Correction coefficients of distortion and vibration

period for buildings due to soil-structure interaction

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Authors Ticona, A. M.; Rosales, M. A.; Orihuela, J. D.

DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/910/1/012010

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IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

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Correction coefficients of distortion and vibration period for buildings due

to soil-structure interaction
To cite this article: A M Ticona et al 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 910 012010

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ICCEA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 910 (2020) 012010 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/910/1/012010

Correction coefficients of distortion and vibration period for

buildings due to soil-structure interaction

A M Ticona1, M A Rosales1, J D Orihuela1

1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Peruvian University of Applied Sciences San Marcos
street 11, Chorrillos, Lima, Peru

Corresponding author’s e-mail: u201410718@upc.edu.pe

Abstract. The present research analyzed the influence of the soil structure interaction (SSI) in
buildings, varying geotechnical parameters and height, considering 3 international codes. The
responses obtained from the structures taking into account the SSI, were compared with the
responses of fixed-base buildings, being the main control variables: the period and the drift. It
was determined that the estimated range in which the period of the structure increases is from 30
to 98%, demonstrating the influence of considering soil flexibility. Due to the variability of the
responses obtained, an adjustment factor is proposed to predict said amplification of the control
variables, depending on the height of the building and the ground.

1. Introduction
The conventional analysis performed for the modeling of a building is based on recessing the structure
considering an infinitely rigid floor. This idealization does not reflect the real behavior of the soil since
it, depending on its geotechnical parameters, provides a certain stiffness that is related to an elasto-
plastic behavior [1].
A study prepared by Karapetrou et al. [2] showed that the responses obtained considering the fixed
base can lead to non-conservative results such as displacements and periods, which can be amplified in
soft soils. Regarding the period, it was determined that the main effect generated by an SSI analysis is
the lengthening of this,compared to the rigid base condition, being one of the main causes of this change,
the ground in foundation [3]. Similarly, Aydemir et al. [4], evaluated the behavior of structures
considering SSI under the effect of an earthquake. The authors verify the increase in the period and
demonstrate that the influence of considering such interaction is greater in soft soils. In addition, Joy et
al. [5], they proposed a methodology to perform the pushover analysis considering SSI. This study
demonstrated the importance of considering the soil-structure interaction in the design of buildings,
demonstrating how displacements increase. On the other hand, Valdebenito et al. [6], analyzed the
effects of an earthquake of magnitude Mw = 8.2 and the damaged caused to the armed masonry
structures. With the explorations carried out, it was demonstrated that the soil-structure interaction
played a significant role in the buildings that suffered major damage. The predominant frequency of the
soil was very similar to the frequency of buildings with greater structural damage, this correlates with
the effects of resonance, an effect that in several of the cases analyzed could have increased seismic
demand and thereby justify the increase in damage observed.

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ICCEA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 910 (2020) 012010 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/910/1/012010

This research seeks to determine the impact of considering soil flexibility through an SSI analysis,
in relation to two variables: period and drift. The period is one of the most important variables because
it allows us to control possible resonances during a seismic event; on the other hand, displacements are
closely related to the potential for structural failure. As a main result, it was determined that the
percentage increase in the period, for a model that considers SSI, is in a range of 30 to 98% and with
respect to drifts between 23 and 145%. Due to the variability in the amplification of the responses
obtained, a correlation of data is proposed to establish a function that allows calculating said
amplification depending on the floor and the height of the building.

2. Method
To make a correct prediction of the amplification behavior of the control variables, the answers will be
calculated considering both idealizations of the soil behavior (SSI and fixed-base). With this, the
percentage variation will be determined based on the height of the building, code used and geotechnical
parameters for each structure. With the percentages obtained, it will be determined if the correlation of
data is correct. For this, the proposed function will be validated by checking with a 95% reliability. This
reliability will be applied to the own coefficients of the established regression.
The use of the equations, for the calculation of the amplification factors, is limited to a foundation
system consisting of combined footings, for structures that vary between 4 floors (12 meters) to 12 floors
(35 meters) and soil types employees in the study.

3. Analysis
In the first instance we will proceed with the analysis considering fixed-base. The buildings will be
modeled and analyzed with the ETABS 2016 computational tool. The resulting drifts for both directions
are shown in the graphs (figure 1 and figure 2), varying the soil parameters and the height of the building.

Figure 1. Drift X (SP) from 4 to 8 floors Figure 2. Drift X (SM) from 4 to 8 floors

After verifying the structure, the SSI analysis is carried out. For this, it is necessary to calculate the
ballast coefficient that allows us to find an equivalence of the soil, similar to the behavior of a spring.
For this evaluation of the structure, it was designed considering 3 codes: that of the American code
ASCE 41-13 [7], Russian code SNIP 2-02-05-87 [8] and Mexican complementary technical code [9]. In
addition, data on the soil parameters that are required by such design regulations is necessary (table 1).

Table 1. Geotechnical parameters of silty and poorly graded sand

SP (Poorly Graduated
Soil parameters SM (Silty Sand)
Sand)
2
Soil elasticity modulus (kg/cm ) 190 200
Poisson's ratio 0.25 0.22
Internal friction angle (°) 26.7 27
Volumetric density (gr/cm3) 1.681 1.52
Spread Wave Propagation Speed (m/s) 180 250

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ICCEA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 910 (2020) 012010 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/910/1/012010

Then we proceed to calculate the 6 ballast coefficients (in the direction X, Y, Z and their respective
turns). Subsequently, the support of the structure is released from the embedment to assign said
coefficients, which will idealize the behavior of the land. With the help of the software, the deformation
of the mezzanines and the period of the structure are calculated considering the flexibility of the floor.
As evidence is shown the results obtained from the American code ASCE 41-13 for an SP soil (table
2 to 3):
Table 2. Drift in X considering SSI according to American code ASCE 41-13 for a soil SP.
N°of floors Drift Y - American code ASCE 41-13
8 0.0051
7 0.0052 0.0041
6 0.0054 0.0042 0.0031
5 0.0054 0.0043 0.0032 0.0023
4 0.0053 0.0043 0.0033 0.0023 0.0015
3 0.0050 0.0041 0.0032 0.0023 0.0016
2 0.0045 0.0037 0.0029 0.0022 0.0015
1 0.0043 0.0036 0.0029 0.0023 0.0017

Table 3. Drift in X considering SSI according to American code ASCE 41-13 for a soil SP.
N°of floors Drift X - American code ASCE 41-13
8 0.0044
7 0.0046 0.0035
6 0.0047 0.0037 0.0027
5 0.0047 0.0037 0.0028 0.0019
4 0.0046 0.0037 0.0028 0.0020 0.0013
3 0.0043 0.0035 0.0027 0.0020 0.0013
2 0.0038 0.0031 0.0025 0.0019 0.0013
1 0.0036 0.0030 0.0025 0.0019 0.0014

Table 4. Period (seconds) of the structure considering recessing and flexibility in the base.
Fixed-base SSI - Russian Code SSI – American Code SSI – Mexican Code
N°
SP o SM SP SM SP SM SP SM
floors
8 0.43 0.652 0.645 0.58 0.515 0.623 0.618
7 0.348 0.551 0.545 0.486 0.427 0.526 0.522
6 0.272 0.455 0.449 0.396 0.344 0.434 0.43
5 0.203 0.363 0.358 0.312 0.266 0.348 0.344
4 0.141 0.277 0.273 0.234 0.195 0.267 0.264

As can be seen in the table 4; there is an important variation in the responses when considering the
soil as an elasto-plastic element. The present investigation seeks to propose a correlation between the
responses considering SSI and those of an analysis fixed in the base, with the aim of establishing a
correction parameter for both the period and the mezzanine drift.

4. Results
After the analysis of the structure considering the flexibility of the soil and fixed in the base, we proceed
to determine the regression that best fits the data obtained. The data that will be used for this study will
have the following characteristics: the first 3 floors of the analyzed structures will not be used, since the
variation of their results (SSI vs fixed), does not fit the data dispersion and the correlation will be
established for structures greater than 12.00m (or 4 floors) at 35.00m (or 12 floors).

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ICCEA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 910 (2020) 012010 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/910/1/012010

4.1. Data correlation analysis for the drifts obtained

In the first instance, correlations will be established for the variation of the drifts according to the height
of the structure (Cd as a function of Ht). The variable Ht defines the building height in meters and the
variable Cd defines the percentage or coefficient of drift amplification considering ISE vs fixed-base
building. Consequently, the correlation is established based on the height of the building, code used and
type of soil. These results can be seen in table 5, 6 and 7.

Table 5. Model and correlation factor that was designated for the Russian code SNIP 2-02-05-87 for
SP and SM soil
Russian code (SP) Russian code (SM)
Correlation Model Logarithm of X Logarithm of X
Correlation 75.79% 81.62%

Table 6. Model and correlation factor that was designated for the American code ASCE 41-13 for SP
and SM soil
American code (SP) American code (SM)
Correlation Model Logarithm of X Logarithm of X
Correlation 81.50% 87.13%

Table 7. Model and correlation factor that was designated for the Mexican complementary technical
code for SP and SM soil
Mexican code (SP) Mexican code (SM)
Correlation Model Logarithm of X Logarithm of X
Correlation 91.71% 93.11%

These correlations were chosen because these are the ones that best fit the dispersion of data (Cd
depending on the height of the building). Subsequently, the regression of data for each correlation is
validated. It should be mentioned that the amount of data used for the statistical analysis is 30 values for
each regression. It was obtained that the P-value (probability corresponding to the statistic if possible,
under the null hypothesis) is less than 0.05; therefore, there is a statistically significant relationship with
a 95.0% confidence level in all cases [10]. The functions established for the calculation of Cd as a
function of Ht are the following:

CdRC-SP=3.9104-1.0075 ln(Ht) (1)

CdMC-SP=3.5146-0.9071 ln(Ht) (2)
CdAC-SP=4.6232-1.1847 ln(Ht) (3)
CdRC-SM=4.0671-1.078 ln(Ht) (4)
CdMC-SM=3.531-0.9226 ln(Ht) (5)
CdAC-SM=2.6233-0.6785 ln(Ht) (6)

As it was observed in the regression of the data; the mexican code has a higher correlation of data,
so it would fit a better prediction of drift amplification based on their responses. However, the american
code is the one that generates the greatest amplification in drifts (for the SP soil), although these results
are significantly different from those obtained through the Russian and Mexican code. In figure 3 the
variation of the functions defined for each code can be observed.

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ICCEA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 910 (2020) 012010 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/910/1/012010

Figure 3. Cd depending on the height of the building for the Russian, Mexican and American code
considering the soil SP and SM

Due to the variability of the regressions obtained from the 3 models studied, an equation is proposed
that will more optimally normalize the distribution of the data to predict the value of the amplification
coefficient Cd. These proposed equations have a correlation of 74.04% and 75.91% respectively, with
a P-value less than 0.05 (figure 4).

Cd=4.0161-1.0331 ln(Ht) to soil SP (7)

Cd=3.4071-0.893 ln(Ht) to soil SM (8)

Figure 4. Cd depending on the height of the building considering the soils SP and SM

4.2. Data correlation analysis for periods

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ICCEA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 910 (2020) 012010 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/910/1/012010

Therefore, the regression will be carried out for the periods considering the variables Ct and Ht. It should
be noted that the correlation of data regarding the period of the structure exceeds 99% with a P-value of
less than 0.05, so all regressions are apt to predict the behavior of the period. The variable Ht defines
the building height in meters and the variable Ct defines percentage or coefficient of period amplification
considering ISE vs fixed-base building (figure 5)
The functions established for the calculation of Ct based on Ht considering each code are the
following:

CtRC-SP=(0.1412+0.0749 Ht)-1 (9)

CtMC-SP=(0.1714+0.0644 Ht)-1 (10)
CtAC-SP=exp(2.3558-0.9938 ln(Ht)) (11)
CtRC-SM=(0.144+0.0773 Ht)-1 (12)
CtMC-SM=(0.1906+0.1146 Ht)-1 (13)
CtAC-SM= exp(2.3291-0.9933 ln(Ht)) (14)

Figure 5. Ct depending on the height of the building for the Russian, Mexican and American code
considering the soil SP and SM

The regression of data in terms of periods is very similar to the behavior of the drifts obtained, so a
coefficient that represents the behavior of Ct is also proposed. The following equations have a
correlation of 93.25% and 82.70% respectively with a P-value less than 0.05 (figure 6).

Ct=0.061+10.9705 Ht-1 (15)

Ct=0.0387+9.3288 Ht-1 (16)

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ICCEA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 910 (2020) 012010 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/910/1/012010

Figure 6. Ct depending on the height of the building considering the soils SP and SM

5. Conclusions
In the present work, we have proposed functions with a statistically significant relationship that allow
us to know the period and the drifts of a building considering SSI from the responses of a model fixed
in the base, which can be used to predict a real behavior of the structure considering the flexibility of
the soil. Its application must be used for a preventive criterion of the effects that can generate failures
or collapses (resonance) but not for the design due to the mentioned limitations. It can be determined
that the Mexican and American code have a higher correlation of data with respect to the Russian code,
the percentage of correlation being for Mexican C. 93.41%, American C. 84.32% and Russian C. 78.71%
with respect to the amplification of the drifts However, it is proposed to use the functions Ct and Cd,
which together predict the behavior of the three international codes analyzed. On the other hand, the
method that considers values closer to the proposed functions (Ct and Cd) is the Mexican method,
however, if the soil is very soft, the American code ASCE 41-13 method must also be considered to
respect the maximum limit of drifts provided by any of the three code mentioned.
It is recommended to develop studies for the elaboration of a multiple regression model that considers
the lateral stiffness and the height of the structure, which would modify the equations proposed in the
present investigation.

6. References
[1] Barkan DD. Dynamics of bases and foundations. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962, pp. 1-51.
[2] Karapetrou ST, Fotopoulou SD, Pitilakis KD. Seismic vulnerability assessment of high-rise non-
ductile RC buildings considering soil-structure interaction effects. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng [Internet].
2015; 73:42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.02.016.
[3] Pérez-Rocha LE, Avilés J. Damage Analysis in Structures with Flexible Support. Seismic
engineering magazine. 2007; 77:89–111. https://doi.org/10.18867/ris.77.101
[4] Aydemir ME, Ekiz I. Soil-structure interaction effects on seismic behaviour of multistorey
structures. Eur J Environ Civ Eng. 2013;17(8):635–53.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2013.810177.
[5] Joy PV, Kuriakose B, Mathew M. Pushover Analysis of Buildings Considering Soil-
StructureInteraction. Appl Mech Mater. 2016; 857:189–94.
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.857.189

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 910 (2020) 012010 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/910/1/012010

[6] Valdebenito G, Alvarado D, Sandoval C, Aguilar Vidal V. Iquique earthquake Mw = 8.2 – 01

abril 2014: Observed damage and site effects in masonry structures. 2015.
[7] Seismic evaluation and retro adaptation of existing buildings: ASCE/SEI 41-13 Recovered。
https://mega.nz/#!zFhhGKTI!bNsBkUruCUt5gyDszpXLSR9HSCoph4EhId91jFt7n7U
[consultation: November 21, 2019].
[8] Construction rules and regulations 2.02.05-87. Design of foundations for dynamic loads.
Recovered from https://files.stroyinf.ru/Data2/1/4294854/4294854681.pdf [consultation:
November 21, 2019].
[9] Complementary technical standards for earthquake design. Recovered from
http://www.smie.org.mx/layout/normas-tecnicas-complementarias/normas-tecnicas-
complementarias-diseno-sismo-2017.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0XHZmzb_kwF1o-
Rs8rOhP7QvRGIBvOhZbUutDo8cEDGhwEcAHuzmgL8_4 [consultation: November 21, 2019].
[10] Gardner MG, Altman DG. Confidence intervals instead of P values: hypothesis test estimate.
BMJ.1986; 292. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.292.6522.746