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DC Motor Speed Control Using PID Controller In

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 International Journal of Innovative Science and Modern Engineering (IJISME)
ISSN: 2319-6386, Volume-3 Issue-3, February 2015

DC Motor Speed Control Using PID Controller In

Lab View
Pratap S Vikhe, Neelam Punjabi, Chandrakant B Kadu

Abstract- Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control is the Section II gives the basics of proportional integral and
most common control algorithm used in industry and has been derivative controller. Section III gives the Hardware
universally accepted in industrial control. One of the applications Implementation Section IV Implementation of Open-Loop
used here is to control the speed of the DC motor. Controlling the
speed of a DC motors is very important as any small change can
and Closed Loop in Lab VIEW Section V is Conclusion
lead to instability of the closed loop system. The aim of this paper showing the results obtained.
is to show how DC motor can be controlled by using a PID
controller in LabVIEW. DC Motor will be interfaced with II. PID CONTROLLER
LabVIEW using an ATmega 8A Microcontroller. The speed of
the DC motor will be set by creating a Graphic User Interface The proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is the
(GUI) for PID Controller in LabVIEW. LabVIEW will send most common form of feedback used in the control systems.
serial command to the DC motor using the PWM pins on the The popularity of PID controllers can be attributed partly to
Microcontroller board. DC motor will move with the speed set by their robust performance in a wide range of operating
the user in LabVIEW. The speed of the dc motor will be sensed conditions and partly to their functional simplicity, which
by using the IR sensor. From the sensor, the output is sent back
to the PID Controller in LabVIEW via ATmega Microcontroller. allows engineers to operate them in a simple,
PID Controller compares the actual speed of the DC motor with straightforward manner. It can be used for various Industrial
the set speed. If its speed is not same, PID Controller will try to applications. As the name suggests, PID algorithm consists
minimize the error and bring the motor to the set point value [1]. of three basic coefficients; proportional, integral and
Keywords: DC Motor, LabVIEW, PID Controller, IR Sensor, derivative which are varied to get optimal response [3].
Open-Loop, Closed-Loop Unlike a simple proportional control algorithm, the PID
controller is capable of manipulating the process inputs
I. INTRODUCTION based on the history and rate of change of the signal. This
DC (Direct Current) Motors are two wire (power & gives a more accurate and stable control method [5]. The
ground), continuous rotation motors. When the supply basic idea is that the controller reads the system state by a
power is provided, a DC motor will start spinning until that sensor. Then it subtracts the measurement from a desired
power is removed. Most DC motors run at a high RPM reference to generate the error value. The error will be
(revolutions per minute), examples being computer cooling managed in three ways, to:
fans, or radio controlled car wheels. 1. Handle the present, through the proportional term,
The speed of DC motors is controlled using pulse width 2. Recover from the past, using the integral term,
modulation (PWM), a technique of rapidly pulsing the 3. Anticipate the future, through the derivative term.
power on and off. The percentage of time spent cycling the In this paper we will have shown an open loop system and a
on/off ratio determines the speed of the motor, e.g. if the closed loop system with PID system to control the DC
power is cycled at 50% (half on, half off), then the motor motor.
will spin at half the speed of 100% (fully on). Each pulse is 1. CONTROL SYSTEM
so rapid that the motor appears to be continuously spinning.
The basic idea behind a PID controller is to read a sensor,
A control system is an interconnection of components
then compute the desired actuator output by calculating
forming a system configuration that will provide a desired
proportional, integral, and derivative responses and
system response. DC Motor will be interfaced with
summing those three components to compute the output [2].
LabVIEW using ATmega 8A Microcontroller. The role of
Microcontroller is to pass the set speed to the DC motor 2. OPEN LOOP SYSTEM
using the PWM pins and to get the data (speed) from the An open-loop controller, also called a non-feedback
motor using the IR sensor through Interrupt. controller, is a type of controller that computes its input into
This paper is organized as follows: Section I includes the a system using only the current state and its model of the
introduction to control system, dc motor and the IR sensor. system. A characteristic of the open-loop controller is that it
does not use feedback to determine if its output has achieved
the desired goal of the input. This means that the system
does not observe the output of the processes that it is
Manuscript Received on February 2015. controlling. An open-loop controller is often used in simple
Pratap S Vikhe, Associate Professor, Instrumentation &Control processes because of its simplicity and low cost, especially
Engineering Department, Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni, in systems where feedback is not critical.
Maharashtra, India.
Neelam Punjabi, Lecturer, Biomedical Engineering Department, Figure below shows an Open-Loop System
Vidyalankar Institute of Technology, Wadala, Maharashtra, India.
Chandrakant B Kadu, Associate, Instrumentation Engineering
Department, Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni, Maharashtra, India.

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 DC Motor Speed Control Using PID Controller In Lab View

throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power

consumption and processing speed. The main aim of
ATmega microcontroller is to write the speed on the dc
motor set by the user using its PWM pins and to read the
speed sensed by the IR sensor.
Figure 1: Open Loop System Encoder
Optical encoders are devices that convert a mechanical
3. CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM position into a representative electrical signal by means of
In a typical control system, the process variable is the a patterned disk or scale, a light source and photosensitive
system parameter that needs to be controlled, such as elements. With proper interface electronics, position and
speed information can be derived. Encoders can be
temperature (ºC), pressure (psi), or flow rate (liters/minute).
classified as rotary or linear for measurements of
A sensor is used to measure the process variable and provide respectively angular and linear displacements. Rotary
feedback to the control system. The set point is the desired encoders are available as housed units with shaft and ball-
or command value for the process variable. At any given bearings or as "modular" encoders which are usually
moment, the difference between the process variable and the mounted on a host shaft (e.g. at the end of a motor)[1].
set point is used by the control system algorithm Speed sensor
(compensator), to determine the desired actuator output to
The sensor is always ON, meaning that the IR led is
drive the system (plant).
constantly emitting light. This design of the circuit is
suitable for counting objects, or counting revolutions of a
rotating object, that may be of the order of 1500 rpm or
much more.
Driver circuit
The circuit is built around an L293D motor driver. A driver
circuit is an electrical circuit or other electronic component
used to control another circuit or other component, such as a
Figure 2: Closed Loop System with PID controller high-power transistor. They are usually used to regulate
current flowing through a circuit or are used to control the
III. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION other factors such as other components, some devices in the
This designed controller is implemented in real time for circuit.
12volt, 1500rpm, and 1.5A DC motor. The motor is
interfaced through ATmega 8A to LabVIEW and was thus IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF OPEN-LOOP &
controlled. The hardware components used are as follows: CLOSED-LOOP IN LABVIEW
A. Open-Loop System
The Block Diagram of Open-Loop is as shown below:

Figure 3: Hardware
ATmega 8A
The high-performance, low-power Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-
based microcontroller combines 8KB ISP flash memory
with read-while-write capabilities, 512B EEPROM, 1KB
SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose
working registers, three flexible timer/counters with
compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial
Figure 4: Block diagram of Open-Loop System
programmable USART, a byte oriented two-wire serial
interface, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channel in The program usually begins with the while loop on the
TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog block diagram and initializing the driver connections to
timer with internal oscillator, SPI serial port, and five LabVIEW. VISA Write will write the command (speed) set
software selectable power saving modes. The device by the user on the ATmega microcontroller. VISA Read will
operates between 2.7-5.5 volts. By executing powerful read the data (speed) sensed by the sensor. Between every
instructions in a single clock cycle, the device achieves write command and read command there is a delay of

Published By:
39 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
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 International Journal of Innovative Science and Modern Engineering (IJISME)
ISSN: 2319-6386, Volume-3 Issue-3, February 2015

1000ms. At the end of the while loop, VISA Close

command is used which will close the session.

Front Panel of Open-Loop system is as shown below:

Figure 7: Block diagram of Closed-Loop System

Duty cycle can be varied from 0-255 by varying the user

controlled interactive graphical dial on the front panel. The
response of the system can be changed by varying the gains
Figure 5: Front Panel of Open-Loop System of PID controller. These VI’s will be burnt in the ATmega
The front panel is the actual GUI (Graphic user Interface) microcontroller and interfaced with the dc motor. Setpoint,
for the user to set the speed of the DC motor. For every set by the user will be fed into the pid controller and passed
control on the front panel there is a respective block in on to the Microcontroller PWM pins. Microcontroller will
the block diagram. pass those PWM pulses to the motor along with supply
voltage that moves the motor. Shaft of the DC motor will
B. Closed-Loop System move and number of times it moves will give us the speed at
The Front Panel Diagram of Closed-Loop System is as which the motor is moving. IR sensor is used for measuring
shown below: the rotation of the DC motor.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The method adopted in this paper is low cost technique of
controlling the speed of the DC motor. DC motor is
interfaced with PID Controller in LabVIEW via ATmega
8A Microcontroller. Speed of the motor is sensed by using
the Infrared Sensor which is sent back to PID Controller as
feedback for calculating and compensating the error
produced if any. The method implemented can be used for
various industrial applications. This technique helps in
maintaining the stability of the system.

REFERENCES
1. Priyanka Rajput, “A Study of Speed Control of PMDC Motor using
Auto-tuning of PID Controller through LabVIEW ", AKJEC
International journal of Technology, Volume 5, No. 1.
2. Salim, Sunil Kumar, Jyoti Ohri "LabVIEW Based DC Motor and
Temperature Control Using PID Controller " ,IJARCSSE, Volume 3,
Issue-5, May 2013
3. Naveen Kumar R, et. al., “Low Cost Data Acquisition and Control
Figure 5: Front Panel of Closed-Loop System using Arduino Prototyping platform and LabVIEW”, IJSR, India
Online, Volume 2, Issue 2, February 2013, ISSN: 2319-7064
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Engineering Science and Technology Volume 2(11), 2010, 6801-
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first-order-plus-dead-time models", IEEE 2006.
The Block diagram of the Closed-Loop System is as 6. M. H. Moradi, "New Techniques for PID Controller Design", IEEE
shown below: Xplore, 2003
7. Umesh Kumar Bansal, Rakesh Narvey, "Speed Control of DC Motor
Using Fuzzy PID Controller", Department of Electrical Engineering,
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8. Aditya Pratap Singh, Udit Narayan, et.al., “Speed Control of DC
Motor using PID Controller Based on Matlab”, Innovative System
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 DC Motor Speed Control Using PID Controller In Lab View

9. Rinku Singhal et.al., "Design of Fractional Order PID Controller for

Speed Control of DC Motor ", International journal of Scientific and
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Genetic Algorithm Based PID Controller", IJARCSSE, Volume 3,
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