis is s = t3 − 6t2 + 9t.

a) Find the body’s acceleration each time the velocity is zero.

b) Find the body’s speed each time the acceleration is zero.

c) Find the total distance traveled by the body from t = 0 to t = 2.

Problem 3. (Bacterium population) When a bactericide was added to a nutrient

broth in which bacteria were growing, the bacterium population continued to grow for
a while, but then stopped growing and began to decline. The size of the population at
time t (hours) was b = 106 + 104 t − 103 t2 . Find the growth rates at

a) t = 0 hours.

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 b) t = 5 hours.
c) t = 10 hours.

Problem 4. (Airplane takeoff ) Suppose that the distance an aircraft travels along a
runway before takeoff is given by D = (10/9)t2 , where D is measured in meters from
the starting point and t is measured in seconds from the time the brakes are released.
The aircraft will become airborne when its speed reaches 200 km/h. How long will it
take to become airborne, and what distance will it travel in that time?

.....................................................................................

Problem 5. Find dr/dθ for the following functions:

sin θ + cos θ
a) r = 4 − θ2 sin θ; b) r = sec θ csc θ; c) r = .
cos θ
Problem 6. Is there a value of c that makes
 2
 sin 3x
, x 6= 0,
f (x) = x2
c, x = 0,
continuous at x = 0? Justify your answer.

Problem 7. Is there a value of b that makes

(
x + b, x < 0,
g(x) =
cos x, x ≥ 0,
continuous at x = 0? differentiable at x = 0? Justify your answers.

.....................................................................................

Problem 8. Find the derivatives of the following functions:

√
a) p(t) = 3 − t.
b) y = x2 sin4 x + x cos−2 x.
sin θ

2
c) f (θ) = 1+cos θ
.
 
t
d) q(t) = sin √t+1 .

t


3
Problem 9. Find dy/dt of y = 1 + tan4 12
.

1 3
Problem 10. Find y 00 of y = 1 +


x
.

.....................................................................................

Problem 11. Use implicit differentiation to find dy/dx.

2
 a) x2 y + xy 2 = 6.

b) x2 (x − y)2 = x2 − y 2 .

c) x + tan(xy) = 0.

Problem 12. If x3 + y 3 = 16, find the value of d2 y/dx2 at the point (2, 2).

Problem 13. If xy + y 2 = 1, find the value of d2 y/dx2 at the point (0, −1).

.....................................................................................

Problem 14. (Volume) The radius r and height h of a right circular cylinder are
related to the cylinder’s volume V by the formula V = πr2 h.

a) How is dV /dt related to dh/dt if r is constant?

b) How is dV /dt related to dr/dt if h is constant?

c) How is dV /dt related to dr/dt and dh/dt if neither r or h is constant.

Problem 15. (Changing voltage) The voltage V (volts), current I (amperes), and
resistance R (ohms) of an electric circuit like the one shown here are related by the
equation V = IR. Suppose that V is increasing at the rate of 1 volt/sec while I is
decreasing at the rate of 1/3 amp/sec. Let t denote time in seconds.

a) What is the value of dV /dt?

b) What is the value of dI/dt?

c) What equation relates dR/dt to dV /dt and dI/dt?

d) Find the rate at which R is changing when V = 12 volts and I = 2 amp. Is R

increasing, or decreasing?

Problem
p 16. (Distance) Let x and y be differentiable functions of t and let s =
2 2
x + y be the distance between the points (x, 0) and (0, y) in the xy-plane.

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 a) How is ds/dt related to dx/dt if y is constant?

b) How is ds/dt related to dx/dt and dy/dt if neither x nor y is constant?

c) How is dx/dt related to dy/dt if s is constant?

Problem 17. (Area) the area A of a triangle with sides of lengths a and b enclosing
an angle of measure θ is
1
A = ab sin θ.
2

a) How is dA/dt related to dθ/dt if a and b are constant?

b) How is dA/dt related to dθ/dt and da/dt if only b is constant?

c) How is dA/dt related to dθ/dt , da/dt and db/dt if none of a, b, and θ are constant?

Problem 18. (Changing dimensions in a rectangle) The length l of a rectangle is

decreasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec while the width w is increasing at the rate of 2
cm/sec. When l = 12 cm and w = 5 cm, find the rates of change of

a) the area,

b) the perimeter,

c) the lengths of the diagonals of the rectangle.

Which of the above quantities are decreasing, and which are increasing?

.....................................................................................

Problem 19. Find the linearization of f at x = a. Then graph the linearization of f

together.
f (x) = sin x at (a) x = 0, (b) x = π.

Problem 20. Show that the linearization of f (x) = (1 + x)k at x = 0 is L(x) = 1 + kx.

Problem 21. (Faster than a calculator) Use the approximation (1 + x)k ≈ 1 + kx to

estimate the following.

a) (1.0002)50
√
b) 3 1.009.

Problem 22. The radius of a circle is increased from 2.00 to 2.02 m.

a) Estimate the resulting change in area.

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 b) Express the estimate as a percentage of the circle’s original area.

Problem 23. (Estimating volume) Estimate the volume of material in a cylindrical

shell with height 30 in, radius 6 in, and shell thickness 0.5 in.

Additional Problems (if times allows)

Problem 24. (An osculating circle) Find the values of h, k, and a that make the circle
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = a2 tangent to the parabola y = x2 + 1 at the point (1, 2) and
that also make the second derivatives d2 /dx2 have the same value on both curves there.
Circles like this one that are tangent to a curve and have the same second derivative as
the curve at the point of tangency are called osculating circles (from the Latin osculari,
meaning “to kiss”).

Problem 25. Is the derivative of

(
x2 sin(1/x), x 6= 0,
h(x) =
0, x = 0,

continuous at x = 0? How about the derivative of k(x) = xh(x)? Justify your answer.