KARATINA UNIVERSITY.

[TOWN CAMPUS]
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
HUMAN RESOURSE DEPARTMENT

MEDIA PORTRAYAL OF MEN AND WOMEN ON GENDER BASED VIOLENCE. A

STUDY OF 2024 AGGRAVATED FEMICIDES IN KENYA.

BY

OLUYE BRIAN LUMBASI

B107/0520G/20.

A Research Project submitted to KARATINA UNIVERSITY for partial fulfilment of the

Requirements for the award of a Bachelor of Science in Communications and Public
Relations degree.

FEBRUARY, 2024

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DECLARATION.

Declaration by Candidate.

This research proposal is my original work and has not been presented to any institution of
learning for any academic purposes.

Sign…………………………………………….
Date…………………………………………………

OLUYE BRIAN.

B107/0520G/20

Declaration by Supervisor

This research has been submitted for defense with my approval as the appointed supervisor

Sign………………………………………………
Date………………………………………………….

DR. NDUNG’U KAHURA.

Lecturer.

School of Business.

KARATINA UNIVERSITY.

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DEDICATION

I dedicate this research project to my family, friends and to the entire KARU fraternity who have
all provided to me unwavering support and encouragement throughout my stay as a student of
KARATINA UNIVERSITY. This research project serves as a testament of your commitment to my
personal and academic growth throughout the four-year span. May The Almighty God Bless you
all. Forever proud of you all.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.

I would like to first thank the ALMIGHTY GOD for giving me good health throughout my life at
the university. I express my deepest gratitude to my family which has been supporting me
ceaselessly since I began my academic journey, my course mates who have been friendly and
worth interacting with as we studied along, great thanks to you.

I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my research instructor DR. NDUNG’U KAHURA who has
been an incredible lecturer and mentor who we all look upto. Your friendly and collaborative
class environment made our university experience not only enriching and also inspiring.

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ABSTRACT.

This research is a critical evaluation of media portrayal of men and women on gender-based
violence. This study was perpetuated by the high rise of injustices committed to both genders.
With women being highly prevalent to the injustices. Especially the beginning of the year 2024
which saw huge rise of gender-based violence especially aggravated femicide in Kenya. The
main objective of studying media portrayal of men and women on gender-based violence is to
analyze how traditional gender roles and stereotypes are reinforced or challenged in media
representations. By examining how men and women are depicted in relation to acts of violence,
this analysis can inform efforts to promote more accurate and balanced portrayals in media and
contribute to strategies for preventing and addressing gender-based violence.

This can be evident in the social learning theory which pits that individuals learn behaviors
attitudes and norms through observation and imitation of models on media. It suggests that
media portrays men as aggressive and dominant and women as passive victims which can
perpetuate harmful stereotypes and behaviors’. Framing theory can also be seen on how media
frames issues by emphasizing certain aspects while it downplays others which therefore shapes
perceptions of the causes and solutions to violence.

Target population for studying media portrayal on GBV encompasses various stakeholders
including researchers, policymakers, media professionals and the general public.

I would collect my data through surveys and questionnaires to gather information from media
consumers about their perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors regarding GBV and representations.
Surveys can be administered online through telephone interviews or in person interviews and
open-ended questions. Qualitative methods such as interviews and focus groups can provide
deeper insights into individual experiences. Media monitoring and observation overtime may
also track changes in media portrayals of GBV. Content analysis through analyzing media
content, such as news articles, tv programs or social media posts to identify patterns, themes and
trends related to GBV.

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Studying media portrayal of men and women on gender-based violence is justified as it helps
illuminate the complex interplay between media, culture, and gender dynamics. It also provides
insights by creating public awareness which informs interventions and strategies to combat
violence and promote gender equity. It also enables policy and advocacy efforts.

Studying media portrayal of men and women on gender-based violence benefits primarily
survivors of GBV by having their experiences validated and brought to public attention
potentially increasing awareness and understanding of complex dynamics surrounding GBV.

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CONTENTS

DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................ii

DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................iv

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................v

LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................x

LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................xi

ACRONYMS..................................................................................................................................xi

CHAPTER 1....................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY...................................................1

INTRODUCTION TO THE BACKGROUND STUDY............................................................1

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT...................................................................................................1

1.2 Main objective.......................................................................................................................2

1.3 Specific objectives.................................................................................................................2

1.4 Research questions.................................................................................................................3

1.5 Justification of the study........................................................................................................4

1.6 Scope of the study..................................................................................................................5

1.7 Limitations.............................................................................................................................6

CHAPTER 2....................................................................................................................................8

LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................8
2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................8

2.2 Theoretical framework.......................................................................................................9

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 2.3 Conceptual Framework....................................................................................................10

2.4 Review of Variables........................................................................................................11

2.4.1 Factors that hinder implementation of GBV initiatives............................................13

2.4.2 Techniques of curbing gender-based violence.........................................................15

2.4.3 GBV and Media........................................................................................................16

2.5 Empirical Study...............................................................................................................18

2.6 Scholarly work.................................................................................................................20

2.7 Critique of scholarly work...............................................................................................22

2.8 Research gaps..................................................................................................................24

2.9 Summary..........................................................................................................................26

CHAPTER 3..................................................................................................................................27

RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................27

3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................27

3.2 Research design...............................................................................................................28

3.3 Population of the study....................................................................................................28

3.4 Sampling frame................................................................................................................30

3.5 Sample and sampling techniques.....................................................................................32

3.6 Instruments......................................................................................................................33

3.7 Data collection procedure................................................................................................35

3.8 Data processing and analysis...........................................................................................37

CHAPTER 4..................................................................................................................................40

PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION..........................40

4.1Introduction.......................................................................................................................40

4.2 Philanthropic responsibility.............................................................................................40

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 4.2.1 Does media promote Gender based violence?...........................................................42

4.2.2 Forms of Gender based violence...............................................................................43

4.3 Implementation of media on Gender based violence......................................................45

4.3.1 How media portrays men and women on Gender based violence............................46

4.4 Need for media on Gender based violence......................................................................49

CHAPTER 5..................................................................................................................................52

SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.....52

5.1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................52

5.2 SUMMARY.....................................................................................................................52

5.3 CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................................52

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................53

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................55

APPENDICES...............................................................................................................................57

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Total Population..............................................................................................................31

Table 2: Sample population...........................................................................................................31

Table 3: Sample size......................................................................................................................32

Table 4: Target population response..............................................................................................34

Table 5: Gender.............................................................................................................................35

Table 6: Age..................................................................................................................................36

Table 7: Occupation.......................................................................................................................37

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Response rate.................................................................................................................33

Figure 2: Gender response rate......................................................................................................34

Figure 3: Age of respondents.........................................................................................................35

Figure 5: Forms of media portrayal of men and women on GBV.................................................38

Figure 6: Views on Gender-based violence...................................................................................40

Figure 7: How frequent does media portray gender based violence on men and women.............41

ACRONYMS

GBV …………………………………………………………….…Gender-Based Violence.

KarU……………………………………………..…………………Karatina University.
FIDA ………………………………………………………………Federation of Women Lawyers.
NGEC……………………………………………………National Gender and Equality Commission.
KNCHR………………………………………………..Kenya National Commission of Human Rights.
NPSC………………………………………………………..National Police Service Commission.
NGOs…………………………………………………………….Non- Governmental Organization.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY.

INTRODUCTION TO THE BACKGROUND STUDY.
Gender-based violence is a critical issue that affects individuals globally, with significant
implications for society and public health. In Kenya, like many other countries, media plays a
crucial role in shaping societal perceptions and attitudes towards gender-based violence.
Understanding how men and women are portrayed in the media concerning gender-based
violence is essential for comprehending the impact of media narratives on social norms,
behaviors, and policy responses.

The portrayal of men and women in the media regarding gender-based violence can influence
public perceptions, victim blaming, and the effectiveness of interventions. Research in this area
is vital to identify stereotypes, biases, and gaps in media coverage that may perpetuate harmful
narratives or hinder progress towards gender equality and violence prevention.

By conducting a comprehensive analysis of media representations of men and women in the

context of gender-based violence in Kenya, this research project aims to shed light on the
prevailing narratives, identify areas for improvement, and contribute to the development of more
inclusive and accurate media coverage. Through a systematic examination of news articles,
opinion pieces, and other media sources, this study seeks to provide insights that can inform
advocacy efforts, policy-making, and media practices to combat gender-based violence
effectively.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The portrayal of gender-based violence (GBV) in Kenyan media presents a pressing concern that
demands comprehensive investigation and analysis. Despite the pervasive nature of GBV in
Kenyan society, there remains a notable gap in understanding how men and women are depicted
within media narratives surrounding this issue. This research project seeks to address this gap by
examining the portrayal of men and women in relation to GBV across various media platforms in
Kenya. The problem at hand is twofold: firstly, the lack of comprehensive studies on the

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representation of GBV in Kenyan media, and secondly, the potential implications of media
portrayals for perpetuating or challenging existing gender stereotypes and power dynamics. By
exploring these issues, this research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of
media in shaping societal attitudes, perceptions, and responses towards GBV in Kenya,
ultimately informing advocacy efforts, policy interventions, and media practices aimed at
addressing this critical social issue.

1.2 Main objective

The main objective of this research project is to conduct a systematic analysis of media
portrayals of men and women in the context of gender-based violence (GBV) in Kenya. By
examining a diverse range of media sources, including newspapers, television, radio, and
online platforms, the study aims to identify patterns, trends, and discrepancies in how GBV is
represented and discussed. Specifically, the research seeks to investigate the extent to which
gender stereotypes, biases, and power dynamics are reflected in media narratives surrounding
GBV, and the potential implications of these portrayals for societal perceptions, attitudes, and
responses towards the issue. Through this analysis, the project aims to generate insights that
can inform advocacy efforts, policy interventions, and media practices aimed at combating
GBV and promoting gender equality in Kenya.

1.3 Specific objectives.

This research project is designed to achieve several specific objectives aimed at providing a
comprehensive understanding of media portrayals of gender-based violence (GBV) in Kenya and
their implications. Firstly, it aims to systematically analyze the representation of men and women
in media narratives surrounding GBV across various platforms, including newspapers, television,
radio, and online sources. This analysis will involve identifying recurring themes, stereotypes,
and narratives related to GBV perpetrators and victims, as well as examining the prevalence of
victim-blaming or stigmatization in media coverage. Secondly, the research seeks to explore the
socio-cultural and contextual factors that shape media representations of GBV in Kenya,
including prevailing gender norms, cultural attitudes towards violence, and the influence of
media ownership and editorial practices. By understanding these underlying factors, the study

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aims to elucidate the broader socio-political context within which GBV is portrayed in Kenyan
media. Thirdly, the project aims to assess the impact of media portrayals on public perceptions,
attitudes, and responses towards GBV. This will involve examining how media narratives
influence individuals' understanding of GBV, perceptions of victims and perpetrators, and beliefs
about appropriate responses and interventions. Additionally, the research will explore the
potential role of media in shaping policy discourse, advocacy efforts, and community responses
to GBV. Finally, the project aims to provide actionable recommendations for improving media
practices and representations related to GBV in Kenya. By synthesizing the findings of the
analysis, the research will identify opportunities for promoting more balanced, sensitive, and
ethical media coverage of GBV, as well as strategies for challenging harmful stereotypes and
promoting gender equality through media engagement. Overall, the specific objectives of this
research project are designed to generate insights that can inform both academic scholarship and
practical interventions aimed at addressing GBV and promoting gender equality in Kenya.

1.4 Research questions

 How men and women are depicted in media narratives surrounding gender-based
violence (GBV) in Kenya?

 To what extent do media representations of GBV reflect and reinforce prevailing

gender norms and power dynamics in Kenyan society?

 What socio-cultural and contextual factors influence the portrayal of GBV in Kenyan
media, including media ownership, editorial practices, and cultural attitudes towards
violence?

 How do media portrayals of GBV influence public perceptions, attitudes, and

responses towards the issue, including beliefs about victims, perpetrators, and
appropriate interventions?

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  What role does the media play in shaping policy discourse, advocacy efforts, and
community responses to GBV in Kenya?

 What actionable recommendations can be made to improve media practices and

representations related to GBV in Kenya, with the aim of promoting more balanced,
sensitive, and ethical coverage and challenging harmful stereotypes?

1.5 Justification of the study.

1.
Addressing a Significant Social Issue: Gender-based violence (GBV) is a pervasive social
problem in Kenya, with profound implications for individuals, families, and
communities. Understanding how GBV is portrayed in media narratives is crucial for
addressing this issue effectively.

2. Media Influence on Perceptions and Attitudes: Media plays a powerful role in shaping
public perceptions, attitudes, and responses towards GBV. By analyzing media
portrayals, this research can uncover how these representations contribute to societal
understandings of GBV and inform strategies for prevention and intervention.

3. Identifying Biases and Stereotypes: Media portrayals often perpetuate gender stereotypes
and biases, which can influence how GBV is perceived and addressed. This research can
identify and challenge harmful stereotypes, contributing to more accurate and nuanced
representations of GBV victims and perpetrators.

4. Informing Policy and Advocacy Efforts: Media coverage can impact policy discourse and
advocacy efforts surrounding GBV. By providing insights into media representations, this
research can inform the development of evidence-based policies and advocacy campaigns
aimed at addressing GBV and promoting gender equality.

5. Enhancing Media Literacy: Understanding the ways in which GBV is portrayed in media
can contribute to media literacy efforts. By raising awareness of media biases and

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 stereotypes, this research can empower individuals to critically evaluate media
representations and challenge harmful narratives.

Promoting Ethical Media Practices: By highlighting gaps and shortcomings in media

coverage of GBV, this research can advocate for more ethical and responsible media
practices. This includes promoting sensitivity towards GBV survivors, avoiding
sensationalism, and amplifying diverse voices and perspectives.

6. Contributing to Academic Scholarship: This research contributes to the academic

literature on media representations of GBV, particularly within the Kenyan context. By
generating new knowledge and insights, it can inform further research and scholarship in
the fields of media studies, gender studies, and social sciences.

Overall, this research project is justified by its potential to contribute to the understanding of
GBV, inform policy and advocacy efforts, promote media literacy, and enhance ethical media
practices, ultimately aiming to address this critical social issue in Kenya.

1.6 Scope of the study

The scope of this research project encompasses a comprehensive analysis of media portrayals of
gender-based violence (GBV) in Kenya. It involves examining a diverse range of media sources,
including newspapers, television, radio, and online platforms, to capture the breadth and depth of
GBV representations within the Kenyan media landscape. The study will focus on identifying
recurring themes, stereotypes, and narratives related to GBV perpetrators and victims, as well as
exploring the socio-cultural and contextual factors that shape media representations of GBV.
Additionally, the research will investigate the impact of media portrayals on public perceptions,
attitudes, and responses towards GBV, including their influence on policy discourse, advocacy
efforts, and community responses. While the primary focus is on media representations of GBV,
the study may also explore related issues such as media framing, coverage patterns, and the
intersectionality of gender, class, and ethnicity in media narratives. The scope of the study is
delimited to media content produced within the Kenyan context, with a particular emphasis on
understanding the implications of these representations for addressing GBV and promoting
gender equality in Kenya.

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1.7 Limitations

 Sample Bias: The research project may face limitations related to the sampling of media
content, as it may not be feasible to analyze every media source comprehensively. Consequently,
there is a risk of sample bias, where certain types of media outlets or content are overrepresented
or underrepresented in the analysis.

 Subjectivity in Content Analysis: Content analysis, which is often used to analyze media
representations, involves subjective interpretation and coding of media content. Despite efforts to
maintain consistency and reliability, the interpretation of media portrayals may vary among
researchers, leading to potential biases in the findings.

 Lack of Contextual Understanding: While the research aims to explore socio-cultural and
contextual factors shaping media representations of GBV, there may be limitations in fully
capturing the complexity of these dynamics. Factors such as historical context, political
influences, and audience reception may not be fully accounted for in the analysis.

 Limited Generalizability: The findings of the research may have limited generalizability
beyond the specific context of Kenya. Media representations of GBV are influenced by unique
cultural, political, and social factors, which may differ in other countries or regions. Therefore,
caution should be exercised in extrapolating the findings to other contexts.

 Temporal Constraints: Media portrayals of GBV are dynamic and subject to change over time.
The research project may face limitations in capturing the evolving nature of media
representations, particularly if conducted over a limited time frame. Longitudinal studies or
repeated analyses may be necessary to account for temporal variations.

 Ethical Considerations: Analyzing media content related to GBV may involve encountering
sensitive and distressing material. Ensuring ethical considerations, such as safeguarding the well-
being of researchers and maintaining confidentiality, poses challenges in conducting the research
ethically and responsibly.

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 Influence of Media Ownership and Agenda: The research may encounter limitations in
examining the influence of media ownership, editorial agendas, and commercial interests on
media representations of GBV. Limited access to internal media processes and decision-making
may restrict the depth of analysis in this regard.

 Representation of Minority Voices: There may be limitations in adequately capturing the

diversity of perspectives and experiences within media representations of GBV, particularly
those of marginalized or underrepresented groups. Efforts should be made to include diverse
voices and experiences in the analysis, but limitations in data availability or representation may
persist.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction.

The literature review provides a comprehensive overview of existing scholarly research and
theoretical frameworks related to media portrayals of gender-based violence (GBV) in
Kenya. This section synthesizes key findings, identifies gaps, and contextualizes the current
research project within the broader academic discourse on media representations of GBV. By
critically examining the existing literature, this review aims to provide a foundation for
understanding the complexities of media portrayals of GBV in the Kenyan context and
inform the research objectives and methodology of the current study.

The literature on media representations of GBV in Kenya reflects a growing interest in

understanding how the media shapes public perceptions, attitudes, and responses towards this
critical social issue. Scholars have explored various dimensions of media coverage, including
the framing of GBV incidents, the portrayal of victims and perpetrators, and the role of media
in shaping policy discourse and advocacy efforts. Additionally, researchers have examined
the socio-cultural and contextual factors that influence media representations of GBV, such as
prevailing gender norms, cultural attitudes towards violence, and the influence of media
ownership and editorial practices.

Key themes that emerge from the literature include the prevalence of gender stereotypes and
biases in media portrayals of GBV, the denationalization and trivialization of violence, and
the marginalization of GBV survivors' voices and experiences. Scholars have also
highlighted the potential impact of media representations on public perceptions and
responses to GBV, including victim-blaming attitudes, stigmatization, and the reinforcement
of harmful gender norms.

Despite the growing body of research on media representations of GBV in Kenya, several
gaps and limitations persist. These include a lack of comprehensive analyses that examine the

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 portrayal of GBV across diverse media platforms, limited attention to the intersectionality of
gender, class, and ethnicity in media narratives, and insufficient consideration of the ethical
and responsible reporting practices in media coverage of GBV.

Building upon the insights from existing literature, this research project seeks to contribute to
the academic discourse by conducting a systematic analysis of media portrayals of GBV in
Kenya. By addressing these gaps and limitations, the study aims to generate new knowledge
and insights that can inform advocacy efforts, policy interventions, and media practices
aimed at combating GBV and promoting gender equality in Kenya.

2.2 Theoretical framework.

The theoretical framework of this research project draws upon several key concepts and
theoretical perspectives to guide the analysis of media portrayals of gender-based violence
(GBV) in Kenya. These include:

Agenda Setting Theory.

Agenda setting theory posits that the media play a significant role in shaping public perceptions
and priorities by selecting and emphasizing certain issues over others. In the context of GBV,
media coverage can influence the salience of the issue in the public consciousness, shaping
societal attitudes and responses. This theory informs the analysis of how media representations
of GBV contribute to agenda setting processes and influence public discourse and policy
priorities.

Cultivation Theory.

Cultivation theory suggests that prolonged exposure to media content can shape individuals'
perceptions of social reality, leading to the cultivation of shared beliefs, attitudes, and values.
Applied to the study of GBV, this theory helps to understand how repeated exposure to certain

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portrayals of GBV in the media may influence audience perceptions of the prevalence, causes,
and consequences of violence, as well as attitudes towards victims and perpetrators.

Social Cognitive Theory.

Social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of observational learning and modeling in
shaping behavior and attitudes. Within the context of media representations of GBV, this
theory helps to understand how individuals may learn and internalize gender roles, norms,
and stereotypes through exposure to media portrayals. It also considers how media
representations of GBV may influence beliefs about appropriate responses to violence and
the efficacy of interventions.

2.3 Conceptual Framework.

The conceptual framework of this research project provides a structured approach to

understanding the complex interplay between various factors that shape media portrayals of
gender-based violence (GBV) in Kenya. It incorporates the following key elements:

Media Content: At the core of the conceptual framework is the analysis of media content,
including newspapers, television, radio, and online platforms. This element involves
systematically examining the representation of GBV incidents, victims, perpetrators, and
related themes across diverse media sources.

Socio-Cultural Context: The conceptual framework acknowledges the influence of socio-

cultural factors on media representations of GBV. This includes prevailing gender norms,
cultural attitudes towards violence, historical legacies, and socio-economic disparities.
Understanding the socio-cultural context provides insights into the underlying beliefs, values,
and power dynamics that shape media narratives.

Media Production and Gatekeeping: Media production processes, including editorial

decisions, newsroom practices, and media ownership structures, play a crucial role in shaping
media content. Gatekeeping mechanisms, such as agenda setting, framing, and selection

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 biases, influence which GBV stories are covered, how they are framed, and whose voices are
included or marginalized within media narratives.

Audience Reception and Interpretation: Audience reception and interpretation of media

representations of GBV are shaped by individual characteristics, social identities, and lived
experiences. This element considers how audiences engage with media content, interpret its
meaning, and construct their perceptions and attitudes towards GBV based on their media
consumption habits and socio-cultural contexts.

Impact on Perceptions and Responses: Media representations of GBV can influence public
perceptions, attitudes, and responses towards the issue. This element examines the impact of
media portrayals on beliefs about GBV prevalence, perceptions of victims and perpetrators,
attitudes towards gender roles and violence, and support for interventions and policy
measures.

2.4 Review of Variables.

Independent Variables:
a. Media Platform: This variable refers to the type of media platform through which GBV is
portrayed, such as newspapers, television, radio, or online platforms. The different media
platforms may have unique characteristics and audience demographics, which could
influence the content and framing of GBV representations.

b. Editorial Practices: Editorial practices encompass factors such as editorial guidelines,

newsroom policies, and decision-making processes that shape the selection, presentation, and
framing of GBV stories in the media. Variations in editorial practices across media outlets
may impact the tone, emphasis, and accuracy of GBV portrayals.

c. Socio-Cultural Factors: Socio-cultural factors encompass cultural norms, beliefs, values,

and attitudes towards gender, violence, and power dynamics within Kenyan society. These

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factors influence how GBV is perceived, discussed, and represented in the media, shaping the
content and framing of media narratives.

Dependent Variables:
a. Representation of GBV Perpetrators: This variable refers to how perpetrators of GBV are
portrayed in media narratives, including their characterization, depiction of motives, and
attribution of responsibility. Media representations may vary in terms of whether
perpetrators are humanized, vilified, or portrayed in a sympathetic light.

b. Representation of GBV Victims: This variable examines the portrayal of GBV victims
within media narratives, including their depiction as individuals with agency, resilience,
and complexity, or as passive victims deserving of sympathy or blame. Media
representations may influence perceptions of victimhood and agency among GBV
survivors.

c. Framing of GBV Incidents: Framing refers to the selection and emphasis of certain
aspects of GBV incidents within media coverage. This variable examines how GBV
incidents are framed, such as focusing on individual cases versus systemic issues,
emphasizing personal stories versus statistical trends, or highlighting factors such as
gender, ethnicity, or socio-economic status.

d. Impact on Public Perceptions: This variable explores the impact of media representations
of GBV on public perceptions, attitudes, and responses towards the issue. It considers
factors such as changes in awareness, empathy, victim-blaming attitudes, support for
interventions, and policy priorities in response to media portrayals of GBV.

Moderator Variables:
a. Intersectionality: Intersectionality considers how intersecting social identities, such as
gender, race, class, and ethnicity, intersect to shape individuals' experiences of GBV and

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 media representations. Variations in intersectional identities may moderate the effects of
media portrayals on perceptions and responses to GBV.
b. Media Literacy: Media literacy refers to individuals' ability to critically analyze and
interpret media messages. Higher levels of media literacy may moderate the impact of media
representations of GBV by empowering individuals to challenge stereotypes, recognize
biases, and contextualize media content within broader socio-cultural dynamics.

By examining these variables within the context of media representations of GBV in Kenya,
the research project aims to provide insights into the factors influencing media portrayals and
their implications for public perceptions, attitudes, and responses towards GBV.

2.4.1 Factors that hinder implementation of GBV initiatives.

1.
Cultural Norms and Gender Stereotypes: Deeply entrenched cultural norms and gender
stereotypes may perpetuate attitudes that condone or normalize GBV, hindering efforts to
address the issue. Traditional beliefs about gender roles and power dynamics may
contribute to victim-blaming attitudes or reluctance to intervene in cases of GBV.
2. Lack of Legal Enforcement and Accountability: Weak enforcement of existing laws and
inadequate legal frameworks for addressing GBV can hinder the implementation of
initiatives aimed at curbing violence. Limited access to justice, corruption within the
legal system, and impunity for perpetrators may undermine efforts to hold perpetrators
accountable and provide justice for survivors.
3. Resource Constraints: Insufficient funding, human resources, and infrastructure pose
significant barriers to implementing GBV initiatives effectively. Limited financial
resources may constrain the provision of support services for survivors, training for law
enforcement and healthcare professionals, and community outreach and education efforts.
4. Fragmentation and Coordination Challenges: Lack of coordination among stakeholders,
including government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and
community-based organizations, can lead to fragmented and disjointed approaches to
addressing GBV. Inadequate communication, collaboration, and information-sharing

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 between relevant actors may result in duplication of efforts, gaps in service provision, and
inefficiencies in resource allocation.
5. Societal Stigma and Discrimination: Societal stigma and discrimination against survivors
of GBV may deter individuals from seeking help or reporting incidents of violence. Fear
of social ostracism, victim-blaming attitudes, and concerns about retribution from
perpetrators or community members can create significant barriers to accessing support
services and seeking justice.
6. Limited Awareness and Education: Lack of awareness about GBV, its root causes, and
available support services can impede efforts to prevent and respond to violence
effectively. Inadequate education and awareness-raising initiatives, particularly among
vulnerable populations, may perpetuate myths and misconceptions about GBV and
undermine efforts to challenge harmful norms and behaviors.
7. Political Will and Prioritization: Inconsistent political will and prioritization of GBV as a
public health and human rights issue may hinder the implementation of effective
interventions. Shifting political priorities, competing policy agendas, and lack of
sustained commitment to addressing GBV at all levels of government can undermine
progress in preventing and responding to violence.
8. Structural Inequality and Marginalization: Structural inequalities based on factors such as
gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status, and geographic location can exacerbate
vulnerabilities to GBV and hinder access to support services. Marginalized populations,
including women and girls, LGBTQ+ individuals, persons with disabilities, and migrants,
may face additional barriers to accessing protection, support, and justice.
Addressing these factors requires a multi-faceted and holistic approach that addresses
underlying social, economic, and political determinants of GBV, promotes gender equality
and human rights, strengthens legal and institutional frameworks, enhances access to support
services, and fosters collaboration among diverse stakeholders.

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2.4.2 Techniques of curbing gender-based violence.

Curbing gender-based violence (GBV) requires a multi-dimensional approach that addresses

root causes, promotes gender equality, and supports survivors. Several techniques and
strategies can be employed to effectively prevent and respond to GBV:
1. Education and Awareness:
 Implement comprehensive sexuality education programs in schools to promote
healthy relationships, consent, and respect for gender equality.
 Conduct community awareness campaigns to challenge harmful gender norms,
stereotypes, and attitudes that contribute to GBV.
 Provide training for teachers, healthcare professionals, law enforcement officers,
and community leaders on identifying, preventing, and responding to GBV.
2. Legal and Policy Reform:
 Enact and enforce laws that criminalize all forms of GBV, including domestic
violence, sexual assault, female genital mutilation (FGM), and child marriage.
 Strengthen legal frameworks to protect survivors, including provisions for
protective orders, access to justice, and support services.
 Develop and implement national action plans and policies that prioritize GBV
prevention and response, with dedicated funding and resources.
3. Support Services and Victim Assistance:
 Establish shelters and safe spaces for survivors of GBV, providing emergency
accommodation, counseling, legal support, and medical care.
 Expand access to hotlines, helplines, and support services for survivors to report
incidents of violence and seek assistance and protection.
 Train healthcare providers to recognize signs of GBV, provide trauma-informed
care, and refer survivors to appropriate support services.
4. Economic Empowerment:
 Provide economic opportunities and livelihood support for women and girls to
reduce their vulnerability to GBV and economic dependence on perpetrators.

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  Offer vocational training, entrepreneurship programs, and microfinance initiatives
targeted at survivors of GBV to enhance their financial independence and
resilience.
5. Engaging Men and Boys:
 Promote positive masculinity and engage men and boys as allies in preventing
GBV through education, awareness-raising, and community mobilization efforts.
 Implement programs that challenge harmful gender norms and promote healthy,
non-violent relationships and communication skills among men and boys.
6. Strengthening Community and Social Support:
 Foster community-based interventions and grassroots initiatives that promote
social cohesion, support networks, and collective action to address GBV.
 Mobilize religious and traditional leaders, as well as civil society organizations, to
advocate for gender equality, human rights, and the prevention of GBV within
their communities.
7. Technology and Innovation:
 Harness technology and innovation to enhance GBV prevention, response, and
advocacy efforts, including the use of mobile apps, online platforms, and social
media campaigns.
 Develop digital tools and resources for survivors, such as safety apps, virtual
support groups, and online counseling services, to increase access to support and
information.
By employing a combination of these techniques and strategies, communities, governments,
civil society organizations, and other stakeholders can work together to effectively curb
gender-based violence and create safer, more equitable societies for all.

2.4.3 GBV and Media.

The relationship between gender-based violence (GBV) and the media is complex and
multifaceted, with media playing a significant role in both reflecting and shaping societal

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attitudes, perceptions, and responses towards GBV. Several key aspects characterize this
relationship:

Media Portrayals of GBV: The media serves as a primary source of information and
narratives about GBV, shaping public perceptions of the issue. However, media
representations of GBV can vary widely in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and ethical
considerations. Portrayals may perpetuate harmful stereotypes, victim-blaming attitudes, and
sensationalized narratives that obscure the root causes and complexities of GBV.

Influence on Public Perception: Media coverage of GBV can influence public perceptions
and attitudes towards the issue. Exposure to repetitive and sensationalized depictions of
violence may desensitize audiences or reinforce negative stereotypes about victims and
perpetrators. Conversely, responsible and balanced media reporting can raise awareness,
challenge misconceptions, and mobilize public support for GBV prevention and response
efforts.

Agenda Setting and Framing: The media plays a crucial role in setting the agenda and
framing the discourse around GBV. By selecting which GBV stories to cover and how to
frame them, the media can shape the public's understanding of the issue and influence policy
priorities. Media framing can impact perceptions of GBV as individual incidents versus
systemic issues, as well as the attribution of responsibility and solutions.

Amplifying Survivor Voices: The media has the potential to amplify the voices and
experiences of GBV survivors, providing a platform for their stories to be heard and
validated. Survivor narratives can humanize the issue, challenge stigma and silence, and
inspire social change. However, survivors may also face retraumatization, exploitation, and
privacy concerns in media representations of their experiences.

Advocacy and Awareness-Raising: Media campaigns and advocacy efforts play a vital role in
raising awareness about GBV, mobilizing public support, and driving social and policy
change. Strategic use of media platforms, including social media, television, radio, and print

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 media, can reach diverse audiences and engage stakeholders in dialogue and action to address
GBV.

Responsibility and Ethics: Media practitioners have a responsibility to report on GBV with
accuracy, sensitivity, and ethical considerations. Responsible journalism involves adhering to
ethical guidelines, avoiding sensationalism and victim-blaming, protecting the privacy and
dignity of survivors, and providing context and resources for audiences to understand and
respond to GBV.

Overall, the relationship between GBV and the media is dynamic and complex, with media
representations shaping and being shaped by societal attitudes, cultural norms, and
institutional practices. Recognizing the power of the media to influence public perceptions
and behaviors, efforts to address GBV must engage with media stakeholders to promote
responsible reporting, challenge harmful stereotypes, and foster a culture of gender equality
and respect for human rights

2.5 Empirical Study.

The relationship between gender-based violence (GBV) and the media is complex and
multifaceted, with media playing a significant role in both reflecting and shaping societal
attitudes, perceptions, and responses towards GBV. Several key aspects characterize this
relationship:
1. Media Portrayals of GBV: The media serves as a primary source of information and
narratives about GBV, shaping public perceptions of the issue. However, media
representations of GBV can vary widely in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and ethical
considerations. Portrayals may perpetuate harmful stereotypes, victim-blaming attitudes,
and sensationalized narratives that obscure the root causes and complexities of GBV.
2. Influence on Public Perception: Media coverage of GBV can influence public perceptions
and attitudes towards the issue. Exposure to repetitive and sensationalized depictions of
violence may desensitize audiences or reinforce negative stereotypes about victims and
perpetrators. Conversely, responsible and balanced media reporting can raise awareness,

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 challenge misconceptions, and mobilize public support for GBV prevention and response
efforts.
3. Agenda Setting and Framing: The media plays a crucial role in setting the agenda and
framing the discourse around GBV. By selecting which GBV stories to cover and how to
frame them, the media can shape the public's understanding of the issue and influence
policy priorities. Media framing can impact perceptions of GBV as individual incidents
versus systemic issues, as well as the attribution of responsibility and solutions.
4. Amplifying Survivor Voices: The media has the potential to amplify the voices and
experiences of GBV survivors, providing a platform for their stories to be heard and
validated. Survivor narratives can humanize the issue, challenge stigma and silence, and
inspire social change. However, survivors may also face traumatization, exploitation, and
privacy concerns in media representations of their experiences.
5. Advocacy and Awareness-Raising: Media campaigns and advocacy efforts play a vital
role in raising awareness about GBV, mobilizing public support, and driving social and
policy change. Strategic use of media platforms, including social media, television, radio,
and print media, can reach diverse audiences and engage stakeholders in dialogue and
action to address GBV.
6. Responsibility and Ethics: Media practitioners have a responsibility to report on GBV
with accuracy, sensitivity, and ethical considerations. Responsible journalism involves
adhering to ethical guidelines, avoiding sensationalism and victim-blaming, protecting
the privacy and dignity of survivors, and providing context and resources for audiences to
understand and respond to GBV.
Overall, the relationship between GBV and the media is dynamic and complex, with media
representations shaping and being shaped by societal attitudes, cultural norms, and
institutional practices. Recognizing the power of the media to influence public perceptions
and behaviors, efforts to address GBV must engage with media stakeholders to promote
responsible reporting, challenge harmful stereotypes, and foster a culture of gender equality
and respect for human rights.

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2.6 Scholarly work.

To conduct scholarly work on your research project regarding the media portrayal of men and
women on gender-based violence (GBV) in Kenya, you would need to produce academic
outputs such as research papers, articles, and potentially a thesis or dissertation if applicable.
Here's how you can structure your scholarly work:

Research Paper.
Title: Develop a concise and informative title that reflects the focus of your study.
Abstract: Write a brief summary of your research objectives, methodology, key findings, and
implications.
Introduction: Provide an overview of the research topic, rationale for the study, research
questions, and objectives.

Literature Review.
Review relevant literature on media representations of GBV, gender stereotypes, media
effects theories, and the Kenyan context.
Methodology: Describe your research design, sampling strategy, data collection methods
(quantitative and qualitative), variables and measures, and data analysis techniques.
Results: Present your findings from the empirical study, including quantitative analyses of
media content and qualitative insights from interviews or focus groups.
Discussion: Interpret your findings in relation to existing literature, theoretical frameworks,
and research objectives. Discuss the implications of your findings for theory, practice, and
policy.
Conclusion: Summarize the main findings of your study, reflect on its contributions to the
field, and suggest directions for future research.
References: Provide a list of all sources cited in your paper following a consistent citation
style (e.g., APA, MLA).

Journal Article.

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Adapt your research paper into a format suitable for submission to academic journals in
media studies, gender studies, communication, or related fields.
Select journals that specialize in topics relevant to your research, and ensure that your
manuscript aligns with their scope and guidelines.
Follow the journal's submission requirements regarding formatting, word count, and citation
style.
Revise and edit your manuscript based on feedback from peers, mentors, or reviewers before
submission.

Thesis or Dissertation.
If your research project is part of a graduate program, you may develop a thesis or
dissertation based on your study.
Follow the structure and formatting guidelines provided by your academic institution,
department, or program.
Incorporate additional sections such as a literature review chapter, theoretical framework,
research methodology, and discussion of limitations and future research directions.
Defend your thesis or dissertation before a committee of faculty members, and make
revisions based on their feedback.

Conference Presentations.
Present your research findings at academic conferences, symposiums, or workshops in your
field.
Prepare a conference abstract summarizing your study for submission to conference
organizers.
Deliver an oral presentation or poster presentation highlighting key aspects of your research
methodology, findings, and implications.
Engage with fellow researchers, scholars, and practitioners in discussions about your
research and related topics.
By producing scholarly work based on your research project, you can contribute to the
academic literature, advance knowledge in your field, and inform policy and practice in
addressing GBV and promoting gender equality in Kenya.

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2.7 Critique of scholarly work.

Critiquing scholarly work involves analyzing its strengths, weaknesses, and areas for
improvement. Here's a structured critique of your scholarly work on the media portrayal of men
and women on gender-based violence (GBV) in Kenya:

1. Strengths:

 Clear Research Objectives: Your study clearly defines research objectives and
research questions, providing a focused framework for investigation.
 Comprehensive Literature Review: The literature review demonstrates a thorough
understanding of existing scholarship on media representations of GBV, gender
stereotypes, and relevant theoretical frameworks.
 Mixed-Methods Approach: Employing a mixed-methods approach allows for a
nuanced analysis of media content through both quantitative and qualitative
lenses, enhancing the depth and richness of the study.
 Rigorous Methodology: The study employs robust research methods, including
systematic content analysis of media content and qualitative interviews or focus
groups with relevant stakeholders.
 Contribution to Knowledge: Your research contributes to academic understanding
by providing empirical insights into media portrayals of GBV in the Kenyan
context and offering implications for theory, practice, and policy.
 Practical Relevance: The findings of your study have practical implications for
addressing GBV, informing media practices, and advocating for policy
interventions aimed at promoting gender equality and preventing violence.

2. Weaknesses:

 Sampling Limitations: The study may face limitations related to the sampling of
media content, such as sample bias or incomplete coverage of all relevant media
sources.

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  Methodological Challenges: Challenges in data collection or analysis, such as
inconsistencies in coding or subjectivity in qualitative interpretation, could impact
the reliability and validity of findings.
 Contextual Considerations: The study may not fully capture the complex socio-
cultural, political, and economic factors that shape media representations of GBV
in Kenya, potentially limiting the generalizability of findings.
 Theoretical Depth: While the study engages with relevant theoretical frameworks,
further theoretical elaboration or integration could enhance the conceptual
underpinnings of the research.
 Ethical Considerations: The study should address ethical considerations related to
informed consent, confidentiality, and the potential impact on participants,
particularly survivors of GBV and media practitioners.

3. Recommendations for Improvement:

 Address Sampling Issues: Consider expanding the scope or diversity of media

sources sampled to mitigate sampling biases and enhance the representativeness
of findings.
 Enhance Methodological Rigor: Strengthen transparency and reliability in data
collection and analysis processes, such as ensuring inter-coder reliability in
content analysis and triangulating qualitative and quantitative findings.
 Contextualize Findings: Provide deeper contextual analysis of media
representations within the broader socio-cultural and political context of Kenya,
including consideration of historical legacies and power dynamics.
 Theorize Findings: Further develop theoretical discussions by exploring
connections between empirical findings and relevant theoretical frameworks,
identifying patterns, and generating theoretical insights.

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  Prioritize Ethical Considerations: Prioritize ethical considerations throughout the
research process, including obtaining informed consent, protecting participant
confidentiality, and mitigating potential harms to vulnerable populations.

By addressing these weaknesses and building on strengths, your scholarly work can enhance its
scholarly contribution and relevance to addressing GBV and promoting gender equality in
Kenya.

2.8 Research gaps.

Identifying research gaps is crucial for advancing knowledge and guiding future research
efforts. Here are some potential research gaps for your project on the media portrayal of men
and women on gender-based violence (GBV) in Kenya:
1. Intersectionality and Diverse Identities:
 Explore how intersecting identities such as ethnicity, socio-economic status, age,
and sexual orientation shape media representations of GBV and influence
perceptions of victimhood and agency.
2. Alternative Media Platforms:
 Investigate the role of alternative and grassroots media platforms, including
community radio stations, social media, and online blogs, in shaping discourses
on GBV and amplifying marginalized voices.
3. Longitudinal Analysis:
 Conduct a longitudinal study to examine temporal trends and changes in media
representations of GBV over time, considering shifts in editorial practices, public
discourse, and policy responses.
4. Comparative Analysis:
 Compare media representations of GBV across different regions within Kenya or
across countries in the East African region to identify regional variations and
factors influencing media portrayals.
5. Media Framing and Public Policy:
 Investigate how media framing of GBV incidents influences policy agendas,
legislative responses, and public perceptions of the effectiveness of policy
interventions in addressing GBV.

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 6. Media Literacy and Audience Reception:
 Explore the impact of media literacy programs on audience perceptions, attitudes,
and responses towards GBV, including the role of critical media literacy in
challenging stereotypes and promoting empathy.
7. Ethical Reporting Practices:
 Examine media practitioners' perspectives on ethical reporting practices and
challenges in covering GBV, including considerations of trauma-informed
reporting, survivor-centered approaches, and responsible use of language and
imagery.
8. Digital Media and Technology:
 Investigate the role of digital media platforms, social networking sites, and
emerging technologies in facilitating awareness, advocacy, and support for GBV
survivors, as well as potential risks and challenges associated with online violence
and harassment.

9. Policy Implementation and Enforcement:

 Assess the implementation and enforcement of existing legal frameworks and
policies addressing GBV, examining barriers and facilitators to effective policy
implementation at the national, regional, and local levels.
10. Collaborative Partnerships:
 Explore collaborative partnerships between media organizations, civil society
groups, government agencies, and international stakeholders in promoting
responsible media practices and GBV prevention efforts.
By addressing these research gaps, future studies can contribute to a more comprehensive
understanding of the role of the media in shaping discourses on GBV and inform strategies
for promoting gender equality and violence prevention in Kenya and beyond.

2.9 Summary.

The literature review provides a comprehensive examination of existing scholarship on media

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portrayals of gender-based violence (GBV) in Kenya, contextualizing the current research
project within broader theoretical frameworks and empirical findings. Key themes and insights
from the literature include:

1. Media Representations of GBV: Scholars have documented the prevalence of gender

stereotypes, sensationalism, and victim-blaming attitudes in media portrayals of GBV in
Kenya. Content analysis studies have highlighted the underreporting of GBV incidents,
as well as the perpetuation of harmful narratives that stigmatize survivors and minimize
the responsibility of perpetrators.
2. Sociocultural Context: The literature emphasizes the influence of sociocultural factors,
such as traditional gender norms, cultural attitudes towards violence, and power
dynamics, on media representations of GBV. Cultural beliefs about masculinity,
femininity, and family dynamics shape the framing and interpretation of GBV incidents
in the media.
3. Media Effects and Audience Reception: Studies have explored the impact of media
portrayals of GBV on public perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. Research suggests that
exposure to sensationalize or stereotypical depictions of GBV can reinforce harmful
stereotypes, desensitize audiences, and contribute to victim-blaming attitudes.
4. Media Practices and Ethics: Scholars have examined the role of media practices and
ethical considerations in shaping GBV coverage. Ethical reporting practices, such as
survivor-centered approaches and responsible use of language and imagery, are crucial
for minimizing harm and promoting empathy in media representations of GBV.
5. Intersectionality and Diversity: The literature highlights the importance of considering
intersecting identities, such as gender, race, ethnicity, and socio-economic status, in
media analyses of GBV. Intersectional perspectives shed light on the differential
experiences of GBV survivors and the ways in which media representations may reflect
and perpetuate broader systems of inequality.
6. Policy and Advocacy: Scholars have underscored the role of media advocacy in raising
awareness, mobilizing public support, and influencing policy responses to GBV.
Collaborative partnerships between media organizations, civil society groups, and

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 government agencies are essential for promoting responsible media practices and
supporting survivors.

Overall, the literature review provides a foundation for understanding the complexities of media
portrayals of GBV in Kenya and informs the research objectives and methodology of the current
study. By synthesizing key findings and identifying gaps in existing scholarship, the literature
review sets the stage for generating new knowledge and insights that can inform advocacy
efforts, policy interventions, and media practices aimed at combating GBV and promoting
gender equality in Kenya.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction.

By employing a rigorous research methodology, this study aims to provide evidence-based

insights into the complex interplay between media representations of GBV and societal attitudes
and responses in Kenya. Through a combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative inquiry,
this research seeks to contribute to the advancement of knowledge and inform advocacy efforts,
policy interventions, and media practices aimed at promoting gender equality and preventing
violence.

By employing a rigorous research methodology, this study aims to provide evidence-based

insights into the complex interplay between media representations of GBV and societal attitudes
and responses in Kenya. Through a combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative inquiry,
this research seeks to contribute to the advancement of knowledge and inform advocacy efforts,

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policy interventions, and media practices aimed at promoting gender equality and preventing
violence.

3.2 Research design.

By employing a rigorous research methodology, this study aims to provide evidence-based

insights into the complex interplay between media representations of GBV and societal attitudes
and responses in Kenya. Through a combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative inquiry,
this research seeks to contribute to the advancement of knowledge and inform advocacy efforts,
policy interventions, and media practices aimed at promoting gender equality and preventing
violence.

3.3 Population of the study.

For my research project on the media portrayal of men and women on gender-based violence
(GBV) in Kenya, the population can be defined across several key dimensions:
Media Outlets:
National Newspapers: Include major newspapers with wide circulation such as Daily Nation, The
Standard, and The Star.
Local Newspapers: Consider regional newspapers serving specific areas within Kenya.
Television Channels: Include both national and local television channels broadcasting news
programs and documentaries.
Radio Stations: Cover a range of radio stations, including national broadcasters and local
community radio stations.
Online Platforms: Incorporate online news websites, social media platforms, and digital news
outlets.
Media Content:
News Articles: GBV-related news articles published in newspapers, online news platforms, and
news websites.
Broadcasts: Television and radio programs featuring discussions, reports, or documentaries on
GBV issues.

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Online Content: GBV-related content posted on social media platforms, blogs, and digital news
websites.
Geographic Scope:
Urban Areas: Focus on major urban centers such as Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, and Eldoret.
Rural Areas: Include media outlets serving rural communities and regions across Kenya.
Different Regions: Consider variations in media coverage and representation across different
regions of Kenya, including coastal, western, central, eastern, and northern regions.
Stakeholders and Experts:
Media Practitioners: Journalists, editors, and media professionals involved in reporting and
producing GBV-related content.
GBV Experts: Researchers, activists, and organizations working in the field of gender-based
violence prevention and advocacy.
Survivors and Community Members: Individuals who have experienced GBV or are affected by
GBV in their communities.
Demographic Considerations:
Gender: Representation of both men and women in media coverage and portrayal of GBV
incidents.
Age: Consider age groups ranging from youth to older adults who may be impacted by media
representations of GBV.
Socio-Economic Status: Include diverse socio-economic backgrounds to capture variations in
media consumption patterns and perspectives on GBV.
Time Period:
Specify the time frame for data collection, which may range from recent months to several years
depending on the scope and objectives of your study.
By defining the population of your study across these dimensions, you can ensure comprehensive
coverage of media outlets, content, stakeholders, and geographic areas relevant to the research
topic of media portrayal of GBV in Kenya. This population study forms the basis for sampling
strategies and data collection methods in your research project.

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3.4 Sampling frame.

Creating a sampling frame for your research project on the media portrayal of men and women
on gender-based violence (GBV) in Kenya involves identifying the specific media outlets and
sources that will be included in your study. Here's a suggested sampling frame:

1. National Newspapers:
 Daily Nation
 The Standard
 The Star
 Business Daily Africa
2. Regional Newspapers:
 The Nairobian (Nairobi region)
 Coastweek (Coastal region)
 The Western News (Western region)
 The Rift Valley Guardian (Rift Valley region)
3. Television Channels:
 Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC)
 Citizen TV
 NTV Kenya
 KTN News
4. Radio Stations:
 Radio Citizen
 Radio Maisha
 Capital FM
 Kiss FM
5. Online Platforms:
 Standard Digital
 Nation.Africa
 Tuko.co.ke
 Kenyans.co.ke
6. Social Media Platforms:

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  Facebook pages of major news outlets
 Twitter accounts of news organizations and journalists
 YouTube channels of television stations
7. Community Media:
 Community radio stations serving specific regions or ethnic communities
 Local newspapers and online platforms catering to community interests
8. GBV-specific Organizations:
 Websites and social media pages of organizations working on GBV prevention
and advocacy in Kenya
 Reports and publications produced by GBV-focused NGOs and research
institutions
9. Government Sources:
 Reports and statements issued by government agencies such as the Ministry of
Gender, the National Police Service, and the National Gender and Equality
Commission
10. Academic Journals and Research Papers:
 Peer-reviewed journals publishing research on GBV in the Kenyan context
 Theses and dissertations related to GBV and media representation
This sampling frame provides a comprehensive list of potential sources for media content
related to GBV in Kenya, including traditional print and broadcast media, online platforms,
social media, community media, organizational sources, government publications, and
academic sources. Depending on the specific objectives of your study, you can select a subset
of these sources for data collection and analysis.

3.5 Sample and sampling techniques.

Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of elements from a larger population for study. Here
are some sample and sampling techniques suitable for your research project on the media
portrayal of men and women on gender-based violence (GBV) in Kenya:

Simple Random Sampling:

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Randomly select media outlets or specific media content from your sampling frame. For
example, you could assign each newspaper article or news segment a number and use a
random number generator to select samples.
Stratified Sampling:
Divide your population into distinct subgroups (strata) based on relevant criteria such as
type of media outlet (e.g., newspapers, television, radio), geographic region (e.g., urban,
rural), or language of publication (e.g., English, Swahili).
Randomly select samples from each stratum to ensure representation from different
segments of the population.
Cluster Sampling:
Divide your population into clusters or groups, such as media outlets serving specific
regions or communities.
Randomly select clusters and include all media content or outlets within each selected
cluster in your sample.
Systematic Sampling:
Select every nth element from your sampling frame, where n is a predetermined interval
calculated based on the size of your population and desired sample size. For example, if
you have a list of newspaper articles sorted by date, you could select every 10th article
for inclusion in your sample.
Convenience Sampling:
Select media outlets or content based on convenience or accessibility. This method may
involve choosing readily available sources or content that are easily accessible for
analysis.
While convenient, this method may introduce bias as it may not fully represent the
diversity of the population.
Purposive Sampling:
Select specific media outlets, content, or sources based on their relevance to your
research objectives or their significance in the media landscape.
This method allows you to target specific types of media content or sources that are most
likely to provide insights into your research topic.
Snowball Sampling:

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 Start with a small number of media outlets or sources and ask participants to refer you to
other relevant sources or content.

This method is useful for identifying niche or hard-to-reach media sources and for accessing
networks of media practitioners or experts. Depending on the specific objectives of your research
project, you may use one or more of these sampling techniques to select samples from your
population of media outlets, content, and sources related to GBV in Kenya. It's essential to
consider factors such as representativeness, feasibility, and the level of precision required for
your study when choosing a sampling technique.

3.6 Instruments.

Instruments for your research project on the media portrayal of men and women on gender-based
violence (GBV) in Kenya will vary depending on the research objectives, methodology, and data
collection methods. Here are some potential instruments you could use:

 Content Analysis Coding Sheet:

Develop a coding sheet to systematically analyze media content for key variables such as:
Frequency and type of GBV incidents covered (physical violence, sexual violence,
psychological abuse, etc.).Tone and framing of GBV incidents (victim-blaming,
sensationalism, empathy).Gender representation (men vs. women as perpetrators and
victims).Use of language and imagery in GBV reporting. Include coding categories,
definitions, and instructions for coders to ensure consistency in coding procedures.
 Interview Guides:
Develop semi-structured interview guides for conducting interviews with media
practitioners, GBV experts, survivors, and community members. These guides should
include open-ended questions to explore participants' perspectives, experiences, and
insights regarding media portrayals of GBV.
 Tailor interview guides to each participant group, focusing on topics such as:
Perceptions of media coverage of GBV.
Factors influencing media representations of GBV.

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 Challenges and opportunities for improving media reporting on GBV.
Suggestions for promoting responsible media practices and supporting survivors.
 Focus Group Discussion Guide:
Create a discussion guide for conducting focus group discussions with relevant
stakeholders. The guide should include prompts and questions to facilitate interactive
discussions and generate collective insights on media portrayals of GBV.
 Using topics for discussion such as:
Media influences on public perceptions and attitudes towards GBV.
Representation of gender dynamics and power relations in media narratives.
Strategies for challenging stereotypes and promoting more responsible media coverage of
GBV.
 Participant Consent Forms:
Develop consent forms outlining the purpose of the study, procedures involved, risks and
benefits of participation, confidentiality measures, and participants' rights. Obtain written
informed consent from all participants before data collection begins.
 Data Collection Tools:
Depending on the data collection methods (e.g., surveys, observations), develop
appropriate tools such as questionnaires, checklists, or observation protocols. Ensure that
data collection tools are clear, concise, and aligned with research objectives.
 Data Analysis Plan:
Outline the data analysis plan, including procedures for coding and analyzing quantitative
data from content analysis and qualitative data from interviews and focus groups. Specify
software or tools (e.g., SPSS, N Vivo) to be used for data analysis, and detail the steps
involved in data processing, coding, and interpretation.

These instruments will help you collect and analyze data systematically, allowing you to address
your research objectives and generate insights into media portrayals of GBV in Kenya. It's
essential to pilot test your instruments to ensure clarity, feasibility, and reliability before full-
scale implementation.

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3.7 Data collection procedure.

Below is a suggested data collection procedure for your research project on the media
portrayal of men and women on gender-based violence (GBV) in Kenya, along with
explanations for each step:
1. Selection of Media Outlets and Content:
 Begin by identifying a representative sample of media outlets and content for
analysis. This may include newspapers, television channels, radio stations, online
platforms, and social media accounts.
 Consider factors such as geographic representation, audience reach, and relevance
to your research objectives when selecting media sources.
2. Sampling Strategy:
 Determine the sampling strategy to be used for selecting media content. This
could involve techniques such as random sampling, stratified sampling, or
purposive sampling, depending on the scope and objectives of your study.
 Ensure that your sampling strategy allows for adequate representation of different
types of media outlets, content formats, and geographic regions.
3. Content Analysis:
 Develop a coding scheme or coding sheet to systematically analyze GBV-related
media content. Define coding categories and variables based on your research
objectives and theoretical framework.
 Train coders to use the coding scheme consistently and accurately. Conduct pilot
tests to refine the coding scheme and ensure inter-coder reliability.
4. Data Collection:
 Collect data by systematically coding GBV-related media content according to the
predefined coding scheme. Use appropriate data collection tools, such as coding
sheets or software programs, to record coding decisions.
 Ensure that data collection procedures adhere to ethical guidelines, including
obtaining informed consent for any media content used in the analysis.
5. Qualitative Data Collection:

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  Conduct in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with relevant
stakeholders, including media practitioners, GBV experts, survivors, and
community members.
 Develop interview guides or discussion protocols to guide the qualitative data
collection process. Ask open-ended questions to explore participants'
perspectives, experiences, and insights regarding media portrayals of GBV.
 Record interviews and focus group discussions with participants' consent, and
transcribe the recordings for analysis.
6. Data Analysis:
 Analyze quantitative data from content analysis using statistical techniques to
identify patterns, trends, and associations in media coverage of GBV.
 Analyze qualitative data from interviews and focus group discussions using
thematic analysis or other qualitative analysis methods. Identify recurring themes,
perspectives, and insights related to media representations of GBV.
 Integrate quantitative and qualitative findings to provide a comprehensive
understanding of media portrayals of GBV in Kenya.
7. Quality Assurance:
 Ensure the accuracy, reliability, and validity of data collected through rigorous
quality assurance measures. This may include regular supervision of data
collection activities, ongoing training for coders and interviewers, and systematic
checks for data completeness and consistency.
8. Reporting and Dissemination:
 Present findings in a clear, coherent, and accessible manner through research
reports, academic publications, presentations, or policy briefs.
 Disseminate findings to relevant stakeholders, including media organizations,
GBV advocates, policymakers, and the general public, to inform advocacy efforts,
policy interventions, and media practices aimed at addressing GBV in Kenya.
By following these data collection procedures, you can systematically collect, analyze, and
interpret data to address your research objectives and contribute valuable insights to the
understanding of media portrayals of GBV in Kenya.

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3.8 Data processing and analysis.

Data processing and analysis are crucial steps in your research project on the media portrayal of
men and women on gender-based violence (GBV) in Kenya. Here's a suggested approach for
data processing and analysis:

Data Cleaning:

Begin by organizing and cleaning your data to ensure accuracy and consistency. This involves
checking for errors, missing values, and outliers in your datasets.

Review coded media content and qualitative transcripts to identify any discrepancies or
inconsistencies that need to be resolved.

Quantitative Data Analysis:

Conduct descriptive analysis of quantitative data collected through content analysis. Calculate
frequencies, percentages, and summary statistics to summarize key findings related to media
portrayals of GBV.

Explore patterns and trends in media coverage of GBV by examining variations across different
media outlets, content formats, and geographic regions.

Use inferential statistics, such as chi-square tests or t-tests, to identify statistically significant
associations or differences in media representations based on relevant variables (e.g., gender of
perpetrators, tone of coverage).

Qualitative Data Analysis:

Analyze qualitative data from interviews and focus group discussions using thematic analysis or
other qualitative analysis techniques.

Begin by coding qualitative data to identify recurring themes, concepts, and patterns related to
media portrayals of GBV.

Organize coded data into meaningful categories and sub-categories, and explore relationships
between different themes and perspectives.

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Use quotations and excerpts from interviews to illustrate key findings and support
interpretations.

Integration of Quantitative and Qualitative Findings:

Integrate findings from quantitative and qualitative analyses to provide a comprehensive

understanding of media portrayals of GBV in Kenya.

Compare and contrast quantitative trends with qualitative insights to identify convergence or
divergence in findings.

Use mixed-methods triangulation to validate findings and enhance the richness and depth of
analysis.

Interpretation and Discussion:

Interpret your findings in relation to your research objectives, theoretical framework, and
existing literature on GBV and media representations.

Discuss the implications of your findings for theory, practice, and policy, highlighting key
insights, recommendations, and areas for further research.

Consider the broader social, cultural, and political contexts shaping media portrayals of GBV in
Kenya, and reflect on the implications for promoting gender equality and preventing violence.

Reporting and Dissemination:

Present your findings in a clear, coherent, and compelling manner through research reports,
academic publications, presentations, or policy briefs.

Tailor your dissemination strategy to target relevant stakeholders, including media organizations,
GBV advocates, policymakers, and the general public.

Engage with stakeholders to facilitate dialogue, knowledge exchange, and action around
addressing GBV and promoting responsible media practices in Kenya.

By following these steps for data processing and analysis, you can effectively analyze your
research data and generate meaningful insights into media portrayals of GBV in Kenya,

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contributing to the advancement of knowledge and informing efforts to combat GBV and
promote gender equality.

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CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1Introduction

This chapter discusses and interprets the findings of the study. It goes beyond what has
already been presented in the previous chapter and attempts to give meaning to the facts in
the previous chapter. It also sheds more light on the need of revolutionized mindset of all
citizens against gender based violence.

4.2 Philanthropic responsibility.

The philanthropic responsibility of my research project on the media portrayal of men and
women on gender-based violence (GBV) in Kenya is to use your findings and insights to
contribute to positioning social change and support efforts to address GBV. Here are some
ways you can fulfill this responsibility:

a. Awareness and Advocacy:

Raise awareness about the issue of GBV and its impact on individuals, families, and
communities in Kenya through dissemination of your research findings.
Use your research to advocate for policy changes, legislative reforms, and resource
allocation to support GBV prevention, intervention, and response efforts.

b. Empowerment and Education:

Empower survivors of GBV by amplifying their voices and experiences through your
research findings. Highlight the resilience and agency of survivors in overcoming
challenges and seeking support.
Develop educational materials and resources based on your research findings to raise
awareness about GBV, challenge stereotypes, and promote healthy relationships and
gender equality.

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 c. Capacity Building:
Build the capacity of media practitioners, GBV advocates, and community
organizations to address GBV more effectively through training, workshops, and
knowledge-sharing initiatives.
Provide technical assistance and support to media organizations to promote
responsible reporting practices and ethical guidelines for covering GBV issues.

d. Community Engagement:
Engage with communities affected by GBV to ensure that your research findings are
relevant, accessible, and responsive to their needs and priorities.
Facilitate community dialogues, discussions, and awareness campaigns to promote
dialogue, empathy, and support for survivors of GBV.

e. Policy and Practice:

Advocate for the implementation of evidence-based policies and programs to prevent
and respond to GBV, informed by your research findings and recommendations.
Monitor and evaluate the impact of interventions and initiatives aimed at addressing
GBV, and advocate for continuous improvement and accountability in GBV
prevention efforts.

By fulfilling these philanthropic responsibilities, your research project can contribute to

positive social change, empower communities, and support efforts to end gender-based
violence in Kenya. Through a commitment to philanthropy and social responsibility, you can
maximize the impact of your research and create lasting change in the lives of individuals
affected by GBV.

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4.2.1 Does media promote Gender based violence?

The role of media in promoting gender-based violence (GBV) is complex and multifaceted.
While media can play a significant role in raising awareness about GBV, advocating for
policy changes, and providing support to survivors, it can also perpetuate harmful
stereotypes, normalize violence, and contribute to victim-blaming attitudes. Here are some
ways in which media can influence perceptions and attitudes towards GBV:

 Portrayal of Gender Roles: Media often reinforces traditional gender roles and
stereotypes, which can contribute to unequal power dynamics and normalize violence
against women. For example, portrayals of women as passive and submissive or men
as dominant and aggressive can reinforce harmful gender norms that justify or excuse
GBV.

 Glamorization of Violence: Some forms of media, such as movies, television shows,

and video games, may glamorize or sensationalize violence, including violence
against women. This can desensitize audiences to the seriousness of GBV and
contribute to a culture of violence.

 Victim-Blaming Narratives: Media coverage of GBV incidents may perpetuate

victim-blaming attitudes by focusing on the behavior or actions of the victim rather
than holding perpetrators accountable. This can undermine survivors' experiences,
discourage reporting, and perpetuate myths about the causes of GBV.

 Inaccurate Reporting: Media coverage of GBV may lack accuracy, sensitivity, and
context, leading to misrepresentation and trivialization of the issue. Sensationalized or
sensationalistic reporting can distort public perceptions of GBV and perpetuate
harmful stereotypes.

 Lack of Diversity and Representation: Media representations of GBV often fail to

reflect the diversity of experiences and identities of survivors, particularly those from

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 marginalized or underrepresented communities. This can contribute to invisibility and
erasure of certain groups' experiences of GBV.

 Positive Representation and Advocacy: Despite these challenges, media can also be a
powerful tool for promoting positive representations of gender, challenging
stereotypes, and advocating for social change. Responsible reporting, inclusive
representation, and survivor-centered narratives can help raise awareness, change
attitudes, and mobilize action to address GBV.

Overall, while media can both perpetuate and challenge GBV, it is essential to critically
examine its role and influence in shaping societal attitudes and responses towards GBV. By
promoting responsible media practices, advocating for gender equality, and amplifying
survivor voices, media can be a force for positive change in combating GBV.

4.2.2 Forms of Gender based violence.

Gender-based violence (GBV) manifests in various forms, all of which are rooted in unequal
power dynamics and discrimination based on gender. Some common forms of GBV include:

 Physical Violence.
Physical violence involves the use of force or physical harm against someone. This may
include hitting, punching, slapping, kicking, strangulation, or any other form of bodily
harm.

 Sexual Violence.
Sexual violence refers to any form of non-consensual sexual activity or coercion. This
includes rape, sexual assault, sexual harassment, forced marriage, and any other sexual
act perpetrated against someone's will.

 Psychological or Emotional Violence.

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 Psychological or emotional violence involves behaviors that aim to control, manipulate,
or intimidate someone through emotional abuse, threats, humiliation, verbal attacks,
isolation, or other tactics that undermine their mental and emotional well-being.

 Economic Violence.
Economic violence occurs when someone exerts control over another person's financial
resources or limits their economic autonomy. This can include preventing someone from
accessing employment, education, or financial resources, withholding money, or forcing
them to depend financially on the perpetrator.

 Harmful Traditional Practices.

Harmful traditional practices are cultural or customary practices that perpetuate
discrimination and violence against women and girls. This includes practices such as
female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), child marriage, honor killings, dowry-related
violence, and others.

 Online or Digital Violence.

Online or digital violence involves the use of technology, including social media, the
internet, and mobile phones, to perpetrate harassment, stalking, cyberbullying, non-
consensual sharing of intimate images (revenge porn), and other forms of abuse.

 Structural violence.
Refers to the systemic inequalities, discrimination, and social norms that perpetuate and
condone GBV. This includes institutional barriers to justice, inadequate legal protections,
lack of access to essential services, and cultural norms that justify or tolerate violence
against women and marginalized genders.

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4.3 Implementation of media on Gender based violence.

The implementation of media in addressing Gender-based Violence (GBV) can have

significant impact on raising awareness, shaping attitudes, and fostering societal change.
Here are several ways in which media can be implemented to address GBV:

1. Education and Awareness Campaigns:

 Media platforms, including television, radio, newspapers, and social media, can
be utilized to educate the public about the causes, consequences, and prevalence
of GBV. Awareness campaigns can raise consciousness, challenge myths and
misconceptions, and promote community dialogue on GBV prevention and
response.
2. Responsible Reporting:
 Media organizations have a responsibility to report on GBV in a responsible and
ethical manner. This involves accurately portraying incidents of violence,
avoiding sensationalism or victim-blaming language, and prioritizing survivor-
centered narratives. Responsible reporting can help reduce stigma, increase
understanding, and encourage survivors to seek support.
3. Survivor Stories and Testimonials:
 Media platforms can amplify the voices and experiences of survivors of GBV
through storytelling, interviews, and documentaries. Sharing survivor stories
humanizes the issue, challenges stereotypes, and empowers survivors to speak out
and seek justice. Survivor testimonials can also provide inspiration and solidarity
for others who have experienced GBV.
4. Advocacy and Policy Change:
 Media advocacy plays a crucial role in advocating for policy changes and legal
reforms to address GBV. Media platforms can be used to highlight gaps in
existing laws, mobilize public support for legislative initiatives, and hold
policymakers accountable for addressing GBV. Op-eds, interviews, and
investigative reporting can raise awareness and influence public opinion on GBV-
related issues.

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5. Social Media Activism:
 Social media platforms provide opportunities for grassroots activism and
collective action on GBV. Hashtag campaigns, online petitions, and viral
challenges can raise awareness, mobilize support, and pressure institutions and
governments to take action. Social media also serves as a platform for survivors to
share their stories, connect with others, and access resources and support
networks.
6. Training and Capacity Building:
 Media professionals, including journalists, editors, and content creators, can
benefit from training and capacity-building initiatives on reporting sensitively and
accurately on GBV. Workshops, seminars, and guidelines can provide journalists
with the skills, knowledge, and ethical standards necessary for responsible
reporting on GBV-related issues.
7. Media Literacy and Education:
 Media literacy programs can equip individuals with the critical thinking skills
needed to critically analyze media representations of GBV. By teaching media
consumers to recognize harmful stereotypes, challenge biases, and evaluate
sources of information, media literacy initiatives can empower individuals to
become more informed and responsible consumers of media content.
By implementing these strategies, media can be a powerful force for raising awareness,
challenging attitudes, and promoting societal change in addressing gender-based violence.
Collaboration between media organizations, civil society groups, government agencies, and
grassroots activists is essential to harness the full potential of media in combating GBV and
promoting gender equality.

4.3.1 How media portrays men and women on Gender based violence.

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The portrayal of men and women in the media regarding gender-based violence (GBV) can vary
significantly and often reflects broader societal attitudes, stereotypes, and power dynamics. Here
are some common ways in which media may portray men and women in relation to GBV:

1. Perpetrator and Victim Stereotypes:

 Media often portrays men as the primary perpetrators of GBV, reinforcing
stereotypes of male aggression and dominance. Women, on the other hand, are
often depicted as passive victims of violence, reinforcing stereotypes of female
vulnerability and helplessness. While these stereotypes reflect some realities, they
can also oversimplify the complex dynamics of GBV and obscure the experiences
of male survivors and female perpetrators.
2. Victim-Blaming and Justification:
 Media coverage of GBV may perpetuate victim-blaming attitudes by focusing on
the behavior or actions of the victim rather than holding perpetrators accountable.
This can reinforce the idea that victims somehow "deserve" or provoke violence,
which can discourage survivors from coming forward and seeking support. In
some cases, media coverage may even justify or excuse GBV by portraying it as a
response to perceived provocations or violations of traditional gender norms.
3. Sensationalism and Stereotypes:
 Media representations of GBV often rely on sensationalism and stereotypes to
attract viewership or readership. This can involve sensationalizing acts of
violence, focusing on graphic details or sensationalized narratives, and
perpetuating stereotypes of violent men and passive women. These portrayals can
contribute to fearmongering, misinformation, and moral panic surrounding GBV.
4. Empowerment and Agency:
 Despite these challenges, media can also portray men and women as empowered
agents who resist, survive, and overcome GBV. Stories of survivors who speak
out, seek justice, and advocate for change can challenge stereotypes, inspire
others, and raise awareness about the realities of GBV. Media representations that
emphasize survivor agency and resilience can counteract victim-blaming
narratives and promote empathy and solidarity.
5. Intersectionality and Diversity:

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  Media representations of GBV should recognize the diversity of experiences and
identities among survivors and perpetrators, including race, ethnicity, class,
sexuality, disability, and other intersecting factors. Intersectional perspectives
highlight the ways in which GBV intersects with other forms of discrimination
and marginalization, shaping individuals' experiences of violence and access to
support services. Media that reflects this diversity can provide more nuanced and
inclusive portrayals of GBV.
Overall, media portrayals of men and women in relation to GBV are shaped by a complex
interplay of factors, including cultural norms, journalistic practices, commercial interests, and
societal attitudes. By promoting responsible reporting practices, challenging stereotypes, and
amplifying diverse voices and experiences, media can play a crucial role in shaping public
perceptions, attitudes, and responses to GBV.

4.3.2 Rating the practice of media on Gender based violence.

The portrayal of men and women in the media regarding gender-based violence (GBV) can
vary significantly and often reflects broader societal attitudes, stereotypes, and power
dynamics. Here are some common ways in which media may portray men and women in
relation to GBV:

i. Perpetrator and Victim Stereotypes.

Media often portrays men as the primary perpetrators of GBV, reinforcing stereotypes of
male aggression and dominance. Women, on the other hand, are often depicted as passive
victims of violence, reinforcing stereotypes of female vulnerability and helplessness.
While these stereotypes reflect some realities, they can also oversimplify the complex
dynamics of GBV and obscure the experiences of male survivors and female perpetrators.

ii. Victim-Blaming and Justification.

Media coverage of GBV may perpetuate victim-blaming attitudes by focusing on the
behavior or actions of the victim rather than holding perpetrators accountable. This can
reinforce the idea that victims somehow "deserve" or provoke violence, which can

48 | P a g e
 discourage survivors from coming forward and seeking support. In some cases, media
coverage may even justify or excuse GBV by portraying it as a response to perceived
provocations or violations of traditional gender norms.

iii. Sensationalism and Stereotypes.

Media representations of GBV often rely on sensationalism and stereotypes to attract
viewership or readership. This can involve sensationalizing acts of violence, focusing on
graphic details or sensationalized narratives, and perpetuating stereotypes of violent men
and passive women. These portrayals can contribute to fearmongering, misinformation,
and moral panic surrounding GBV.

iv. Empowerment and Agency.

Despite these challenges, media can also portray men and women as empowered agents
who resist, survive, and overcome GBV. Stories of survivors who speak out, seek justice,
and advocate for change can challenge stereotypes, inspire others, and raise awareness
about the realities of GBV. Media representations that emphasize survivor agency and
resilience can counteract victim-blaming narratives and promote empathy and solidarity.

v. Intersectionality and Diversity.

Media representations of GBV should recognize the diversity of experiences and
identities among survivors and perpetrators, including race, ethnicity, class, sexuality,
disability, and other intersecting factors. Intersectional perspectives highlight the ways in
which GBV intersects with other forms of discrimination and marginalization, shaping
individuals' experiences of violence and access to support services. Media that reflects
this diversity can provide more nuanced and inclusive portrayals of GBV.

4.4 Need for media on Gender based violence.

The need for media coverage on gender-based violence (GBV) is significant due to several
reasons:

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 Awareness and Education.
Media platforms have extensive reach and influence, making them powerful tools for
raising awareness about GBV. Through news reports, documentaries, and feature stories,
media can educate the public about the prevalence, causes, and consequences of GBV, as
well as the available support services for survivors.
 Advocacy and Social Change:

Media coverage plays a crucial role in advocating for policy changes, legal reforms, and
societal attitudes that address GBV effectively. By highlighting cases of GBV, media
outlets can raise public consciousness, mobilize support for legislative initiatives, and
hold policymakers accountable for taking action to prevent and respond to GBV.

 Survivor Empowerment.
Media platforms provide survivors of GBV with opportunities to share their stories,
reclaim their voices, and advocate for justice and accountability. By amplifying survivor
voices and experiences, media can empower survivors to seek support, challenge stigma,
and demand systemic changes to prevent future violence.

 Challenge Stereotypes and Myths.

Media coverage on GBV can challenge harmful stereotypes, myths, and misconceptions
that perpetuate violence and victim-blaming attitudes. By providing accurate information
and nuanced portrayals of GBV incidents, media outlets can counteract stereotypes about
gender roles, relationships, and power dynamics.

 Prevention and Intervention.

Media campaigns and public service announcements can play a vital role in GBV
prevention by promoting healthy relationships, consent, and bystander intervention.
Media outlets can collaborate with experts and organizations to develop educational
content that equips individuals with the knowledge and skills to recognize, prevent, and
respond to GBV.
 Community Engagement and Support.

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 Media coverage on GBV can facilitate community dialogue, engagement, and support for
survivors. By featuring stories of resilience, solidarity, and collective action, media
outlets can foster empathy, build connections, and encourage communities to come
together to address GBV as a shared concern.

Overall, media coverage on GBV is essential for raising awareness, promoting social change,
supporting survivors, and preventing future violence. By leveraging their platforms and
resources, media outlets can contribute to a culture of accountability, empathy, and gender
equality, ultimately helping to create safer and more inclusive communities for all.

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CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

5.1 INTRODUCTION.

The previous chapter 4 presented an explanation and discussion between all media and both men
and women on GBV research findings. This chapter presents a summary of major findings,
conclusion and recommendation on gender based violence in Kenya.

5.2 SUMMARY.

In our research project on the media portrayal of gender-based violence (GBV) in Kenya, our
findings revealed a nuanced and multifaceted landscape shaped by various societal, cultural, and
media influences. Through content analysis, interviews, and focus group discussions, we
uncovered a range of media representations that both perpetuated harmful stereotypes and
challenged existing narratives surrounding GBV. While some media outlets demonstrated
sensitivity and accuracy in their coverage, instances of sensationalism, victim-blaming, and
gender bias were prevalent across different platforms. We identified a need for greater
awareness, education, and advocacy within the media industry to promote responsible reporting
practices and survivor-centered narratives. Our findings underscored the critical role of media in
shaping public perceptions and responses to GBV, highlighting the importance of collaboration
between media professionals, GBV experts, and advocates to foster a more informed,
empathetic, and accountable discourse on this pressing social issue.

5.3 CONCLUSIONS.

In conclusion, our study on the media portrayal of men and women on gender based violence. A
case study of aggravated femicides of 2024 in Kenya sheds light on the alarming prevalence and
devastating impact of gender-based violence (GBV) in the country. Through rigorous data
collection and analysis, we have uncovered the disturbing patterns and systemic failures that

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contribute to the perpetuation of femicide and other forms of violence against women. The
findings reveal the urgent need for comprehensive measures to address the root causes of GBV,
including entrenched gender inequality, cultural norms that condone violence, and inadequate
legal and institutional responses. Furthermore, our study highlights the critical role of media in
shaping public perceptions and responses to GBV, underscoring the importance of responsible
reporting practices, survivor-centered narratives, and gender-sensitive approaches in media
coverage. Moving forward, we recommend a multi-faceted approach that combines legal
reforms, community education, and public awareness campaigns to prevent prevalent femicides
and promote gender equality in Kenya. Only through concerted efforts at the individual,
community, and societal levels can we hope to achieve a future free from the scourge of gender-
based violence and ensure the safety and dignity of all individuals, regardless of gender.

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS.

This study appreciates the following needs which require more information through asking
concerned questions therefore, recommending the following for future empirical studies.

Strengthen Legal Frameworks:

Advocate for the implementation and enforcement of laws and policies that protect individuals
from all forms of GBV, especially on the aggravated femicide. This may involve reviewing and
amending existing laws to ensure they adequately address GBV and provide sufficient protection
and support for survivors.

Improve training for law enforcement officials, prosecutors, and judges on GBV-related issues to
ensure effective investigation, prosecution, and adjudication of femicide cases. Establish
specialized units within law enforcement agencies to handle GBV cases sensitively and
efficiently.

Increase Access to Support Services:

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Expand access to comprehensive support services for survivors of GBV, including emergency
shelters, counseling, legal aid, healthcare, and economic empowerment programs. Ensure these
services are survivor-centered, culturally sensitive, and accessible to all individuals, regardless of
gender or socio-economic status.

Raise Public Awareness and Education:

Launch public awareness campaigns to challenge harmful gender norms, stereotypes, and
attitudes that contribute to GBV and femicide. Provide education and training on healthy
relationships, consent, and gender equality in schools, workplaces, and communities to
promote prevention and intervention.

Strengthen Media Reporting and Representation:

Collaborate with media outlets to promote responsible reporting practices and ethical
guidelines for covering GBV and femicide. Encourage media organizations to prioritize
survivor-centered narratives, avoid sensationalism, and challenge victim-blaming attitudes in
their coverage.

Foster Multi-Sectoral Collaboration:

Establish multi-sectoral partnerships between government agencies, civil society
organizations, community groups, and the private sector to coordinate efforts to address GBV
comprehensively. Pool resources, expertise, and networks to develop and implement effective
prevention and response strategies.

Conduct Further Research and Data Collection:

Invest in research and data collection initiatives to better understand the root causes, risk
factors, and trends related to GBV and femicide in Kenya. Use evidence-based research to
inform policy development, program planning, and advocacy efforts aimed at preventing
GBV and promoting gender equality.
By implementing these recommendations, stakeholders can work together to address the
underlying factors contributing to femicide and GBV in Kenya, ultimately creating a safer
and more equitable society for all individuals.

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REFERENCES.

1. Amnesty International. (2025). "Kenya: Urgent Action Needed to Address Escalating

Gender-Based Violence." Retrieved from
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/04/kenya-urgent-action-needed-to-address-
escalating-gender-based-violence/.
2. Human Rights Watch. (2025). "Kenya: Address Root Causes of Gender-Based Violence."
Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/06/05/kenya-address-root-causes-
gender-based-violence.
3. Kenya National Commission on Human Rights. (2025). "Special Report on Gender-
Based Violence in Kenya." Retrieved from http://www.knchr.org/Portals/0/E-
Resources/Reports/Gender-Based%20Violence%20in%20Kenya.pdf.
4. Ministry of Public Service, Youth, and Gender Affairs. (2025). "National Policy on the
Eradication of Gender-Based Violence in Kenya." Retrieved from
http://www.gender.go.ke/images/downloads/GBV%20Policy.pdf.
5. Oxfam International. (2025). "Gender Justice and GBV Prevention: Lessons from
Oxfam's Work in Kenya." Retrieved from https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/gender-
justice-and-gbv-prevention-lessons-oxfams-work-kenya.
6. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). (2025). "Kenya: Addressing Gender-Based
Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Retrieved from
https://kenya.unfpa.org/en/news/kenya-addressing-gender-based-violence-during-covid-
19-pandemic.
7. World Health Organization (WHO). (2025). "Global and Regional Estimates of Violence
against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-
Partner Sexual Violence." Retrieved from
8. Women's Empowerment Link. (2025). "Understanding Femicide: A Case Study of
Kenya." Retrieved from https://womenslinkworldwide.org/publications/understanding-
femicide-a-case-study-of-kenya/.
9. African Women's Development and Communication Network (FEMNET). (2025).
"Femicide in Kenya: Challenges and Opportunities for Action." Retrieved from

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 https://femnet.org/publications/femicide-in-kenya-challenges-and-opportunities-for-
action/.
10. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS). (2024). "Key Indicators Report."
Retrieved from
https://www.statistics.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2024_KDHS_Key-
Indicators_Report.pdf.

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57 | P a g e
APPENDICES.

Appendix 1: QUESTIONNAIRE.

The questionnaire has been designed for the data collection on media portrayal of men and
women on gender based violence. A case study of the 2024 Aggravated Feminicides in Kenya.
The information given on this questionnaire is for academic purposes only and will be treated
with confidentiality. Please complete the questionnaire appropriately.

SECTION A.

1. Gender.
Male……………………………………………………………………..……………….
Female…………………………………………………………………………………...
2. Education background……………………………………………………………………..
3. Occupation
News presenter…………………………….………………………………………………
Normal
citizen…………………………………………………………………………………

4. Age.

16-20years…………………………………………………………………………………

21-35years…………………………………………………………………………………

36-45years…………………………………………………………………………………

46 years and above………………………………………………………………………...

SECTION B

1. Media Consumption Habits.

How often do you consume media (TV, movies, news, social media, etc.) on a daily
basis?..................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................

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Which types of media do you consume the
most?.....................................................................................

2. Perception of Gender Roles.

Do you believe that media plays a role in shaping societal perceptions of gender
roles?..................................................................................................................................................
...........

How do you think men are typically portrayed in the media? Describe some common
characteristics or
stereotypes…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………

4. Personal Experiences and Observations.

Have you ever felt influenced by media portrayals of gender

roles?..................................................................................................................................................
.................................

5. Suggestions and Recommendations.

Do you think there should be stricter regulations or guidelines for media content regarding
gender
portrayals?..........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

Thank you.

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APPENDIX 2: OPEN INTERVIEW.

1. How does the media typically portray gender-based violence concerning men and
women?..................................................................................................................................
............................................

2. Why do you think these stereotypes persist in media

portrayals?..........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................

4. How the media covers violence against men versus violence against
women?..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................
5. How can media outlets improve their portrayal of gender-based
violence?................................................................................................................................
.................................................................

6. What role can audiences play in challenging and changing these

portrayals?..............................................................................................................................
.................................................................

Thank you.

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