Utharanathinka

DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbpw ]mT-kr-jvSnbpw tUm. tPmkv sI.
am\p-h¬
DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbpw ]mT-kr-jvSnbpw
1
DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbpw ]mT-kr-jvSnbpw tUm. tPmkv sI. am\p-h¬
tUm. tPmkv -sI. am\p-h-¬

tIm´bw Pn√-bnse ao\®n¬ Xmeq°v kztZ-in. aZncmin k -- ¿hIem
imebn¬\n∂v Fw.F., Fw.^n¬., ]nF®v.Un. _n-cpZßƒ. almflm Km‘n
k¿-hI-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v t]mÃv tUm-IvSd¬ s^temjn∏v. IrXnIƒ: Xn-c-
°-Ym-cN\ IYbpw kn-≤m¥hpw, kn\nabpsS ]mTßƒ: hn-iIe\hpw ho-
£-Whpw, kn\nabnse icoc`mj: Hcp ckm\p`h kn≤m- ¥ ]T\w, \mS-
Ihpw kn\n-abpw: Hcp Xmc-Xay hni-I-e\w, IYbpw Xnc°Ybpw, a-e-bm-
f`mjbpw km-ln-Xyhpw, Xnc°Ym kmlnXyw: ku-µc - yhpw {]-k‡ - n-bpw-, \yqP\-
td-j≥ kn\na (]T-\ßƒ) A`ntemjnI, blqc ˛ Hcp I-ayq-Wn-Ãn-s‚ IY
(t\m-h-ep-Iƒ) ImeØns\m∏w Hcp s]-¨-Ipń, IY-bv-°p-ap-I-fn-eqsS ssUhp
sNbvXv IYmIrØv, l¿Øm¬ Hcp tIcfo tbm-’hw (sN-dp-IYm-kam-lm-c-
ßƒ). \h-am-[y-a-ßƒ: `mj kmlnXyw kwkvImcw, ss__nfpw ae-bm-f-
km-ln-Xyhpw, amdp∂ ae-bmf kn\na: `mj kwkvImcw kaq-lw, At\z-
jWw ]T\w Kth- j Ww (F- U n- ‰ ¿), anI® Ne®n{X{KŸØn\p≈
tIcfkwÿm\ N-e® - n-{X- A-hm-¿Upw (2003, 2010) ^nenw {InńIvkv Ahm¿Upw
(2003, 2005) e---- `n®n´p≠v. kmwkvImcnI k-lIcWkanXn bpsS anI® ssh-
⁄m-\nI {KŸØn\p≈ Ahm¿Uv, s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n I -- Ym Ahm¿Uv, X-Ig - n
IYm Ahm¿Uv, ImhythZn t\m-h¬ Ahm¿Uv F∂nh e`n®n´p≠v. hnemkw:
A-knÃ‚ v s{]m^k¿, kvIqƒ Hm^v set‰gvkv, almflmKm‘n k¿hI-em-
ime, tIm´bw, t^m¨:9446924323. C˛-sa-bn¬: kjosemanuel@gmail.com
2
DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbpw
]mT-kr-jvSnbpw
tUm.- tPmkv sI. am\p-h¬
3
Malayalam Language
Utharathunikayum Padasrudhiyum
by Dr. Jose K. Manuel
Compiled and Published by Turn Books Kottayam

Rights Reserved
First Published - October 2019
Cover Design : Joseph Francis, Pala

Type Setting : M.G.Saji, Teekoy
Printed in India
Vibgyor Imprints, Calicut - 673 004
Publishers
Turn Books, P.B. No.1, Teekoy
Kottayam, Kerala - 686 580, India
Email: turnbooks4u@gmail.com
Web Site: www.turnbooksgroup.com
Tel: 9495200006, +914822280007/08/09
Distributors
Turn Books Hub, Kottayam - 580
Email: turnbookshub@gmail.com
Tel: 9846486439
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

means without prior written permission of the publishers.
ISBN: 978 - 93 - 87709 - 23 - 2
Price : ` 120
000020211814215151119000030000072017015492091513600010000000120
4
DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS
cN-\m-hn-]-W-\-X-{¥-ß-fn¬s∏´v
{i≤n-°-s∏-SmsXt]mb
\√ IrXn-I-fpsS cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ°v
5
6
D≈-S°w
BapJw ...9
{]th-inI ...13
1. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS hym]vXn ...17
2. ]mT-kr-jvSn-bpsS A¥-co£w ..29
3. ]mT-kr-jvSn-bpsS hgn-Iƒ ...41
4. adp-]m-T-krjvSn Hcp ]mT-]-T\w ...57
5. DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX-bpsS ]mT-ßƒ ...70
6. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I]
- m-Tk
- r-jvSn-bpsS tIc-fo-bm-¥c
- o£w ...83
7
8
BapJw
h¿Ø-am-\k - a- qlw Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI{]Xn-k‘n t\cn-Sp-∂p-≠v.

Ie-bnse kuµ-cymw-iØ - ns‚ \ntj-[a - m-WX
- v. C{Xbv°p emh-Wy-
hn-ap-Ja- mb Hcp Ime-L´w CXn-\p-ap-ºp-≠m-bn-ń-√. B¿{Z-hn-Im-cß - sf
XnI®pw \ncm¿{Z-ambn Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p∂ Cu {]h-WX `mjm-im-k{v X-
]-T\- ß- ƒ°v A\p-]m-Xc - l- n-Xa- mb {]mapJyw ssIh-∂X - ns‚ ]m¿iz-
^-es - a∂ \ne-bn-emWv {]Xy-£s - ∏-´X
- v. AXns‚ hnI-kn-Xc - q-]a- mWv
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX F∂p-]d - b
- mw.
Pohn-XsØ ASn-apSn kzm[o-\n-°p-Ibpw ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Nne ]cn-Wm-a-k-‘n-I-fp-≠v. H∂n\p
]n∂mse as‰m∂v F∂ \ne-bn¬ sXm´p-sXm-´p-h-cp∂ CØcw ]-cn-
h¿Ø-\L - ´- ß- f - n-eq-sS-bmWp am\-hN- c- n{Xw apt∂m´p \oßp-∂X - .v Cu
{Ia-Øn-\\- p-kc - n®v \Ω-fn∂p Pohn-°p-∂Xv ssk_¿bpK-Øn-em-Wv.
emh-Wym-flI - X- b - psS hmk-ÿm-\ß - s- f∂p Icp-Xs - ∏-´p-t]m-cp∂ lrZ-
bw, Icƒ, a\v F∂n-hb - vs°-√mw-ta¬ _p≤n B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-
®n-cn-°p∂p F∂-XmWv Cu bpK-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X. "s‚ Ic-fnev
thX\!' F∂v s\©p Xncp-Ωn-s°m≠v C∂p Ip™p-]m-ØpΩ ]d-
™m¬ \nan-j-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ Ahƒ ASpØp≈ Bip-]-{Xn-bnse
Im¿Un-tbm-fPn C‚≥kohvsIb-dn-em-bn-°g - n-™n-cn°pw!
]t£, Ime-Øns‚ am‰-ßƒs°-Xnsc IÆ-S-bv°m\pw \ap-°m-
hn√. DÆp-\o-en-kt- µ-iØ - nepw Nt{µm-’h - Ø- nepw {]Xn-ê - n-°p∂
Pohn-Xk
- m-lN
- c
- y-ßf - n¬ \man∂pw Pohn-°W - s- a∂p iTn-°m≥ \nem-
hp-sIm≠p hni-∏-S-°m-sa∂p hnNm-cn-°p-∂-h¿t° Ign-bq. Pohn-X-
Øns‚ B¥-cn-IX - e
- ß- f - n-se-∂t- ]mse _mly-Xe - ß
- f
- nepw Imev]-
\n-IX ]m¬∏p-gs - bm-cp-°n-bn-cp∂ Imew Cßn\n hcmsX am™p-I-
gn-™p. Pohn-XsØ {Xkn-∏n-°p∂ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Be-¶m-cn-I-
kv]¿iw hy‡n-hy-h-lm-c-ßƒ°p apgp-h≥ kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bpsS
\ncm¿{Z-Xbpw \n¿±-bX - zhpw ]I¿∂p-\e - vIn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
9
sshIm-cn-Xsb GXm≠p ]q¿Æ-ambn \nc-kn-°p∂ Cu am‰-ßƒ

Fgp-Ønepw {]Xn-ê - n-°pI kzm`m-hn-Iw. k¿§m-flI - X
- b
- psS k¿∆m-
[n-]Xyw tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-XmWv CXns‚ A\-¥c - ^
- e
- w.
Ipsd hm°p-Iƒ Iqń-t®¿Øp-h-®m¬ Fgp-Xn-sb∂p Icp-Xp∂
auVyw Chn-sS-\n-∂mWp cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂X - v. B¿°pw Fgp-Øp-Im-c-
\mImw F∂pw Fgp-Xp-∂-sX¥pw kmln-Xy-amIpw F∂pw hniz-kn-
®p-t]m-cp∂ Hcp Iq´w Ipń-Iƒ C∂p Imº-p-I-fn¬ Pohn-°p-∂p-
≠v. Xßƒ°p-apºv a‰m-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw Fgp-Øns‚ A—-
∑mcpw Bim-∑m-cp-sams° ]g-¶-Y-I-fm-sW∂pw ]n¥n-cn-™p-t\m-
°m≥ `b-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠v, Ah¿ Dd®p hniz-kn-°p-∂p. hy‡n-lr-Z-
b-ßfpw {]Xy-bi - m-kv{X-s]m-cp-Øß - fpw Fgp-Øns‚ aqeyw \n¿Æ-
bn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fmbn amdp-I-bpw-IqSn sNbvX-t∏mƒ \mSn\pw P\-
Xbv°pw \jvS-s∏-´Xv A£-c-ß-fpsS XW-en¬ HØp-tN¿∂n-cp∂
kmwkvIm-cn-II- q-´m-bvaI- f
- m-Wv.
Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ k¿§-i-‡nsb X≈n-∏-d-bp∂ GXp kmln-Xy-
kn-≤m-¥hpw kXy-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-Wv. AXn-\m¬Xs∂ AXp \ncm-Ic - n-
°-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-amb hm°p-Iƒ AXy-km-
[m-c-W-amb Iqń-t®¿°-ep-I-fn-eqsS Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ `mjm-in-ev]-
Øn¬ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ Bfl-hØ Pohs‚ izmk-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.
hm°p-Iƒ IqSn-t®-cp-tºmƒ \£-{X-ap-≠m-Ip∂ kmln-Xo-c-lkyw
Cu Bflmw-ih - p-ambn _‘-s∏-´X
- m-W.v Cu \£-{X-km-≤y-Xb- mWp
IrXnsb [z\ym-fl-I-am-°p-∂-Xv. CXp IrXn-bpsS A\-¥-amb ]mT-
\n¿Ωm-W-km-≤yX Xs∂-bm-Wv. Cu km≤yX ]p\¿hm-b-\bv°p
hnt[-ba- m-Ip-tºm-fmWp hna¿i\w cq]-sa-Sp-°p-∂X
- v. hmNym¿∞-Øn-
\-∏p-dØp hywKym¿∞-ß-fpsS Ah-km-\n-°mØ ]mT-ßƒ D≈-S-
°m≥ Ign-bmØ Hcp IrXn-sb-∏‰n hna¿i-I\v H∂pw kwkm-cn-°m-
\p-≠m-hn√; AhnsS hna¿i-\hpw D≠m-hn-√.
hna¿i-\-Øn\p t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂ Cu {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS Bgw
h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-bmWp {]Xn-]m-T-kr-jvSn-Iƒ. ]´-Øp-hnf Icp-Wm-I-
cs‚ "kn.-sF.-F.' F∂ IYbpw AXns‚ "A£-c-ßƒ tamjvSn-°-
s∏-Sp∂p' F∂ adp-]m-Thpw Cu ]T-\Ø - n¬ hni-Ie
- \w sNøp-∂Xp
{i≤n-°p-I. aqe-]m-Thpw adp-]m-Thpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xv hyXy-kX
v a
- mb
[z\n-]m-T-ß-fm-Wv. CXp ]pcm-W-Ir-Xn-I-fnse kµ¿`-ßƒ ]p\-cm-
Jym\wsNbvXp ]pXnb IrXn-Iƒ As√-¶n¬ ]mT-ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂
10
]c-ºc- m-KX k¿§-hym-]m-cØ

- ns‚ DØ-cm-[p-\n-Ic- q]w am{X-at√? Cu
]mT-krjvSn lmkym-fl-I-am°n k‰-b-dp-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ as‰mcp
X{¥hpw \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. N¥p-ta-t\ms‚ Cµp-te-Jbpw Ing-
t°-∏m´v cma≥Ip-ń-tat\ms‚ ]d-tßm-So-]c- n-Wb
- hpw tN¿Øp-hm-bn-
®m¬ ae-bm-fØ - n¬\n∂v CXn\p e`n-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw \√ DZm-lc - -
W-am-bn.
hymk-I-Y-bn¬ cmP-Xz-Øns‚ DØ-a-\n-Z¿i-\-amb Zpjy-¥s\
hnj-b-e-º-S-\mb shdp-samcp km[m-cW cmPm-hmbpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-
X-bp-sSbpw {]Xyp-X]
v ∂
- a
- X
- n-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw Bƒcq-]a - mb iIp-¥f- sb
shdp-samcp ss]¶n-fn-°-Y-bnse \mbn-I-bmbpw ]p\-cm-hn-jv°-cn-®-
t∏mƒ Imfn-Zm-k≥ Xs‚ Ime-L´- Ø - ns‚ cpNn-t`-Zß
- ƒ°n-Wß - p∂
Hcp adp-]mTw krjvSn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂nt√? Cu hgn-°p≈ kXy-k-
‘-amb Hc-t\z-jWw DØ-cm[p\n-I-Xsb IqSp-X¬ Bg-Øn¬ a\-
n-em-°m≥ klm-bn-°pw.
A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ°-h-km-\-an√; cpNn-t`-Z-ßƒ°p ]cn-[n-
bp-an-√. Cu hkvXpX Hm¿Ω-bn¬ kq£n-®p-sIm≠p hne-bn-cp-Øp-
tºmƒ tPmkv am\p-h-ens‚ Cu kXym-t\z-j-W-Øns‚ {]k‡n
AXy¥w Kuc-ht- a-dn-bX - m-sW∂p \Ωƒ Xncn-®d - n-bp-∂p. DØ-cm-[p-
\n-IX- b
- psS ka-Im-en-IN - e- \- ß
- ƒ, k¿§m-flI
- hpw ]T-\m-flI - h
- p-am-
b-h-sb-√mw-Xs∂ kq£va-X-tbmsS hni-I-e\w sNøp-hm≥ tPmkv
\S-Øp∂ {iaw hn]p-e-amb hmb-\-bp-sSbpw k¥p-en-X-amb hni-I-
e-\Ø- n-s‚bpw {]Xn-ê - \ - ß- ƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂X - m-Wv. DØ-cm-[p-\n-
I- X bpw Ncn- { Xhpw h¿Ø- a m-
11
12
{]th-inI
DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS i‡-amb kzm[o\w kmln-Xy-Ønse

Hcp Znim-]c - n-h¿Ø-\Ø - ns‚ Ime-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ]cn-h¿Ø\ Imc-
W-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw coXn-sb-∏-‰nbpw XpS¿∂p kwPm-X-amb ê-ß-sf-
∏-‰n-bp-ap≈ ]T-\-amWv Cu {KŸw. DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX kwkv°m-c-
sØbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw kzm[o-\n-®Xv Iw]yq-´¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈
\ho\ kmt¶- X n- I hnZy- I - f psS i‡- a mb kzm[o- \ -
Øn¬\n∂psIm≠m-Wv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX efn-X-
h¬°-cW - Ø - ns‚ kmln-Xym-hX - c - W- a- mWv \S-Øp-∂X - v. Cu kmln-
Xym-hX - c
- Ww Fß-s\-sb-√m-amWv \S-Øp-∂s - X∂v Cu {KŸ-Øn¬
hy‡-am-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂p hkvXp-XI - sf ]pXnb Xe-ap-db - nse kmt¶-
Xn-I⁄- m-\a - p-≈h - c
- psS IÆp-If - n-eqsS ImWp-tºmƒ kw`-hn-°p∂
Ah-ÿm-¥c - ß
- s - f-∏‰ - nbpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
F√m-°m-eØpw F√m- tZ-iØpw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-
∂Xv B Ime-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-Xbv°pw tZi-Øns‚ kz`m-h-hn-ti-
j-X-Iƒ°pw A\p-k-cn-®m-Wv. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bnepw kw`-hn-®Xv
CXp a - m-{X-am-Wv. sImtfm-Wn-b¬`mj {]mtZ-in-I`- m-jI - ƒ°p- t\sc
Db¿Ønb sh√p-hnfn sNdp-X√ - msX k¶o¿Æ-Xt- bmsS XpS-cp-Ib - m-
Wv. sImtfm-Wn-b¬ `mj-bn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂h - s- cbpw {]mtZ-inI`mj-I-
fn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂h - s- c-bpw-∏‰n Fw. apIp-µ≥ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xp {it≤-
b-am-Wv. "sImtfm-Wn-b¬ `mj-bn¬ Fgp-Xp∂ C¥y≥ Fgp-Øp-Im¿
tImSo-iz-c∑ - m-cm-bn-°g- n-bp-tºmƒ amXr-`m-jb - n¬ Fgp-Xp∂ km£m¬
`mc-Xobkmln-Xy-Im-c∑ - m-cpsS ASp-°f - b- n¬ Xo ]pI-bp-∂n-√. ap≥]p
tImf\nhmgvNb - psS ImeØp \ΩpsS cmPyØp h≥ hyh-km-bn-Ifpw
`qhp-Sa - Ifpw tImSoiz-c∑ - m-cmbn amdn-bX - p-t]mse tImf-\n-`m-jb - n¬
Fgp-Xp∂ Fgp-Øp-Imcpw tImSoiz-c∑ - m-cm-Ip∂ ImgvNb - mWp \man∂p
ImWp-∂-Xv.' Aan-Xm_v tLmjv, hn{Iw tkØv, tdmln‚¨, D]-
a\yp Nm‰¿Pn, ]¶Pv an{X XpSßn Cw•o-jn-se-gpXn {]ikvX-cmb
Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS Hcp \o≠ \nc-Xs - ∂-bp-≠.v Ch-cn¬ ]ecpw C¥y≥
Ah-ÿ-bn¬\n∂v As√-¶n¬ bmYm¿∞y-Øn¬\n∂v hfsc AI-
13
∂p-\n∂v BtKm-f-hm-b-\-°m-cpsS A`n-cp-Nn°pw hn]-W-\-km-[y-X-

Iƒ°pw ap≥Xq°w \evIn-bmWv Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv. CXv DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-
X-bn¬ kw`-hn® Hcp ]cn-h¿Ø-\a - m-Wv. hn{Iw tkØv Fgp-Xp-hm≥
XpS-ßp∂ t\mh-en\v Hcp {]km-[I - ≥ ap≥Iq¿ \evIn-bXv F´p-tImSn
cq]-bm-Wv. Cu XpI ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ tdmb¬‰n-b-√.
AUzm≥kv am{X-am-Wv. hn{Iw tkØn\pw Acp-‘Xn tdmbn°pw
a‰pw In´p∂ tImSn-IfpsS IW-°p-Iƒ tI´v km[m-c-W-°m-c≥
A¤pXw sIm≈p-∂p.
ssk_¿kmlnXyw A®-Sn-km-ln-Xy-Øn-\p-t\sc Db¿Ønb
sh√p-hn-fn-bmWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b- n¬ kw`-hn® as‰mcp {]Xn-`m-kw.
A®-Sn-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-I-sf-bmWv F√m A¿∞-Ønepw
ssk_¿ kmlnXyw adn-I-S-∂-Xv. {]km-[-Isc e`n-°mØ ]pXnb
Fgp-Øp-Im¿°v henb apX¬ap-S° - n-√msX BtKm-fm-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬
IrXn-Iƒ C‚¿s\-‰n-eqsS {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-sa-∂m-bn. {]mtZ-in-I-`m-
j-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw Ipd-™p-h-cp-∂Xv Cu Ime-L-´-Øns‚ C\n-
sbmcp {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.
km[m-cW kmln-Xy-Im-c∑ - m-cp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-If - p-sSbpw
ÿm\-Øn\pw \ne-\n-e] v n\pw DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b
- psS kzm[o\w i‡-
amb òj-Wn-bmWp apg-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kmln-Xy-tem-IØv {i≤n-
°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw \mgn-I-°-√m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ IrXn-I-fmWp apºp
N¿®-sN-øs - ∏-ń-cp-∂s
- X-¶n¬ C∂v Fgp-Øp-Im-c\p In´p∂ tdmb¬‰n-
Øp-I-bmWv BZy-N¿®-Iƒ°p hnj-b-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Fgp-Øp-Im-c\p
In´p∂ XpI-bpsS hen-∏-Øn\pw {]Nm-c-Øns‚ hym]-\-Øn-\p-a-\p-
k-cn®v N¿®-Iƒ°pw ]T-\ß - ƒ°pw \ofw Gdp-∂p. Cu ]›m-Øe - -
Øn-emWv kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-If - psS aqey-\n¿Æ-bØ - n¬ AXns‚ hn]-
W-\-X-{¥-Øn\pw {]Nm-c-Øn\pw a¿Ω-{]-[m-\-amb ÿm\w ssIh-
∂-X.v
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bpsS aqey-\n¿Æ-bØ - n¬ AXns‚ D≈-S° - s - Ø-
°mƒ {][m\yw _mly-amb {]Nm-c-X-{¥-ßƒ°p- ssI-h-∂-tXmsS
kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-bpsS coXn°pw AXn-t\m-Sp≈ at\m-`m-h-Øn\pw
ImX-emb hyXn-bm\w kw`-hn-®p.
]mT-ßƒ B¿°pw krjvSn-°m-sa-∂p-≈Xpw ssk_¿km-ln-Xy-
am°n temI-hym-]-I-ambn hn]-W\w \SØn ]Ww kºm-Zn-°m-sa-
∂p-ap-≈-Xp-amb Ahÿ ]g-b-Ime kmln-Xy-c-N-\m-k-¶-ev]-ß-sf-
bmWv Ingvta¬ adn-®X - v. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-If - psS cN-\sb "D∂-Xa - mbn'
14
Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw `n∂-ambn hnt\m-Z-amtbm IuXp-I-amtbm

ImWp-∂p. b{¥-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS Hcp "H¿Pn-\-en\v' Xncn-®-
dn-bm≥ Ign-bmØ \nc-h[n ]I¿∏p-Iƒ D≠m-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv Cu
Ime-L´- Ø - ns‚ {]tXy-IX - b- m-Wv. aqe-]m-TØ- n¬\n∂v C\n-sbm-c\ - p-
]m-XØ - n¬ ]I¿∏p-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂Xv kmln-Xy-Ønepw km[m-cW - -
am-bn-°-gn-™p. Cu ]I¿∏p-I-fpsS aqe-cq]w GsX∂p a\-n-em-
°m-Xn-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ k¿§m-flI - X- bpw cN-\m-X{- ¥-hp-amWv Fgp-Øp-
Im-c≥ {]mYan-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xv. CXp cN-\-bpsS ]£w.
cN-\m-\¥ - cw IrXn-bpsS {]Nm-chpw hn]-W\ - h- p-amWv e£yw. CXp
[\m¿÷-\Ø - n-s‚bpw {]i-kvXn-bp-sSbpw ]£w.
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv ]pkvXI - ƒ (E-books) A®Sn-°p∂ ]pkvX-
- ß
I-ßƒ°p-t\sc Db¿Øp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ ]pkvX-I-{]-km-[\
cwKØpw ]pXnb am‰-Øn\p hgn-sX-fn-®p-I-gn-™p. bYm¿∞-Øn¬
DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS hym]\w AYhm kzm[o\w ]q¿Æ-am-bn-°-gn-
™-tXmsS kmlnXyw acn-°p-Ib - m-sW∂ hnem-]Ø - n\v A¥yw Ipdn-
®p. C\n-sbmcp am¿§-Øn-eqsS ]q¿∆m-[nIw i‡n-tbmsS P\-Io-b-
ambn hf-cp-I-bm-sW∂p sXfn-bn-®p. B¿°pw kmln-Xy-]m-T-ßƒ
krjvSn-°p-Ibpw hn]-W\w sNøp-Ibpw sNøm-sa-∂p-≈-XmWv Cu
hf¿®-bpsS Imc-Wß - f - n-sem-∂.v cN-\m-kw-_‘ - a - mb at\m-`m-hØ
- n¬
kw`-hn® ]cn-h¿Ø-\a - mWv hf¿®-bpsS C\n-sbmcp Imc-Ww. ]Ww,
{]ikvXn F∂nh t\Sp-∂X - n-s\m∏w _u≤nIkm∂n-≤y-ap≈ hnt\m-
Z-I-fn-bpsS D’m-l-tØmsS IrXn-Iƒ krjvSn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂p-
≈-XmWv at\m-`m-h-Øn¬ kw`-hn® ]cn-h¿Ø-\w. kmln-Xy-c-N\
F∂ ]Z-Øn\v A¿∞-hn-]p-e\w kw`-hn®v ]mT-kr-jvSn-sb∂ ]Zw
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. ]mT-am-Ip-tºmƒ AXv aqe-]m-Ttam adp-
]m-Ttam XpS-ßn-bp≈ F¥p-am-Imw.
ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw C∂v DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-am-bn-°-gn-™p. Chn-
sSbpw A®-Sn-km-ln-Xy-Øn\p kam-¥-c-ambn ssk_¿ kmlnXyw
hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Hfn™pw sXfn™pw Nne-sc-¶nepw Xßƒ
adp-]m-T-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-sb∂v {]Jym-]n-®p-Xp-S-ßn.
A°m-Za- nI ]fin-X∑ - m¿°v ]mT-kr-jSv n-bpsS taJ-eb - n-ep≈ ÿm\w
C∂p tNmZyw sNø-s∏-´p-I-gn-™p. ae-bm-f-Ønse B[p-\n-I-X-bp-
sSbpw DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b - p-sSbpw D¤hhf¿®m-hym-]\ - s- Ø-∏‰n hnfn-
®p-]d- ™
- h
- ¿ Ch-cm-Wv. XpS¿]-T\ - ß
- fpw cN-\m-X{- ¥-ßfpw hn]-W-
\-co-Xn-Ifpw Adn-bm-Øh - ¿°pw khn-ti-ja - mb k¿§m-flI - X C√m-
15
Ø-h¿°pw kmln-Xy-ta-J-e-bn¬ ]nSn-®p-\n-ev°p-hm≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v

Imew sXfn-bn-®p. ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bpsS DW¿hp≈ _p≤nbpw NSp-
e-amb `mh-\bpw Ime-Øns‚ kv]µ--ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ k¿§m-fl-
I-Xb - p-am-bn-´mWv Cu "]fin-X∑ - m¿°v' G‰p-ap-t´-≠n-hc - p-∂X - v.
BZysØ A≤ym-bØ - n¬ DØcm[p-\n-IX - b
- psS hym]vXn-sb-∏-
‰n-bmWv hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xv. c≠m-asØ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]mT-
kr-jvSn-bpsS hnhn[ A¥-co-£-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kmln-
Xy-]m-Tk - r-jvSn-bn¬ kmln-tXy-Xc - a
- mb LS-Iß - ƒ°p≈ kzm[o-\-
sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]I¿∏p-I-fpsS ]cn-WX-^-e-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-sa√mw Cu
A≤ym-b-Øn¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. ]mT-kr-jvSn-bpsS hnhn[ am¿§-
ß-fmWv aq∂m-asØ A≤ym-bØ - n¬ N¿® sNøp-∂X - v. aqe-]m-TØ - n-
s‚bpw adp-]m-TØ - n-s‚bpw {]k-‡n, cN-\m-Iu-ie - ß- ƒ, A]-\n¿Ωm-
W-Øns‚ coXn-Iƒ AXn-IY-If - psS krjvSnIu-iew hnt\m-Za - m-°n-
sb-Sp-°p∂ cN-\m-co-Xn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-∏-‰n-sb√mw Cu A≤ym-
b-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. \mem-asØ A≤ym-bØ - n¬ adp-]mTw
krjvSn-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v kmam-\y-amb Hcp-Zm-lc - W- Ø - n-eqsS
hy‡-am-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\mbn kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Hcp IY-
bm-Wv. DØ-cm-[p-\nI]mT-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ At\zj-W-amWv A©m-
asØ A≤ym-bw. ssk_¿ kmlnXyw, ssk_¿ skIvkv, ]cn-
h¿Ø\ hnt[-ba - m-Ip∂ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX XpS-ßn-bh - s- b-∏‰ - n-sb√mw
kmam-\y-ambn Cu A≤ym-bØ - n¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Bdm-as-ØXpw
Ah-km-\-sØ-Xp-amb A≤ym-b-Øn¬ DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-kr-jvSn-
bpsS tIc-fo-bm-¥c - o-£a - mWv \nco-£W - h - n-t[-ba - m°nbncn-°p-∂X - v.
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX kmln-Xy-ta-J-esb Fß-s\-sb√mw kzm[o-
\n®p F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ \nco-£-W-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hf-sc-
Ip-dh
- m-Wv. B taJ-eb - n-te°v {it≤-ba - mb Ipsd Is≠-Øe - p-Ifpw
\nK-a\ - ß- fpw \S-Øp-hm-\p≈ {ia-amWv Cu {KŸw.
16
hym]vXn
Imen-I-ambn Gsd N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hym]-I-amb hnj-b-
ta-J-e-I-fn-te°v \m\m¿t∞m-¬]m-Z\ £a-X-tbmsS {]h¿Øn-°p-
Ibpw IrXy-amb \n¿h-N\ \n¿Æbw \S-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bmsX\nev°p-
Ibpw sNøp∂ hnj- b - a mWv DØ- c m- [ p- \ n- I - X . B[p- \ n- I -
Xm(Modernism)-hm-Z-Øn\p tijw Bhn¿`-hn-°p-Ibpw a\p-jy-Po-
hn-Xw, \nco-£-Ww, XØz-Nn-¥, kuµ-cy-im-kv{Xw, kmaq-ly-im-
kv{Xw, [\-im-kv{Xw, `qan-im-kv{Xw, Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv taJ-e, Ie,
kmlnXyw XpS-ßnb F√m- hn-jb - ß
- f - nepw kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-Ibpw
B kzm[o-\s - Ø-∏‰ - n-bp≈ N¿®-Ifpw ]T-\ß - fpw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p-∂X - p-amb Hcp {]h-WX - b- mWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - m-hmZw (Post Mod-
ernism). bYm¿∞-Øn¬ khn-ti-ja - mb ka-Im-en-Im-hÿ - sb {]Xn-
\n-[o-Ic - n-°p∂ B¿∞n-Ih - ym-]vXn-bmWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX (Post Mo-
dernity) kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Nne ssk≤m-¥n-I¿ DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xsb
Hcp kmlnXy{]h-WX am{X-ambn ImWp-hm≥ {ian-°p-tºmƒ
a‰pNne XmØzn-Im-Nm-cy-∑m¿ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - sb kmw-kI v m-cnI {]h-
W-X-bmbn hymJym-\n-°p-hm-\mWv CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cw•o-jnse
"t]mÃv tamtU-Wnk'Øn\p Xpey-ambn ae-bm-fØ - n¬ hym]-Ia - mbn
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-ßƒ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - , B[p-\n-tIm-Øc - X
- , AXym-
[p-\n-IX, AXy-¥m-[p-\n-IX, B[p-\n-Im-\¥ - c - X
- XpS-ßnb kw⁄-
I-fmWv.
B[p-\n-IX - s
- b∂ {]tbm-KØ - n\v \q‰m-≠p-If - psS {]tbm-KN - c
- n-
{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv. G‰hpw ]pXn-b-Xns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ ]Z-am-bn-
´mWv B[p-\n-IX F√m-°m-eØpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. B[p-\n-I-
Xbv°v AXns‚ D¤-h-Øn¬ \n¿Æ-bn-®n-cp∂ A¿∞-Øn\v Imem-
17
\p-kr-Xa - mbn kzm`m-hn-Ia - mb ]cn-h¿Ø\w kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂p. Bbn-c-

Øn-sØm-≈m-bn-cØn Adp-]-Xp-Iƒ°p-ti-j-ap≈ khn-ti-j-amb
B[p-\n-Im-hÿ - sb kqNn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ kw⁄-bm-bn-´mWv t]mÃv
tamtU-Wn-k-Øns‚ ]nd-hn. t]mÃv tamtU¨ Ahÿ B[p-\n-I-
X-bn¬\n∂pw hf¿∂Xpw AXn¬\n∂v `n∂-amb Ah-ÿbpw A¥-
co-£-hp-am-Wv. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-sb∂ ]Z-Øn\pw AXns‚ D¤-h-
Øn¬ se…n ^n¬U¿, Ão^≥ tSmƒan≥, sh¿W¿
slbvk≥_¿Kv, dn®m¿Uv tdm¿ń XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ \evInb A¿∞-hym-
Jym-\-Øn¬\n∂pw hf¿∂tXm `n∂-am-btXm Bb A¿∞-amWv
Imen-Ia - mbn \n¿Æ-bn-°s - ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂X - v.
DØ-cm-[p-\n-Im-hÿ F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw kw`-hn-®-Xn-\m¬
kmln-Xy-Ønse DØ-cm-[p-\n-Im-h-ÿ-sb-∏‰n Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ
AXnt‚Xp am{X-amb khn-ti-jX - I- sf ap≥\n-dp-Ønbpw ImtW-≠-
Xp-≠.v DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - bv°v sXm´p-ap-ºp≈ B[p-\n-Ik - m-ln-XysØ
Zp¿{K-l-X-bpsS kmln-Xy-Im-e-L-´-am-bn-´mWv Gsd cmPy-ß-fnepw
I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ ]e-Xp-s≠-∂mWv A`n-⁄-a-
Xw. Ffp-∏Ø - n¬ a\-n-em-Ip∂ IrXn-Iƒ°v aqey-an-s√∂p≈ anYym-
[m-cW ]c-∂p. "_p≤n-Pohn' k¶-ev]-Øn\v Zp¿{K-l-X-bp≈
kmlnXyw Bh-iy-am-sW∂v Hcp hn`mKw hniz-kn-®p. kmlnXyw,
]mfinXyK¿∆v {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ tKmZ-bmbn as‰mcp hn`mKw
I≠p. CsX√mw ]q¿Æ-ambpw Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS `mK-Øp-\n-∂p-ap-≠mb
{]Xn-Ic- W- ß - f - m-bn-cp-∂p. CXns\ AwKo-Ic - n-°p∂ {]Xn-Ic - Ww Hcp
hn`mKw hmb-\° - m-cn¬\n-∂p-ap-≠m-bn. a\-n-em-°p-hm≥ _p≤n-ap-´p≈
IrXn-Iƒ°v ]e-]e hymJym-\-ßƒ \evIn hmb-\-°m-cn¬ Hcp
hn`mKw "_p≤n-bp≈' hmb-\-°m-cm-bn amdphm\p≈ {iaw \S-Øn.
CXns‚ `mK-ambn B[p-\n-IX - b- v°p-tijw {]Xy-£s - ∏´ DØ-cm-[p-
\nI kzm[o-\a - p≈ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ Zp¿{K-la - m-bn-cp-∂p.
Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bm-ØXv \ne-\n-e° v p-s∂∂ Ah-ÿsb
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm-\mbn GsX-¶n-ep-samcp Ie AXns‚ kmt¶-Xn-
Ihpw Ah-Xc - W
- ] - c
- h
- p-amb kt¶-Xß - sf D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬
gmMv {^m≥kzm-tem-Øym¿ AXns\ B[p-\nI Ie-sb-∂mWv hnfn-
°p-∂Xv. CXn¬\n∂pw Aev]w-IqSn "]ptcmKan®' Ah-Xc - W- £
- a- a
- -
√m-Ø-Xns\ Ah-X-c-W-£-a-amb coXn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-
bmWv temØym¿ D-Ø-cm-[p-\n-I-I-e-sb∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. \√ cq]-
ßƒsIm≠v emfn- X y- t ØmsS In´m- h p∂ kuµcyw AXp
\ntj[n°ps∂-∂p-IqSn temØym¿ Iqń-t®¿°p-∂p. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-
18
X-bpsS {]mcw-`-Im-esØ Ah-X-c-W-]-c-amb ¢njvS-X-sb-∏‰n shfn-

hm-°p-hm-\mWv temØym-dpsS A`n-{]mbw kqNn-∏n-®X - v.
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a-ßƒ Pohn-X-Øn¬ sNep-Ønb i‡-
amb kzm[o-\^ - e- a- mbn a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-Xc - o-Xn-bnepw hnizmkk¶-
ev]-ß-fnepw ImX-emb am‰wXs∂ kw`-hn-®p. Cu kaqlw D]-t`m-
K-k-aq-l-ambn hf-cp-Ibpw Adn-hns‚ hym]m-c-Øn\v CXc hym]m-c-
ß-sf-°mƒ {]m[m\yw Gdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ]›m-Øe - Ø - n-emWv
_rl-Zm-Jym-\-ß-fpsS XI¿® kw`-hn-®-Xv. {InkvXo-b-X, am¿Ivkn-
kw, DZm-cX - m-hmZw, km¿h-eu-In-IX - m-hmZw XpS-ßn-bh - s - b√mw _rl-
Zm-Jym-\-ß-fm-Wv. hymh-km-bn-tIm-Øckaq-l-Øns‚ ]nd-hn-bmWv
Cu Ime-Øns‚ as‰mcp khn-ti-jX - . kmt¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zy-bpsS ANn-
¥y-amb apt∂‰w, \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ kw`-hn® XmØznI ]cn-
h¿Ø-\w, ssk≤m-¥n-Ia - mbn hn⁄m-\Ø - n\p e`n® AXn-{]-[m\yw
XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv hyhkmbn-tIm-Øc kaq-l-Øns‚ apJ-ap-{Z-Iƒ.
IΩyq-Wn-t°-j≥ irwJ-eI - f
- psS hym]vXnbpw AXn-{]-kc - hpw A\p-
I-cW- ß- f- psS Xncn-®d - n-bs - ∏-Sm-\m-hmØ hy‡n-Xzhpw Cu Ime-L´- -
Øns‚ `mK-ambn \nev°p-∂p. h¿Ø-am-\I - m-esØ°pdn®v Ncn-{X-]-
c-ambn Nn¥n-°p∂hcpsS Imehpw Ncn-{X-Øn\v IYm-IY - \- c - o-Xn-bn¬
]pØ≥ hymJym-\ß - ƒ sImSp-°p-∂h - c
- psS Ime-hp-am-Wn-Xv. ]c-ky-
ßƒ Pohn-X-Z¿i-\-ßsf krjvSn-°p∂ ImgvN-bpsS kaq-l-am-Wn-
Xv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Cu kaqlw \nc-h[n DØ-cm-[p-\nI k¶-ev]-
ß-fpsS ka-{K-Xb - m-Wv. BXy-¥n-Ia - mb Hcp hni-Ie - \ - Ø - n¬ B[p-
\n-I-X-bn¬\n∂pap≈ Cu hf¿®tbm ]cn-h¿Ø-\tam hy‡-am-
°p∂ Ime-L´- s - Ø-bmWv gmMv {^m≥kz temØym¿, gmMv t_m{Zn-
bm¿, sFlm_v lk≥, s{^{UnIv sPbnw-k¨, Um\n-b¬ _¬
XpS-ßnb ssk≤m-¥n-I¿ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b- mbn ImWp-∂X - v. Ch-cp-
sS-sb√mw ssk≤m-¥n-Ia - mb \nco-£W - ß - f - n-eq-sS-bmWv C∂v DØ-
cm-[p-\n-IX- b- psS hym]vXn Gh-cpw-Xs∂ Bcm-bp-∂X - v. Cu ssk≤m-
¥n-I-cpsS DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ \nco-£-W-ßƒ ]e- Im-cy-
ß-fnepw `n∂-am-Wv. Cu `n∂-X-bmWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xsb kw_-
‘n® ]T-\-Øn¬ ]e-scbpw Bi-b-°p-g-∏-Øn-se-Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \nc-h[n Bi-bß - f - psS ktΩ-f\ - ^- e - a - mb hym]vXn-
bmWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-I{- ]-hW - X {]mZm\w sNøp-∂X - v.
19
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX kXytam anYytbm

DØ-cm-[p-\n-IXsb∂Xv Hcp kXy-amtWm AtXm Hcp anYym-k-¶-
ev]w am{X-amtWm F∂p≈ ktµlw AXns‚ ]T-\-N-cn-{X-Øn¬
]e-t∏m-gmbn IS-∂p-h∂ - n-´p-≠.v DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - sb Hcp kmlnXy{]h-
W-X-bmbn ImWp-∂-hcpw kmwkvIm-cnI {]Xn-`m-k-ambn ImWp-∂-
hcpw ka-Im-enI kml-Nc - y-Øn¬\n∂pw kwPm-Xa - m-Ip∂ Hc-hÿ - -
bmbn Nn{Xo-Ic - n-°p-∂h - c- pap-≠.v bYm¿∞-Øn¬ GIm¿∞-P\ - I- a- mb
Hcp kw⁄-b√ _lp-h¿∞-P-\-I-amb kw⁄-bmWv DØ-cm-[p-
\n-IX- . hyXy-kvXhpw H∂n¬\n∂v XnI®pw `n∂hpw Nne-t∏mƒ hn]-
co-X-amb A¿∞-ßfpw \n¿h-N-\-ßfpw Cu hm°ns‚ B¿∞nI
]T-\t- h-fb- n¬ Is≠-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. Bi-b° - p-g∏ - Ø
- n-s‚bpw cq]-
an-√m-bvab
- p-sSbpw hn]p-ea - mb Hcm¿∞nI afi-ea - mWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-
X-sb∂ kw⁄sb s]mXn-™p-\n¬°p-∂X - .v DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b- psS
hn`n-∂-amb B¿∞nIXe-ß-sf-∏‰n N¿® sNbvX-h-cn¬ {it≤-b-
cmW Nmƒkv P≥Ivkv, se…n ^n¬U¿, sPd¿Uv {Km^v, Upsh
s^m°oa XpS-ßn-bh - ¿.
kmln-Xy-tem-IØv F∂mWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX kw`-hn-®-sX∂v
IrXy-ambn \n¿Æ-bn® hy‡n-bmWv Nmƒkv P≥Ivkv. 1972 Pqsse
15-˛mw XobXn B[p-\n-IX ac-Wa - S- b
- p-Ibpw DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX ]nd-hn-
sb-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-∂mWv Nmƒkv P≥Ivkv ]d-bp-∂X - .v CXn\v
B[m-c-amb hkvXp-X-bmbn anku-dn-kn¬ \S∂ Hcp ssU\-ssa‰v
kvt^mS-\-sØ-bmWv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv tIh-e-amb Hcp
kvt^mS-\-a-√. hcp-am\w Ipd-™-h¿°v Pohn-°p-hm≥th≠n
tIm¿_q-kn-b¿ cq]-Ie - v]\ - s
- N-bvXp \n¿Ωn® {]qbn‰v CutKm F∂
h≥ sIń-S-k-ap-®bw Pohn-X-tbm-Ky-a-√m-Xmbn F∂ Is≠-Ø¬
\SØn ssU\- s sa‰v sh®p XI¿°p- I - b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Nmƒkv
P≥Ivkns‚ \n¿Æ-bsØ ]cn-l-kn®v ]p—n®p X≈p-∂-h¿ Gsd-
bm-Wv. H‰ Znh-kw-sIm≠v Hcp shfn-]m-Sp-t]m-setbm A¤p-X-kr-
jvSn-t]m-setbm cq]-s∏-Sp-∂X - mtWm kmln-Xy-Ønse DØ-cm-[p-\n-
IX? DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xsb \n¿Æ-bn-°p-hm\pw AXns\ kmln-Xym-
¥-co-£-Øn¬ {]Xn-jvTn-°m-\p-ap≈ AXn-hy-{K-X-bpsS ê-amWv
Nmƒkv P≥Ivkns‚ DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ]nd-hnsb kw_-‘n®
Cu Is≠-Ø¬.
DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xsb hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥ {ian-®-Xn-\p-tijw
AXns\ \nc-kn-®p-sIm≠v kmam-\y-P-\-Øns‚ {i≤sb DØ-cm-[p-
20
\nI N¿®-bn-te°v BI¿jn-°p-hm\pw DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-sb-∏‰n

kwkm-cn-°p∂ ]fin-X∑ - msc DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b - psS hnhn[ A¿∞-
X-e-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw AXns‚ t]cnepw \n¿h-N-\-Ønepw AS-ßn-bn-cn-
°p∂ \ncm-k-Øns‚ kz`m-h-sØ-∏‰n hy‡-am-°p-hm\pw {ian®
A°-Z-an-I ]fin-X-\mWv Ae≥ tkmI¬. \yqtbm¿°nse Hcp
k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bnse ^nknIvkv s{]m^-k-dmb Ae≥ tkmI¬
"tkmjy¬ sSIvÃv' F∂ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-te°v Hcp teJ\w
sImSp-Øp. Zp¿{K-lX - sb AXn-ssh-injvSy kuµ-cy-ambn sIm≠mSn
BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂h - ¿ AXns\ Ccp-ssIbpw \oń kzoI-cn-®p. AXp
kzoI-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ {][m\ ImcWw sZcn-Z, eImMv XpS-ßn-bh - c
- psS
hmN-I-ß-fmWv teJ-\-Øn¬ Ae≥ tkmI¬ D≤-cn-®-Xv. teJ-\-
Øns‚ t]cp-Xs∂ {it≤-b-am-Wv 'Transgressing the Boundaries:
Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity.' DØ-
cm-[p-\nI {]h-WX- I - sf Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®v \nc-¥cw teJ-\ß - ƒ {]kn-
≤o-I-cn® {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-amWv "tkmjy¬ sSIvÃv'. teJ\w
N¿®sNø-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Hcp adp-bm-Ym¿∞yw {]Jym-]n-®p-
sIm≠v tkmI¬ cwK-Øp- h-∂p. DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b- psS t]cn¬ _p≤n-
Po-hn-Ifpw A°m-Za - nI ]fin-X∑ - mcpw tN¿∂v km[m-cW - °- msc hgn-
sX-‰n-°p-I-bm-sW∂v tkmI¬ ]tcm-£-ambn hy‡-am-°n. Ah¿
sIm≠m-Sp∂ coXn-bn-ep≈ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b- n-s√∂pw tkmI¬ ]d-
™p. tkmI-ens‚ hmZ-Øn\v DØcw ]d-bm-\m-hmsX Hcp-]‰w "DØ-
cm-[p-\nI XmØzn-I-∑m¿' ]X-dn-\n-∂p. CsXmcp kw`hw am{X-am-Wv.
DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS hf¿®m hym]\ Ncn-{X-Ønse kwL¿j-_-
lp-e-amb kw`-hw. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Cu kw`-h-Øn-\p-tijw DØ-
cm[p\nI kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-If - nse Zp¿{K-lX ]q¿Æ-ambpw amdp-Ibpw
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS cN\ A{X al-Øz-ap≈ Hcp Imcy-a-√m-
XmbnØocp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tkmI¬ kw`hsØ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®v
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX anYy-bm-sW∂v hmZn-°p-∂h - c - p≠v.
Ae≥ tkmI¬ teJ-\-Øn-eqsS ]d-™Xv C{X-am-{X-am-Wv:
kb≥knse, hntijn®v ^nkn-Ivknse, Gsd \nb-a-ßfpw XØz-
ßfpw kmaq-lytam tIh-etam Bb ]cn-Ie - ]v \ - I- fpw `mjm-im-k{v X-
]-c-ambn icn-bmb hm°p-I-fpsS Iq´-hp-am-Wv. ]n∂oSv B teJ\w
tIh-e-samcp Xń-∏m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v tkmI¬Xs∂ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ tkmI-ens‚ "Xń∏v' bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ adp-]pdw
Bcm-bp∂ adp-bm-Ym¿∞y-am-sW∂v DØ-cm-[p-\n-I¿ hy‡-am-°n.
ChnsS kXyhpw anYybpw XΩn-ep≈ AIew Ipd-bp-∂-Xm-bn´v
21
ImWmw. Iev]-\bpw bmYm¿∞yhpw XΩn-ep≈ AIew Ipd-bp-∂-

Xmbn ImWmw. H∏w-Xs∂ apºp-≈-Xns‚ \ntj[w Imen-I-amb
bmYm¿∞y-ambn Xocp-∂X - mbpw ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. imkv{X-Ønse
Iev]-\-Ifpw \nco-£-W-ßfpw Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn ]cn-h¿Ø-\-hn-
t[-ba- m-Ip-∂X
- m-sW∂ hkvXp-Xbpw ChnsS tNmZyw-sN-øs - ∏-Sm≥ Ign-
bp∂ coXn-bn¬ Bhn-jvIc - n-°s - ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - s
- b∂p hnfn-°p∂ {]h-WX Imem-\p-kr-Xa - mbn
\n¿h-N\ - Ø
- nepw \nco-£W - Ø - nepw ]cn-h¿Ø-\Ø - n\v hnt[-ba - m-W.v
G‰hpw ]pXn-bXpw apºp-≈X - n¬\n∂v hyXy-kvXh - p-amb kmwkvIm-
cnI kmln-Xym-hÿ - I - s- fbpw CXc Ah-ÿI - s
- fbpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂
Gsd A¿∞-hym-]vXn-bp≈ kw⁄-bmWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X. AXp-
sIm≠v Nne \n¿h-N\ - ß- f - psS hrØ-{K-lØ - n-\p-≈n¬ \n¿Øn DØ-
cm-[p-\n-I-Xsb kn≤m-¥-h¬°-cn-°p-hm≥ \S-Øp∂ {ia-ßƒ DNn-
X-a√
- . AXv B {]h-WX - b - p-sSbpw kw⁄-bp-sSbpw B¿∞n-Ih - ym-
]vXnsb sX‰n-≤c - n-°p-Is - b-bp-≈q.
amdp∂ A¿∞-Xe
- ß
- ƒ
B[p-\nI kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-If - psS Zp¿{K-lX I≠v `b-∂p-\n∂ hmb-
\-°mcpw Nne Fgp-Øp-Imcpw DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS {]mcw-`-L-´-
Ønse AXn-Zp¿{K-lX I≠v icn°pw a\w-aS- p-Øp-\n-∂p. Nne Fgp-
Øp-Im¿ cN-\-bpsS taJ-e-bn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ amdn-\n-∂p. km[m-cW
hmb-\-°m-c≥ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS ]mcm-b-W-Øn¬\n∂pw AI-
∂p-Xp-Sß- n. Ah¿°v \n¿tem`w Bkz-Zn-°p-hm≥ Zp¿{K-lX - b
- p-sSbpw
"_p≤n-Pohn' \mSy-Øn-s‚bpw ]mWvUn-Xy-K¿∆n-s‚bpw AI-ºS- n-bn-
√mØ ]pØ≥ Bkzm-Z-\-ta-J-e-Iƒ Iäp-ºn¬Øs∂ Gsd-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. sSen-hn-j\ - n-eqsS FØp∂ Zriy-IY - m-Nn-{X-ßƒ, hm¿Øm-
Nn-{X-ßƒ, {lkz-Nn-{X-ßƒ, hnhn-[-Xcw kwKo-X-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ XpS-
ßn-bh - bpw kvt]m¿Svkv, sKbnwkv hnt\m-Zß - fpw hoUntbm sKbnw
XpS-ßn-bh - b
- p-sa√mw ]pØ≥ hnt\m-tZm-]m-[n-IƒXs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
hmkvXh - Ø
- n¬ C‚¿s\‰v AXn-cp-If - n-√mØ Adn-hn-s‚bpw B\-µ-
Øn-s‚bpw as‰mcp Imen-Ia - m-≤y-aa- mbn amdn-°g - n-™p. Pohn-XØ - n\v
thKX Gdp-Ibpw B\-µ-Øn\v a‰p am[y-a-ßƒ kpe-`-ambn e`n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXt- ∏mƒ A≤zm-\hpw ka-bh - y-bhpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂
hmb-\sb ]cn-an-Xs - ∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ A\p-hm-NI - \v c≠m-as - Xm∂v Btem-
Nn-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂n-√.
22
kmln-Xy-hm-b\ - b- n¬\n∂pw N¿®-If - n¬\n∂pw ]T-\Ø - n¬\n∂pw

AI-∂p-Xp-S-ßn-b-hsc B taJ-e-bn-te°v FØn-t°≠ Ahÿ
Fgp-Øp-Im-c\ - n¬ \n£n-]X v a- m-bn. hmb-\° - m-cn-√mØ IrXn-Iƒ aqey-
an-√mØ tIh-es - amcp ]‰w hm°p-If - psS Iq´w am{X-am-sW∂v Ah¿
a\-n-em-°n. Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ aqey-sØbpw AkvXn-Xz-sØbpw
\n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂X - n¬ hmb-\b - v°p≈ ]¶v A\n-tj-[y-am-Wv. Fgp-Øp-
Im¿ km[m-cW - °- m-c\v a\-n-em-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ Ahsc BI¿jn®v
B\-µn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ hn[-Øn¬ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cNn-®p-Xp-S-
ßn. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-°p-hm≥ A®Snam[y-aß - s - f-t∏m-
se(Printed Medias) ]pXnb am[y-a-amb C‚¿s\‰pw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-
Xp-Sß- n. ssk_¿ kmln-Xy-Øn\v(Cyber Literature)]pØ≥ \n¿h-
N-\ß- fpw Bhn-jI v m-cØ
- n¬ ]pØ≥ coXn-Ifpw {]tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-Sß - n
(ssk-_¿ kmln-Xy-sa-∂m¬ C‚¿s\-‰nse sh_vssk-‰p-I-fn¬
{]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ IrXn-Iƒ Ft∂ A¿∞-ap-≈q). Cu L´w DØ-
cm-[p-\n-IX- b
- p-sS-Xs∂ Hcp ]cn-h¿Ø-\L - ´- a
- m-Wv.
Fgp-Øp-Im¿ hmb-\-°msc BI¿jn-°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-amb
coXn-Iƒ ]eXpw Bcm-™p-Xp-Sß - n. Aßs\ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX hmb-
\-°m-c\v ]c-a-{]-[m-\-amb ÿm\-amWv sImSp-°p-∂-Xv. hmb-\-°m-
c\v ]c-a-{]-[m-\-amb ÿm\w e`n-®-tXmsS Fgp-Øp-Im¿ hmb-\-
°m¿°p-th≠n Fgp-Xp-∂-h-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p. ChnsS Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥
D¬]m-ZI - \pw hmb-\° - m-c≥ D]-t`m-‡h - p-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ib
- m-W.v D]-t`m-
‡m-hn-\p-th≠n kmlnXyD¬]-∂ß - ƒ krjvSn-°p∂ D¬]m-ZI - c
- mbn
cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ kzbw-Xs∂ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-s∏-´p. Cu ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-
\p≈ as‰mcp Imcyw kmlnXycN-bn-Xm-°-fpsS s]cp-∏-am-Wv.
bYm¿∞Øn-en-XmWv kmln-Xy-ta-Je - b - n¬ kw`-hn® ]pXnb DØ-
cm-[p-\n-Im-hÿ- .
DØ-cm-[p-\nIkaqlw
DØ-cm-[p-\nIkaqlw hyh-km-bm-\-¥ckaq-l-am-Wv. Cu kaqlw
]q¿Æ-ambpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a-ß-fpsS kzm[o-\-h-e-b-Øn-em-
Wv. hyh-km-bm-\¥ - ckaq-lØ - ns‚ khn-ti-jX - I
- s
- f-∏‰n Um\n-b¬
_¬ (Daniel Bell) ]d-bp-∂Xv hniz-k\ - o-bhpw {it≤-bh - p-am-W.v 'The
Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting'
F∂ {KŸ-Øn-emWv _¬ DØ-cm-[p-\nIkaq-lØ - ns‚ khn-ti-j-
X-Iƒ hni-Zo-Ic
- n-°p-∂X
- .v DØ-cm-[p-\nI N¿®-Iƒ°pw Nn¥-Iƒ°pw
B°w Iq´p-hm≥ D]-I-cn-°p∂ as‰mcp {it≤-b-amb {KŸ-amWv
23
temØym-dns‚ 'The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge'.

DØ-cm-[p-\n-Ik - a
- q-ls - Ø-∏‰- nbpw Ah-ÿs - b-∏‰- nbpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂
{KŸ-ßƒ Gsd-bm-Wv. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-k-aq-l-sa¥msW∂v NphsS
kw£n-]vXa - mbn hy‡-am-°mw.
Iw]yq-´¿, knw]yq-´¿, C‚¿s\-‰v, CXc Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a-
ßƒ XpS-ßnb imkv{Xm-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-bn-tIm-]I - c
- W
- ß - ƒ a\p-
jy-Po-hn-XsØ Bg-Øn¬ kzm[o-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. CXns‚ ê-ambn
ap≥⁄m-\-ta-J-e-bn¬\n∂pw hf¿∂ Hcp _rlXv ⁄m\-ta-J-e-
a\p-jy¿°n-Sb - n¬ hf¿∂n-´p-≠.v bYm¿∞Øn¬ Adn-hns‚ Af-hn\v
Hcp IpXn-®p-Nm-´w-Xs - ∂-bmWv kw`-hn-®X - v. Hmtcm hnj-bs - Ø-∏‰ - n-bp-
ap-≠m-Ip∂ ]T-\-ßƒ, \nco-£-W-ßƒ, Kth-j-W-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-
hbpw ]e hnj-b-ßsf Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ ]T-\-ßƒ, \nco-
£-W-ßƒ, Kth-j-W-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw Adn-hns‚ taJ-esb
kvt^mS-\m-fl-I-ambn hf¿Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb aX-hn-izm-
k-ßfpw kmaqly-hn-izm-k-k-¶-ev]-ßfpw ]pXnb Xe-ap-dsb Imcy-
ambn _m[n-°p-∂n-√. Ah¿ ]pØ≥ Adn-hns‚ taJ-e-I-fn-eqsS
"t•m_¬ hnt√-Pn's‚ `mK-am-bn-´mWv hf-cp-∂X - v. ]c-ky-ßƒ F√m
hkvXp-°f - p-sSbpw hn]-W\ - sØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ {][m\ LS-Ia - mbn
Xo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CXc D¬]-∂-ßƒt]m-se-Xs∂ Iebpw kmln-
Xyhpw hn]-W\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\mbn ]c-ky-ß-fpsS klmbw tXSp-
∂p. kuµ-cy-Øn\pw AXns‚ sshhn-[y-Øn\pw ]pØ≥ Zriy-\n¿h-
N-\-ßƒ sImSp-°p∂ ]c-ky-ßƒ Iem-kr-jvSn-Isft∏mse-Xs∂
Bkz-Zn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Cu ]c-ky-ßƒ°v kuµcy
D¬]m-Z-\-£-a-amb Ie-I-fpsS ÿm\-amWv Iev]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
hmkvXh - Ø- n¬ Gsd ]c-ky-ßƒ°pw In\m-®¥ - a- m-Wp-≈Xv.
AXym-[p-\n-I-ku-I-cy-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb ssk_¿ sk‚-dp-Iƒ,
tlm´¬ irwJ-e-Iƒ, kq∏¿ kvs]jym-en‰n tlmkv]n-‰-ep-Iƒ,
BUw-_c hml-\-ßƒ, D∂X hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ, Gsd
kuI-cy-ßƒ {]Zm\w sNøp∂ hr≤aµn-c-ßƒ XpS-ßnb tkh-\-
ta-J-e-I-fpsS hf¿®m-hn-Imkw A¤p-Xm-h-l-am-Wv. Im¿jn-I-ta-J-
e-bn¬ kw`-hn® b{¥-h-XvI-c-Ww A≤zm-\-`mcw Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw
Imcy-£a - X h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ as‰mcp hnπ-ha - m-bn-cp-∂p.
]gb _p≤n-Pohn kaqlw F∂ k¶ev]w ]msS ]n¥-≈-s∏-´p-
I-gn-™p. ]cn-{i-a-Øn-eqsS Adnhv B¿°pw B¿÷n-°m-sa-∂m-bn.
Adnhpw A¿l-X-bp-ap-≈-h¿°v kaq-l-Øn¬ ÿm\hpw AwKo-Im-
chpw tPmenbpw In´p∂ Ahÿ kwPm-X-am-bn. "_p≤n-Pohn' ]cn-
24
th-j-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ A≤ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw imkv{X-⁄-cp-sSbpw

Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sSbpw \ne-\n¬]v XpS¿]-T\ - ß
- f - n-√msX km≤y-as - √∂
\ne h∂p. ]pXnb Xe-apd Ch-sc-°mƒ Imcy-{]m-]vXnbpw Adn-hp-
Iƒ B¿Pn-s®-Sp-°p-∂X - n¬ thK-Xb - p-ap-≈h - c
- m-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
a\p-jy¿ b{¥-ßsf ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xp-t]mse as‰m-c-\p-
]m-XØ- n¬ b{¥-ßƒ a\p-jysc ssIImcyw sNøp-∂p-≠v. b{¥-hp-
ambn _u≤n-I-kw-hmZw \S-Øp-∂-h-cmWv ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bn-ep-≈-
h¿. Ah¿ Iw]yq-´-dp-ambn sNv Ifn-°p-∂p. No´v Ifn-°p-∂p, a‰v
\nc-h[n hnt\m-Zß
- f- n¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p.
apºv `mh-\-bn¬ am{Xw I≠n-cp∂ ]e Imcy-ßfpw C∂v Pohn-
X-Ønepw km≤y-am-Ip-sa-∂X - mWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b- psS A¥-co-£w.
A≤zm\w Ipd-bp-Ibpw B\-µ-˛-B-kzm-Z-\-ta-J-e-Iƒ Gdp-Ibpw
sNbvX-XmWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS C\n-sbmcp êw. ]pXp-
abv°pta¬ AXnepw Db¿∂ ]pXp-ab - psS {]h¿Ø-\tam hym]-\tam
BWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-Im-hÿ {]Xn-ê - n-∏n-°p-∂X - v. ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-
®Xv DØ-cm-[p-\n-Ik
- a - q-ls
- Ø-∏‰- n-bp≈ hfsc kw£n-]vXa - mb Hcp
hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ am{X-am-Wv. kmln-Xyhpw Iebpw F∂pw kaq-l-
Øns‚ {]Xn-^-e-\-ßƒXs∂-bm-Wv. Cu DØ-cm-[p-\nI kmaq-ly-
]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬\n∂v DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-sØ-∏‰n Nn¥n-°p-
∂-XmWv bp‡w.
DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-km-lnXyw
hmb-\-°mcs\ BI¿jn-°p-hm≥th≠n Fgp-Xp∂ DØ-cm-[p-
\n-I-km-ln-Xy-Øn\v kuµ-cym-\p-`qXn Df-hm-°p-hm\pw ckn-∏n-°p-
hm\pw Ign-bp-∂p. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ ]c-ky-{]-N-c-W-
ßƒ°v {]mapJyw \¬Ip-∂-h-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-
km-ln-Xy-ßƒ°v s]mXp-hm-sbmcp hym]vXn-bn-√mbva AYhm Bg-
an-√mbva A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠∂v s{^{UIv sPbnw-k¨ hy‡-am-
°p-∂p-≠v. hmkvXh - Ø
- n¬ CXn¬ Akm-[m-cW - a
- m-sbm-∂p-an-√. Hcp
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bpsS hym]vXn a\-n-em-°p-hm\pw AXns‚ Bg-ß-
fn-te°v Cd-ßn-s®-√p-hm\pw s]mXpsh Gsd hmb-\° - mcpw an\-s°-
Sm-dn-√. hym]vXn-bp≈ IrXn-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-hm\pw AXns‚ Bg-ß-
fn¬ \nc-h[n A¿∞-Xe - ß- ƒ \nKq-l\w sNbvXp-h® - n-cn-°p∂ hn[-
Øn¬ IrXnsb kwhn-[m\w sNøp-hm≥ Fgp-Øp-Imcpw ka-bh - ybw
\S-Øm-dn-√. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-krjvSn, AXv Ie-bm-bmepw kmln-Xy-
am-bmepw, CXc D¬]-∂ß - f- m-bmepw AXns\ Hcp hymh-km-bn-tIm-
25
¬]-∂-am-bn-´mWv ImWp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v A≤zm-\-°p--dhpw aqe-[-

\-°p-dh - p-ap≈ hkvXp-°ƒ krjvSn®v hn]-W\w sNbvXv em`-ap-≠m-
°p-∂-Xn-\mWv {]mapJyw sImSp-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bpsS
Imcy-Øn-em-Ip-tºmƒ {]i-kX v n°pw em`w-t]m-se-Xs - ∂-bp≈ ÿm\-
ap-≠v. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ CØcw hkvXp-°f - psS aqeyhpw kuµ-cyhpw
\n¿Æ-bn®v {]N-cn-°p-∂X - n¬ Itºm-fi - ‡ - n-Iƒ°v Gsd {][m-\a - mb
ÿm\-am-Wp-≈X - .v Cu ]›m-Øe - Ø- n-emWv gmMv t_m{µn-bm-dn-s‚bpw
tdmWmƒUv k°o-\n-°n-s‚bpw \nco-£-W-ßƒ°v {]k-‡n-tb-dp-
∂-X.v
t_m{µn-bm¿ A\p-Ic - W
- ß- f- psS kaq-la - m-bn-´mWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-
I-k-aq-lsØ ImWp-∂-Xv. Cu kaq-l-Øns‚ krjvSn-Iƒ _lp-`q-
cn-]-£hpw A\p-I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. apºp-≈-Xn-s‚tbm kao-]-Im-eØv
krjvSn-®-Xn-s‚tbm A\p-I-c-W-ßƒ. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-k-aqlw A\p-
I-c-W-k-aq-l-am-Ip-tºmƒ B kaq-l-Øns‚ krjvSn-bmb kmln-
Xy-Ønepw A\p-Ic - W
- Ø- ns‚ hy‡-amb kzm[o\w Z¿in-°m-sa∂v
t_m{µn-bm¿ ]d-bp-∂p. k°n-\n-°ns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬, ]pXnb
kmlnXyw bYm¿∞y-Øns‚ A\p-I-c-W-sa-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ kmln-
Xy-Øns‚Xs∂ A\p-I-c-W-am-Wv. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬\n∂pw
hkvXp-°sf hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-kr-jvSn-k-t¶-
X-ßf - n¬ A\p-Ic - W- ß- f- psS "Iem-]c - a
- mb' coXn Z¿in-°m-hp-∂X - m-
Wv. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-k-t¶-X-a-\p-k-cn®v krjvSn-°p∂ hkvXp-°-fpsS
aqeyhpw hym]vXnbpw am[y-a-{]-Nm-c-W-Ønepw D]-t`m-K-{I-a-Ønepw
A[n-jvTn-Xa - m-Wv. CXns\ Imem-\p-kr-Xa - mbn hf-cp∂ DØ-cm-[p-\n-
I-Xb - psS hym]vXn-bmbn ]cn-KW - n-®m¬ aXn.
kmln-Xy-`mj
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX A\p-I-c-W-Øns‚ am{X-a√ ka-\z-b-Øn-s‚bpw
Ime-L´- a- m-sW∂v a\x-im-kv{X-⁄\ - mb Um\n-b¬ tKmƒam≥ hne-
bn-cp-Øp-∂p. _p≤nbpw hnIm-chpw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv a\p-jy≥ Pohn-
°p-∂Xpw kml-N-cy-ß-tfmSv {]Xn-I-cn°p∂-Xpw. _p≤n Xe-t®m-dn-
s‚bpw hnImcw lrZ-b-Øn-s‚bpw `mj-bmbn hymJym-\n-°-s∏-ń-cn-
°p-∂p. hymh-km-bn-I-kw-kvImcw a\p-jys‚ _p≤n-Iu-i-e-Øn\p
\¬Inb A[o-iXzw a\p-jy-_‘ - ß- f - nse bm{¥n-IX
- z-Øn\pw A\y-
Ym-Xz-Øn\pw hgn-sbm-cp-°n. Pohn-Xh - n-Pb
- Ø
- ns‚ ka-hm-Iy-ßf- n¬
hy‡n-_-‘-ßfpw IpSpw-_-_‘ßfpw A{]-k-‡-am-bn. Hmtcm-cp-
26
Ø¿°pw Ah-tcmSp am{X-ambn Iqdv. kmln-Xy-ta-Je - b

- nepw CXns‚
kzm[o\w—hnti-jn®v _u≤nI-Nn-¥m-co-Xn-bp-sS-—Z- ¿in-°p-hm≥ Ign-
bpw. CØcw IrXn-Iƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-hm≥ Db¿∂ ⁄m\hpw
_u≤nI-km-∂n-≤yhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
hyh-km-bm-\-¥-c-k-aqlw _u≤nI-Xsb AXn-{]-[m-\-ambn
ImWp-s∂-¶nepw Hcp Xncn-®-dn-hns‚ shfn-]m-Sn¬s∏´v ho≠pw lrZ-
b-Øns‚ `mj-bn-te-°(v s - sh-Im-cn-IX- b
- n-te-°)v Xncn-®p-hc- p-hm≥ {ian-
°p-I-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ tIh-e-amb Hcp Xncn-®p-h-c-h√ DØ-cm-[p-\n-
I¿ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. lrZ-b-Øn-s‚bpw Xe-t®m-dn-s‚bpw `mj-I-sf(-
hn-Im-chpw _p≤n-bpw) ka-\z-bn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Xncn-®p-h-c-hmWv
e£yw-h-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Um\n-b¬ tKmƒam≥ Cu `mjsb DØ-cm-
- a∂v hnti-jn-∏n®v AXn\v 'Emotional Intelligence Language'
[p-\n-Is
F∂v t]cn-ń-cn-°p-∂p. CXns\ sshIm-cn-I-_p-≤n-bpsS `mj-sb∂v
ae-bm-fØ - n¬ ]d-bmw. DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-kr-jSv n-bn¬ {]k-‡a - mbn
\n¬°p∂ `mj-sb-∏‰n hy‡-am-°p-hm-\mWv sshIm-cn-I_ - p-≤n-bpsS
`mj-sb-∏‰n ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-®X- .v sshIm-cn-I_- p-≤n-bpsS `mj F√m
DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-ß-fnepw {]k-‡-am-sW∂p sX‰n-≤-cn-°-cp-Xv.
sshIm-cnI _p≤n-bpsS `mjbpw DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b
- psS `mK-am-sW∂p
a\-n-em-°n-bm¬ aXn.
27
28
]mT-kr-jvSn-bpsS A¥-co£w
]mT-ßƒ B¿°pw krjvSn®v hn]-W\w sNøm-sa-∂p-ap-≈Xv
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b - psS khn-ti-jX - b- m-Wv. ]T-\hpw ]cn-Nb - hpw Cu
]mT-krjvSn-bn¬ {]k-‡-ambn \nev°p-∂p-sb-∂p-am-{Xw. DØ-cm-[p-
\n-IX- b
- nse ]mT-kr-jSv nsb ]pXp-]m-Tk - r-jSv n-sb∂pw adp-]mTkrjvSn-
sb∂pw {][m-\a - mbn c≠m-bn X - n-cn-°mw. as‰m-∂n-s‚bpw kzm[o-\a - n-
√msX kzX-{¥-ambn krjvSn-°p∂ ]mT-ßf - mWv ]pXp-]m-Tß - ƒ. DØ-
cm-[p-\n-I-Xsb kw_-‘n® kn≤m-¥-ßƒ Gsdbpw ]pXp-]m-T-kr-
jvSn°v DZm-lc - W- ß - f
- m-Wv. as‰m-∂n-s\bpw B{i-bn-°msX ]pØ≥
Bi-bß - ƒ kzoI-cn®v cNn-°p∂ IY-Iƒ, Ihn-XI - ƒ, t\mh-ep-Iƒ,
\mS-I-ßƒ Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw ]pXp-]m-T-ß-fm-Wv.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ CØcw ]mT-ßƒ DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bn¬ ]cn-an-X-
amWv.
adp-]m-Tk - r-jvSn-bmWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b- psS apJ-ap-{Z. F¥mWv
adp-]m-Tk - r-jvSn. Hcp ]mT-Øn¬\n∂v (]mTw IY-tbm t\mh-tem Ihn-
X-tbm \ncq-]-Wtam F¥p-am-Imw) Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-hmØ hn[-Øn¬
Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam ]mT-ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ Iui-e-sØ-bmWv
adp-]m-Tk - r-jvSn-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂X - v. adp-]m-Tk- r-jvSnsb Iebpw Iui-
ehpw HØn-Wß - nb k¿§m-flI {]h¿Ø-\a - m-bn-´mWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-
I¿ AwKo-Ic - n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXp-sIm≠v CXns\ tIh-ea - mb A\p-
I-cW- a - mbn DØ-cm-[p-\n-I¿ ImWp-∂n-√.
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn, Iem-cq-]w, CXc DXv]∂ - ß- ƒ XpS-ßn-bh - bv°v
Ime-L´- Ø - ns‚ khn-ti-jX - I- f - n¬\n∂pw Ne-\ß - f - n¬\n∂pw thdn´v
\nev°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. cN-bn-Xm-hn-eqsS As√-¶n¬ DXv]m-Z-I-
\n-eqsS kmln-Xy-IrXn As√-¶n¬ CXc D¬]-∂ß - ƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-
∂Xv Ime-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX - I- s - f-bm-W.v DØ-cm-[p-\nI kaq-lsØ
29
A\p-I-c-W-ß-fpsS kaq-l-am-bn-´m-Wt√m t_m{Zn-bm¿ ImWp-∂-Xv.

Cu DØ-cm-[p-\nI kaqlw B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øn¬\n∂pw `n∂-am-
Wv. B[p-\nI Ime-L-´-Ønse {it≤b hkvXp-°-fm-bn-cp∂
bmYm¿∞yw, DXv]m-Z-\w, A[n-Imcw XpS-ßn-bh A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-
Ibpw ]Icw A\p-I-c-Ww, ]I¿∏p-Iƒ, AXn-bm-Ym¿∞yw, D]-t`m-
K-kw-kvImcw XpS-ßnb ]pXnb DØ-cm-[p-\n-Im-hÿ Bhn¿`-hn-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-∂mWv t_m{Zn-bm¿ hy‡-am-°p-∂X - v.
DØ-cm-[p-\nI bpK-Ønse A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z\ coXnsb {it≤-
bamb Hcp ho£-W-Zn-i-bn-eq-sS-bmWv t_m{Zn-bm¿ ImWp-∂-Xv.
Ahsb ]I¿∏p-Iƒ (Simulacra), A\pI-cWw (Simulation), AXnbm-
Ym¿∞yw (Hyperreality) F∂mWv t_m{Zn-bm¿ \n¿Æ-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.
A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z-\-£-a-amb hyh-ÿ-bn¬ kw`-h-ß-sfbpw
hkvXp-X-I-sfbpw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv Ah-bpsS Nn”-ß-fm-Wv. Ncn-
{X-hn-Im-k-Øns‚ Hcp L´-Øn¬ A¿∞-Øn¬\n∂pw bmYm¿∞y-
Øn¬\n∂pw Ah-bpsS A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z\ Nn”-ßƒ th¿s]-´p-\n-
ev°p∂ Hc-hÿ kw`-hn-°p-∂p. Cßs\ th¿s]-Sp-Ø-s∏´
A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z\ Nn”-ßƒ ]p\cp-Xv]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-tºm-gmWv
"]I¿∏p-Iƒ' krjvSn°s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂v t_m{Zn-bm¿ ]d-bp-∂p.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ bmYm¿∞y-hp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ A¿t∞m-Xv]m-
Z\ Nn”-ß-fpsS ka-{K-cq-]-am-Wn-h. Ncn{Xw hnc¬Øp-ºn¬ hnS-
cp∂ IY-Iƒt]m-se-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp Ncn-{X-Øn\v H∂n-e-[nIw
BJym-\ß - ƒ hcp-∂p. Cu BJym-\ß - ƒ bYm¿∞ Ncn-{X-Øns‚
]I¿∏p-If - m-Wv.
H∂n¬\n∂v AXp-t]m-se-bp≈ as‰m∂v ]I¿∏m-sW∂p tXm∂m-
Ø-hn-[Ø - n¬ krjvSn-°p-∂X - mWv A\p-Ic - W
- w. DXv]m-Z\w b{¥-h-
XvIr-X-am-b-tXmsS H∂ns‚ "bYm¿∞' ]I¿∏p-Iƒ F{X-th-W-sa-
¶nepw krjvSn-°p-hm≥ _p≤n-ap-ń-√. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ CØcw
A¿t∞m-X] v m-Z\ ]I¿∏p-If - mWv A\p-Ic - W
- ß - ƒ. Hcp b{¥Øns‚
F{X ]I¿∏p-I-sf -th-W-sa-¶nepw BZy-tØ-Xns‚ KpW-tØmsS
krjvSn-°mw. Hcp {KŸ-Øns‚ F{X {]Xn-Iƒ thW-sa-¶nepw BZy-
tØ-Xns‚ KpW-tØmsS krjvSn-°mw. CØcw ]I¿∏p-I-sf-bmWv
t_m{Zn-bm¿ A\p-Ic - W
- s
- a∂v hyh-lc - n-°p-∂X - .v b{¥-ßf - psS klm-
b-tØmsS krjvSn-°p∂ ]I¿∏p-Ifpw A√msX krjvSn-°p∂
]I¿∏p-I-fp-ap-≠v.
bmYm¿∞y-sØ-°mƒ i‡-amb as‰mcp bmYm¿∞ysØ DXv]m-
Zn-∏n-°p∂ A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z-\-amWv AXn-bm-Ym¿∞yw. DXv]m-Zn-∏n-
30
°p∂ A¿∞w ASn-ÿm\ A¿∞-Øns‚ (bm-Ym¿∞y-Øn-s‚)

Akm-∂n≤yw ad-®p-h-bv°p-∂p. AXn-bm-Ym¿∞y-krjvSn icn-bmb
A\p-Ic - W
- Ø - ns‚ DØcm[p-\nI Ime-L´- a - m-sW-∂mWv t_m{Zn-bm¿
]d-bp-∂Xv. Cu DØ-cm-[p-\nI A\p-I-c-W-Øns‚ XnI™ amXr-
I-bmbn t_m{Zn-bm¿ FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°p-∂Xv Ata-cn-°-bn-ep≈
Unkv\n-em‚n-s\-bm-Wv. Unkv\n-em‚ v `mh-\m-kr-jvSa - m-Wv. Unkv\n-
em‚n¬ \nev°p∂ Hcmƒ°v AXv `mh-\m-kr-jvS-am-sW∂v tXm∂p-
I-bm-sW-¶n¬Øs∂ AXn\p Np‰p-ap≈ temkvB - ©- ¬kpw AXns\
Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Ata-cn-°bpw bYm¿∞ temI-amtWm? As√-¶n¬
Aßs\ [cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Unkv\n-em‚n\v Ign-bp-∂p. Ata-cn° A\p-
I-cW- ß
- f - psS temI-am-sW∂ hkvXpX Abm-Ym¿∞y krjvSn-bmb
Unkv\n-em‚ v ad-bv°p-∂p. kmaq-ly-L-S\ \oXn-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-
sW∂p tXm∂n-°p-hm≥th≠n \oXn-]o-Tß - ƒ krjvSn-°p∂Xpt]m-
se-bm-Wn-Xv. AXn-bm-Ym¿∞yw krjvSn®v bmYm¿∞y-am-sW∂p [cn-
∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
C\n \mem-as - Xmcp coXn-bn-ep≈ A¿t∞m-X] v m-Z\
- s- Ø-∏‰ - n-°qSn
t_m{Zn-bm¿ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠.v H∂n-s\bpw ]cm-a¿in-°msX krjvSn-
°p∂ Nn”-ßƒ (hkvXp°ƒ) AXns‚ A¿∞-{]-k-cWw F√m
taJ-eb - n-te°pw hym]n-°p-∂p. krjvSn-°p∂ A¿∞w AXn-s‚-Xs∂
]I¿∏mb Ah-ÿ. Cu A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z\w DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS
hf¿®m-Nc - n-{X-Øn¬ kw`-hn® hnπ-hI - c
- a
- mb Hcp ]cn-h¿Ø-\a - m-Wv.
Cu A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z-\-co-Xn-sb-∏‰n t_m{Zn-bm¿ hy‡-am-sbm∂pw
XpS¿∂p ]d-bp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Cu A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z-\-co-
Xn-sb-∏‰n A[n-Is - am∂pw hy‡-hp-a√- .
kmln-tXy-Xc A¥-co£w
_tbm sSIvt\m-fPn (Bio technology), P\n-‰nIvkv F©n-\n-bd- nMv (Ge-
netics Engineering), t¢mWnMv (Cloning), dnthgvkv F©n-\n-b-dnMv
(Reverse Engineering) XpS-ßnb kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ Pohn-XØ - ns‚
kakvX taJ-eI - f- nepw hnizm-kk
- ¶
- e
- v]ß
- f- nepw at\m-`m-hØ
- nepw
sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w Ah¿Æ-\o-bhpw A\n¿Æ-b-\o-b-hp-am-Wv.
_tbm-sS-Itv \m-fP
- n-bpsS klm-bt- ØmsS krjvSn-°p∂ `£y-hk - X
v p-
°ƒ P\-ß-fpsS BtcmKyw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw tcmK-ßsf XS-bp-
Ibpw cmPysØ AXn-th-KØ - n¬ ]ptcm-KX - n-bn-te°v \bn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p. Cu kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-eqsS Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ kky-
31
ß-fp-sSbpw sNSn-If - p-sSbpw DXv]m-Z\ - £

- a - X hf-sc-tb-sd-bm-Wv. D]-
t`m-‡m-°ƒ°p Ipd™ sNe-hn¬ ta∑-bp≈ `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ
e`n-°p-∂p. \√ `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ A≤zm-\-`m-c-Øns‚ Ipd-thmsS
e`y-am-Ip-∂-tXmsS £ma-Øns‚ A¥yw kw`-hn-°p-Ibpw CX-c-{]-
h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°mbn Gsd kabw e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
Pohn-I-fpsS kz`mh hnti-j-X-I-fn¬ th≠ t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ hcp-
Øp∂ coXn-bmWv sP\-‰nIvkv F©n-\n-b-dn-Mv. Hcp Po\ns‚ LS-\-
bntem ÿm\-Øntem Nne am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øntbm Ir{Xna Un.-F≥.F
D]-tbm-Knt®m BWv Cu am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øp-∂X - v. Un.-F≥.F bnse
{][m\ LS-I-ß-fmWv Po\p-Iƒ. AXn-\m¬ Ahbv°v am‰w hcp-
Øn-b-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ Un.-F≥.F sb dnt°m-ºn-\‚ v Un.-F≥.F
F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Poh-im-kv{X-cw-KØpw sshZy-im-kv{X-cw-KØpw
dnt°m-ºn-\‚ v Un.-F≥.F X{¥w (Technique) hnπhw krjvSn-®p-I-
gn-™p. GsXmcp Pohn-bp-sSbpw Hmtcm Po\pw th¿Xn-cn®v Ah-bpsS
kz`mhw \n¿Æ-bn-°m-sa∂pw Ah-bpsS t¢mWp-Iƒ D≠m-°m≥
km[n-°p-sa-∂p-≈Xpw Kth-jW - c- w-KsØ as‰mcp DZm-Øa - mb Is≠-
Ø-em-Wv. a\p-jy\p {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-amb amwky-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-
Øn-\mbn Un.-F≥.F koIz≥kpIƒ, _mIvSo-cn-b, boÃv apX-em-b-
h-bpsS a¿Ω-Øn¬ Iqń-t®¿Øv ip≤-amb DXv]∂ - ß- ƒ A]-cn-an-X-
ambn DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°mw. "Po≥ am‰n-hb - v°¬' F∂ tcmK NnIn-’b - psS
{]tbm-Kw-aqew Bh-iy-amb Un.-F≥.F kzoIz≥kp-Iƒ Ah-bn-
√mØ Pohn-I-fn¬ Iqń-t®¿Øv B Pohn-bn¬ t\csØ D≠m-bn-
cp∂ Ipd-hp-Iƒ ]cn-lc - n-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂p.
a\p-jys‚ ]I¿s∏-Sp-°p∂ P\n-XI kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bmb
t¢mWn-ßn-eqsS a\p-jy-krjvSn \S-Øm-sa-∂p≈ Is≠-Ø-emWv
as‰mcp hnπ-hw. CXn\v a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS KXn am‰n-ad - n-°p-hm≥Xs∂
Ignbpsa∂-Xn\p kwi-ba - n-√. {`qW-Øns‚ \yq¢n-bkv \o°w-sNbvXv
]Icw ZmXm-hns‚ Un.-F≥.F. ÿm]n-°p-∂p. P\n-X-I-km-t¶-
XnIhnZy-bmb t¢mWn-ßn-eqsS P\n-°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v ZmXm-hns‚
kz`m-h˛- i
- m-co-cnI˛am-\k- nI khn-ti-jX - I
- f- p-ap-≠m-Ipw. t¢mWn-ßn¬
K¿`-]m-{X-Øn\v sSÃyq-_ns‚ [¿Ωw am{X-ta-bp-≈p. AXpsIm≠v
t¢m¨ inip-hn\v AΩ-bpsS bmsXmcp khn-ti-j-Xbpw D≠m-bn-cn-
°n-√. Un.-F≥.F ZmXm-hns‚ IrXy-amb ]I¿∏p-am-{X-am-bn-cn°pw
inip. a\p-jys‚ ]I¿s∏Sp°p∂ Cu coXn \mf-I-fnse G‰hpw
{it≤-bhpw hnhm-Z] - c
- h
- p-amb ]e Ań-adnIƒ°pw hgn-sX-fn-°pw.
t¢mWn-ßns‚ ê-ambn Um¿hns‚ DXv]Øn kn≤m-¥a - pƒs∏-
32
sS-bp≈ A\p-_‘ - nX kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ tNmZyw-sN-øs - ∏-Sp-Ibpw ]Icw

t¢mUvthm-dn-tem-Wns‚ Nn¥m-KX - n°v {]Nm-chpw hniz-k\ - o-bX
- bpw
e`n-°pIbpw sNøpw. ]d°pwXfn-I-bn¬ h∂ _mly-temI Pohn-
I-fmWv Ccp-]Øn Aøm-bncw h¿jw apºv `qan-bn¬ Poh≥ krjvSn-
®-sX∂p hniz-kn-°p∂ hnizmkn kaq-la - mWv {^©v ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-
I-\mb t¢mUv thmdn-tem¨ F∂ sdbv¬ ÿm]n® sdbven-b≥
kaq-lw. a\p-jys‚ XpS-°w-Xs∂ t¢mWn-ßn-eqsSbmsW∂p hniz-
kn-°p∂ Ch¿ t¢mWn-ßn-eqsS Aa-c-Xz-amWv e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. Hcn-
°epw acn-°mØ a\p-jy-k-aq-lsØ kz]v\w ImWp-hm≥ kl-Po-
hn-Isf Blzm\w sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv Im\-Um-bnse
Iyq_-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ t¢mUv thmdn-tem¨.
imkv{X kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS \n¿Ωn-°p∂
hkvXp-°f - psS, hnti-jn®v AXn-i‡ - a
- mb Iw]yq-´d - p-If
- psS, ]I¿∏p-
≠m-°p-hm≥ C∂p hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ X{¥m-[n-jvTnX
kmt¶-XnI hnZy-sb-bmWv "dnthgvkv F©n-\n-bd - nMv' F∂p hnfn-°p-
∂-Xv. Hcp hkvXp-hns\ Iodn-ap-dn®v As√-¶n¬ Agn-s®-SpØv ]Tn-®-
Xn-\p-tijw AXns‚ B¥-cn-I-cq-]hpw LS-\bpw Hcp henb Af-
hp-hsc bYm¿∞-am-Xr-Ibv°v Xpey-am-bn-cn-°p-tºmgpw _mly-cq]w
ka-{K-ambn am‰n AXns\ ImgvN-bn¬ X\Xv hy‡n-Xz-ap-≈-Xm-°m-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C∂v Iw]yq-´-dp-I-fp-sSbpw CXc Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv D]-I-
c-Wß- f- p-sSbpw ]I¿∏p-Iƒ D≠m-°p-hm≥ "dnthgvkv F©n-\n-bd - nMv'
hym]-I-ambn D]-tbmKn®ph-cp-∂p. CXns‚ ê-ambn Hcp hkvXp
krjvSn-°-s∏-´p-I-gn-™m¬ AXp-t]m-se-bp≈ F{X hkvXp-°ƒ
thW-sa-¶nepw B¿°pw krjvSn-°m-sa-∂m-bn.
]I¿∏p-I-fpsS ]cn-W-X-êw
imkv{Xkmt¶-XnI klm-b-tØmsS GXp-Xcw hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw
(a\p-jy≥ Dƒs∏-sS-bp-≈-Xv) krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Ign-™m¬ ]ns∂
kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv Ah-bpsS [mcm-f-amb DXv]m-Z-\-am-Wv. DXv]m-Z\w
em`-I-c-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ AXn\v hn]-W\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. hn]-W-\-
Øn\v hn]-Wn-I-fpsS irwJ-e-Xs∂ Bh-iy-am-Wv. hn]-Wn-I-fpsS
irwJe DØ-cm-[p-\nI Ime-L´- Ø- ns‚ khn-ti-jX - b
- m-Wv. hnhn[
cmPy-ßsfm _lp-cmjv{S Iº-\n-Isfm DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ DXv]∂ - ß
- ƒ
\nb-{¥-W-an-√msX temI-Øns‚ GXp tImWnepw hn]-W\w \S-
Øp-hm-\p≈ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-®p-sIm-≠,v temIsØ ]q¿Æ-ambpw
Hcp kzX{¥ hn]-Wn-bm°n am‰p-hm≥ WTO (temI -hym-]m-c- kw-
33
L-S\ - ) t]mep≈ kwL-S\ - I - ƒ ap∂n-ń-dß - p-∂X - n-s‚-IqSn ê-amWv

BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Ww. imkv{X-km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ, hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-
I-hn-Zy-Iƒ, hm¿Øm-⁄m\ hkvXp-XI - ƒ, Iemkmln-Xy-ßƒ XpS-
ßn-bp≈ F√m DXv]∂ - ß- fpw hn]-W\ - Ø - n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. ktµ-i-
ßƒ G‰hpw thKw temI-Øns‚ GXp-`m-KØpw C‚¿s\-‰v,
km‰vsse‰v XpS-ßn-bp≈ am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS FØn-°m-sa-∂p-≈Xv
hym]m-cs - Øbpw hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab - s- Øbpw Pohn-Xk - u-Ic
- y-ßs - fbpw
Gsd ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. thƒUv sshUv sh_v D]tbm-Kn®p \S-
Øp∂ hmWnPy CS-]m-Sp-If - mWv C˛-sIm-tagvkv (E-Commerce). {][m-
\-ambpw UnPn-‰¬ D¬]-∂ß - fpw ùXnI D¬]-∂ß - fpamWv C˛-
sIm-tagvkv hgn hn]-W\w \S-Øp-∂-Xv. GXp hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw
DXv]m-Z\wt]mse-Xs∂ GXp hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw D]-t`m-Khpw
B¿°pw emL-ht- ØmsS sNe-hp-Ip-d™ coXn-bn¬ \S-Øm-sa-∂m-
bn. DXv]m-Z-\w-t]m-se-Xs∂ hn]-W-\hpw X{¥-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-
am-Wv. khn-tij-amb Cu Imen-Im-¥-co£w DØ-cm-[p-\n-Im-¥-co-
£-am-Wv.
Pohn-XØ
- ns‚ ka-kvXt- a-Je - I- f
- nepw kw`-hn® hnπ-hI - c- a- mb
]cn-h¿Ø\w a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xs - Øbpw Nn¥m-co-Xn-sbbpw Bhn-jvIm-
c-co--Xn-tbbpw kzm[o-\n® DØ-cm-[p-\n-Im-hÿ - b
- m-Wv. Cu ]›m-Ø-
e-Øn¬ kmln-Xym-hX - c
- W
- c - o-Xnbpw hn]-W\ - c
- o-Xnbpw kzoI-cW - c - o-
Xn-bnepw Imen-I-{]-k-‡hpw F∂m¬ apºp-≈-Xn¬\n∂v `n∂-am-b-
Xp-amb Hc-hÿ kwPm-X-am-bn. B¿°pw Fgp-Xp-hm\pw apºp-≈-
Xn¬\n∂v {]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m≠v Fgp-Xp-hm\pw hn]-W-\-Ønt\m
{]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Ønt\m Bbn Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ C‚¿s\-‰nse sk‰p-
Isf B{i-bn-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂-tXmsS kmln-Xyhpw AXns\
kw_-‘n® ap≥Ime k¶-ev]ß - sf XInSw adn-°p-∂p-sh∂v kmln-
Xy-Im-c\ - mb Io\Øv t]m¿´vt\mbn ]d-™p. t]m¿´vt\m-bn-bpsS hne-
bn-cp-Ø¬ {it≤-bhpw kmln-Xy-ta-Je - b - n¬ kw`-hn® DØcm[p-\n-
I-Xb - psS Imen-Im-hÿ hy‡-am-°p-∂X - p-am-Wv.
kmln-Xym-¥c
- o£w
_tbm-sS-Ivt\m-f-Pnbpw P\-‰nIv F©n-\n-b-dnßpw t¢mWn-ßpw
dnthgvkv F©n-\n-b-dnßpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Hmtcmtcm taJ-e-I-
fn¬ apºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂X
- n-s\-°mƒ anI® hkvXp-°ƒ D≠m-°p-hm\pw
]I¿∏p-Iƒ D≠m-°p-hm\pw D≠m°p∂ ]I¿∏p-Isf apºp≈
hkvXp-hn-s\-°mƒ (b-Ym¿∞ hkvXpthm AXns‚ ]I¿t∏m
34
BImw) anI-®tXm Bbn krjvSn-°p-hm-\m-Wv. CXn\p kam-\-ambn

apºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ anI® IrXn-I-fpsS krjvSnbpw
]I¿∏pIrXn-If - psS krjvSnbpw kmln-Xy-Ønepw {]k-‡a - m-Ip-∂p.
Cw•o-jnse Adaptation F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w A\p-h¿Ø-
\w, A\p-I-ev]-\w, A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw Fs∂-√m-am-Wv. IrXnsb Hcp
cq]-Øn¬\n∂pw as‰mcp cq]-Øn-te°p am‰p-∂-XmWv A\p-h¿Ø-
\w. Hcp t\mh-ens\ kn\n-a-bm-°p-tºmƒ, B kn\na t\mh-ens‚
A\p-h¿Ø-\a - m-Wv. Hcp Ihn-Xsb t\mh-em-°p-tºmƒ, B t\mh¬
Ihn-X-bpsS A\p-h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. ChnsS aqe-Ir-Xnsb Xncn-®-dn-bm-
hp∂ hn[-Øn¬ (Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-hp-∂Xv Bi-bhpw Bi-bm-h-X-c-W-
Ønse Nne coXn-I-fp-am-Wv) as‰mcp am[y-a-Øn-te°v am‰n {]Xn-
jvTn-°p-I-bm-Wv. kmln-Xy-tem-IØv A\p-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ tXmXv
\n¿Æ-bn-°p-hm-\p≈ Gsd ]T-\-ßƒ \S-∂n-´p-≠v. e`y-amb sXfn-
hp-If- psS shfn-®Ø - n¬ A\p-h¿Ø-\s - Ø-∏‰n BZy-ambn ]d-™Xv
tPm¨ ssdU-\m-Wv. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n¬ cNn® Hcp {]_-‘Ø - n-
emWv ssdU≥ A\p-h¿Ø-\sØ aq∂mbn Xncn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.
aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse hm°p-Ifpw hcn-Ifpw AtX A\p-]m-XØ - n¬ ]n¥p-
S-cp∂ ]mZm-\p-]-Z hnh¿Ø-\-amWv BZy-tØ-Xv. c≠m-a-tØXv aqe-
Ir-Xn-bnse F√m hmIy-ßfpw ]Zm-\p-]-Z-ambn ]n≥Xp-S-cm-sX-bn-cn-
°p-Ibpw F∂m¬ Bi-b-Øn\v tIm´w-X-´m-sX-bp-ap≈ hnh¿Ø-\-
am-Wv. aq∂m-a-tØXv hnh¿Ø-I≥ ]q¿Æ kzX-{¥y-tØmsS \S-
Øp∂ hnh¿Ø-\a - m-W.v aq∂m-asØ coXn-bn¬ hnh¿Ø-Is‚ k¿§m-
fl-I-Xbv°pw at\m-`m-h-Øn-\p-amWv {]m[m-\yw. XpS¿∂v ]ecpw
kmln-Xy-tem-IsØ A\p-h¿Ø-\sØ∏‰n Kuc-h-tØmsS Nn¥n-
°p-Ibpw AXn\v ssk≤m-¥nI koa-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
A\ph¿Ø\ \n¿Æ-bØ - n-eq-sSbpw ]T-\Ø - n-eq-sSbpw hf¿∂
kmln-Xy-ta-Je DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-hym-]-\-tØmsS
CXn-s\-sb√mw ]n≥X≈n Hcp IrXn-bn¬\n∂p-Xs∂ AXn¬\n∂pw
`n∂-ambn Xncn-®d - n-bm-\m-hmØ hn[-Øn¬ F{X IrXn-Iƒ thW-sa-
¶nepw cNn-°m-hp∂/DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m-hp∂ coXn-bn¬ hf-cp-Itbm ]cn-
h¿Ø-\s - ∏-Sp-Itbm sNbvXp. CXns‚ ê-ambn ]T-\Ø - n-eqsS X{¥-
ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v B¿°pw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cNn-°m-sa-∂m-bn. Cu
DØ-cm-[p-\nI cN-\m-Iu-i-esØ tIh-e-amb A\p-h¿Ø-\-sa∂p
hyh-lc - n-°p-∂Xv bp‡n-cl - n-Xa
- m-W.v Hmtcm kmln-Xy-Ir-Xnbpw Hmtcm
]mT-am-Wv. Hcp ]mT-Øn¬\n∂v Xncn-®d - n-bm-\m-hmØ hn[-Øn¬ ]mT-
ßƒ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - ns\ adp-]m-Tk - r-jvSn-sb∂p hnfn-°p-∂X - mWv
35
bp‡w.
{]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fmb cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ ]mT-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw
kXyw Xpd∂v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F∂m¬ X{¥-im-en-
I-fmb as‰mcp hn`mKw kq{X-∏-Wnbpw Iui-e-hpw-sIm≠v ]pXp-]m-
T-ßƒ krjvSn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw kXysØ ad-®p-hb - °
v p-Ibpw sNbvXv
{]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fpsS B[n-]-XysØ XI¿°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ]pXp-]m-T-krjvSn \S-Øp∂ ka-b-hy-bhpw A≤zm-
\hpw adp-]m-Tk - rjvSn cN-\bv°v Bh-iy-an-√. ]cn-Nb - k- º
- ∂
- \v adp-
]m-Tk
- rjvSnbpsS thK-Øn¬ \S-Øm-hp-∂t- X-bp-≈p. ChnsS {]Xn-`-
bn-√m-Øh - ¿ {]Xn-`m-kº - ∂ - c
- m-Ip-Ib
- √ sNøp-∂Xv. adn®v, Iui-ehpw
kq{X-∏-Wn-bpw-sIm≠v {]Xn-`m-im-en-IfpsS cN-\m-X-{¥sØ adn-I-S-
°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. CXv DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS `mK-amb
A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z\ - c
- oXn AYhm kmln-tXym-Xv]m-Z\ coXn-bm-Wv.
adp-]m-T-krjvSn kmln-Xy-Øns‚ taJ-e-bn¬ kw`-hn® DXv]m-
Z\ hnπ-ha - m-Wv. Hcp-Iq´w Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS at\m-`m-hØ - n\pw krjvSn-
Iƒ°p-an-S-bn-te°v henb Hcp-]‰w Fgp-Øp-Im¿ FØ-s∏-´p. Hcp
IrXn-bpsS GI-kz-cØ - n-\p-ta¬ Gsd IrXn-If - psS _lp-kzcw sNep-
Ønb Bhn-jv°m-c-{]-fbw DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-ta-J-e-bnse
as‰mcp {]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. kaqlw apºv Fgp-Øp-Im¿°v Iev]n-®p-\-
evIn-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w XI-cp-Ibpw Fgp-Øp-Im¿ at‰-sX-¶n-ep-samcp
sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-h-sc-t∏mse am{X-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. adp-
]mTkrjvSnsb tIh-e-amb A\p-I-c-W-sat∂m ]I¿s∏t∂m ]d-
bm-ØX - n-\p≈ ImcWw Cu cN\m {]{Inb cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ Nn¥bpw
k¿§m-flI - X - bpw Hc-fh - p-hsc Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. H∏w-Xs∂ Iui-
e-Øn-e[ - njvTnXamb Hcp {]h¿Ø-\h - p-am-Wn-Xv. aqe-IrXn GsX∂v
Is≠-Øn-bm¬ am{Xsa adp-]mTcN-bn-Xm-hns‚ IrXn-sbbpw
{]h¿Ø-\s - Øbpw tNmZyw sNøp-Ib - p-≈p.
IrXn-Iƒ hn]-W-\-h-kvXp-hm-Ip-∂p
IrXn-Iƒ AYhm ]mT-ßƒ hyh-km-bm-\¥ - c kaq-lØ - nse D¬]-
∂-ßf - m-Ip-∂p. B{K-ln-°p∂ B¿°pw ]T-\Ø- n-eqsS IrXn krjvSn-
°m-sa-∂m-Ip-∂-tXmsS IrXn-I-fpsS s]cp-∏w-Xs∂ kw`-hn-°p-∂p.
Cßs\ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ IrXn-Iƒ D¬]-∂ß - f
- m-Wv. AXns\ hn]-
W\w sNøp-hm-\p≈ X{¥-amWv XpS¿∂v cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ Bcm-bp-∂-
Xv. CXn\v C‚¿s\-‰nse sh_vssk-‰p-Isf btYjvSw {]tbm-P-\-
36
s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂tXbp-≈p. Ahm¿Up-Iƒ, hnhm-Zß - ƒ, ]T-\ß - ƒ XpS-

ßn-bh IrXnsb hn]-W\w sNøp-hm-\p≈ Hmtcmtcm am¿§-ßƒ
am{X-am-Wv.
tIc-f-Øn-en-cp∂v krjvSn-°p∂ Hcp IrXn AYhm ]mTw, AXv
krjvSn°p∂ apdbv°v C‚¿s\-‰vhgn temI-Øns‚ GXp tImWn¬
thW-sa-¶nepw FØn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXp-t]mse Imen-t^m¿Wn-
bm-bntem DØc{[ph-Øntem {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ IrXn C‚¿s\-‰n-
eqsS \nan-j-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ ChnsS tIc-f-Øn-ep-sa-Øp-∂p. kmln-
Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ temI-hym-]-I-ambn hn]-W\w sNøp-∂-Xn-s\m∏w cN-
bn-Xmhpw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bpw BtKm-f-km-ln-Xy-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS `mK-
ambnØocp-I-bmWv. temI-km-ln-Xy-ta-J-e-bpsS hf¿®-bvs°m∏w
Hmtcm tZisØ kmln-Xy-ta-Je - bpw {]Xn-_‘- ß - f
- n-√msX G‰hpw
]pXnb Ne-\ß - sf Dƒs°m≠p hf-cp-∂p.
GsXmcp Iem-cq-]Ø - n-s‚bpw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw \n¿Ωm-
W-Øn¬ DZm-Ø-amb Iemt{]m’m-l-\-tØmSpw emh-Wy-k-¶-ev]-
ß-tfm-Sp-sam∏w hmWn-Py-Øns‚ LS-I-ßfpw {]m[m-\y-tØmsS
Dƒt®¿∂n-´p-≠v. hnti-jn®v IrXn-Isf/]mT-ßsf D¬]m-Z\ Nc-°m-
°p-tºmƒ. adp-]m-Tk - r-jSv n-Xs∂ kmln-XysØ D¬]m-Z\ - ®
- c
- °
- m-°p-
∂n-Xns‚ ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-am-Wv. F√m-°m-eØpw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf
Hcp henb Af-hp-hsc D¬]m-Z-\-®-c-°m--bn-´mWv I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. DØ-
cm-[p-\nI bpK-Øn¬ Ahbpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-
sb-∂p-am-{Xw. Cw•o-jnse "Book Market' F∂ ]Z-Øn¬\n-∂p-amWv
ae-bm-f-Ønse "]pkvX-I-®¥' F∂ hm°ns‚ \njv]-Øn.
Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ Hcp IrXn krjvSn-°p-hm≥ ka-bh - ybw \S-Øp-
∂p. CXn¬ A≤zm-\Øns‚ `mK-ap-≠v. Hcp IrXn krjvSn-°p-hm≥
FSp-°p∂ ka-bhpw A≤zm-\hpw am{X-a√ B IrXn-°p-th≠n hn\n-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. B IrXn GXp kmln-Xy-cq-]-Øn-emtWm Fgp-Xp-
∂Xv B kmln-Xy-cq-]-sØ-∏‰n ]Tn-°p-hm\pw B kmln-Xy-cq-]-
Øns‚ Imen-Ia - mb Ah-ÿbpw BJym-\c - o-Xnbpw lrZn-ÿa - m-°p-
hm\pw cN-\m-k-a-bØv hn\n-tbm-Kn® A≤zm-\-sØ-°mfpw A≤zm-
\hpw ka-bh - ybhpw FSp-Øn-´p≠v. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xnsb D¬]-∂a - mbn
]cn-KW - n-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ aqeyw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-hm≥ CXpw-IqSn ]cn-
K-Wn-t°-≠X - p-≠v.
ka-bh - y-bhpw A≤zm-\h - p-amtWm Hcp kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bpsS hne
\n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂s - X∂p tIh-ea - mbn Nn¥n®v sX‰n-≤m-cW - °Sn-as - ∏-S-
cp-Xv. hy‡n-I-fpsS Nn¥m-io-e-Øn\v Bhn-jvIm-c-co-Xn°v F√mw
37
hyXym-ka - p-≠v. Nne-cpsS i_vZØ - n\v kaq-lØ - n¬ khn-ti-ja - mb

ÿm\-ap-≠v. Ah¿ Fß-s\-bmWv kaq-lØ - n¬ Ah-cpsS khn-ti-
j-amb i_vZsØ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS i_vZ-ß-fn¬\n∂pw `n∂-ambn
Db¿Øn-t°ƒ∏n-®X - .v Ah-cpsS ÿm\w, ]d-bp-∂X - ns‚ ]pXp-a, Imcy-
£-aX - , kzbw Ah-Xcn∏n°phm-\p≈ Ignhv XpS-ßnb Gsd LS-I-
ßƒ AXn-eS- ß - n-bn-´p-≠v. CtX Imcy-ßƒ kmln-Xy-Im-c\pw _m[-
I-am-Wv. Chn-sS-bmWv Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬\n∂pw hf¿∂v Nne¿ Gh-
cmepw {i≤n-°s - ∏-Sp∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-cm-hp-∂X - v. Ch-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ°v
hn]-W\w Gdp-Ibpw {]Xn-êw IqSp-Ibpw sNøpw. Hcp IrXn-bpsS
hn]-W\ - e
- m-`sØ ]cn-KW - n-°p-tºmƒ ]W-tØm-sSm∏w {]i-kX v nbpw
]cn-KW- n-t°-≠X - p-≠v. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-If- psS BtKm-fh - n-]W
- \w hgn
cN-bn-Xm-hn\v Ch c≠pw apºp-≈-Xn-s\-°mƒ [mcm-f-ambn e`n-°p-
∂p.
imkv{Xhpw kmln-Xyhpw
hn⁄m\XrjvWbpw kuµ-cym-`n-\n-th-ih - p-amWv am\-hc - m-in-bpsS
\ne-\nev]n\pw hf¿®bv°pw \nZm-\w. kuµ-cy-tØm-Sp≈ B{K-l-
amWv Iem-km-ln-Xy-ßf - psS D¤-hØ - n\pw hf¿®bv°pw B[m-cs - a-
¶n¬ hn⁄m-\t- Øm-Sp≈ AS-°m-\m-hmØ IuXp-Ia - mWv imkv{X-
km-t¶-Xn-IX - b
- psS hf¿®bv°v Bkv]Z- w. Ccp am[y-aß - fpw hf¿®-
bpsS L´-ßƒ ASn-°Sn ]n∂n-´t- XmsS imkv{X-Øns‚ kt¶-Xß - ƒ
kmln-Xy-Ønepw kmln-Xy-Øns‚ kt¶-X-ßƒ imkv{X-Ønepw
{]tbm- K n- ° p- ∂ Xv km[m- c - W - a m- b n. Ccp am[y- a - ß - f p- s Sbpw
hf¿®bv°pw hym]-\-Øn\pw s]mcp-∏-Øn\pw CXp Imc-W-am-bn-´p-
≠v. imkv{X-Ønse Gsd \nb-a-ßfpw XØz-ßfpw kmaq-lytam
tIh-etam Bb ]cn-I-ev]-\-Ifpw `mjm-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn icn-bmb
hm°p-I-fpsS Iq´-hp-am-sW∂v Ae≥ tkmI¬ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-tºmƒ
shfn-hm-Ip-∂Xv imkv{X-Øns‚ kmlnXy_‘w Xs∂-bm-Wv. Ccp
am[y-aß
- f- p-sSbpw krjvSn°pw hf¿®bv°pw ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-
∂Xv a\p-jys‚ AXn-cp-If - n-√mØ `mh-\bpw k¿§m-flI - X- b
- p-am-Wv.
Hcp Ihn ]pXnb Hcp IhnX Fgp-Xp∂ Bth-ihpw B¥-cnI
kwL¿jhpw khn-ti-j-amb Dƒt{]-c-Wbpw as‰m-c-\p-]m-X-Øn¬
imkv{X-⁄\pw ]pXn-sbmcp hkvXp Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn¬ A\p-`-hn-
°p-∂p. imkv{X-Øns‚ kt¶-Xß - ƒ kmln-Xy-Ønepw t_m[-]q¿∆w
{]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns‚ hy‡-amb sXfn-hmWv DØ-cm-[p-\nI bpK-
38
Øn¬ {]k-‡-am-bn-Øo¿∂ adp-]m-T-kr-jvSn-sb∂ ]mT-krjvSn

X{¥w.
_tbm-sS-Ivt\m-f-Pn-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS krjvSn°p `£y-h-
kvXp-°ƒ apºp-≈-Xn-s\-°mƒ KpWhpw ta∑-bp-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv.
CXns‚ ê-amWv £ma-Øns‚ A¥yhpw kp`n-£-X-bpsS BK-a-
\-hpw. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ apºp≈ hkvXp-hn-s\-°mƒ KpW-ta-∑b - p≈
hkvXp-hns‚ ]p\-cp¬]m-Z\-amWv ChnsS kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. ChnsS
kw`-hn-®Xv apºp≈ bmYm¿∞y-sØ-°mƒ i‡-amb as‰mcp
bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ krjvSn-bm-W— v AXn-bm-Ym¿∞yw. Cu AXn-bm-
Ym¿∞yw Ime-Øns‚ bmYm¿∞ywXs∂-bm-Wv. Po\p-If - psS kz`m-
h-hn-ti-j-X-bn¬ th≠ t`Z-KXn hcp-Øp∂ coXn-bmWv sP\-‰nIv
F©n-\n-bd - n-Mv. CXns\ Imem-\p-kr-Xa - mb ]cn-h¿Ø-\a - mbn ]cn-K-
Wn-°p-∂X - mWv bp‡w. Pohn-If - psS ]I¿s∏-Sp-°p∂ P\n-XI kmt¶-
Xn-Ih- n-ZybmWv t¢mWn-M.v CXns\ X\n ]I¿s∏-Sp-°p∂ ImenI{]k-
‡-amb kmt¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zy-bmbn \n¿Æ-bn-°mw. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv b{¥-
ß-fpsS, hnti-jn®v Iw]yq-´d - p-If - psS, ]I¿∏p-≠m-°p∂ X{¥-amWv
dnthgvkv F©n-\n-bd - n-M.v dnthgvkv F©n-\n-bdnMv hgn krjvSn-°p∂
hkvXp-°p-fpsS B¥-cn-Ic - q-]hpw LS-\bpw Hcp henb Af-hp-hsc
bYm¿∞ amXr-Ibv°v Xpey-am-bn-cn-°p-tºmgpw _mly-cq]w ka-{K-
ambn hyXym-k-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. CXns\ Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm≥ hnj-a-ap≈
]I¿s∏-Sp-°¬ kmt¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zy-bmbn ]cn-KW - n-°mw.
Cu imkv{X ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬\n∂p thWw
DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-kr-jvSn-bpsS ImenI{]k-‡n-sb-∏‰n hne-bn-cp-
Øp-hm≥. aqe-]m-TØ - n¬\n∂v GXp-hn-[Ø - n¬ thW-sa-¶nepw Fgp-
Øp-Im-c\v adp-]mTw krjvSn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXns‚ tXmXv Hcp
ssk≤m-¥nI \n¿Æ-bØ - n\v hg-ßp-∂X - √- . adp-]m-Tk
- r-jvSn-bn¬ cN-
bn-Xm-hns‚ `mh-\bpw k¿§m-flI - X- bpw ImenI {]k-‡a - mb coXn-
bn¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cn-°pw. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ imkv{X taJ-eb - n¬ kw`-
hn® ]cn-h¿Ø\w AYhm ]ptcm-KXn AYhm X{¥w AXp-a-s√-
¶n¬ Ań-adn AXv kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS ]mT-kr-jvSn-bnepw {]k-
‡-am-sb∂p am{Xw. Bh-iy-°m-c\v bp‡n-°-\p-k-cn®v Chsb D]-
tbm-K-s∏-SpØn kmln-Xy-]m-T-ßƒ krjvSn-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈p.
CØcw ]mT-kr-jvSn-I-fn¬ Um\n-b¬ tKmƒam≥ ]d-bp∂ sshIm-
cn-I_
- p-≤n-bpsS `mjsb Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ ImenI{]k-‡a - mb coXn-
bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.
39
40
]mT-kr-jvSn-bpsS hgn-Iƒ
DØ-cm-[p-\nI kmln-Xy-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ N¿®-bn¬ G‰hpw {]m[m-
\y-ap≈ taJ-eb - mWv ]mT-kr-jSv n-bpsS hgn-Iƒ. DØm-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-
kr-jSv n-bpsS hgn-If- neqsS k©-cn-®m¬ sshhn-≤y-ap≈ hnhn[ ]mT-
krjvSn X{¥-ßƒ ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Cu ]mT-
krjvSn X-{¥-ß-sf√mw apºv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ X{¥-ß-fpsS ]I¿∏p-
Itfm ]cn-jvIrX amXr-IItfm BsW∂v tXm∂mw. B[p-\n-I-km-
ln-Xyhpw AXn-\p -ap-ºp≈ kmlnXyhpw kmln-Xym-h-X-c-W-Øn¬
km≤y-amb coXn-I-sf-sb√mw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. AXp-sIm-≠mWv
DØ-cm-[p-\nI kmlnXyw kmZr-iym-[n-jT v nX kmln-Xy-ambn tXm∂p-
∂-Xv. khn-ti-j-amb Cu Ah-ÿsb tPm¨ _m¿Øv "FKvkm-
Ivj≥' F∂mWv hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂X - v.
DØ-cm-[p-\nI bpK-Ønse adp-]m-Tk - r-jSv nsb AwKo-Ic - n-°p-hm≥
hnap-J-cm-b-h¿ Gsd-bm-Wv. Ah-tcmSv DØ-cm-[p-\nI XmØzn-I-∑m¿
]d-bp-∂Xv hneyw Pbnw-kns‚ \nco-£-W-am-Wv. ]pXp-a-Isf BZyw
Abp-‡n-I-sa∂pw Akw-_-‘-sa∂pw ]d™v \ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw
AXns‚ hf¿®sb XSbp-hm≥ Bhp-∂{X ]cn-{i-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂-h¿Xs∂ XpS¿∂v Ah hym]-Ia - mbn AwKo-Ic - n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂t- Xm-sS,
AXv XßfpsS Is≠-Øe - m-sW∂p ]d™v ap≥\n-tj-[sØ A\p-
Iqe \ne-]m-Smbn adn®v hymJym-\n-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v AXns\ kz¥-
am-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-∂p. hneyw Pbnw-kns‚ Cu \nco-£W - sØ D≤-
cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv sFlm_v lk≥ DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈
N¿®-Iƒ XpS-ßp-∂X - p-Xs- ∂. DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-kr-jvSn-If - psS hgn-
I-sf-∏‰n ]d-bp-tºmgpw Cu A`n-{]m-bw-X-s∂-bmWv BZyw ]d-bp-
hm-\p-≈X - v.
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX- s - b-∏‰n F¥p ]d-™mepw AXn\v ap≥Km-an-Isf
Is≠-Øp-∂Xv DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kz`m-h-ambn Xo¿∂n-´p-≠v.
41
\ntj-[Ø - n-eq-sS-bp≈ \n¿∆-N\ krjvSn-bmWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b - psS

as‰mcp khn-ti-j-X. 1910 Unkw-_¿ amk-Øn-emWv B[p-\n-IX
Bcw-`n-®s - X∂v sh¿Po-\nb hqƒ^v ]d-™X - ns‚ A\p-Ic - W
- a - mWv
Nmƒkv sP≥Iv kns‚ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b - psS ]nd-hnsb kw_-‘n®
XobXn \n¿Æbw Xs∂? DØ-cm-[p-\nI bpK-Ønse A¿t∞m-Xv]m-
Z\coXn-sb-∏‰n t_m{Zn-bm¿ \S-Øp∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ A\p-
h¿Ø\ ]T-\-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w Btcm-]n-®m¬ B¿°mWv \ntj-
[n-°m≥ Ign-bp-I. DØ-cm-[p-\nI BJym-\-co-Xn-bn¬ {]m[m-\y-
tØmsS \nev°p∂ A]-\n¿Ωm-Whpw AXn-IY - m-IY
- \- hpw apºp-≈-
Xns‚ ]cn-jvIrX ]Xn-∏p-If - m-sW∂p hmZn®v sXfn-bn-°p-hm≥ hnj-
a-an-√. DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - sb kw_-‘n® F√m hkvXp-XI - f
- nepw ap≥
Ah-Xc - W - ß - f - psS ]I¿t∏m A\p-Ic - W - tam Is≠-Øm-\p≈ "DØ-
cm-[p-\nI at\m-`mh'amWv DØ-cm-[p-\nI {]hm-N-I-cnepw DØ-cm-[p-
\nI \ntj-[-I-cnepw kam-\-ambn ImWp∂ Hcp Imcyw. DØ-cm-[p-
\nI kmln-Xy-]m-Tk - r-jSv n-sb-∏‰ - n-bp≈ en≥U l®ns‚ \nco-£Ww
Cu Ah-kc - Øn¬ {it≤-ba - m-Wv. "Xo{hhpw kv]jvSh - p-amb hna¿i-
\m-fl-I-kz-`m-h-amWv DØ-cm-[p-\nI IY-Iƒ°v ap≥I-Y-I-tfm-Sp≈
kmZr-iy-Øn\v B[m-cw. Cu kmZriyw Nne-t∏mƒ kv]jvShpw a‰p-
Nn-et- ∏mƒ Kp]vXh - p-am-Wv.'
DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-kr-jvSn-bn¬ {]k-‡-ambn \nev°p∂ Nne
\nco-£-W-ßƒ temØym-dn-s‚bpw t_m{Zn-bm-dn-s‚bpw Ae≥
tkmIens‚-bp-am-Wv. temØym¿ _rl-Øm-Jym-\-ß-fpsS XI¿®-
sb-bmWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b
- psS G‰hpw {][m\ khn-ti-jX - b- mbn
ImWp-∂X - v. _rl-XB v- Jym-\ß - f - psS XI¿® ap≥hn-izmk k¶-ev]-
ß-fp-sSbpw ap≥ BJym-\-co-Xn-bp-sSbpw ap≥ ]mT-kr-jvSn-bp-sSbpw
XI¿®-Iq-Sn-bm-W.v ap≥hn-izmk k¶-e] v ß - f - p-sSbpw Bhn-jI v mccoXn-
I-fp-sSbpw XI¿®bv°v ImcWw P\-km-am-\y-Øns‚ Nn¥-bnepw
hnizm-k-k-¶-ev]-Ønepw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bnepw Bhn-jvI-cW at\m-`m-
h-Ønepw kw`-hn® kaqe ]cn-h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. Cu ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-
\p≈ {][m\ ImcWw, Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a-ß-fpsS {]Nm-c-am-
Wv. CXns\ DØ-cm-[p-\nI bpK-Øns‚ bmYm¿∞y-hp-am-bn-´mWv
temØym¿ _‘n-∏n-°p-∂X - v. Cu bmYm¿∞yw ]mT-kr-jvSn-bn-eqsS
Bhn-j° v c - n-°p-tºmƒ eLp BJym-\ß - ƒ (Little Narrative) ImenI
{]k-‡n-tbmsS Bhn-jvIr-Xa - m-Ip-∂p. eLphymJym-\ß - ƒ ]mT-kr-
jvSnsb A\m-bm-ka - m-°p-∂p. ]mT-kr-jSv n-bn¬ A≤zm\w Ipd-™Xpw
42
Imen-I-{]-k-‡-amb _u≤nIm-hn-jvIm-c-Ønepw hnizmk k¶-ev]-

ß-fnepw A[n-jvTn-X-hp-amWv temØym-dns‚ ho£-W-Ønse
eLphymJym-\ß - ƒ.
t_m{Znbm¿ A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z\ - s - Ø-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂n-SØv hy‡-am-
°p∂ AXn-bm-Ym¿∞yw DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-kr-jvSn-bnepw {]k-‡-
am-Wv. apºp-≈-Xn¬\n∂v `n∂hpw i‡-hp-amb Bi-b-{]-Im-i\w
km[y-am-Ip∂ ]mT-kr-jSv n-bmWv AXn-bm-Ym¿∞ym-hX - c - W
- Ø- n-eqsS
km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. ]mT-ßƒ s]mXpsh bYm¿∞ A¿∞-sØ-°mƒ
i‡-am-Wv. B ]mT-Øn¬\n∂v C\n-sbmcp ]mTw krjvSn-°p-tºmƒ
AXns‚ bmYm¿∞yw AXn-bm-Ym¿∞y-am-bn-Øo-cp-I-bm-Wv. H∂n-
s\bpw ]cm-a¿in-°msX krjvSn-°p∂ A¿t∞m-Xv]mZ\Nn”-ßƒ
(h-kX v p-°ƒ) AXn-s‚-Xs∂ A¿∞sØ \m\m-Zn-iI - f - n-te°pw {]k-
cn-∏n-°p-∂p. {]k-cn-∏n-°p∂ A¿∞-ßƒ AXn-s‚-Xs∂ ]I¿∏m-
Ip∂ ÿnXn. temØym¿ \mem-a-Xmbn ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ Cu
A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z-\-coXn DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bnse ]pXp-]m-T-kr-jvSn-sb-
bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X - v.
GsXmcp kn≤m-¥hpw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw `mjm-im-kv{X-]-c-
amb Hcp-]‰w hm°p-I-fpsS Iq´hpw kmaqlytam tIh-etam Bb
]cn-I-ev]-\-I-fpsS `mK-hp-am-sW-∂mWv Ae≥ tkmI¬ hy‡-am-
°p-∂-Xv. Hcp kw`-hsØ `mjm-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn sX‰n-√mØ ]e
hmN-I-ß-fn-eq-sS, hmbn-°p-∂-h¿°v a\-n-em-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h¿°v ]mT-kr-jvSn-Iƒ \S-Øp-hm≥ _p≤n-ap-
ń-√. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ]mTw F¥mWv? ]mTw hm°p-If - psS Iq´-am-Wv.
hm°p-Iƒ tN¿∂ hmN-Iß - f- psS kaq-la - m-Wv. ]mTw Hmt∂m AXn-
e-[n-Itam kw`-h-ß-fp-sStbm (AXv bmYm¿∞ytam AXn-bm-
Ym¿∞ytam F¥p-am-Is´) Ah-Xc - W - m-W—
- a v GXp am[y-aØ - n-eqsS
]d-bp-∂pthm B am[y-aØ - n-eq-sS-bp≈ Ah-Xc - W
- w. Ae≥ tkmI-
ens‚ "DØ-cm-[p-\nI \ntj[' teJ-\w-Xs∂ DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-
kr-jvSn-bpsS DØa amXr-I-bmbn ImWp-∂p. DØ-cm-[p-\nI \ntj-
[-Øn-eqsS krjvSn® Hcp ]pXp-]m-Tw.
aqe-]m-TØ
- n-s‚bpw adp-]m-TØ
- n-s‚bpw {]k‡n
]pcm-X\ CuPn-]v‰p-Im¿ Hm¿Ω-i-‡nbpw hnth-I-i-‡nbpw h¿≤n-
∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ khn-ti-j-amb Hcp X{¥-am-bn-´mWv ]mT-kr-jvSnsb
I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ cmPm-hn\v Cu X{¥-Øn¬ AXr-]vXn-bmWv
43
D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]mT-krjvSn, hnti-jn®v kmln-Xy-]m-T-ß-fpsS

krjvSn, Hm¿Ω-i‡nsb sISp-Øn-°f - b
- p-sa∂pw a\p-jy-\nse CXc
Ign-hp-Iƒ C√m-Xm-°p-sa∂pw cmPmhv \ymb-ßƒ \ncØn ka¿∞n-
®p. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bnse ]mT-kr-jvSn-Iƒ apgp-h≥ A\p-I-c-W-am-
sW∂p ]d™v FXn¿°p-∂-h¿ Gsd-bm-Wv. adp-]m-T-krjvSnIƒ
bYm¿∞ cN-bn-Xm-°f - psS Ignhv sISp-Øn-°f - b- p-Is - b-bp-≈p-sh∂v
{]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂h - cpw Gsd-bp-≠.v bYm¿∞-Øn¬ adp-]m-Tß - ƒ apºp-
≈-Xns‚ ]q¿Æ ]p\¿ Ah-X-c-W-ßtfm `mKn-I-amb A\p-I-c-W-
ßtfm A√. aqe-]m-T-Øn¬\n∂pw {]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m≠v AXns‚
LS-\bpw BJym-\c - o-Xnbpw a\-n-em°n X\-Xmb Hcp ]mT-kr-jvSn-
X-s∂-bmWv \S-Øp-∂X - v. A\p-Ic - W- ß - f- p-sSbpw ]I¿∏p-If - p-sSbpw
AXn-bm-Ym¿∞y-Øn-s‚bpw Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-hmØ Ime-L-´-Øns‚
kmln-tXym-ev]∂wXs∂-bmWv adp-]m-T-ß-fpw. A\p-I-cWIrXn
I≠p-Ig - n-™m¬∏ns∂ AXns‚ aqe-]mTw ImtW≠ Imcy-an-s√∂v
Fº¿t´m Ft°m hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xsb kw_-
‘n-®n-St- Ømfw aqe-]m-Thpw adp-]m-Thpw {]k-‡a - m-W.v ImcWw, Cu
]mT-ßƒ XΩn¬ B¿∞n-Ia - mb kmZriyw ImWp-Ib - n-√. kmZriyw
Ds≠∂v tXm∂n-bm¬Øs∂ AXv XnI®pw tIh-ea - m-W.v XpS¿∂p≈
Ah-X-c-Wtam ]mT-Øns‚ ka-{K-Xtbm Ds≠∂p tXm∂nb kmZr-
iysØ bmZr-—nI kmZr-iy-sa∂ tXm∂¬ Df-hm-°p-∂p.
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX AXn-th-K-X-bpsS Ime-L-´w-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.
Nn¥bv°pw `mh-\bv°pw {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n\pwhsc thK-Xb - p≈ Imew.
A≤zm-\-Øn\v kabw thWw, hnt\m-Z-Øn-\v, Adn-hm¿÷-\-Øn\v,
CjvS-Po-hn-X-Øn\v F√mw kabw Bh-iy-am-Wv. `£-Ww, Dd-°w,
kzIm-cy-Nn-¥I - ƒ, kzIm-cy-{]-hr-Øn-Iƒ sshIm-cnI hnNm-cß - ƒ XpS-
ßnb \nXy-I¿Ω-ßƒ°pw kabw Bh-iy-am-W.v {]h¿Ø-\ß - f- psS
ê-ambn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp∂ ka-bhpw hf-cp∂ ka-bm-h-iyhpw DØ-
cm-[p-\n-IX- b
- psS Pohn-X`- m-Ka - m-W.v Cu ]cn-an-Xn-s∏-Sp∂ ka-bØ - n\pw
Xnc-°p-Iƒ°p-an-Sb - n-emWv ]T-\Ø - n-eqsS ]mT-krjvSn B¿°pw \S-
Øm-sa∂v apºp kqNn-∏n-®X - v. F¥v, Fßs\, ]mT-ambn krjvSn-s®-
∂Xv {]k-‡-am-Ip-∂Xv F{X ka-bw-sIm≠v, F{X at\m-lc-ambn
krjvSn-®psh∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-emWv.
DØ-cm-[p-\nI Ime-Ønse ]mT-krjvSn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv cN-
\bv°v Ipd™ ka-bhpw Db¿∂ kuµ-cy-hp-am-Wv. ChnsS kuµ-
cy-sa∂ hm°v hni-Zo-I-cWw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]mT-Øns‚ kuµ-
cyw AXns‚ hnj-bk - zo-Ic - W- Ø - n¬, BJym-\c - o-Xn-bn¬, ]p\-cp-X] v m-
44
Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ A¿∞-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, AXn¬\n∂p

In´p∂ {]i-kvXn-bp-sSbpw {]Xn-^-e-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬,
hmb-\° - m-c\p In´p∂ Adn-hn-s‚bpw hnt\m-ZØ - n-s‚-bp-sa√mw ASn-
ÿm-\Ø - n-se-√m-amWv \n¿Æ-bn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂Xv. ChnsS {kjvSmhns‚
{]i-kvXnbpw krjvSn-bpsS (]m-TØ -- n-s‚) {]i-kvXnbpw _‘-s∏-´p-
\n-ev°p-s∂-¶nepw AXy-¥n-I-ambn c≠m-Wv. Hcp {kjvSm-hn\v \nc-
h[n ]mT-ßƒ ImWpw. AXn¬ {i≤n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂Xv As√-¶n¬ aqey-
ap-≈s - X∂v \n¿Æ-bn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂Xv Ipd-®p a - m-{X-am-W.v bYm¿∞-Øn¬
]pXp-]m-Ta - mtWm adp-]m-Ta- mtWm krjvSn-°p-∂s - X-∂p-≈Xv DØ-cm-
[p-\nI ]mT-kr-jvSn-bn¬ {]k-‡-a-√. krjvSn-°p∂ ]mT-Øns‚
kuµ-cy-amWv {]k-‡w.
{it≤-b-amb cN-\m-Iu-iew
DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bn¬ Hcp ]mTw krjvSn-°p-I-sb-∂Xv {]k-‡-a-√.
krjvSn-°p∂ ]mTsØ hn]-W\w sNøp-∂Xpw Hcp hm¿Ø-bm-°p-
∂-Xp-amWv {]k-‡w. krjvSn-°p∂ ]mT-Øn\v shfn-bn-te°v hf-
cp∂ A¿∞-hym-]vXnbpw Ah-X-cWIui-ehpw CXn-\m-h-iy-am-Wv.
Imcƒ akvI-tdm¨ F∂ Ata-cn-°≥ t\mh-enÃv \·-bmbncp∂v
t\mh-se-gp-Xp-∂p. t\mh-ens‚ t]cv "ssa anUn¬ ¢mkv tKƒ'.
"Fk≥jy¬kv' F∂ amkn-I-bn¬ FUn-‰-dmbn tPmen-sN-øp∂
akvIt- dm-Wn\v t\mh¬ hn]W\Øns‚ ]e X{¥-ßfpw a\-n-em-
°p-hm≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂p. AXn¬\n-s∂√mw `n∂-ambn temI-Øns‚
{i≤-bm-I¿jn-°p-hm≥ akvItdm¨ Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv \·-bm-bn-cp∂v
Fgp-Xp∂Xp hgn-bm-W.v Naked novelist. com F∂ ssk‰n-eq-sS-bmWv
t\mh-ens\ kw_-‘n-°p∂ hnh-cß - ƒ ]pd-Øp-hn-´X - v.
Hcp a≤y-h¿§ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ IY -]-d-bp∂ km[m-cW t\mh-
emWv "ssa anUn¬ ¢mkv tKfn'eqsS akvIt- dm¨ Fgp-Xn-bs - X-¶nepw
t\mh-ens‚ Ah-Xc - W
- sØ hnt\m-Z]- c
- a
- mb Nne Ifn-If- p-ambn _‘-
s∏-SpØn AXns\ ]pXp-a-bp-≈-Xm-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. t\mh-ens‚
Hmtcm A≤ym-bhpw Is≠-Øp-∂Xv ck-I-c-amb Hmtcm Ifn-I-fn-eq-
sS-bm-Wv. CXv Ifn-bpsS XpS°w am{X-am-Wv. t\mh¬ cN-bn{Xn Hcp-
Iq´w {it≤-b-amb ]pkvX-I-ßƒ°p ]n∂n¬ \·-bmbn \nev°p-I-
bm-Wv. Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bpsS \·-i-cocw B¿s°-¶nepw hmbn®v (I-
≠v) Bkz-Zn-°W - s
- a-¶n¬ Hmtcmtcm ]pkvXI - ß
- f
- mbn aukp-]t- bm-
Kn®v FSp-Øp-am-‰-Ww. t\mh-en-Ãns‚ ico-c-h-Sn-hp-Iƒ IrXy-ambn
45
\n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-h¿°v {]tXyI kΩm-\-ßƒ! krjvSn-bpsS alm-c-

lkyw shfn-hm-°p∂ t\mh¬cN\m ssien-sb-∂mWv akvI-
tdm¨Xs∂ Cu cN-\sb hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. hmb-\-°msc
BI¿jn-°p-hm-\p≈ Imen-I-{]-k-‡-amb DØ-cm-[p-\nI X{¥-am-
bn-´mWv Nne \ncq-]I - ¿ CXns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂X - .v `mcysb sIm∂p
Ipgn-®p-aqSn AXn-s\-∏‰n t\mh-se-gpXn P\-{i≤ BI¿jn® t\mh¬c-
N-bn-Xmhpw Cu Ime-L´- Ø - n-ep-≠v.
\·-bmbn Fgp-Xp-∂X - n-s\m-∏w-Xs∂ t\mh-ens\ ]e-Xcw Ifn-
I-fp-ambn (hn-t\m-Zw) _‘n-∏n-°p-hm-\mWv Imcƒ akvIt- dm¨ {ian-
°p-∂-Xv. kmln-Xym-h-X-c-WsØ hnt\m-Z-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-hm-
\p≈ DØ-cm-[p-\nI kzm[o-\a - mWv ChnsS Z¿in-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-
Xv. Hcp ]pkvX-I-Øn\v DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bmØ ]e A¿∞-ta-
J-e-I-fn-te°pw ssk_¿km-lnXyw ImenI {]k-‡-ambn hf-cp-
∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Cu cN-\m-co-Xn. ]mTm-kzm-Z-\sØ ]e-
Xcw hnt\m-Zß - f- p-ambn _‘n-∏n®v CX-c h - n-t\m-tZm-]m-[n-If - n¬ apgp-
In-bn-cn-°p∂hsc kmln-Xy-]m-T-ß-fn-te°v BI¿jn°p-hm-\p≈
X{¥wIqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.
]mT-Øn\p ]pdØv AXns\ {it≤-ba - m-°p∂ X{¥-ßsf Dƒs∏-
Sp-Øp∂ coXn-bn-emWv Gsd DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-ßfpw krjvSn-°-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]mT-ßƒ AXns‚ tIh-e-amb i_vZw am{X-a√ tIƒ∏n-
°p-∂X - v. ]mT-Øn-s\m-∏tam AXn-e[ - n-Itam AXn¬ cN-bn-Xm-hns‚
at\m-`m-hhpw i_vZhpw Db¿∂p- tIƒ°mw. hmb-\-°m-c\v \n¿Æm-
b-Ia- mb Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ FSp-°p-hm\pw kz¥w \nK-a\ - ß
- f
- n¬ FØp-
hm-\p-ap≈ hgn-I-fpw Gsd DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-ß-fnepw D≠m-bn-cn-
°pw. F√m-‰n-\p-ap-]cn Hcp-]t£ Bkzm-Z-\sØ ap≥\n-dp-Øn-bp≈
Ifn-If - psS taJ-eI - fpw CØcw kmln-Xy-]m-Tß - f- n¬ Z¿in-°p-hm≥
Ign-bpw. DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-ß-fpsS ]mcm-b-W-Øn¬am-{X-a√ ]mT-
kr-jvSn-bnepw hnt\m-ZØ - n-s‚bpw hn⁄m-\Ø - n-s‚bpw _u≤n-IX - -
bp-sSbpw Xe-ßƒ Dƒt®¿∂n-´p-≠v.
A]-\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ {]k‡n
]mT-ßf
- psS ka-{K-Xb
- n¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ hnhn-[X - cw A¿∞-X-
e-ßsf Is≠-Øp-∂X - n¬ LS-\m-hm-Zw, X¿°-im-k{v Xw, Iem-hn-a¿i-
\w, \h-hn-a¿i-\w, a\x-imkv{X hna¿i\w F∂nh sNep-Ønb
kzm[o\w i‡-am-Wv. ]mT-{kjvSm-°ƒ k¶-ev]n-°mØ A¿∞-X-
46
e-ßƒhsc ]mT-ßƒ°v \evIp-Ibpw AXns\ ap≥\n-dpØn hna¿i-

\m-fl-Itam ]T-\m-fl-Itam Bb ]mT-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ CØcw hna¿i-\m-flI - tam ]T-\m-flI - tam Bb
]mT-]-T-\-co-Xn-I-fmWv A]-\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ hf¿®sb i‡-ambn
kzm[o-\n-®X - .v Hcp ]mTsØ AXn-s\-Xn-cmb A¿∞w DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂
coXn-bn¬ Xncn-®p-hn-Sp-hm≥ ]mI-Øn\v C\n-sbmcp ]mTw krjvSn-°p-
∂-Xn-\mWv s]mXpsh A]-\n¿ΩmWsa∂v (Deconstruction) hyh-
l-cn-°p-∂X - .v F∂m¬ C∂v "A]-\n¿ΩmW'sa∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞-
Øn\v hym]vXn kw`-hn-®p. Hcp ]mTsØ AXn¬\n∂v hn`n-∂-amb
A¿∞-ßƒ e`n-°p∂ ]mT-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-sb√mw A]-
\n¿Ωm-Wa - m-bn-´mWv ]cn-KW - n-°p-∂X - v.
`mj-bpsS A¿∞sØ A\p-hm-N-I-\n-te°v {]k-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv
cN-\-bn¬ enJnX `mjbpw `mj-W-Øn¬ i_vZ-hp-am-Wv. enJn-X-`m-
j-Iƒ A¿∞sØ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Nn”-ßfpw `mj-W-ßƒ
A¿∞sØ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ i_vZ-ß-fp-am-Wv. A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z\w
hmb-\° - m-cs\ AYhm tIƒhn-°m-cs\ kw_-‘n®v {]Xn-P\ - ` - n-∂-
am-Wv. F¥mWv Fgp-Xn-bXv As√-¶n¬ ]d-™-sX∂v ]q¿Æ-ambpw
t_m≤y-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-tºm-sg√mw Hcp Nn”/i_vZ kqN-\-bpsS
_m°n-`mKw \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p. hmb-\-°m-c≥ AYhm tIƒhn-°m-
c≥ AXns\ kz¥w at\m-`m-h-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v A¿∞-]q¿Øo-I-c-
W-Øn-\mbn ]qcn-∏n-°m≥ _m≤y-ÿ-\m-Ip-I-bm-Wv. A¿∞-Øns‚
]q¿Øo-I-cWw hkvXp-X-I-fpsS ]q¿Æ-amb kzcq]w a\-n-em-°-
en\pw Bkzm-Z-\-Øn\pw Bh-iy-am-Wv. At∏mƒ ImWp∂ Nn”-
ßƒ°pw tIƒ°p∂ i_vZ-ßƒ°pw A∏pdw Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´tXm
h{Io-Ic - n-°s - ∏-´tXm Bb (hm-b\ - b
- n¬/tIƒhn-bn¬) Nn”-ßf - psS
AYhm i_vZ-ß-fpsS A¿∞w hmb-\-°m-c≥ AYhm tIƒhn-°m-
c≥ kz¥w \nebv°v krjvSn-°p-∂p. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ChnsS Fgp-
Øp-Im-c\v AYhm {]`m-jI - \v "{kjvSm-hns‚ ]Zhn' \jvSa - m-Ip-∂p.
As√-¶n¬ hmb-\° - m-c≥ AYhm tIƒhn-°m-c≥ B ]Z-hn-bn-te°v
Db¿Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu L´-Øn-emWv "Nn¥n-°p∂' hmb-\-°m-c≥
AYhm tIƒhn-°m-c≥ A¿∞-ßsf A]-\n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xv. A]-
\n¿ΩmW kw_-‘a - mb ]mT-ta-Je kmln-Xy-ta-Je - b
- n¬ hcp-Ønb
]cn-h¿Ø\w hnπ-h-I-c-am-Wv. Cu ]cn-h¿Ø-\-amWv A]-\n¿Ωm-
WsØ DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-kr-jvSn-bpsS taJ-eb - n¬ {it≤-ba - m-°p-
∂-X.v DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX {kjvSm-hn\pw A\p-hm-NI - \pw (c-Nb - n-Xm-hn\pw
hmb-\° - m-c\ - pw) Xpey ÿ- m-\a
- mWp \evIp-∂X - v.
47
hna¿i-I-\mb sP. ln√okv an√-dpsS \nco-£-W-Øn¬ A]-

\n¿Ωm Ww Hcp ]mT-Øns‚ LS-\sb C√m-Xm-°p-I-b-√. ]mTw
kzbw-Xs∂ AXns‚ LS-\-bmbn hyXn-cn-‡-X-tbmsS \nev°p∂
Ahÿ ImWn-®p-Xc - p-Ib - m-Wv. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Cu LS-\b - psS \ne-
\nev]v Dd® ]md-ta-e√ t\¿Ø hmbp-hn-em-Wv. ln√okv an√-dpsS
\nco-£Ww A¿∞w Dd-®Xpw GtIm-∑p-Jh - p-amb A¿∞-{]-kc - Ww
\S-Øp-∂X - s - √-∂X - m-Wv. Hcp ]mT-Øn¬Øs∂ hn`n-∂a - mb A¿∞-
ßƒ \nKp-l\w sNbvXp \nev°p∂p. Cu \nKp-l\w sNbvXp
\nev°p∂ A¿∞-ßf - n¬\n-∂p-amWv "A]-\n¿Ωm-Xmhv' ]mT-krjvSn
\n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xv. Nn¥-I-\mb gmIv Zcn-Z-bpsS Nn¥-bn¬ G‰-hp-a-
[nIw kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p-≈X - mWv A]-\n¿Ωm-WØ - ns‚ ]mT-
kr-jvSn-]-c-amb km≤y-X-Iƒ. Zcn-Z-X-s∂-bmWv A]-\n¿Ωm-WsØ
\n¿h-Nn®v ]mT-kr-jSv n-Iƒ°p ]cym-]X v a
- mb coXn-bn¬ hf¿Øn-s°m-
≠p-h∂ - h - c - n¬ {][m-\n.
B[p-\nI `mjm-im-kv{X-Øns‚ ]nXm-sh∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-
Sp∂ s^¿Un-\m≥Uv sZ tkmkyq¿ `mj-W-Øn-\mWv enJn-X-`m-j-
sb-°mƒ {]m[m\yw sImSp-°p-∂-Xv. Zcn-Zbv°v AXv AwKo-I-cn-°p-
hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. tπt‰m-tbbpw Acn-tÃm-ń-en-t\bpw
th¿Uvkvh - ¿Øv apX-eb - m-ht- cbpw C∂v temIw hmbn-°p-∂Xv Ah-
cpsS enJnX `mj-If - n--eq-sS-bm-Wv. ZcnZ CXns\ \ymbo-Ic - n-®p-sIm≠v
XpS¿∂p hy‡-am-°p-∂p. GsXmcp hm°pw GsXmcp Nn”-hpw-t]mse
am‰n-ad- n-°s - ∏´ km∂n-≤y-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv hyXy-kvXß - f
- mb A¿∞-
ßsf DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. F√m hm°p-If - p-sSbpw Nn”-ßf - p-sSbpw
A¿∞w CXc A¿∞-ßf - p-sSbpw Nn”-ßf - p-sSbpw A¿∞-Øn¬\n-
∂p-ap≈ hyXym-kØ - n¬ A[n-jvTn-Xa - m-sW∂v ZcnZ hy‡-am-°p-∂p-
≠v. Nph-∏ns‚ A¿∞w CXc h¿Æ-ßf - n¬\n-∂p-ap≈ hyXym-ka - m-
Wv. ]mT-kr-jSv n-bnepw CXp {]k-‡a - m-W.v Hcp ]mT-Øn¬\n-∂p-ap≈
hyXym-k-amWv CXc ]mT-ßfn¬- Z¿in-°phm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv. ZcnZ
XpS¿∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv bYm¿∞-amb Hc¿∞-an-s√-∂m-Wv. Of
Gramatology—The Science of Writing F∂ IrXn-bn¬ Fgp-Øn-eqsS
km≤y-am-Ip∂ A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z\ coXnsb ZcnZ "A]-\n¿ΩmWw'
sNbvXv hkvXp-XI - ƒ hni-Zo-Ic - n-°p-∂p. Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ dqtm-hns‚
"Ip‰-kΩ - Xw' (Confessions) F∂ IrXnsb A]-\n¿Ωn®v B IrXn-
bn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ AXns‚ \ntj-[sØ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂p.
FgpØv hnI-ehpw Ir{Xn-a-hp-am-sW∂ dqtm-hns‚ \ne-]m-
Sns\bmWv ZcnZ A]-\n¿Ωn-°p-∂X - v.
48
t]mƒ Unam≥ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ A]-\n¿ΩmW XmØzn-I∑ - m¿ ]mT-

Øns‚ tIh-e-amb Hc¿∞w Is≠-Øp-hm-\p≈ cq]-am-{X-{]-k-‡-
amb hna¿i-\-ambn A]-\n¿Ωm-WsØ ImWp-∂n-√. GIo-Ir-Xhpw
ka-RvPk - h- p-amb ]mT-kr-jvSn-sb∂ k¶-ev]sØ \ntj-[n®v _lp-
ap-Jhpw sshhn-≤y-hp-ap≈ ]mT-ß-fm-bn-´mWv Hmtcm IrXn-tbbpw
Ch¿ ImWp-∂-Xv. A]-\n¿Ωm-Xm-°sf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]mT-
]m-cm-bWw cN-bn-Xmhv \n›-bn® A¿∞-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp-hm-\p≈
am¿§-a√ - . cN-bn-Xmhv Is≠-Øm-ØXpw hn´p-If - ™
- X
- p-amb hkvXp-
X-Isf Is≠-Øp-hm\pw Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ aqe-]m-TsØ hna¿i-\m-
fl-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ k¿§m-flI {Inb-bm-Wv. DØ-cm-
[p-\n-IX
- b - n¬ Hcp ]mTsØ adp-]m-Tß - f- mbn krjvSn-°p-∂X - n¬ A]-
\n¿ΩmW coXn°v {]k-‡-amb ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Hcp kmlnXy
kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ Ah-X-cW {]m[m-\y-tØm-sS-bmWv A]-\n¿Ωm-
WsØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-sX-¶nepw C∂v CXns‚ hym]vXn Gsd-bm-Wv.
am¿Ivkn-kw, sân-\n-kw, Ncn-{Xw, cmjv{So-bw, \nbaw XpS-ßn-bp≈
F√m taJ-eI - f- n-te°pw A]-\n¿Ωm-WØ - ns‚ kzm[o\w hym]n-®p-
\n-ev°p-∂p. DØ-cm-[p-\nI kmln-Xy-Ønse A]-\n¿ΩmW Iem-k-
¶-ev]w, kmlnXyw hncp-≤-amb A]mc bmYm¿∞y-ßsf Ah-X-cn-
∏n-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-sa∂ k¶-ev]Ø - n-e[- n-jvTn-Xa
- m-Wv.
AXn-IY
- I
- f
- psS {]k‡n
am[y-a-ßƒ hnti-jn®v Zriy-am-[y-a-ßƒ bmYm¿∞ysØ h{Io-I-
cn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ kmlnXyw AXns‚ Ah-
X-c-W-co-Xn-bn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-Ibpw X¬^-e-ambn AXn-IY-Iƒ
kzbw krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-am-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. AXn-IY-Iƒ°v DØ-cm-
[p-\nI bpK-Ønse A\p-hm-N-Is\ BI¿jn-°p-hm\pw Ah¿°p
ap∂n¬ Bkzm-Z\ kuµ-cy-Øns‚ ]pØ≥ hmXm-b\ - ß
- ƒ Xpd-∂n-
Sp-hm\pw A\m-bm-tk\ Ign-™p. ]{X-ßƒ, amkn-I-Iƒ, sSen-hn-
j≥, C‚¿s\‰v XpS-ßnb am[y-a-ßƒ C∂v hm¿Ø-Iƒ {]N-cn-∏n-
°p-∂Xv bmYm¿∞ym-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-´-√. bmYm¿∞ysØ `mj-bn-eq-
sSbpw Zriy-Øn-eq-sSbpw DtZz-KP
- \
- I
- hpw \mS-Io-bh
- p-am-°n-bmWv Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ]e-t∏mgpw Cu Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v IYm-I-Y\ kz`m-
h-am-Wp-≈-Xv. CXns\ AXn-Po-hn®v \ne-\n-ev°p-hm≥ IYm-ta-Je
]pXnb BJym-\-coXn Is≠-Øn. khn-ti-j-amb Cu BJym-\-co-
Xn-sb-bmWv AXn-IY - s
- b∂p ]d-bp-∂X- v.
49
AXn-I-Y-Iƒ \mw Pohn-°p∂ temI-Øn\v kam-\-amb as‰mcp

temIsØ ÿm]n-°p-Ib - mWv sNøp-∂s - X∂v ]{So-kn-bthm \n¿Æ-
bn-°p-∂p. \mw Pohn-°p∂ temIw DØ-cm-[p-\n-Ia - m-Wt√m? AXns‚
khn-ti-jX - I - sf A\m-hc - Ww sNøp∂ IY-Iƒ ap≥I-YI - f
- n¬\n∂v
A¿t∞m-X] v m-Z\Øn¬ `n∂-am-W.v en≥U l®ns‚ \nco£-WØ - n¬
Hcp IY-bpsS BJym-\] - c - hpw `mjm-]c - h - p-amb ka-{K-Xsb B IY-
bn¬Øs∂ Dƒs∏-SpØn krjvSn-°p∂ IY-bmWv AXn-I-Y. Cu
\n¿h-N\ - ß - ƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv AXn-IY - m-hX
- c- W- Ø- ns‚ hym]vXn-
bm-Wv.
Hcp IY-bn¬Øs∂ H∂n-e[ - nIw coXn-bn-ep≈ AXn-IY - m-kt- ¶-
X-ßƒ ]e A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. F¥mWv AXn-
IYmkt¶-X-sa∂v kmam-\y-ambn \n¿Æ-bn-°mw. LS-\m-hm-Z-X-
ØzsØ cN-\m-[n-jT v n-Xa - mbn \nco-£n-°p-tºmƒ `mj F√m-btv ∏mgpw
Ah-Xc - W - Ø - n\v `mj-sb-Øs∂ B{i-bn-°p-∂X - mbn°mWmw. AXp-
t]mse IYbv°v IY-Xs∂ hnj-b-am-Ip-∂p. t\mh-en\v t\mh¬X-
s∂bpw hnj-ba - m-Imw. AXp-t]mse bYm¿∞ kw`-hß - sf IYm-cq-
]-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn∏n°p∂p. Ch-sb√mw AXn-I-Ym-I-Y-\-Øn-\p≈
Nne {it≤b am¿§-ß-fm-Wv. Gsd AXn-I-Y-I-fpsS ]mcm-b-Whpw
]mT-Øns‚ Ah-X-c-W-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ ]mT-
Øn¬ {]Xy-£s - ∏-Sp-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ hmb-\° - m-c\- p-
amtbm ]mT-Ønse GsX-¶nepw IYm-]m-{X-hp-amtbm kwhm-Zn-°p-∂p.
hmb-\° - m-c\pw ]mT-Øn-\p-≈n-te°v {]th-in-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-kcw
Nne-t∏mƒ hmb-\-bv°n-S-bn¬ kwPm-X-am-Ip-∂p. Aßs\ ]mTw
AXns‚ hmb-\sb AXn¬Øs∂ Hcp hnt\m-Zw-t]mse BI¿j-
I-am-°p-∂p. Hcp Iev]n-X-IY AXn-I-Y-bmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ
Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥Xs∂ AsXmcp Iev]nX IY-bm-sW∂v shfn-hm-°p-
∂p. XpS¿∂v Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥Xs∂ hmb-\-°m-cs\ Iev]nX IYm-
Jym-\Ø- ns‚ taJ-eI - f- n-eqsS Hcp hgn-Im-ń-sb-t∏mse \S-Øp-∂Xpw
AXn-IY - b - psS C\n-sbmcp khn-ti-jX - b - m-Wv.
ap≥I-Ym-Jym-\-co-Xn-Isf Ań-a-dn®v hmb-\-°m-cs\ ]pXp-I-Ym-
Jym-\c - o-Xn-bn-te°v BI¿jn-°p-Ib - mWv AXn-IY - m-hX
- c
- W
- Ø - ns‚
Hcp e£yw. AXn-\mbn AXn-IY - m-cN - b- n-Xmhv ]e X{¥-ßƒ kzoI-
cn-°p-∂p. \ne-hn-ep≈ Iem-k¶ - e - v]ß- s - ftbm ImenI {]k-‡a - mb
Hcp kw`-h-sØtbm N¿®bv°v hnt[-b-am-°p-∂p. hmb-\-°m-cs\
hnfn®v IY-bn-te°v {]th-in-∏n-°p-∂p. hmb-\° - m-c\v Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-
hm-\mbn H∂n-e[ - nIw ]cn-ka - m-]X v n-Iƒ tN¿°p-∂p. {]kwKw, IhnX,
50
kmtcm-]t- Z-iw, al-Xh v- N

- \
- ß
- ƒ XpS-ßnb IYm-_m-ly-amb hkvXp-
X-Iƒ {]tbm-Kn®v ap≥I-Ym-hym-Jym-\c - o-Xn-sb- am‰nadn-°p-∂Xpw AXn-
I-Ym-h-X-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw Chsb ]cn-lm-k-cq-t]-
W-tbm hn]-co-Xm¿∞ {]tbm-K-£-a-am-bnt´m BWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-
∂-Xv. {][m-\a - m-sbmcp AXn-IY - m-Jym-\k- t- ¶-Xa- mbn ]mc-Unsb D]-
tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠.v ]e-t∏mgpw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xnbpw teJ-\I - r-Xnbpw \ncq-
]-WI- r-Xn-bp-sa-√m-am-bp≈ hyXymkw AXn-IY - m-Jym-\Ø - n¬ Aen-
™n-√m-Xm-Ip-∂X - mbn ImWmw. AXn-Yn-Iƒ s]mXpsh krjvSn-°p∂
hmMvab _nw_-ßƒ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn-Iv-˛-bm-{¥nI PohnX kzm[o-\-
Øn¬\n∂pw ]pXp-a-tbmsS Is≠-Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ ]mcUn
krjvSn-°p-hm≥ ap≥ hm-Mvab _nw_-ßsf h{Io-Ic - n®v Ah-Xc - n-∏n-
°m-dp-≠v. IYm-h-X-c-W-Øns‚ ka-{K-X-bn¬ Hcp DØ-cm-[p-\nI
Xmfhpw kuµ-cyhpw krjvSn-°p-I-bmWv AXn-I-Ym-{kjvSm-°ƒ
sNøp-∂X - .v
AXn-I-Ym-k-t¶-X-ßƒ {][m-\-ambpw c≠p coXn-bn-emWv Fgp-
Øp-Im¿ ]mT-kr-jvSn-°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. kzX-{¥-ambn ]mT-
ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ AXn-I-Y-Ifpw adp-]m-T-ambn ]mT-ßƒ krjvSn-
°p∂ AXn-I-Y-Ifpw. Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ adp-]m-T-am-bn-´mWv AXn-IY
krjvSn-°p-∂s - X-¶n¬ AXv BZyw-Xs∂ Imcy-Im-cW klnXw hy‡-
am-°p-Ib- mWv ]Xnhv.
hnt\m-Z-am-Ip∂ ]mT-krjvSn
DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-kr-jvSn-Iƒ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv `mh-\b - psS \ho-
\-cq]-sØ-bm-W.v `mh-\b - psS \ho-\c - q-]s- a-∂m¬ DØ-cm-[p-\nI `mh-
\-sb-∂mWv A¿∞-am-°p-∂X - v. Aß-s\-sbmcp `mh-\b - pt≠m? DØ-
cm-[p-\nI kaq-la - p-s≠-¶n¬, kwkvIm-ca - p-s≠-¶n¬, kmln-Xy-ap-s≠-
¶n¬, Aß-s\-sbmcp `mh-\b - p≠v. DØ-cm-[p-\nIXsb kw_-‘n®
hkvXp-XI - ƒ Adn™v AXns‚ XmØzn-Ih - i
- ß
- sf A]-{K-Yn®v ]mT-
ßsf BJym\w sNbvXv krjvSn-°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-amb `mh-\-sb-
bmWv DØ-cm-[p-\nI `mh-\-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. `mh-\bv°v k©m-c-
kz-`m-ha- m-Wp-≈X - v. ISn-™m-Wp-If - n-√msX `mh\ ]e-t∏mgpw Abp-
‡n-I-X-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-hp-am-Wv. DØ-cm-[p-\nI k¶-ev]w-Xs∂
Imem-[n-jT v n-Xa - mbn ]cn-h¿Ø-\s - ∏-Sp∂ k©m-ck - z-`m-hØ- n-e[- n-jT
v n-
X-am-Wv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ thK-Xbpw Zriy-am-≤y-a-ß-fpsS AXn-bm-
Ym¿∞ym-hX - c- W
- hpw `mh-\bv°v NSp-eX - bpw Abp-‡n-IX - b- n¬ A[n-
51
jvTn-X-amb Nn¥m-io-e-hp-amWv ]I¿∂p \evIp-∂-Xv. Cu `mh-\-sb-

bmWv ]mT-kr-jvSn-°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv.
DØ-cm-[p-\nI cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ ]mT-kr-jvSnsb Hcm-tLm-j-am-bn-
´mWv sIm≠m-Sp-∂X - v. apºv Hcp ]mTw krjvSn-®m¬ AXv {]kn-≤o-I-
cn-°p-∂X - n-\mbn {]km-[Is‚ Imcp-Wy-Øn-\mbn BgvNI - sfm amk-
ß-tfmhsc ImØn-cn-t°-≠n-hc - p-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-°m-sX-
bp-an-cn-°p-∂p. DØ-cm-[p-\nI Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Hcp IrXn {]kn-≤o-I-
cn-°p-hm≥ Hcp {]km-[I-s‚bpw Imcp-Wy-Øn\p ImØp-\n-evt°≠
Imcy-an-√. C‚¿s\-‰nse sh_vssk-‰p-I-fn¬ temI-hym-]-I-am-bn-
Øs∂ ]mT-ßƒ FØn-°p-hm≥ ImØn-cn-∏ns‚ Bh-iy-ta-bn-√. ]mT-
ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ B¿°pw AXv ssk_¿km-ln-Xy-ambn {]kn-
≤o-Ic - n-°m-hp∂ Ah-ÿ.
C\n-bmWv Fs¥-gp-Xp∂p, Fßs\ Fgp-Xp--∂p-sb-∂Xv {]k-
‡-am-Ip-∂X - v. ]mT-ßƒ Adn-hm¿÷-\Ø - n-\p-≈X - m-Wv. ]mT-kr-jvSn-
Iƒ Adn-hp-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°v ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm\pw Bfl-{]-Im-
i-\Ø- n-\p≈ am¿§-ßf - m-W.v Hsc-gp-Øp-Im-cs\ kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw
]pØ≥ Adn-hns‚ taJ-eI - ƒ Is≠-Øp-∂Xpw apºp-≈X - ns\ C\n-
sbmcp ho£-W-Zn-i-bn-eqsS ImWp-∂Xpw ]pXp-a-bp≈ Bfl-{]-Im-
i-\-co-Xn-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂Xpw {]k-‡-am-Wv.
DØm-cm-[p-\n-IX ]mT-krjvSn hnt\m-Z-ambn Gsdbpw sIm≠m-
Sp-∂Xv kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS cN-\-bn-em-Wv. Hcp ]mT-Øns‚ A]-
\n¿ΩmWw A¿∞-Øns‚ hncpt≤mXv]m-Z-\-am-Wv. cN-bn-Xm-hns\
kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw `mh-\-bpsS khn-tij hn\n-tbm-K-amWv \S-
Øp-∂-sX-¶nepw A\p-hm-N-Is\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Nn¥bv°v
]m{Xo-`-hn-°p-∂Xpw IuXp-I-I-c-hp-amb Ah-ÿ-bmWv A]-\n¿Ωn-
Xn-Iƒ {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ CXv A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z\
hnt\m-Za - m-W.v aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS {]k-‡nsb IS-sa-SpØv A]-\n¿ΩmW
]mT-Øn\pw {]i-kX v n-bn-te°v {]th-in-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂p. hna¿i-
\-_p-≤n-tbmsS hkvXp-X-Isf ImWp-hm-\p≈ Ignhv ImenI {]k-
‡-ambn hf¿Øp-hm\pw A]-\n¿ΩmW ]mT-kr-jvSn°v Ign-bp-∂p.
AXn-IY - I- ƒ IYm-Jym-\Ø - ns‚ \ho\ coXn-sb-bmWv {]Xn-\n-
[o-Ic- n-°p-∂X - .v CØcw IY-Iƒ BJym\w sNøp-hm≥ \ho\ kt¶-
X- ß ƒ Fgp- Ø p- I m- c \v Is≠- Ø m- h p- ∂ - X m- W v . AXn- I - Y - I ƒ
krjvSn®v BJym\w sNøp-∂Xv \nb-at- h-en-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ \nev°p∂
N´-°q-Sp-Isf ap≥\n-dp-Øn-b-√. Fgp-Xp∂ IYsb ImenI{]k-
‡hpw H∏w BI¿j-Ih - p-am-°p-Is - b∂ \nb-a] - c
- X- a
- m-{X-amWv AXn-
52
I-Ym-Jym-\Ø - n-\p-≈X - v. DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b

- n¬ adp-]m-Tk - rjvSn AwKo-
IrX Ie-bm-Wt- √m. Bi-bk - zo-Ic - W - Ø - nepw Ah-Xc - W - c - o-Xn-bnepw
aqe-Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂pw {]k-cn-s®-Øm-hp∂ kmZr-iysØ C√m-Xm-°p-
hm-\mWv Fgp-Øp-Im¿ ]e-t∏mgpw ]e coXn-bn¬ AXn-I-Ym-k-t¶-
X-ßsf {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - v. Iui-e] - q¿∆w ]mT-kr-jvSn-Iƒ B¿°pw
\n¿∆-ln-°p-hm-\p≈ DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-{¥-Øns‚ AXn-i-‡-amb
kzm[o-\a - mWv AXn-IY - I - f- psS Bhn-jvIm-cc - o-Xn-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-
°p-∂X - .v
A]-\n¿ΩmWw AXn-IY - m-cN- \ XpS-ßnb ]mT-kr-jSv n-Iƒ DØ-
cm-[p-\n-I-Xsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Hcp hnt\m-Zw-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.
_p≤nsb {IaoI-ambn hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-hm\pw Pohn-XsØ Iem-]-
c-ambn kao-]n®v kuµ-cym-flIam°p-hm\pw ]mT-krjvSn hnt\m-Z-
Øn\p Ign-bp-∂p.
temØym- d ns‚ `mjm- h n- t \mZw (Language Games) F∂
k¶ev]w ]mT-kr-jvSn-bnepw {]k-‡-am-Wv. sNkv-I-fnsb Hmtcm
{]mh-iyhpw hyXy-kX v hpw `n∂-aq-ey-ap-≈X - p-am-°p-∂Xv AXnse Icp-
°-fpsS `n∂-amb \o°-ß-fm-Wv. Hmtcm Ifn-bnepw Icp-°ƒ \o°-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv Hmtcm coXn-bn-em-Wv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Icp-°-fpsS \o°-
Øn-\\ - p-kc - nt® Ifn-bpsS aqeyhpw \n¿Æ-bn-°m-\m-hp-Ib - p-≈p. Cu
_u≤nI hnt\m-ZI - f- nsb ASn-ÿm-\a - m°n `mjm-hn-t\m-Zs - Ø-°p-dn®v
temØym¿ \S-Øp∂ \nco-£Ww {it≤-b-am-Wv. Hmtcm i_vZ-
sØbpw As√-¶n¬ hm°n-s\bpw sNp-I-fn-bnse Hmtcm Icp-°-
fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p. Icp-°sf Ifn-°-\p-k-cn®v \o°p-∂-Xp-t]m-
se-bmWv Bh-iym-\p-kc - Ww (km-ln-Xy-kr-jSv n-bn¬) i_vZs - Øbpw
hm°n-s\bpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. khn-ti-j-amb A¿∞w In´p-hm-
\p≈ hm°p-I-fpsS Cu D]-tbm-KsØ sNnse Hcp Icp-hns‚
\o°-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. F√m- I-fn-I-fnepw Ifn-°p-∂Xv Pbn-
°m≥th-≠n-bm-bn-cn-°n-√. Hmtcm ]pXnb \o°hpw Ifnsb apt∂m´p
\bn-°p-Ibpw Ifn-°m-c\v B\-µtam Bfl-kw-Xr-]vXn-tbm-t]m-ep≈
Fs¥-¶nepw hnImcw krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-
bpsS cN-\b - nepw Gd-°psd kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv CXp-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv. Fgp-
Øp-Im-c≥ \nc-h[ - n-bmb hm°p-If - n¬\n∂pw Xnc-s™-SpØ hm°p-
Isf khn-ti-ja - mb A¿t∞m-X] v m-Z\ - Ø - n\v Ign-bp-∂c - o-Xn-bn¬ emh-
Wym-fl-I-ambn ASp-°n-h-bv°p-∂p. Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ Cu {]hrØn
_u≤n-IX - b - n¬ A[n-jvTn-Xa - m-Wv. Bhn-jvIm-cØ - ns‚ B\µw e`n-
°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vXh - p-am-Wv.
53
\nb-a-ß-fmWv Hmtcm Ifn-Iƒ°pw N´-°q-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿°p-∂-Xv.

GsX-¶n-ep-samcp \nbaw am‰-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-bm¬ AXv Ifn-bpsS
kz`m-hsØ am‰n-a-dn-°pw. F√m kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw krjvSn
hm°p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bm-sW-¶nepw Hmtcm IrXn°pw AXn-t‚-Xmb
cq]hpw \nb-ah - p-am-Wp-≈X - .v sNknse Hcp Icp-hns\ Hcp hm°mbpw
\o°w A¿∞sØ XpS¿hn-\n-abw sNøp∂ {]{In-bbmbpw ImW-
Ww. As√-¶n¬ Icp-hns‚ \o°-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Ifn-bp-ambn Icp-
°ƒ _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Hcp \o°sØ Hcp hm°mbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-
tºmƒ, \o°w \nb-a-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-a-s√-¶n¬ AXv Ifn-bn¬ ]cn-K-
Wn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. hm°p-Iƒ A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn-\mbn ktΩ-fn-
∏n®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ GXp kmln-Xy-am-[y-a-Øn-eqsS ]d-bp-
∂pthm AXns‚ \nb-a-Øn\pw cq]-Øn-\p-a-\p-k-cn®v {Iao-I-cn-°p-
∂n-s√-¶n¬ AXns\ \√ kmln-Xy-ambn AwKo-Ic - n-°p-Ib - n-√. "`mjm-
hn-t\m-Z-Ønse' \nb-a-ßƒ°v hy‡-am-sbmcp \nb-am-hen Xo¿Øn-
ń-s√-¶nepw Fgp-Øp-Im¿ AXns\ tNmZyw sNømsX Fgp-Øn-eqsS
(]m-Tk - r-jvSn-bn-eq-sS) AwKo-Ic - n-°p-Ib - mWv sNøp-∂X - v.
hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Hcp _u≤nI Ifn-bpsS Dt∑-j-tØmsS ]mT-
ßƒ krjvSn®v hn]-W\w sNøp-∂Xv DØ-cm-[p-\n-II - m-esØ ]mT-
krjvSn hnt\m-ZØ - n¬ {]k-‡a - m-Wv. sNkv ]T-\Ø - n-eqsS B¿°pw
]Tn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. AXn¬ hnZ-Kv≤cpw AXn-hn-ZK - v≤c - p-am-Ip-∂h - ¿
Ipd-®p-am-{X-am-Wv. CXn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ ]e-Xm-Wv. Ign-hn-√m-Ø-
Xp-sImt≠m _p≤n-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-sImt≠m A√ ]ecpw AXn¬ hnZ-
Kv≤c - m-Im-ØX - v. Ah-cpsS at\m-`mhw A¿∏-Wt- _m[w k¿t∆m-]cn
P∑-hm-k\ XpS-ßn-bh - s
- b-√mw hnZ-Kv≤c - m-Ip-∂X - nse Hmtcmtcm LS-
I-ßf - m-Wv. CXp-Xs - ∂-bmWv ]mT-kr-jvSn-bnepw kw`-hn-°p-∂X - v.
Zriy-am-≤y-aß - f - psS AXn-hym]vXn `mh-\t- bbpw k¿§m-flI - X - -
tbbpw ]cn-anXs∏Sp-Øp-sa∂ Bi¶ C∂p hym]-Ia - m-Wv. CXv ASn-
ÿm-\-c-ln-X-amb Bi-¶-am-{X-am-Wv. `mh-\bpw k¿§m-fl-I-Xbpw
Imen-I-{]-k-‡-amb Hcp ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-IpI am{X-
amWv Cu Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ sNøp-∂X - v. apºp-≈X - n¬\n∂pw `n∂-ambn
ImgvNbv°pw thK-Xbv°pw {]m[m\yw \evIp∂ Hcp at\m-`m-ha - mWv
hf¿∂p-hc - p-∂Xv.
PohnXw k©m-ck - z-`m-hØ - n¬ A[n-jT v n-Xa - m-W.v h¿Ø-am-\Ø - n-
eqsS `mhn-bn-te-°p≈ k©m-c-amWv Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cpsS Pohn-X-hpw.
`mhn-bn-te°v F{X-Zqcw k©-cns®-Øp-∂pthm AXv h¿Ø-am-\Ø - n-
eqsS IS∂v `qX-am-bn-Øo-cp-I-bm-Wv. At∏mƒ hnkvXr-X-amb `qX-
54
Øn\v ap∂nepw hnkvXr-Xa - mb `mhn°p ]n∂n-ep-amWv \mw \nev°p∂

h¿Ø-am-\I - m-ew. `mhn-bn-te°p I-S∂- p-sN∂v Dujvaf- a
- mb ]mT-ßƒ
krjvSn-°p-tºmƒ A\n-hm-cy-Xt- ]mse h¿Ø-am-\sØ Hcp hnt\m-Z-
ambn krjvSn-°p-I-bmWv DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-{kjvSm-°ƒ sNøp-∂-
Xv. DØ-cm-[p-\nI ImesØ Bkzm-Z\w G‰hpw ]pXn-bXv G‰hpw
hnt\m-ZI- c
- a- mb coXn-bn¬ Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ _u≤n-Is - sh-Im-cnI ka-
\z-bt- ØmsS Adn-bp-hm-\p-≈X - mWv.
55
56
adp-]m-T-krjvSn
Hcp ]mT-]-T\w
Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-hm-ØXpw khn-ti-j-hy-‡nXzw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xp-
amb "A\p-I-c-WsØ' adp-]m-T-sa∂ t]cn¬ BZy-ambn AwKo-I-cn-
°p-∂Xv DØ-cm-[p-\nI Ime-L´- Ø - n-em-Wv. kXyhpw anYybpw XΩn-
ep≈ AIew Ipd-bp-Ibpw `mh-\b - n¬°m-Wp∂ Gsd-°m-cy-ßfpw
bmYm¿∞y-am-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp∂ DØ-cm-[p-\n-II - m-eØv kmln-Xym-
\p-I-c-W-ßƒ tIh-e-amb A\p-I-c-W-Øns‚ Xe-Øn¬\n∂pw
hf¿∂v Iem-]c - hpw _u≤n-Ih- p-amb k¿§m-flI {]h¿Ø-\Ø - ns‚
`mK-ambnØo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
{]mY-anI]mTw
Hcp adp-]mTw krjvSn-°-W-sa∂ \n›-b-tØmsS Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥
Fgp-Øp-I-S-em-kn\p ap∂n¬ As√-¶n¬ Iw]yq-´-dn\p ap∂n-en-cn-°p-
∂p. Fgp-tX≠ ]mTw Fs¥∂v ap≥Iq-ń-bp≈ Xocp-am\w D≠m-bn-
cn-°-Ww. IY, Ihn-X, \mS-Iw, teJ-\w, Xnc-°-Y, t\mh¬ XpS-ßn-
bp≈ F¥p-am-Imw. krjvSn-t°≠ ]mTsØ∏‰n-bp≈ ImenI{]k-
‡-amb {]tbm-K-h-i-ßfpw B ]mT-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-∏-‰n-
bp-ap≈ hkvXp-X-I-sfbpw Hm¿ΩIfn-eqsS Nn¥m-a-fi-e-Øn-te°v
IS-Øn-hn-SW - w. GXp ]mT-amtWm adp-]m-Tk - r-jvSn°v aqe-ambn kzoI-
cn-®-sX∂ hy‡-amb [mcW F¥mbmepw ]mT-{k-jvSm-hn\v D≠m-
bn-cn-°p-a-s√m. adp-]m-T-kr-jvSn°v Xøm-dm-Ip-tºmƒØs∂ aqe-]m-T-
Øns‚ IYm-¥c - o-£s
- Ø am‰n-\n-dpØn C\n-sbmcp IYm-¥c - o-£sØ-
∏‰n Iev]n-®p-Xp-S-tß-≠-Xp-≠v. aqe-]m-T-Ønse IYm-]m-{X-ß-
fn¬\n∂pw XnI®pw `n∂-amb IYm-]m-{X-ßsf adp-]m-Tk - r-jSv n-°mbn
Is≠-Øp-Itbm Iev]n-s®-Sp-°p-Itbm sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. C{X-bp-am-
bn-°-gn-™m¬ aqe-]m-T-Øns‚ LS-\-Xs∂ am‰n-a-dn®v C\n-sbmcp
57
LS-\-bn¬ adp-]mTw Fgp-Xm-hp∂tXbp-≈p. A{X {]kn-≤-a-√mØ

IrXn-If - psS adp-]mTw krjvSn-®m¬ AXv Xncn-®d - n™v \n¿Æ-bn-°p-
hm≥Xs∂ Ign-s™-∂p-hc - n-√. ChnsS {]m[m-\y-tØmsS {]h¿Øn-
t°-≠Xv Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ X{¥-am-Wv. hkvXp-X-Isf am‰n-a-dn®v
]pØ≥ BJym-\c - o-Xn-bn¬ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°phm-\p≈ X{¥w. Hcp am[y-
a-Øn¬ \n∂pw C\n-sbmcp am[y-aØ - n-te-°p≈ adp-]m-Tk - r-jSv n-bmWv
G‰hpw kzmK-Xm¿lhpw Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ k¿§m-flI - X IqSp-Xe - mbn
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂X - pw. IY-bn¬\n∂v Ihn-Xbpw \mS-IØ - n¬\n∂v sNdp-
I-Ybpw Ihn-Xb - n¬\n∂v t\mhtem Xnc-°Y - tbm F¥pw am‰n-ad - n®v
adp-]m-Tk- r-jvSn°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.
aqe-]m-T-Øn¬\n∂pw adp-]m-Tßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-
cs‚ BZy-Im-e] - m-Tß - ƒ Hcp ]q¿Æ hnP-ba - m-bn-cn-°W - s- a-∂n-√. ]T-
\hpw XpS¿]m-T-kr-jvSn-Ifpw hgn adp-]m-T-c-N-\sb hnP-b-am-°m-hp-
∂-tX-bp-≈p. CØcw cN-\m-X{¥w DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbv°p apºpw
Gsd cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-ØmsX \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-t√-sb∂
kwibw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Db¿∂p-h-cmw. \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. DØ-cm-[p-
\n-IX CØcw ]mT-kr-jvSnsb X{¥-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb k¿§m-fl-
IX Bbn-´mWv ImWp-∂-Xv. am{X-hp-a√ adp-]m-T-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-
hm≥ DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbv°v AXn-t‚-Xmb kt¶-X-ß-fp-ap-≠v. A]-
\n¿Ωm-Ww, AXn-IY - m-IY - \- w, ]mcUn XpS-ßn-bh CØcw kt¶-X-
ß-fn¬ {]kn-≤-ß-fm-Wv. Fgp-Øp-Im-c\v adp-]m-T-kr-jvSn-°mbn
C\nbpw ]pXn-bX - {- ¥-ßƒ Is≠-Øm-hp-∂X - m-Wv.
A\p- I - c - W sØ tIh- e - a mb A\p- I - c - W - Ø ns‚ Xe-
Øn¬\n∂pw Iem-]c - hpw k¿§m-flI - h- p-amb A\p-Ic - W- Ø- ns‚ Xe-
Øn-te°v Db¿Øn-bXv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b- m-Wv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp
IrXn {]tNm-Z\ - a - m-Ip∂ Ah-ÿb - √ Cu cN-\m-co-Xn-bn-ep-≈X - v. Hcp
]mTsØ aqe-am-sb-SpØv t_m[-]q¿∆w-Xs∂ AXn¬\n∂pw `n∂hpw
X\Xv hy‡n-Xz-hp-ap≈ ]mTw k - rjvSn°pI-Xs - ∂-bmWv Fgp-Øp-Im-
c≥ sNøp-∂X - v.
adp-]m-Tw-—Hcp IY
"A£-c-ßƒ tamjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂p'. Iń-en¬ InS-∂p-sIm-≠mWv
Rm≥ Ahs\ ImWp-∂-Xv. B`m-k≥, duUn, hrØn-sI-´-h≥,
tamjvSmhv Fs∂√mw \m´p-Im¿ hnti-jW
- ß
- ƒ \evInb {]Xyp-cmPv!
Fs∂ DW¿Øphm≥ th≠ i_vZtam kv]¿i-\tam as‰-s¥-
¶n-eptam Ahs‚ `mK-Øp-\n∂pw D≠m-bn-√. \nem-hns‚ aßnb
58
{]`bpw apdn-bnse sNdnb _ƒ_ns‚ {]Im-ihpw Ie¿∂ shfn-®-

Øn- e mWv Rm\- h s\ Xncn- ® - d n- ™ - X v . Ah≥ Fs∂- Ø s∂
t\m°n\nev°p-Ib - m-Wv. Aev]w Xpd∂ IÆn¬ \n{Z \Sn®v Ahs\
I_-fn-∏n®v F∂m¬ Ahs\ {i≤n®v Rm≥ InS-∂p.
F¥m-bn-cn°pw kabw? Adn-bp-hm≥ hgn-I-sfm∂pw ImWp-∂n-
√. {]Xyp-cmPv Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw apdn-bn¬ h∂Xv? tamjWw sXmgn-
em-°nb Ah\v AXn-\p≈ hgn-Iƒ Adn-bp-hm≥ ]mSn-√t√m?
Igp-Øp-hsc Rm≥ ]pX-®n-cp-∂p. {]Xyp-cm-Pns\ ]I¬shfn-®-
Øn¬ I≠m¬Øs∂ Bcp-sSbpw s\©n-Sn°pw. s]mXpsh t]Sn-
°m-cn-bmb F\n°v Cu cm{Xn-bn¬ {]Xyp-cm-Pns\ I≠n´p t]Sn-tXm-
∂m-ØX - n¬ A¤pXw tXm∂n.
{]Xyp-cm-Pn\v Ne-\-an-√. Ah≥ Fs∂-Øs∂ t\m°n-\n-ev°p-
I-bm-Wv. At∏mƒ Fs‚ a\-n¬ Hm¿Ωh∂Xv Ahs‚ AtcmK-Zr-
V-Km-{X-amb \·ico-ca - m-Wv. Hcn-°¬ Ah≥ IS-hn¬ DSp-XpWn ]dn-
®n´v Ac-sbm∏w sh≈-Øn¬\n∂v Ipfn-°p∂ cq]w!
Aßs\ InS-°p-tºmƒ Fs‚ a\-n-te°v Hmtcmtcm Nn¥-Iƒ
h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. F√mw {]Xyp-cm-Pns‚ ssewKnIPohn-Xs - Ø-∏‰n
tI´-dn™ hm¿Ø-Iƒ. A≤ym-]n-Isb kvIqfn-en´v Ipń-Iƒ t\m°n-
\nevs° ]oUn-∏n®p. Fw.-F-¬.-F.-bpsS `mcysb DSp-XpWn Dcn-bn®v
Ih-e-bn¬ \n¿Øn {]Z¿in-∏n-®p. hr≤-a-µncw \S-Øp∂ Aiz-Xn-tZ-
hnsb ]oUn-∏n-®X - n-\p-tijw Igp-X∏ - p-dØ
- n-cpØn hS-°p-Zn-°n-te°p
hn´p.
Aßs\ Hmtcm∂v Hm¿Øp InS-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ ico-c-
Øn¬\n∂pw ]pX∏v hen-®p-am‰n apdn-bnse XWp-∏d - n-bm≥ B{Klw
tXm∂n. F¥n\v Rm\Xp sNøWw? C\n {]Xyp-cm-Pns‚ Dug-am-Wv.
I≈\pw _en-jT v \- p-amb {]Xyp-cm-Pns‚ Ic-he - bw Xo¿°p-hm≥
t]mIp∂ hnIm-ct- h-en-tb-‰hpw a¿±-\s - si-en-bp-tam¿Øp InS-∂p.
Dd-°a - p-Wc
- msX InS-∂m¬ Hcp {]iv\h - p-an-√. As√-¶n¬ `b∂v
ab-ßn-sb∂v c£-bv°mbn F\n°p ]d-bp-Ib - p-am-Im-at- √m.
Aßs\ Rm≥ {]Xyp-cm-Pn-s\bpw {]Xo-£n®v Dd°w \Sn®v InS-
°p-tºm-gmWv Ahs‚ t\m´w F∂n¬\n∂pw Xncn™v tai-bnse
Iw]yq-´-dn-se-Øp-∂-Xv. DSp-Øn-cp∂ XpWn ]dn®v Ah-\Xv aqSn.
Ct∏mƒ Ah≥ [cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Cd-°-ap≈ Hcp A≠¿sh-b-dm-bn-
cp-∂p. {]Xyp-cmPv c≠p-aq-∂Sn \S∂v Fgp-Øp-ta-i-bv°-Sp-sØ-Øn.
InS-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv Fgp-Xn-h-®n-cp∂ Hcp t{]a-te-J-\-Ø-n-te°v
Ah≥ kq£n-®p-t\m-°n. sas√ AXv ssIbn-se-Sp-Øp.
59
Ah≥ AXp hmbn-°p-∂Xp I≠-t∏m-gmWv I≈-∑m¿°v

cm{Xnbnse Ac≠ shfn-®Ø - n¬ \∂mbn ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v
a\-n-em-bX - v. Ah-\Xv {i≤n®p hmbn-°p-∂Xp I≠-t∏mƒ F\n°p
e÷ tXm∂n. Aev]w-IqSn \∂mbn Fgp-Xm-am-bn-cp∂p!
Imap-I-\mb tZh\v Rms\-gp-Xnb IØm-bn-cp∂p AXv. AXn-
se-¥mWv Fgp-Xn-bXv? Rm≥ Btem-Nn-®p-t\m-°n.
"BibS°w teiw-t]m-ep-an-√mØ {]nb-s∏´ tZhm, C˛-sa-bn¬
Ab-bv°m-ØXv ad-∂n-´√ - . Iw]yq-´d
- ns\ lwk-am-°p-hm≥ XmXv]c - y-
an-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. "Nm‰nMv', F\n-°-Xnepw XmXv]-cy-an-√.
\Ωƒ°v Bh-iy-ap-≈t- ∏mƒ t\cn´v k√-]n-°m-at√m? ]ns∂-sb-¥n-
\mWv b{¥-Øns‚ klmbw? Fs‚ kz]v\t- em-IØv \osbmcp kPo-
h-km-∂n-≤y-am-bn-Øs - ∂-bp-≠v. \ns‚ Im¿h¿Æ-\ndw Fs‚ kz]v\-
ßƒ°pw \ndw sImSp-°p-∂p-≠v. \ns‚ hnb¿∏ns‚ DujvafK‘w
Fs‚ \mkm-c{- ‘-ßƒ Adn-bp-∂p. D—zm-kØ - ns‚ kwKoXw ImXp-
Iƒ tIƒ°p-∂p. \o s\øp∂ kz]v\-ß-fpsS h¿Æ-h-e-Iƒ Fs‚
Hm¿Ω-Isf tImcn-sb-Sp-°p-∂pthm? Rm≥ s\øp∂ kz]v\-ß-fpsS
]miw \ns∂ hcn™p apdp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv... \o izmkwapń InX-bv°p-
∂Xp ImWp-hm≥ F¥p ck-am-sW-∂-dn-bptam? t\cn¬ Im-tW-≠.
F¥n-\mWp ImWp-∂Xv? kv]¿in-t°-≠. F¥n\mWp kv]¿in-°p-
∂Xv? kwkm-cn-t°-≠. F¥n-\mWp kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv? \ΩpsS Znhy-
amb {]Wbw AXn-ßs\ XpScmw. \Ωƒ°v Nn{X-en-]n-bn-eqsS
kwhmZn°mw. kz]v\ß - t- fmfpw Dujvaf - a
- √
- t√m as‰m-∂pw. Bin-°p-
∂Xv Ic-KX - a- m-Ip-∂X
- n-s\-°mƒ Bin-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂X - mWv `mKyw.
F∂v tZhs‚ Nn{X-Im-cn-bmb \nΩn...'
Cßs\ GXm-s≠-√mtam BWv AXn¬ Ipdn-®n-ń-cn-°p-∂X - v.
I≈≥ A√ {]Xyp-cmPv. Fs‚ hnI-e-amb t{]ateJ\w hmbn-
®p-I-gn™v sj¬^n-te-°mWv t\m°n-b-Xv. I≈≥ F∂v Ahs\
hnfn-°p-∂Xp icn-b√ - . Ah≥ {]h¿Øn-°p-Ib - m-W.v D≠pw t`mKn®pw
Xf¿∂p-d-ßp-∂-h-cpsS Ae-k-X-sb-°mƒ F{Xtbm al-Øz-ap-≠v
{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v. t{]a-te-J\w Aev]wIqSn \∂mbn Fgp-Xm-Ø-
Xn¬ F\n°p icn°pw ZpxJw tXm∂n.
Ct∏mƒ {]Xyp-cm-Pns‚ apJw sj¬^n¬ Rm≥ tiJ-cn-®p-h® - n-
cn-°p∂ Ipsd inev]-ßƒ°p am{X-am-Wv ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv.
Ah-sc√mw {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒsIm≠v temI-Nc - n-{X-Ønepw XØz-Nn-¥m-
[m-c-I-fnepw kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-b-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. {InkvXp, Km‘n,
tkm{I-ókv, _p≤≥... B ]ńI \ofp-I-bm-Wv.
60
{]Xyp-cmPv A≠¿sh-b-dns‚ t]m°-‰n¬\n∂pw Ipsd kn.-Un.-

I-sf-SpØv Iw]yq-´-¿ h®n-cp∂ tai-bn-te-°n-´p. t{]a-te-J\w {i≤-
tbmsS aS°n A≠¿sh-bd - ns‚ t]m°-‰n-en-´p. Aev]t- \cw Ft¥m
Btem-Nn-®p-\n-∂p.
]pX-∏n-\p-≈n¬°n-S∂ Rm≥ Xo¿Øpw Akz-ÿb - m-bn. Fs‚
kv{Xo XzsØ Ah≥ ]q¿Æ-ambpw A]-am-\n-°p-∂-Xmbn tXm∂n.
AXnepw at\m-lc - a
- mb F{X t{]a-te-J\ - ß
- ƒ thW-sa-¶nepw Fgp-
Xn-Ø-cm-sa∂v ]d-b-W-sa∂p tXm∂n. AXp ]d-bp-hm≥th≠n XpS-
ßn-b-t∏mƒ Ah≥ ho≠pw Fs‚ t\sc Xncn-™p. Dd°w \Sn®p
InS-∂n-cp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ Fs‚ IÆp-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-ambpw AS-™p-I-gn-
™n-cp-∂p. IÆp-Iƒ Xpd-°msX Ahs‚ km∂n-≤yhpw {]Xo£n®v
Rm≥ InS∂p.
_lfw tI´mWv Rm≥ Dd-°-ap-W¿∂-Xv. F¥mWv _l-f-sa-
∂-dn-bp-hm≥ InS∏papdn-bpsS hmXn¬ Xpd∂v ]pd-tØ-°n-dß - n. hoń-
ep-≈-h¿s°m∏w ASpØ hoń-tebpw Bfp-Iƒ IqSn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
cm{Xn-bn¬ hoSns‚ hmXn¬ Btcm IpØn-Øp-d∂p!
BcmWv hmXn¬ IpØn-Øp-d∂ - s- X∂v Ah¿°m¿°pw Adn-bn-
√m-bn-cp-∂p. ]e kwi-b-ßfpw ]d-™-Xn¬ {]Xyp-cm-Pns‚ t]cv
Bcpw ]d-™X - p-an-√. Hcp km[-\hpw tamjWw t]mIm-ØX - n¬ ho´p-
Im-tcm-sSm∏w Ab¬°mcpw Bizm-kw-sIm-≠p.
I≈s\ F\n-°d - n-bmw. ]s£, Rm≥ F¥n\p ]d-bW - w. ]mhw
Hcp t{]a-te-J\w tamjvSn-°m≥th≠n h∂-Xt√? At∏m-gmWv {]Xyp-
cmPv Dt]-£n-®p-t]mb kn.-Un.-Is - f-∏‰n Hm¿Ωn-®X- v.
Rm≥ apdn-bn¬°-bdn hmXn-e-S®v AXp ]cn-tim-[n-®p. kn.-Un.-
Iƒ ap-gp-h-≥ ]e {]ap-J-cp-sSbpw Dd°w sISp-Øp∂ Pmc-kw-K-a-
Øns‚ \oe-®n-{X-ßf - m-bn-cp-∂p.
Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ Cu IY Hcp IY-bpsS adp-]m-Ta - m-sW∂v cN-bn-
Xm-hn\v BZyw kqNn-∏n-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. IY-bv°n-Sb - n¬ A\p-hm-NI - -
t\mSv Nne tNmZy-ßƒ Bcm-bp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS DØ-cß - ƒ \nK-a\ - -
ß-fn¬ HXp-°p-IbpamIm-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Cu IYbv°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ ct≠m-aqt∂m A¥y-
ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Cu IY hmbn-®-t∏mƒ GsX-¶nepw IrXn-tbmSv kmZriyw
tXm∂ntbm? kmZriyw Ds≠∂v aq≥Iqń ]d-™-Xp-sIm≠v GsX-
¶nepw IrXn-tbmSv kmZriyw tXm∂n-bn-cn-°mw. aqe-IrXn hmbn-®p-I-
gn-bp-tºmƒ \nß-fpsS tXm∂¬ F{X-am{Xw icn-bmbn F∂v a\-n-
emIpw.
61
aqe-IY
Dd-°-sa-Ø-bn¬ InS-∂p-sIm-≠mWv Rm≥ Ahs\ ImWp-∂-Xv.
tamjvSmhv!
DW¿Øm≥ th≠ i_vZw tI´-Xmbn Rm≥ Hm¿°p-∂n-√. InS-
°-ap-dn-bnse aßnb shfn®w am{Xta F\n-°\ - p-Iq-ea
- m-bn-´p-≈p. AXp
sISp-ØW - s - a-¶n¬ Iń-ens‚ Xe-bv°¬ hc-Ww. AXn-\mbn Ah≥
an\-s°-ń-cn-°n√; As√-¶n¬ A{Xbpw shfn®w Bh-iy-ap-s≠-∂-
h≥ Icp-Xn-bn-cn-°-Ww.
F¥m-bn-cn°pw kabw? AX-dn-bm-\p≈ am¿Kw Rm≥ ImWp-
∂n-√.
tamjWw \njn-≤-amb Hcp am¿K-ambn Rm≥ ImWp-∂pt≠m?
C√. ]t£, ssI°-em-°p∂ hkvXp F¥m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂-Xn¬
\n¿_-‘a - p-≠v.
Igp-tØmfw Rm≥ ]pX-®n-cp-∂p. \©ns‚ i_vZw ]pX-∏ns\
Nen-∏n-°p-∂pt≠m?
tamjvSm-hn\p Ne-\a - n-√. Npa-cnse Xpd∂ sj¬^ns‚ ap∂n-em-
W-h≥ \ne-°p-∂-Xv. Ahs‚ ]n≥`m-K-amWv Fs‚ Zriyw.
sj¬^v \ndsb ASp-°n-sh® {KŸ-ßf - m-Wv. HØ \Sp-hn-embn
Rm≥ `Pn-°p∂ tZhs‚ hn{K-l-ap-≠v. AXn\p apºn¬ Xncn Hcp-
°nb sNdnb \ne-hn-f°v Ccn-°p-∂p. sImfp-Øn-bn-ń-√. ]qP-bv°p≈
ka-bs - Ø-∏‰n kwi-ba - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
sj¬^ns‚ kao-]-Øm-bn-´mWv Ãoens‚ tKmZvtdPv Ae-am-c.
AXn-\I - Øv B`-cW - hpw ]Whpw Hfn-®p-sh-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Xmt°m¬
]qńb \ne-bn¬Xs∂ \nev°p-Ib - m-Wv.
tamjvSmhv B `mK-tØ°p \oßn-bn-ń-√. F¥m-bn-cn°pw Ahs‚
D∂w?
Fßs\ Ah≥ AI-Øp- I-S∂p? Rm≥ hmXn-e-S®p sImfp-
Øn-ń-cp-∂X - mbn Hm¿°p-∂p.
\t∂ Ccp-ń-bX - n-\p-ti-ja - mWv hoń¬ h∂-X.v h∂-bp-Ss - \-Xs∂
Dd-ßm-\mbn InS-°-bn¬ InS-∂p. Hcp-]-t£, ]n≥hm-Xn-en¬°qSn
Ah≥ D≈n¬ IS-∂n-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ B hmXn¬ Hcn-°epw Xpd-
°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√t- √m.
km[m-cW tamjvSm-hn\p tNcmØ s]m°w Ah-\p-≠v. BsI
s]mXn-™p-sIm-≠p≈ thjw. {Inkvak - ns‚ Xte-cmhn¬ {]Xy-£-
s∏-Sm-dp≈ km¥m-t¢m-kns‚ Iq¿Ø sXm∏n [cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. sXm∏n-
62
bpsS ap\ sj¬^ns‚ apIƒ`mKwhtc°pw FØp-∂p-≠v.

Ne-\a - n-√msX \nev°p∂ tamjvSm-hns‚ apJØn\v FXn-tc-bp≈
I≈n-bn¬ XSn® {KŸ-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. sse{_dn FUn-j≥ am{Xw
hmß-W-sa∂p \n¿_-‘-ap≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ kºm-Zn-®-h. aßnb
shfn-®Ø - nepw Ah-bpsS henb A£-cß - ƒ hy‡-ambn hmbn-°mw:
Io¿°-tKm¿, sZ°m¿Øv...-tPm-bn-k-kv, Im^vI, km≥{X-v...
B \nc-bnse {KŸ-ß-fpsS ]n∂n-em-bn-cp-∂n√ Rm≥ clkyw
Hfn-∏n®p sh®n-cp-∂X - v.
D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ sNdnb {KŸ-ß-fm-Wv. ]pdta BI¿j-I-a-√.
D≈-S°wt]mse {]mNo-\-am-bn-cp∂p ]pdwN´-bpw. ASpØ I≈n-bn-
em-bn-cp∂p Ah ASp-°n-bn-cp-∂X - v.
I≈s‚ Xe B `mK-tØ°p Xncn-bp∂p F∂p tXm∂n-bt- ∏mƒ
Fs‚ s\©ns‚ i_vZw h¿≤n-®p. Imens‚ ]mZ-ßƒ ]pX-∏n¬
s]mXn-™n-´p-s≠-¶nepw sNmdn-®n¬ A\p-`h - s
- ∏-Sp-∂p.
C√. tamjvSm-hns‚ Xe Ncn-bp-I-b-√, ]nt∂m´p Nmbp-I-bmWv
sNøp-∂-Xv. Ahs‚ e£yw G‰hpw apI-fn-esØ I≈n-bm-Wv. XpS-
°w, Nm¿fn Nmπns‚ Bfl-IY - .
\√-Xp-Xs - ∂.
P\-\hpw Ic-bn-°p∂ Iuam-chpw I≠ Un°≥kns‚ e≠≥
\Kcw. Ccpºpw Icn-bpw. AXvem-¥n-°ns‚ adp-Ic IS∂v im¥ kap-
{Z-Øns‚ XocØv tlmfn-hp-Õn¬ Hcp sNdnb aµ-kvanXw s]mSn-bp-
∂p. AXv hnS-cp-∂-Xv, \ndp-Øm-\m-hmØ Nncn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. ImWn-
Iƒ ]≈ Aa¿Øn-∏n-Sn®v ISIw adn-bp-∂p. Nm¿fn IÆp-\o-tcmsS
AXp t\m°n \nevs° Nmπn≥ ]Ww hmcn-°q-´p-∂p. Hm\o-ens‚ aIƒ
DuWsb ]cn-W-bn-°p-∂p. At\Iw Ipń-Isf P\n-∏n-°p-∂p. CS-
t\-cØv e≠-\nse tNcn-{]-tZ-i-Øp≈ Nmf-bn¬sh®v Km‘n-
Pnsb°≠v A¤p-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂p. Hcn-°epw ta°-∏g - n-°mØ \S≥. a‰p-
≈-hsc Nncn-∏n® Nm¿fn BZy-ambn Adn-bmsX s]mń-®n-cn-°p-∂p (B-
cm-bn-cp∂p IqSp-X¬ ]mS-ha - p≈ \S≥ F∂Xv C∂pw Ahy-‡a - mbn
Ah-ti-jn-°p-Ib - m-Wv).
sj¬^n¬ ASp-°n-bn-´p≈ {KŸ-I¿Øm-°-fn¬ Bcpw C∂v
Pohn-®n-cp-∏n-√. Ah¿°p am{Xta \n›-e-\mbn \nev°p∂ tamjvSm-
hns\ apJ-tØm-Sp-apJw t\m°m-\m-hp-∂p-≈p.
AXn¬ Rm≥ Akq-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F\n°p IÆ-S-bv°-W-sa∂p
tXm∂n. Rm≥ IÆ-S-®p. hnIm-c-ßsf Aa¿Øn. a\-ns\ IgpIn
ip≤n hcp-Øn. Ct∏mƒ Rm≥ \n¿hn-Im-c≥.
63
Dd-ßm≥ ]mSn-√, Rm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. Fs¥-∂m¬ Dd-ßp∂ a\-

p kzX-{¥-a√ - . k¿∆{X \n›-eX - . IÆp-Iƒ Xpd-∂t- ∏mƒ ]I¬sh-
fn-®w. tamjvSmhv A{]-Xy-£\ - m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
sj¬^n¬ ASp-°n-bn-cn-°p∂ {KŸ-\n-cI - f- n-eqsS ItÆm-Sn-®p.
Hcp sNdnb hnShp ImWp-∂nt√? NmSn Fgp-t∂-‰p.
t_m[n.
_p≤-]p-cmWw ImWm-\n-√. AXns‚ ]n∂n-em-bn-cp∂p km[\w
Hfn-®p-sh-®n-cp-∂X- v.
_p≤-]p-cm-W-Øns‚ ÿm\Øp as‰mcp {KŸw ImWp-∂p.
Xpdn®p t\m°n: _pJm-\n≥-˛-A-cm-P-I-Xz-Øns‚ {]hm-N-I≥.
AsXs‚b-√. AXv ssIbn-se-SpØp sj¬^n¬ XS-™p-t\m-°n.
km[\w Ahn-sS-Ø-s∂-bp-≠v. F∂n´pw a\-n\p kam-[m\w hcp-
∂n-√.
Akzmÿyw Xo¿°m≥ InS-°b - n¬ h∂p InS-∂p. _pJm-\ns\
\nh¿Øp. BZysØ t]Pn¬ hSn-hn-√mØ ssI∏-Sb - n¬, Nph∂ ajn-
sIm-s≠-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂p:
""hm°p-Iƒ, Ah kpµ-c-am-Wv. ]t£, Ah-sb-°mƒ kpµ-c-
amWv \nd® b{¥-tØm-°v.''
Cu hm°p-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bXv se\n-\-√. t{SmSvkvIn-bp-a-√.
Nm¿fn Nmπns\ t\m°n. ]t£, Nncn h∂n-√. ImcWw, hm°p-
Iƒ aptm-en-\n-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.
Cu IY kn.-sF.-F. F∂ t]cn¬ ]´-Øp-hnf Icp-Wm-I-c≥
1979˛¬ amXr-`qan HmW-∏X - n-∏n¬ {]kn-≤s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bX - W
- v. aqe-IrXn
hmbn-°p-tºmƒ adp-]m-Tk - rjvSn \S-Ønb IYbv°v kmZriyw tXm∂p-
hm≥th≠n am{X-amWv InS-∏-d-bnse tamjWw AtX-t]mseXs∂
Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. tamjWw \S-°p∂ ÿew InS-∏-d-bn¬\n-∂p-am-‰p-
Ibpw Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ I≈s‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ hkvXp-X-Iƒ Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ Cu aqe-I-Y-bn¬\n∂v C\nbpw IY-Iƒ
DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ km[y-XI - ƒ Gsd-bm-Wv. adp-]m-TØ - nse Hcp
IYm-]m-{X-Øns‚ t]cv {]Xyp-cmPv F∂mWv sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
bYm¿∞-Øn-enXv ]rXyp-cmPv F∂t√ sImSp-t°-≠-sX∂v hmb-\-
°m-c≥ kwi-bn-°mw. AXp-t]mse ae-bm-f-Ønse Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂
Hcp Ne-®n{X \Ss‚ t]cn-t\m-Sp≈ kmZriyw C\n-sbmcp Nn¥bv°p
Imc-W-am-Imw. Cu Nn¥-Iƒ t_m[-]q¿∆w IY-bn-eqsS Hcp ]mT-
Øn¬\n∂v (AXv IY-bm-sW-¶n¬) IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ, ]›m-Ø-ew,
kmln-Xyw, BJym-\c - o-Xn-sb√mw Bh-iym-\p-kc - Ww am‰n-ad - n®v F{X
64
IY-Iƒ thW-sa-¶nepw Xncn-®d- n-bp-hm≥ Ign-bmØ coXn-bn¬ krjvSn-

°m-hp-∂t- X-bp-≈p. FÆw ]d™ Gsd cN-bn-Xm-°fpw Cu X{¥w
{]mtbm-Kn-Ia - mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p∂p.
aqe-]m-Ta - mtWm adp-]m-Ta
- mtWm ChnsS anI-®s - X∂v \n›-bn-t°-
≠Xv hmb-\-°m-c-\m-Wv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ aqe-]m-T-sØ-°mƒ anI®
]mTw krjvSn-°p-hm≥ ChnsS {ian-®n-ń-√. adp-]m-Tk - rjvSn Fß-s\-
sb∂p hy‡-am-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p∂p F∂p-am-{Xw.
adp-]m-T-Øns‚ (I-Y-bp-sS) A¥-co-£sØ ImenI {]k-‡-
amb coXn-bn¬ \ndp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-™n-´p-≠v. Cu Ime-L-´-Øns‚
"Iem-]c- a- mb' hn]Øv ssk_¿ skIvkm-sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-
an-√. C‚¿ s\‰p-I-fn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ssk‰p-
Iƒ skIvkv ssk‰p-IƒX-s∂-bm-Wv. ssk_¿ skIvkv A®Sn
kmln-Xy-Øn\pw ssk_¿ kmln-Xy-Øn\pw òj-Wn-bm-Wv. hmb-
\-bv°p≈ ka-b-amWv ssk_¿ skIvkv ImWp-hm≥ Gsd Bfp-
Ifpw D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X
- v. A£-cß- t- fm-Sp≈ Bfl-_‘w Ipd-
bp-Ibpw Zriy-ß-tfm-Sp≈ Bfl-_‘w Gdp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ime-
am-Wn-Xv. B A¿∞-Ønepw Cu IYbv°v Hcp {]k-‡n-bnt√? \mbn-
I-bpsS PohnX at\m-`m-hw-t]mepw {]mtbm-Kn-IX - b
- nepw _p≤n-bnepw
A[n-jvTn-Xa - t√?
XmØznI{]iv\-ßƒ
adp-]m-Tk- rjvSn Hcp k¿§m-flI {]h¿Ø-\a - mtWm? AtXm tIh-e-
amb A\p-Ic - Ww am{X-amtWm? Cu cN-\m-co-Xnsb XmØzn-Ia - mbn
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m-hp-∂X - mtWm? Fs∂-√m-ap≈ \nba]c-amb tNmZy-
ßƒ Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂Xv kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp ]mT-
Øn¬\n∂v {]tNm-Z\ - a
- pƒs°m≠v C\n-sbmcp ]mTw krjvSn-°p-∂Xv
km[m-cW - a
- m-Wv. Cu kz`mhØn\v Iem-km-lnXy taJ-eb - psS D¤-
h-tØm-fw-Xs∂ ]g-°-hp-ap-≠v. tkm{I-ó-kns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬
hnhn[ hkvXp-°-fnse kpµ-c-amb Awi-ßƒ Xnc-s™-SpØv ka-
RvPk - a- mbn ktΩ-fn-∏n-°p-∂Xv A\p-Ic - W
- a - m-Wv. tπt‰m-bpsS \nco-
£-WØ - n¬ Ie AkXy-am-Wv. Imc-Ww A - Xv Pohn-XØ - ns‚ tIh-
e-amb A\p-I-cWw am{X-am-Wv. XpS¿∂v tπt‰m A\p-I-c-W-sØ-
°p-dn-®p≈ At±-lØ - ns‚ \bw hy‡-am-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. bmYm¿∞y-
Øns‚ A\-\p-I-c-W-amWv Ie (A-\p-I-c-W-Øns‚ A\p-I-c-Ww).
F¥mWv bmYm¿∞y-sa∂v hy‡-am-°p-hm\pw tπt‰m {ian-°p-∂p-
≠v. bmYm¿∞yw k\m-X-\-am-Wv. AXns‚ {]Xn-^-e-\-amWv {]]-
65
©-Øn-ep≈ k¿∆-kr-jSv n-Ifpw. Iń¬ F∂p ]d-bp∂ bmYm¿∞yw

Ht∂-bp-≈p. AXns‚ A\p-I-c-Wtam {]Xn-cq-]tam BWv Bim-cn-
am¿ ]Wn-bp∂ Iń-ep-Iƒ. CØcw krjvSn-Iƒ°v \nZm-\-am-Ip∂
Iń-ep-Is - f-∏‰ - n-bmWv kmln-Xy-Im-c∑ - m¿ h¿Æn-°p-∂X - v; As√-¶n¬
Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ hc-bv°p-∂-Xv. At∏mƒ Iebpw kmln-Xyhpw
bYm¿∞-Øn¬\n∂pw c≠p-]Sn AI-∂mWv \nev°p-∂-Xv. Cu
XmØznI{]iv\w D∂-bn-°p-hm≥ tπt‰msb t{]cn-∏n® LSIw Hcp
hkvXp-hn¬\n∂v {]tNm-Z\ - a
- pƒs°m≠v AXns‚ cq]-Ønepw KpW-
Ønepw F{X hkvXp-XI - ƒ thW-sa-¶nepw krjvSn-°m-sa-∂p-≈X - m-
Wv. Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ Iev]n-X-ambn ]mT-ßƒ krjvSn-s®-Sp-°p-tºmƒ
AXv kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv _p≤n-sbbpw sshIm-cn-I-X-sb-bp-am-Wv.
bYm¿∞ Pohn-X-Ønse {]iv\-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sp-tºmƒ a\p-jys‚
_p≤nbpw sshIm-cn-IX - bpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. CXn¬\n∂pw `n∂-
ambn Hcp Iev]nX cq]w (km-lnXy IrXn) A\p-hm-NI - \- n¬ kzm[o\w
sNepØn _u≤n-I-X-sbbpw sshIm-cn-I-X-sbbpw kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-
Xns\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ tπt‰m-bv°v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Fgp-Øp-
Im-c\v {]tNm-Z-\-ambn \nev°p∂ hkvXp-hn-s\-°mƒ ]Xn≥a-Sßv
kuµ-cy-ap≈ hkvXp-°sf Ie-bn-eqsS krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
Hcp bp≤-°-fsØ h¿Æn-°p-tºmƒ bYm¿∞ bp≤Øns‚ òI-c-
X-b√, adn®,v Fgp-Øp-Im-c\v {]m[m-\y-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°≠
hkvXp-X-I-sf-bmWv emh-Wy-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Bh-iy-
sa-¶n¬ bYm¿∞ bp≤-sØ-°mƒ òI-c-ambn AXns\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p-hm\pw Fgp-Øp-Im-c\v Ign-bp-∂p.
Hcp adp-]m-Tk - r-jSv n-bnepw kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv CXp-Xs - ∂-bm-W.v aqe-
ambn \nev°p∂ ]mT-sØ-°mƒ at\m-lc - hpw Imen-I{- ]-k‡ - h - p-amb
IrXn-Iƒ (a-dp-]m-T-kr-jvSn-bn-eq-sS) krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ adp-]m-T-kr-jvSn-sb∂ {]tbm-Kw-t]mepw sX‰n-≤m-c-
Wm-P-\-I-am-Wv. Gsd Fgp-Øp-Imcpw Xß-fpsS hy‡n-Xz-sØbpw
Ign-hn-s\bpw hf¿Øn Ah-Xc - n-∏n®v hmb-\° - m-c\p ap∂n¬ Hcp-b¿∂
ÿm\w krjvSn-°p-hm≥ t_m[-]q¿∆w {ian-°p-∂h - c- m-Wv. A\p-Ic - -
Ww, A]-lc - Ww Fs∂-√m-ap≈ t]cp tIƒ°p-tºmƒØs∂ Ah¿
Np´p-]g- pØ Ccp-ºn¬ ISn-®X - p-t]mse \nev°p-∂p.
F√m-°m-es - Øbpw kmln-Xy-]m-Tß - f - n-eqsS krjvSn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂Xv
A°m-esØ ]pØ≥ Bi-b-tem-I-ßfpw Bhn-jv°mc coXnI-fp-
am-Wv. ]mT-ß-fnse Bi-bm-h-X-c-W-coXn Ime-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v ]cn-
h¿Ø-\s - ∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂X - m-Wv. Ign-™I - m-eß - f- n¬ krjvSn® Gsd
66
]mT-ßfpw C°m-eØv A{]-k-‡-am-bn-°-gn-™p. Ime-Øn-\-\p-k-

cn®v Bi-bk - zo-Ic - W
- ß
- fpw Ah-Xc - W
- c- o-Xnbpw A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z\ - -
Øn\v Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXn\p Ign-bmØ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ ]g-ab - psS ]´-
S-Ip-fin¬\n∂v A¿∞-c-ln-X-amb Pev]-\-ßƒ \S-Øp∂ B`m-
k∑m¿ am{X-am-Wv. "kn.-sF.F' F∂ IY-bn¬ Hcp ]pkvX-I-amWv
tamjvSn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂Xv; H∏w `mc-XØ - ns‚ kwkvIm-ch - pw. Adn-hp-Iƒ
]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬am{Xw tcJ-s∏--Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂ Ime-Øn¬ B IY
hfsc {]k-‡-am-Wv. Cu IY Ipd®p Imew Ign™v ]pXnb Xe-
ap-db
- n-ep≈ Hcmƒ hmbn-°p-tºmƒ Fßs\ {]Xn-Ic - n-°p-sa∂v H∂p
Nn¥n-®p-t\m-°q. hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ tcJ-Iƒ Aev]-Im-ew-am{Xw Bbp-
p≈ ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ Bcp kq£n®p hbv°pw! ]ptcm-K-Xn-°-\p-
k-cn®v tamj-WØ - ns‚ coXn-°p-Xs∂ am‰w kw`-hn-®n-´p-≠m-hpw. aqey-
ßƒ tIh-ea - mbn tamjvSn-°s - ∏-´p-sb∂v ]d-bp-∂n-SØv F¥v bp‡n-
bm-Wp-≈-Xv. Cu ]d-™-Xns\ FXn¿°p-hm≥th≠n FXn¿°mw.
Ime-Øn-\\ - p-kc - n®v {]h¿Ø-\Ø - nepw Nn¥-bnepw am‰w kw`-hn-°p-
sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns\ FXn¿°p-hm≥ ]‰ptam? Ipsd \mfp-Iƒ°p
apºv C‚¿s\-‰n¬ kmln-Xy-sa-gp-Xp-∂X - n-s\-∏‰n Bsc-¶nepw Nn¥n-
®n-cp-∂pthm?
ap≥Im-eL - ´- Ø- n¬\n∂pw `n∂-am-sbm-ch - ÿ (A-Xns\ DØ-cm-
[p-\n-Im-h-ÿ-sb∂p hnfn-°p-∂p) C∂v F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw kw`-
hn®p Ign-™p. At∏mƒ Ign™ Ime-ßf - nse ]mT-ßsf aqe-ambn
\ndpØn ]pØ≥ ]mT-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. Cu ]mT-ßƒ
Ime-Øns‚ BJym\ Ah-Xc - W
- c- o-Xn-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cn-°-
W-sa∂p am{Xw.
]mT-_‘
- ß
- ƒ
]mT-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c - - _-‘s - Øbpw kzm[o\sØbpw ]‰n-
bp≈ N¿® kmln-Xy-tem-IØv F∂pw NqSp≈ hnj-b-am-Wv. c≠v
]mT-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘sØ XmØzn-I-ambn AwKo-I-
cn®v kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ]Z-amWv Intertextuality (The realationship be-
tween especialy literary texts). Intertextuality bn¬ c≠v ]mT-ßƒ
XΩn-ep≈ _‘w bmZr—nIw am{X-am-Wv. AsXm-cn-°epw A\p-I-c-
Wtam {]tNm-Z\ - tam A√.
bm≥ am¿´-ens‚ _p°¿ ss{]kv t\Snb "sse Hm^v ]n' F∂
t\mh¬ tamj-Wa - m-sW∂ Btcm-]Ww kmln-Xy-tem-IØv NqSp≈
hm¿Ø-bmbnØo¿∂n-cn-°p-I-bm-W-t√m. {_ko-en-b≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-
67
c-\mb sambm-kn¿ kvIfn-b-dpsS "amIvkv B‚ v Zn Iym‰kv' F∂

t\mh-ens‚ Bibw tamjvSn-®p-sh-∂-XmWv am¿´-en-s\--Xnscbp≈
Btcm-]Ww. kvIfn-b-dpsS t\mh-en-s‚bpw am¿´-ens‚ t\mh-en-
s‚bpw tI{µ _nµp Hcp I∏-e-]-I-S-am-Wv. A]-I-S-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v
Iuam-c-°m-c-\mb Hcp Ipń°v arK-ß-tfm-sSm∏w GXm\pw Znhkw
bm{X -sN-tø≠n hcp-∂p. IY-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ Cu kmZr-iy-amWv
Btcm-]W - Ø
- n\p ]n∂n-ep≈ hkvXp-X. Cß-s\-sbmcp Btcm-]Ww
\ne-\n-ev°p-∂n-SØv Intertexuality°v F¥p {]k-‡n-bm-Wp-≈Xv?
CXns‚ A¿∞-hym-]vXnsb Hcp ]p\¿hn-Nn-¥-\-Øn-\p-Xs∂ hnt[-
b-am-t°-≠X - p-≠v.
A\p-I-ev]\ k¿§m-fl-IX
Hcp kmln-Xy-Ir-Xnsb as‰mcp kmln-Xy-cq-]-Øn-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø-
\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - m-Wt√m A\p-Ie - v]\w (Adaptation). A\p-Ie - v]\w
IrXn-bpsS am[ya ]cn-h¿Ø-\-amWv \S-Øp-∂-Xv. IYsb Ihn-X-
bm-°p∂p As√-¶n¬ t\mhtem Xnc-°-Ytbm B°p-∂p. t\sc
Xncn®pw kw`-hn-°mw. Hcp IrXnsb ap≥\n-dpØn AXns\ Xncn-®-dn-
bm≥ Ign-bmØhn[-Øn¬ CX-c-Ir-Xn-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ cN-\m-X-{¥-ap-≠v. aqe-IrXn cNn-°p-hm≥ cN-bn-Xmhv D]-
tbmKn® k¿§m-fl-I-X-bpsS taJ-e-Isf as‰m-c-\p-]m-X-Øn¬ Nn´-
s∏-SpØn {Iao-Ic - n-°p-hmt\m hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-hmt\m BWv A\p-
I-ev]\ cN-bn-Xmhv {ian-°p-∂X - v. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ChnsS aqe-IrXn
{]tNm-Z\- a
- m-bn-cn-°ptºmƒØs∂ B IrXn cNn-°p-hm≥ cN-bn-Xmhv
hn\n-tbm-Kn® _p≤n, `mh-\, cN-\m-X{¥w XpS-ßn-b-hsb \nco-£-
W-hn-t[-b-am-°n-b-Xn-\p-tijw AXn¬\n∂v `n∂-ambn IrXn-Iƒ
krjvSn-°p-It- bm aqe-Ir-Xn-bn¬ cN-bn-Xmhv t_m[-]q¿∆tam At_m-
[-]q¿∆tam Bbn hn´p-If - s- ™∂p tXm∂nb Bi-btem-Is - Ø-tbm
As√-¶n¬ aqe-Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂v {]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m≠v C\n-sbmcp
IrXn cNn-°p-∂-Xn-s\tbm Hs° A\p-Iev]\ k¿§m-fl-I-X-bpsS
taJ-eb- n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂X - m-W.v Hcp cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ Hcp IrXnsb
ap≥\n-dpØn Abm-fpsS k¿§m-fl-I-Xsb A\p-I-ev]\w sNøp∂
_u≤nI km∂n-≤y-ap≈ Cu cN-\m-co-Xnsb Adapted creativity
F∂mWv hyh-lc - n-°p-∂X - v. A\p-Ie - v]\
- Ø
- n¬ (Adaptation) IrXn-
sb-bmWv am[y-a] - c - n-h¿Ø-\Ø - n\v hnt[-ba - m-°p-∂s
- X-¶n¬, ChnsS
IrXnsb ap≥\n-dpØn cN-bn-Xm-hn\v B IrXn cNn-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-
68
amb k¿§m-fl-I-Xsb ]T-\-\n-co-£-W-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-am°n aqe-

]m-TØ
- n¬\n∂pw Xncn-®d - n-bm-\m-hmØ hn[-Øn¬ Ht∂m AXn-e[ - n-
Itam IrXn-Iƒ cNn-°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vXa - mb Nn¥-bpsS BsI-Øp-I-
sb-bmWv A\p-I-ev]\ k¿§m-fl-I-X-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Hcp
A\pIev]\ cN-\bv°v Bh-iy-am-bX - n-s\-°mƒ `mh-\bpw _p≤nbpw
k¿§m-fl-I-Xbpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ cN-\m-co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. bYm¿∞-
Øn¬ ChnsS aqe-Ir-Xnsb ap≥\n-dpØn AXp cNn-°p-hm≥ t{]c-I-
amb kml-N-cy-ß-sfbpw (B-`y-¥-chpw _mly-hp-am-b) cN--bn-Xmhv
aqe-ambpw {]tNm-Z\- a- mbpw IS-sa-Sp-°p-∂p.
F√m IrXn-If - p-sSbpw cN-\b - v°v AXnt‚Xmb coXn-Ifpw X{¥-
ß-fp-ap-≠v. ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn ]mT-kr-jvSn-bpsS X{¥-ßƒ lrZn-
ÿ-amb cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ°v A\p-I-ev]\ k¿§m-fl-I-Xsb {]tbm-P-
\-s∏-SpØn aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS hy‡n-XzsØ ad-®p-sh®v \h-amb as‰mcp
hy‡n-XzsØ {]Z¿in-∏n®v IrXn-If - psS cN\ \n¿∆-ln-°m-hp-∂X - m-
Wv. ChnsS Hm¿Ωn-t°≠ Hcp hkvXpX iq\y-X-bn¬\n∂v H∂pw
krjvSn-°s- ∏-Sp-∂n√ F∂-Xm-Wv. IY, I - h- nX, t\mh¬, \mS-Iw, Xnc-
°Y XpS-ßnb kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS taJ-e-bn¬ am{X-a√ ]T-\-
ßƒ, Kth-jWw XpS-ßnb ]mT-kr-jvSn-I-fpsS taJ-e-bnepw adp-
]mTkrjvSn-bpsS kzm[o-\hpw {]k-‡nbpw \ntj-[n-°m-\m-hm-Ø-
Xm-Wv.
69
]mT-ßƒ
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b
- psS ]mT-ßsf DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-ßs - f∂pw DØ-
cm-[p-\n-IX- sb kw_-‘n-® ]mT-ßs - f∂pw c≠m-bn- Xn-cn-°mw. DØ-
cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-co-Xn-Isf Dƒs°m≠v BJym\w
sNøp∂ IY-Iƒ, Ihn-XI - ƒ, t\mh-ep-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bp≈ ]mT-ßsf-
bmWv DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-ß-sf∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-sb-
∏-‰n-bp≈ teJ-\-ßƒ, ]T-\-ßƒ, \nco-£-W-ßƒ, kn≤m-¥-ßƒ
XpS-ßn-bh DØ-cm[p\n-I-Xsb kw_-‘n® ]mT-ß-fm-Wv. kmln-
Xy-Øn¬ IYm-Ir-Øp-°fpw t\mh¬ cN-bn-Xm-°f - p-amWv DØ-cm-[p-
\n-I-X-bpsS hf¿®bv°v \mµn-Ip-dn-®-h¿. tPm¨ _m¿Øv, tXmakv
]n©≥, C‰mtem Im¬hn-t\w, Fº¿t´m, Ft°m, s{KKv _b¿ XpS-
ßn-bh - ¿ DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-ßf - psS {kjvSm-°f - n¬ Gsd {it≤-b-
cm-W.v gmMv {^m≥kz temØy¿, gmßv t_m{Zn-bm¿, sFlm_v lk≥,
bq¿K¿ l_¿am-kv, s{^{UnIv sPbnw-k≥, kqk≥ skm‚m-Kn,
C¿hn-Mvtlm-hv XpS-ßn-b-h¿ DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xsb kw_-‘n® ]mT-
{kjvSm-°f - n¬ {]ap-Jc- m-Wv.
dn®m¿Uv tdm¿Sn-bpsS A`n-{]m-bØ - n¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬
Hcp khn-ti-j-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ Nn¥m-coXn Bhn¿`-hn-°p-Ibpw AXv
hf¿∂p t]mjn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu coXn kmlnXy ]mT-ßf - psS
XmØzn-Ihpw ss\XnI-hp-amb ka-kX v h
- i
- ß
- s
- f-∏‰- nbpw hne-bn-cpØn
\n¿Æ-b\ - ß- ƒ \S-Øn. Ch-sb√mw ]e A\p-]m-XØ - n¬ ktΩ-fn®v
hyXn-cn-‡-ß-fmb kmln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-]mZw Ign-™-tXmsS kmln-Xy-]m-T-ß-
fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\pw aqey-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn\pw kmln-tXy-X-c-amb
kwkvIm-cw, a\x-imkv{Xw, Ncn{Xw, `mjm-LS- \ XpS-ßn-bp≈ hkvXp-
70
X-Isf [mcm-fa - mbn {]tbm-P\ - s - ∏-SpØn kmln-Xy-]m-Tß - sf hni-I-

e\w sNøp-hm≥ ]pØ≥ am¿§-ßƒ Bcm™pXpS-ßn. Nn”-im-
kv{X-Øn¬ sdmfmMv _m¿Øv Bhn-jI v c
- n® kn≤m-¥ß - fpw \c-hwi
imkv{X-Øn¬ ¢mUv ehn kvt{Smns‚ kn≤m-¥ß - fpw gmIv samZmZv
kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-tS-Xmb temI-Øn\p ]‰nb ]pØ≥ {]Xyb-
imkv{Xw hf¿Øn-sb-SpØv kn≤m-¥-cq-]-Øn¬ Ah-Xcn-∏n-®Xpw
t{^mbn-Uns‚ a\x-im-kv{X-Øn\v gmIv e°≥ \evInb \h-hym-Jym-
\-ßfpw XmØznI hni-Ie - \- Ø - ns‚ taJ-eb - n¬ gmIv Zcn-Zbpw anjm-
tb¬ ^pt°mhpw \evInb hymJym-\ß - fpw a\x-im-k{v X-Øns‚ taJ-
e-I-fn¬ ]pØ≥ kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\p Imc-W-am-bn.
CXns‚ ]cn-WX-^-e-ambn kmln-XysØ kw_-‘n® ap≥[m-c-W-
Iƒ XInSw adn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Fgp-Øv, A¿∞w, A\p-`hw XpS-
ßnb Nn¥-Iƒ ]cn-h¿Ø-\Ø - n\p hnt[-ba - m-bn.
Hcp IrXn-bpsS A¿∞w AXns‚ cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ akvXn-jvI-
Øn-en--cn-°p∂ A¿∞-ßsf am{X-a√ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. hmb-\° - m-
cs‚ at\m-`m-hØ - n-\\
- p-kc - n®v `n∂-A¿∞-ßsf DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Ime-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Fgp-Øns‚ coXn°pw A¿t∞m-Xv]m-Z\
coXn°pw ]cn-h¿Ø\w kw`-hn-°p-∂p. IrXn hmb-\-°m-c\v {]Xn-P-
\-`n-∂-amb A\p-`-h-amWv {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xv. A\p-`-h-ßƒ
krjvSn°p∂-Xn¬ hmb-\-°m-cs‚ Adn-hn\pw at\m-`m-h-Øn\pw
temI-⁄m-\Ø - n\pw \n¿Æm-bI - a
- mb ÿm\-amWp≈Xv. Cu ]›m-
Ø-eØ - n¬ kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ°p kw`-hn-°p∂ ]cn-h¿Ø\w Imem-\p-
krXw am{X-am-Wv. ]cn-h¿Ø\w kw`-hn-°p∂ Zibn¬ \ho-\-amb
Nn¥m-co-Xn-Isf Iqń-t®¿°p-∂Xv kzm`m-hnIw am{X-am-Wv. tPm\m-
Y≥ Ip≈-dpsS (Jonathan Culler) A`n-{]m-bØ - n¬ kmln-Xy-Ønse
kn≤m-¥-ßƒ AXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-h-cpsS t]cp-I-fm-Wv—anjm-
tb¬ ^pt°m, s^¿Un-\m≥kv sZ skmq¿, gmIv Zcn-Z, gmIv t_m{Zn-
bm¿, t]mƒUn am≥ F∂n-ßs - \. kn≤m-¥ß - f - psS \ne-\nev∏p-Xs∂
Cu t]cp-If - n-em-Wv. ImcWw, Htc hkvXp-Xb - v°p-Xs∂ H∂n-e[ - nIw
kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw Ah ]c-kv]c - `
- n-∂h- p-
am-Wv.
DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-sb-∏-‰nbpw AXns‚ kn≤m-¥-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw
hnebncpØp-tºmƒ ssk≤m-¥n-I-cpsS t]cp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv
hkvXp-X-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kmln-Xy-Ønse kn≤m-¥-ßƒ
imkv { Xob kn≤m- ¥ - ß ƒt]mse IrXy- X bpw kq£v a - X - b p-
ap≈hb√, A`yq-l-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ \nK-a-\-ß-fmWv
71
kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Gsdbpw kn≤m-¥-cq-]-Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. imkv{X-

Øn¬ CXns\ sslt∏m-Øo-knkv (Hypotheses) F∂mWp ]d-bp-
∂-Xv. kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Ch kn≤m-¥-ßƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv.
DØ-cm-[p-\nI ssk≤m-¥n-I¿
DØ-cm-[p-\nI ssk≤m-¥n-I-cn¬ G‰-hp-amZyw ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ t]cv
gmMv {^m≥kz temØym-dn-t‚-Xm-Wv.1979-˛¬ The Post Modern Con-
dition: A Report on Knowledge F∂ IrXn temØym¿ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-
®-tXm-sS-bmWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - sb∏‰n-bp≈ N¿®-Iƒ kPo-ha - m-Ip-
∂-X.v 1984-˛¬ Answering the Question: What is Postmodernism? F∂
teJ-\hpw temØym¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. imkv{X-Ønepw kmln-Xy-
Øn-ep-ap≈ ]mfinXy-amWv—temØym-dns‚ Adn-hmWv—DØ-cm-
[p-\nI N¿®bv°v At±-lsØ t{]cn-∏n-®X - v. 1971-˛¬ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n®
UnkvtImgvkv ^nK¿, 1983-˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Z Un^-d≥kv XpS-ßn-
bh temØym-dns‚ {][m\ IrXn-If - m-Wv. Iyq_-bnse k¿°m-cns‚
Bh-iy-{]-Imcw Xøm-dm-°nb Kth-jW dnt∏m¿-´mWv bYm¿∞-
Øn¬ "t]mÃv tamtU¨ IÜn-hn-j≥.' Ign™ \q‰m-≠nse (C-
cp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠v) apX-em-fnØ cmPy-ß-fnse imkv{X kmt¶-Xn-I-
hnZy, hnZym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-Iƒ, hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ coXn, hym]\w
XpSßnbh-bpsS \nP-ÿnXn shfn-hm-°p∂ am¿§-tc-J-bmWv
temØym-dns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-sb-
∏‰n kn≤m-¥-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw
sNøp∂ Gsd hy‡n-Ifpw kmln-Xy-Ønse DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-sb-
∏‰n ]d-bp-tºmƒt]mepw kmln-Xy-_m-ly-amb ]e Imcy-ßs - f-∏‰n
]d-bp-Ibpw Ah-km\w Ah-bpsS kzm[o\w kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Is≠-
Øp-Ib - p-amWv sNøp-∂X - .v CXn-\p≈ {][m\ ImcWw temØym-dns‚
]T\w Ah-cn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\a - m-Wv.
temØym¿ B[p-\n-IX - b
- n¬\n∂pw thdn-s´m-ch - ÿ
- b
- mbn DØ-
cm-[p-\n-IX - sb ImWp-∂n-√. B[p-\n-IX - b
- p-sS-Xs∂ hf¿®{]m]n®
Ah-ÿ-bm-bn-´mWv At±lw DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xsb ImWp-∂-Xv.
imkv{X˛Iem-cw-Kß - f- n¬ ]pXn-bX - n-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]co-£W - ß - ƒ
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. Cu ]co-£-W-ß-fpsS Xo{h-X-bmWv
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b
- n¬ Z¿in-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂s - X∂v temØym¿ hy‡-
am-°p-∂p. Hmtcmtcm hkvXp-X-Isf shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ sXfn-hp-I-sf-
bmWv s]mXpsh imkv{Xo-b-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu imkv{Xo-bX
72
bmYm¿∞y-tØmSv ASp-Øp-\n-ev°p-∂h - b- m-sW∂v \mw hniz-kn-°p-

∂p. imkv{XsØ GsX-¶n-ep-sams° coXn-I-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-
hsc imkv{X-⁄∑ - m-cmbn ]cn-KW - n-°p-Ibpw Ahsc kXy-Øns‚
Ah-Xm-c-I-cmbn AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu hnizm-k-sØ-
bmWv temØym¿ tNmZyw sNøp-∂X - v.
GXp imkv{X-Øn-s‚bpw kn≤m-¥-Øn-s‚bpw kXyw AXp
krjvSn-°p∂ Ime-L´- t- ØmSv _‘-s∏-´mWv \nev°p-∂X - .v Ime-Øn-
\-\p-k-cn®v kn≤m-¥-ß-fn¬ am‰-ßƒ kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv \nXy-Po-hn-X-
Øn¬ \nc-¥cw Z¿in-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. kXy-sa-∂Xv Ime-Øn-\-
\p-kc - n®v ]cn-h¿Ø-\h - n-t[-ba - m-°p∂ H∂m-sW∂v temØym¿ hy‡-
am-°p-∂p. am‰-Øn\v hnt[bam-Ip∂ XØz-ßsfm kn≤m-¥-ßsfm
Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-∂h - ¿ tIhew IY-]d - ®- n-ep-Im-cm-Wv. Cu XØz-ßfpw
kn≤m-¥-ßfpw tIhew IY-I-fpw. ssk≤m-¥n-I¿ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw
kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ cq]o-Ic - n-°p-∂Xv Ah¿ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ hnj-bØ - ns‚
khn-ti-jX - I- ƒ°-\p-kc - n-®p-am-W.v Ch-sb√mw sshhn-[y-ap≈ Hmtcm
]mT-ß-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°m-sa∂v temØym¿ ]d-bp-∂p. Hmtcm ]mT-
Øns‚ krjvSnbpw Hcp hnt\m-Z-I-fn-t]m-se-bmWv. Cu ]›m-Ø-
esØ ap≥\n-dp-Øn-bmWv temØym¿ `mjm-hn-t\m-Z-sØ-∏‰n (Lan-
guage Games) N¿®-sN-øp-∂X - v.
_rl-Zm-Jym-\ß - f - p-sS(Metanarrative) XI¿®-bmWv DØ-cm-[p-
\n- I - X - b psS apJ- a p- { Z- s b∂v temØym¿ \n¿h- N n- ° p- ∂ p. Cu
XI¿®bv°p ImcWw AXn-ep≈ Ahn-izm-ka - m-Wv. F¥mWv _rl-
Zm-Jym-\-sa∂v kw£n-]vX-ambn ]d-™m¬, as‰√m IY-I-sfbpw
Dƒs°m-≈p-hm\pw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm\pw Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ aqey-hn-i-
I- e \w sNøp- h m- \ p- a p≈ hn]p- e - a mb BJym- \ - t a- J - e - I ƒ
Dƒs°m≈p∂-XmWv _rl-Zm-Jym-\w. Zm¿i-\nI _rl-Zm-Jym-\-
sa∂pw cmjv{So-b-_r-l-Zm-Jym-\-sa-∂p-ap≈ c≠p-Xcw _rl-Zm-Jym-
\-ßsf ]‰n-bmWv temØym¿ hy‡-am-°p-∂X - v. F√m hnizmkk¶-
ev]ß- ƒ°pw {]Xy-bi - m-kv{X-ßƒ°pw Ah-bp-tS-Xmb _rl-Zm-Jym-
\-ßƒ km[m-c-Wam-Wv. _rl-Zm-Jym-\-ß-fpsS XI¿® kw`-hn-°p-
∂-tXmsS eLp-hym-Jym-\-ßƒ(Little Narrative) Ahbv°p ]Icw
\n¬°p-sa∂v temØym¿ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Cu eLp-hm-Jym-\-ß-fn-
emWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b - psS khn-ti-jX - I - ƒ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂X - v.
_rl-Zm-Jym-\ß - f - psS Ahn-izm-ky-Xb - n¬\n∂pw eLp-hm-Jym-\ß - -
fpsS hnizm-ky-Xb - n-te-°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø-\a - mWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b
- psS
G‰hpw henb khn-ti-jX - s
- b∂v temØym¿ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
73
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - s- b-°p-dn®v \S-∂n-´p≈ ssk≤m-¥n-Ih - n-iI - e - \

- -
ß-fn¬ Gsd {it≤-b-\mb as‰mcp hy‡n-bmWv Ata-cn-°-bnse
am¿Ivkv‰vNn-¥I - \- mb s{Û-dnIv sPbnw-k¨. DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - sb
Hcp kmaq-lym-h-ÿ-bmbn hne-bn-cp-Øn-s°m≠v AXns‚ kmº-
ØnI kmwkvIm-cn-I-h-i-ß-sf-∏‰n hni-I-e\w \SØphm\mWv
sPbnw-k¨ {ian-°p-∂-Xv. sPbnw-k-Wns‚ \nco-£-W-Øn¬ DØ-
cm-[p-\n-IX BtKmf Ncn{XØnse Hcp kaqe ]cn-h¿Ø\ Zi-bm-
Wv. 1991-˛¬ Fgp-Xnb Postmodernism or the Cultural Logic of Late
Capitalism, 1998-˛¬ Fgp-Xnb The Cultural Turn XpS-ßn-bh DØ-cm-
[p-\n-IX
- s - b-∏‰- n-bp≈ sPbnw-kW - ns‚ \nco-£W - ß- ƒ shfn-s∏-Sp∂
IrXn-I-fm-Wv. sPbnw-k-Wns‚ \nco-£-W-Øn¬ B[p-\n-I-Xbpw
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - bpw apX-em-fn-ØØns‚ Hmtcmtcm kmwkvIm-cn-Im-
h-ÿ-I-sf-bmWv {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ aq∂v
Ah-ÿI - s- f-∏‰ - n-bp≈ sPbnw-kW - ns‚ \n¿Æbw {it≤-ba - m-Wv. 18-
˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-]mZw apX¬ 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-]m-Zw-
hsc Cw•-≠nepw ]Sn-™m-d≥ bqtdm-∏nepw a‰pw hnImkw {]m]n®
L´-amWv BZy-tØXv. Cu L´sØ Itºmf apX-em-fn-Ø-sa∂v
hnfn-°p-∂p. 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-]mZw sXm´v 20-˛mw \q‰m-
≠ns‚ a≤y-]m-Zw-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-amWv c≠m-a-sØ-Xv. Cu
L´sØ IpØI apX-em-fn-Øs - a∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚
a≤y-]m-Z-Øn-\p-tijw CXp-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-sØ-bmWv aq∂mw-
L-´-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu L´sØ D]-t`m‡r apX-em-fn-Ø-
sa-∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂X - .v apX-em-fn-ØØ - ns‚ Cu aq∂p L´-ßs - fbpw
bYm-{Iaw dnb-en-kw, B[p-\n-IX - , DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX F∂ D]-cn-LS- -
\sb Dƒs°m-≈p--∂p-s≠∂pw sPbnw-k¨ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX G‰hpw ]pXnb apX-em-fnØ kwkv°m-cØ - ns‚
L´-am-Wv. Iw]yq-´¿, C‚¿s\‰v XpS-ßn-bp≈ Ce-Ivt{SmWnIv am[y-
a-ßfpw \ho\ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab am¿§-ßfpw BtKm-fh - X- °v c - W- hpw
_lp-cmjv{S tIm¿∏-td-j\ - p-Ifpw Cu Ime-L´- Ø - ns‚ Ah-ÿsb
\n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ LS-Iß - f - m-W.v _lp-cmjv{S apX-em-fn-ØØ - ns‚ Cu
DØ-cm[p-\nI L´-amWv apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ G‰hpw ap¥nb Ah-
ÿ-sb∂pw sPbnw-k¨ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Cu Ahÿ \ho-\a - mb
D]-t`mK kwkvIm-c-Øn\v hgn-sX-fn-°p-∂p-sh∂v sPbnw-k¨
XpS¿∂p ]d-bp-∂p. ]c-ºc - m-KX sXmgn-ep-Ifpw sXmgn-emfnh¿§-ßfpw
Cu ImeØv Xnc-kv°c - n-°s - ∏-Spw. {]Xy-bi
- m-kv{X-]c- a- mb Ah-ÿ-
Iƒ C√m-Xm-Ip∂ Hc-hÿ As√-¶n¬ ]e {]Xy-bi - m-kv{X-ßf - psS
74
D¤-hØ - n-eqsS {]Xy-bi - mkv{Xß-fpsS kXy-k‘ - X C√m-Xm-Ip∂

Ahÿ Cu Ime-L´- Ø - ns‚ khn-ti-jX - b - m-Wv. BXy-¥n-Ia - mbn
kakvX taJ-e-I-fnepw hnizm-k-k-¶-ev]-ß-fnepw Hcm-g-an-√mØ
Ahÿ kwPm-Xa - m-Ip-∂p. Adnhpw kmt¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zybpw G‰hpw aqey-
ap≈ hnev]\ - ®
- c
- °
- m-Ip-tºmƒØs∂ CjvSa - p-≈Xv Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-
hm-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw P\-ßƒ°v ssIh-cp∂ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b- psS
P\m-[n-]Xy kz`m-hsØ sPbnw-k¨ kzmKXw sNøp-∂p. DØ-cm-
[p-\n-I-Xsb ]q¿Æ-ambn X≈p-hmt\m sIm≈p-hmt\m Ign-bmsX
XnI®pw sshcp-≤ym-[n-jvTn-Xa - mb Ah-ÿb - mbn hni-Ie - \w sNøp-
I-bmWv sPbnw-k¨ sNøp-∂X - v.
B[p-\nI Ime-L´- Ø - n¬\n∂v hf¿∂Xpw XnI®pw `n∂-hp-amb
Ah-ÿb - mWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX {]Zm\w sNøp-∂s - X∂v {^©v DØ-
cm-[p\nI ssk≤m-¥n-I\ - mb gmMv t_m{Zn-bm¿ kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂p. am[y-
a-ß-fpsS AXn-{]-k-c-W-^-e-ambn IΩyq-Wn-t°-j≥ irwJ-e-Ifpw
hnh-ck- m-t¶-XnIhnZy-If - p-sa√mw tN¿∂v A\p-Ic - W - Ø - n\v ]pØ≥
taJ-eI - ƒ \evIn-sb-∂mWv t_m{Zn-bm¿ hy‡-am-°p-∂X - .v Cu A\p-
I-c-W-ßsf bYm¿∞ hkvXp-°-fn¬\n∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm-\m-ImØ
Ah- ÿ . Gsd A\p- I - c - W - ß ƒ°pw bmYm¿∞y- s Ø- ° mƒ
"bmYm¿∞yX' krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ Ah-ÿ. Cu ]›m-Øe - -
sØ ap≥\n-dpØn DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - sb A¿∞m-hX - c - W- Ø - ns‚ hnπ-
h-Im-es - a-∂mWv t_m{Zn-bm¿ \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂X - v. apsºms° Hcp aqey-
ap≈ Nn{Xw hc-®m¬ AXn-s\mcp "Hdn-Pn-\¬' D≠v. B Hdn-Pn-\-
en¬\n∂p-amWv ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ (Copy) krjvSn-°p-∂X - v. DØ-cm-[p-\nI
Ime-L´- Ø - nse kn.Un Ifpw Ce-Itv {Sm-WnIv D]-Ic - W- ß - fpw At\-
Im-bncw ]Xn-∏p-It- fm-sS-bmWv ]pd-Øn-dß - p-∂X - .v F√mw H¿Pn-\e - mb
Ah-ÿ. As√-¶n¬ Hdn-Pn-\-ens\ Is≠-Øm-\m-hmØ Ah-ÿ.
Iw]yq-´-dp-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ "sh¿Nz¬ dnbm-en‰n' bmYm¿∞ysØ
Iev]n-Xa - mbn krjvSn-°p∂ Ah-ÿb - m-sW∂pw t_m{Zn-bm¿ hy‡-
am-°p∂p≠v.
sSen-hn-j≥, C‚¿s\‰v XpS-ßnb am[y-aß - ƒ a\p-jy-cpsS kzIm-
cy-t_m-[sØ C√m-Xm-°p-Ibpw ]pd-tem-I-Øns‚ {]Z¿i-\m-flI
kz`m-h-Øn-te°v kzIm-cy-Po-hnXw {Ia-Øn¬ XmZmXvayw {]m]n-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. «oehpw A«o-ehpw XΩn-ep≈ AXn¿h-cºv Cu
Ime-L-´-Øn¬ C√m-Xm-Ip-Ibpw F√mw ioe-Øn-s‚bpw A\p-I-c-
W-Øn-s‚bpw `mK-ambnØocp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ad-®p-h-bvt°-≠-Xn-
s\-bmWv apºv A«o-e-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Aß-s\-sbm∂v (a-d-
75
bvt°-≠-Xv) C√msX h∂m¬ A«o-e-Øn\p {]k-‡n-bn-√m-Xm-Ip-

∂p. Bi-bm-h-X-cW hnkvt^m-S-\-Øns‚ ê-ambn F√mw hn\n-
abw sNøp∂ DØ-cm-[p-\n-Im-hÿ - b - m-Wn-Xv. kmwkvIm-cn-tIm-Xv]∂ - -
ßƒs°m∏w am\-knI Nn¥-Iƒt]mepw kmº-ØnI {Ia-Øns‚
`mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CXns‚ ê-ambn Chn-sS-bp-≈s - X√mw
Htc-ka - bw kuµ-cym-flI - X
- bpw ssewKn-IX - bpw cmjv{So-bh- p-sa√mw
Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xpw ]e-t∏mgpw Chsb ]c-kv]cw Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-
hmØ hn[-Øn¬ ktΩ-fn-®-Xp-am-sW∂v t_m{Zn-bm¿ ]d-bp-∂p.
am[ya _nw_-ßƒ Pohn-Xc - o-Xn-sbbpw Nn¥m-co-Xn-sbbpw ]cn-h¿Ø-
\-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-t≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu ]cn-h¿Ø\w Hcp henb Af-
hp-hsc Ae-kX-bn-te°pw \n-lm-bX - b
- n-te°pw \njv{In-bX - zØn-
te°pw kaq-lsØ ]cn-h¿Ø-\s - ∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]cym-]Xv h- p-am-sW∂v
t_m{Zn-bm¿ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. CXns\ Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv kwkvImcw
]cØp∂ \njv{In-bX - z-am-bn-´mWv t_m{Zn-bm¿ kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂X - v.
ssk_¿temIw
sSen-hn-j≥ Cu Ime-L´- Ø - nse hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab am[y-ahpw Iem-
h-X-cW D]-I-c-W-hp-am-Wv. sSen-hn-j≥ kam\yP\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬
krjvSn-®n-cn-°p∂ kzm[o\w hfsc i‡-am-Wv. km[m-c-W-°m-
cs‚hsc Krl-ßf - nse {][m\ ssZ\w-Zn\ D]-tbm-Ka - p≈ Ce-Itv {Sm-
WnIv am[y-a-amWv sSen-hn-j≥. sSen-hn-j-\p-I-fn-eqsS FØp∂
hnhn[ Nm\-ep-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ssewKn-I-Xbpw A{I-a-hm-k-
\-bp≈ kw`-h-ßfpw IYm-I-Y-\-ßfpw CXc ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw
kmam\yP\-sØ hgn-sX-‰n-°p-sa∂v ]ecpw DZm-lc - W- ß - ƒ \ncØn
hy‡-am-°n. "Z t_WnMv sdUv' F∂ ]cn-]mSn sSen-hn-j\ - n¬ I≠
In¬hm°n-bnse Hcmƒ kz¥w `mcysb Np´p-sIm-∂p-sIm≠v AXns\
A\p-Ic - n-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. Ata-cn-°, Cdm-°n¬ \S-Ønb bp≤sØ
temI-hym-]I - a- mbn Hcm-tLm-ja - m-°n-Øo¿°p-hm≥ sSen-hn-j\p Ign-
™p. Ubm\m cmP-Ip-am-cn-bpsS ac-W-sØbpw sSen-hn-j\pIƒ
sIm≠mSn BtLm--jn-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ, Hfn-ºn-Ik v ,v
temI-ku-µcy a’-c-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw BtLm-jn-°p-∂Xv
sSen-hn-j\ - p-If - m-Wv.
sSen-hn-js‚ {]tXy-IX AXn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv A\p-hm-
N-I\v ImWp-hmt\ Ign-bp-Ib - p≈p F∂m-Wv. Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ Nm\-
ep-Iƒ am‰p-hm-\p≈ kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠.v hm¿Øm-hym-]\ - w, Ah-Xc - Ww,
76
Iem-hX - c- Ww XpS-ßnb taJ-eI - f- n¬ hnπ-hI - c

- a- mb as‰mcp apt∂‰w
Iw]yq-´-dn-s‚bpw C‚¿s\-‰n-s‚bpw hym]-\-tØm-sS-bmWv kw`-hn-
®-Xv. C‚¿s\-‰p-I-fn¬ hkvXp-X-Iƒ ImWp-∂-Xn-s\m-∏w-Xs∂
sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ krjvSn®v AXn-eqsS Bhn-jvIm-cß - ƒ \S-Øp-hm-
\p≈ km[y-X-I-fp-≠v. sSen-hn-j-\p-Iƒ {]t£-]Ww sNøp-∂-Xn-
s\-°mƒ skIvkpw hb¿ekpw C‚¿s\-‰p-Iƒ Fhn-sSbpw A\p-
hm-NI- ¿°mbn FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.
]mT-kr-jvSn-°m-bp≈ G‰hpw \ho-\a - mb am[y-aa - mWv C‚¿s\-
‰v. CXns\ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b- p-sS ]mT-krjvSn am[y-as - a-∂mWv hnfn-
°p-∂X - v. C‚¿s\-‰nse sh_vssk-‰p-If - n¬ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-°p∂ ]mT-
ßƒ°mWv ssk_¿ kmln-Xy-sa∂v(Cyber Literature) ]d-bp-∂X - v.
Iw]yq- ´ - d p- I ƒ A\p- h m- N - I - \ n- t e°v khn- t i- j - a mb Hcp
{]XoXnbmYm¿∞y-sØ-bmWv {]k-cn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. `mjbpw Zriyhpw
F¥p thW-sa-¶nepw sXfn-bp∂ kv{Io\mWv Iw]yq-´d - n-t‚-Xv. Bh-
iy-sa-¶n¬ i_vZ-km-∂n-≤yhpw km[y-am-°mw. CtX kv{Io\n¬
IW°pw kb≥kpw s]mXp-hn-⁄m-\hpw sXfn-bp-∂p. skIvkpw
hb-e≥kpw sXfn-bp-∂p. hnc¬Øp-ºns‚ Ne-\-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v
Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw Iäp-ºn¬ hnkvXr-X-amb temIsØ sshhn-
≤y-tØmsS Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-hm≥ C‚¿s\-‰n\v Ign-bp-∂p. apºv ]cn-N-
b-an-√mØ hn]pehnkvXr-X-amb temI-sØ-bmWv C‚¿s\‰v ]cn-N-
b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. hn]pehnkvXr-X-amb Cu temIsØ ssk_¿
kvs]bn-kv(Cyber space) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p(Cyber space-Entering the
world of Fantasy with computer). Ce-Itv {Sm-WnIv am[y-aß - f - psS hym]-
\hpw B am[y-aß - ƒ krjvSn-°p∂ {]XoXn-bm-Ym¿∞y-hp-amWv DØ-
cm-[p-\n-IX - sb \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂X - nse Hcp LS-Iw.
CXp-hsc A]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂ Ah-X-c-W-]-c-amb \q-X\bpw
bmYm¿∞y-t_m-[-kr-jvSnbpw ssk_¿]mT-kr-jvSn-bn¬ km≤y-am-
Wv. CXns\ {]XoXn-bm-Ym¿∞yw AYhm sh¿Nz¬ dnbm-en‰n F∂v
hnfn-°p-∂p. tUm´v tImap-Ifpw C˛-sa-bnepw Nm‰vdq-ap-Ifpw \yqkv
{Kq∏p-If - p-sa√mw tN¿∂ C‚¿s\‰v kwkvImcw sIm≠p-hc - p∂ A¥-
co-£Ø - n-emWv A\p-hm-NI - s‚ `mh-\m-]c - n-h¿Ø\w kw`-hn-°p-∂-
Xv. sh¿Nz¬ dnbmen‰n F∂ ]Zw Aev]w hni-Zo-Ic - Ww A¿ln-°p-
∂-Xm-Wv. F¥mWv sh¿-Nz¬ dnbm-en‰n? Hcmsf ss]e-‰mbn Xnc-
s™-SpØv Xnb-dn-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXn-\p-tijw hnam-\-Ønse
ss]e-‰ns‚ ko‰n\v Xpey-amb ko‰n-en-cp-Øp-∂p. AXn-\p-tijw Hcp
77
hnam\w ]d-∏n-°p∂ tPmen-Iƒ sNøn-°p-∂p. Cu ka-bØv ap∂nse

kv{Io\n¬ ]Tn-Xmhv \nb-{¥n-°p∂ hnam\w ]q¿Æ-ambpw Zriy-am-
Ip-∂p. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ \nb-{¥-WØ - n-\\
- p-kc - n-®m-bn-cn°pw hnam\w ]d-
°p-∂-Xv. ]cn-io-e-I-\mb ss]e-‰n\v Xms\mcp bYm¿∞ hnam\w
HmSn-°p-∂X - mtb tXm∂p-Ib - p-≈q. bYm¿∞-a√ - m-ØX - ns\ bmYm¿∞y-
t_m[w Df-hm-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ Iw]yq-´-dns‚ —C‚¿s\-‰ns‚—
kv{Io\n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv sh¿Nz¬ dnbm-en‰n F∂p
]d-bp-∂p-Xv.
ssk_¿ kvt]kv F∂ kw⁄ BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv It\-
Un-b≥ imkv{X-I-Ym-Im-c-\mb hneyw Kn_vk-\m-Wv. Cu khn-ti-
j-amb ÿesØ Unthinkable Complexity F∂mWv hnti-jn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xv. ssk_¿ kvt]kns\ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Kn_vk≥
"am{SnIvk'v F∂ kw⁄bpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠.v Hcn-°¬ Cu am{Sn-
Ivkn-\I- Øv FØn-°g- n-™m¬ hkvXp-XI - f - psS {Xnam-\t- em-IØ- ns‚
GXp `mK-tØ°pw IS-∂p-sN-√mw. hmkvXh - Ø- n¬ \mw Pohn-°p∂
Hcp {]Xo-Xn-tem-Iw-Iq-Sn-bmWv C‚¿s\-‰v. "temIw' F∂ ap≥k¶-
ev]sØØs∂ CXv XInSw adn-®p. temIsØ apgp-h≥ ]c-kv]cw
_‘n-∏n-°p∂ s\‰ph¿°mWv C‚¿s\-‰p-Iƒ sNøp-∂-Xv. `qtKm-
fsØ Hcp he-bv°p-≈n¬ Npcp-°p∂ hn]p-e-amb tPmen! ChnsS
temIw F√m A¿∞-Ønepw ap≥ k¶-ev]ß - f - n¬\n∂pw ]cn-h¿Ø-
\-s∏´v Npcp-ßp-I-bm-Wv. CXns‚ ê-ambn kXzw, Ima-\, ico-cw,
bmYm¿∞yw, I¿Ør-Xzw, Fgp-Øv, {]Z¿i-\w, hn]-W\w XpS-ßnb
At\Iw kwh¿§-ßs - fbpw ]cn-h¿Ø-\h - n-t[-ba - m-°p-∂p. Cu am‰w
krjvSn-°p∂ A¥-co-£-am-Wv DØ-cm-[p-\n-Im-¥-co-£w. Cu khn-
ti-j-amb A¥-co-£-Øn-emWv ssk_¿ kmlnXyw Imen-I-{]-k-
‡-amb coXn-bn¬ hf¿∂v hym]n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂X - v.
ssk_¿ kmlnXyw
ssk_¿ kmlnXyw \h-`m-h-\-bpsS \ho-\-]m--T -kr-jvSn-cq-]-am-Wv.
Cu ]mT-kr-jvSn-bpsS {]k‡n ap≥ ]mT-kr-jvSn-bn¬\n∂pw(A-®-
Sn) `n∂hpw Imen-I{- ]-k‡- h
- p-am-W.v hnh-ck
- m-t¶-Xn-Ih
- nZy krjvSn®
]pØ≥ A¥-co-£hpw sh¿Nz¬ dnbm-en‰n krjvSn-°p∂ khn-ti-
j-amb A¥-co-£hpw ssk_¿ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ {]tXy-IX - b
- m-Wv.
Hm¨sse≥ kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ `mK-am-bn-´mWv ssk_¿ kmlnXyw
Gsdbpw krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kmlnXyw krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w
78
A\p-hm-NI - \- n¬ C‚¿s\‰v hgn FØn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. Bh-iy-

sa-¶n¬ A\p-hm-N-Is‚ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ Bcm™v krjvSn-®p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p∂ IrXnsb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-s∏-SpØn GXp coXn-bn-ep-am-°p-
hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX thK-Xb - psS Ime-am-sW∂v apºp hy‡-am-°n-
bn-cp-∂s - √m. kw`-hß - ƒXs∂ IYbpw Ihn-Xbpw t\mh-ep-am-Ip∂
Ahÿ DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS `mK-hp-am-Wv. G‰hpw ]pXn-bXv
G‰hpw ]pXn-bc - o-Xn-bn¬ Bhn-jvIc - n-°p-hm-\p≈ Xzc-bmWv CXn\p
]n∂n-ep-≈X - .v C∂p \S-°p∂ Hcp kw`-hsØ C∂p-Xs∂ IY-bmbn
As√-¶n¬ DNn-X-amb ]mT-ambn krjvSn®v A\p-hm-N-I\p ap∂n-se-
Øn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. kw`-h-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ bYm¿∞ hm¿Ø
]q¿Æ cq]-Øn¬ FØp-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ apºp IrXnsb A\p-hm-N-
I\p ap∂n-se-Øn-°p∂ Ahÿ! CØcw ]mT-kr-jvSn-Iƒhgn
ap≥Ime kmlnXy k¶-ev]w-Xs∂ amdn-a-dn-bpw. \h-`m-h-\, \h-
k¿§m-flI - X- , \h Bhn-jvImcw F∂o {XnXz-Øn\p ]pØ≥ \n¿h-
N-\-ßƒ \evIp-hm≥ ]pXnb DØ-cm-[p-\nI Imew \n¿_-‘n-X-am-
bn-°g - n-™p.
Hm¨sse≥ hnπ-hØ - ns‚ hym]\w ap≥km-ln-Xy-ta-Je - sb (A-
®-Sn-km-ln-Xyw) C√m-Xm-°p-sa∂v `b-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ Gsd-bm-Wv. AXp-
t]mse Kuc-h-ap≈ kmln-Xy-sØbpw Fgp-sØ∂ ùXnI {]{In-
b-sbbpw A{]-k‡ - a - m-°p-sa∂v Bi-¶s - ∏-Sp-∂h
- c
- p-≠v. kn\na D¤-
hn-®p-Ig- n-™t- ∏mƒ \mSIw acn-°p-sa∂v ]ecpw hne-bn-cp-Øn. kn\na
hym]-I-am-b-tXmsS kmlnXyw C√m-Xm-Ip-sa∂v a‰p-Nn-e¿ hne-bn-cp-
Øn. CXns\ ap≥\n-dpØn {^m≥kz {Xqt^m Hcp kn\n-aX - s∂ FSp-
Øn-´p-≠v. C‚¿s\‰v hnπ-hI - c- a- mb coXn-bn¬ hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-
∂-Xn-\n-Sb - n¬ Ãoh≥ _n¿s°‰v FgpXn "Kps´≥_¿Kv hnem-]K - o-X-
ßƒ: Ce-Itv {Sm-WnIv bpK-Øn¬ hmb-\b - psS hn[n' (The Gutenberg
Elegic: The Fate of Reading in an Electric Age) F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬
Fgp-Øn-s\-bpw A®-Sn-km-ln-Xy-sØbpw ssk_¿ taJe C√m-Xm-
°p-sa∂ Bi-¶-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ k¿Iyq´pw kv{Io\pw Ie-
bnse apJy LS-I-amb (k-Øm-b) sshb-‡n-Imw-i-ßƒ°v FXn-
cm-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p _n¿s°-‰ns‚ Is≠-Ø¬. kn\na \mS-IsØ
C√m-Xm-°m-Ø-Xp-t]mse ssk_¿ kmln-Xyhpw A®-Sn-km-ln-
XysØ A{]-k-‡-am-°p-I-bn-√. Imen-I-ambn Hmtcm-∂n\pw AXn-
t‚-Xmb {]k-‡n-bm-Wp-≈X - v.
79
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ssk_¿ ]mT-ßƒ kmt¶-Xn-I⁄ - m-\Ø- ns‚

G‰hpw \ho-\-amb cq]w am{X-am-Wv; A√msX Bhn-jvIm-c-Øns‚
BsI-Øp-I-b-√. kmln-Xy-c-N-\bpw AXns‚ hn]W\hp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ Nne LS-Iß - sf am{X-amWv AXn-√m-Xm-°p-∂X - v; kmln-
Xy-sØ-b-√. `mh-\, Bhn-jvImcw F∂nh Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv km∂n-
≤y-Øn-\-\p-Kp-W-ambn Hcp KXn-am-‰-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p-sh-∂p-am-
{Xw. C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ A\-¥-amb km[y-X-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-
thWw kmln-Xy-Im-cs‚ `mh\ cN-\m-th-fb - n¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥.
ssk_¿ kmln-XyØn¬ kw`-hn-°p-hm≥ t]mIp∂ Hcp am‰w kmln-
XysØ ]I¿Øp∂ coXn-bm-Wv. IS-em-kn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂X - n\p ]Icw
Iot_m¿Uns‚ klm-b-tØmsS C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ saΩ-dn-bn-emWv
]I¿Øp-∂X - .v IS-em-kn¬ ]I¿Øp-tºm-gp≈ FgpØpXn-cpØv XpS-
ßn-b-h-sb√mw Cu kv{Io\n¬ hfsc emL-h-tØmsS \S-°p-∂p.
Fgp-Xp∂ kmln-XysØ A\p-hm-NI - \
- n-se-Øn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ime-Xm-
a-ksØ ssk_¿ kmlnXyw ]q¿W-ambpw C√m-Xm-°p-∂p. A®-Sn-
km-lnXyw ssk_¿ kmlnXyw F∂v Ah-Xc - W
- Ø
- ns‚ am[y-ah- y-
Xym-k-a-\p-k-cn®p ]d-bp-sa-¶nepw Ch c≠pw tN¿∂v kmln-Xy-sa-
∂p-Xs∂ hyh-lc - n-°s
- ∏-Spw.
ssk_¿ skIvkv Iebpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw

skIvkvNn{X-ßƒ°pw Iem-]c - a
- mb aqeyw XmØzn-Ia - mbn AwKo-I-
cn-®p-\e- vIp-Ibpw B{K-ln-°p-∂h - ¿°v AXp ImWp-hm-\p-ap≈ Ah-
kcw btYjvSw \evIn-bX - p-amWv ssk_¿ hnπhØns‚ C\n-sbmcp
khn-ti-jX - . C‚¿s\-‰n-eqsS hcp∂ F√m skIvkN v n-{X-ßfpw Iem-
aq-ey-ap-≈h - b- m-sW∂v sX‰n-≤c - n-°c - p-Xv. Iem-`m-kß
- f - mb Nn{X-ßƒ
Gsd-bmWv. skIvkv Nn{X-ßƒ°v Iem-aq-ey-ap-s≠∂v AwKo-I-cn-
°m≥ Ign-bmsX AXns\ tIhew B`m-k-Nn-{X-ß-fmbn Icp-Xp∂
hnizm-kk - a- q-lh- p-ap-≠v.
bYm¿∞Po-hn-X-sØ-°mƒ kuµ-cym-fl-I-ambn Pohn-XsØ
kmln-Xy-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂
bYm¿∞ skIvkns\°mƒ kuµ-cym-fl-I-ambn AXns\ kmt¶-
Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂p-≈-
XmWv Cu Iem-h-f¿®-bpsS Hcp Imc-Ww. DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX Iem-]-
c-amb skIvkv Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v D∂X Ie-sb∂ ÿm\-amWp
\evIp-∂-Xv. skIvkns\ ad-®p-sh-t°≠ H∂mbn DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX
80
Icp-Xp-∂n-√. CXn-eqsS ssk_¿ temIw Iem-hn-πh - Ø- ns‚ as‰mcp

Dujvaf Pme-Ia - mWv A\p-hm-NI - \p ap∂n¬ Xpd-∂n-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv.
a\p-jy-i-cocw \nc-h[n `mh-ßfpw `mj-Ifpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂
am[y-aa - m-Wv. a\p-jy-ic - o-cØ
- ns‚ Ne\khn-ti-jX - I- sf Bi-bh - n-
\n-ab km[y-XI - f- p-ambn _‘n-∏n®v ]Tn-°p-∂X - ns‚ `mK-am-bn-´mWv
ico-c`- m-jsb (Body Language) ]‰n-bp≈ ]T-\t- a-Je - b
- psS hf¿®.
1960 Iƒ°p tijamWv icocNe-\ß - f - n-eqsS Bi-b hn\nabw \S-
Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ A\¥km[y-X-I-sf-∏‰n imkv{Xo-bhpw Kuc-h-
X-c-hp-ambn ]Tn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. Zriy-I-e-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-am-bn-
Øs∂ Bibhn\n-abw \S-Øp-∂Xv ico-c-Øns‚ Ne-\-˛-`m-hm-`n-
\bwsIm≠m-Wv. Birdwristells‚ Introduction to Kinesics F∂
{KŸhpw Julius Fast s‚ Body Language F∂ {KŸ-hp-sa√mw CXn-
te-°p≈ {]th-iI am¿§-ßf - m-bn-cp-∂p.
ad-®p-hb- v°p-hm≥ H∂p-an-√. shfn-hm-bn-°m-Wn-°p-∂X - n\p Iem-
aqeyw Bh-iy-am-Wv. F¶n¬ am{Xsa AXn\p Bkzm-Zy-X-bp-≈p.
IrXy-amb {]Imi k∂n-th-ihpw Bh-iy-ap≈ Zriy-ßf - psS am{Xw
Xnc-s™-Sp∏pw IrXy-Xb - p≈ Ne-\ß - fpw sshIm-cnI {]I-S\ - ß
- fpw
skIvkv Nn{X-ßƒ°v emhWym-flI - a- mb Iem-aq-eyw-Xs∂ ]I¿∂p
\evIp-∂p. ImgvNm-ssh-hn-≤y-Øns‚ AXn-bm-Ym¿t∞ym-Xv]m- Z-\£ - -
a-amb \·-tem-I-amWv ssk_¿ skIvkv hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xv.
]cn-h¿Ø-\-hn-t[-b-am-Ip∂ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX- s- b-∏‰
- n-bp≈ N¿®-Iƒ XpS-ßnb ImesØ Ah-ÿ-
bn¬\n∂pw hf¿∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv C∂v \ne-\n-ev°p-∂-Xv. G‰hpw
]pXnb Cu Ah-ÿsb kqNn-∏n-°m-\mWv C∂v DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-
sb∂ kw⁄ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - v. ]e ssk≤m-¥n-Icpw DØ-cm-[p-
\n-IX
- bv°v ]e \n¿h-N\ - ß
- f - mWv \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂X- v. Cu \n¿h-N-
\-ß-sf√mw AXp krjvSn® Ime-tØmSp _‘-s∏-´-Xp-am-Wv.
imkv{X-Øns‚ hf¿®-bv°\ - p-kc - n®v Pohn-XØ- ns‚ coXnbpw b{¥-
ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-kw-kvIm-chpw ]cn-h¿Ø-\-s∏-Sp-I-Xs∂ sNøpw.
C∂p-≈-Xn¬\n∂v ]ptcm-K-an-®tXm ]cn-h¿Ø-\-s∏-´tXm Bb
Ahÿ \mf-If - n¬ kwPm-Xa - m-Ipw. At∏mƒ B Ahÿsb kqNn-
∏n®v hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥ ]pXn-sbmcp kw⁄ Is≠-Øn-bn-s√-¶n¬
B G‰hpw ]pXnb ImesØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ kw⁄-bmbn DØ-cm-
[p-\n-IX
- b
- psS A¿∞w ]cn-h¿Ø-\s - ∏-Sp-IX
- s∂ sNøpw. C∂v DØ-
81
cm-[p-\n-Ia - mbn hymJym-\n-°p∂ ]e Ah-ÿI - fpw ]q¿Æ-ambn kaq-

l-Øns‚ F√m taJ-eI - f- nepw FØn-bn-ń-√. Ch ]q¿Æ-ambn FØp-
Ibpw PohnX thK-hp-amWv ]cn-h¿Ø\ hnt[-b-am-Ip∂ DØ-cm-[p-
\n-I-X-bpsS apJ-ap-{Z.
\mf-If - n¬ cmPy-ßfpw {]ÿm-\ß - fpw XΩn-ep≈ bp≤-ßf - n¬
As√-¶n¬ InS-a-’-c-Øn¬ G‰hpw hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
\io-Ic - W
- h - kvXp Iw]yq-´¿ sshd-kp-If - m-bn-cn-°pw. \mf-If - n¬ F√m
taJ-e-Ifpw {]kvXm-\-ßfpw Iw]yq-´-dn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amtb {]h¿Øn-
°p-Ib - p-≈p. P\-ßsf sIms∂m-Sp-°p-Ibpw Ah¿ h¿j-ßf - n-eqsS
]Sp-Øp-b¿Ønb kwkvImcw Np´p-Nm-º-em-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂
C∂sØ coXn-bn-ep≈ \io-I-cW bp≤-Øn\v A¥yw kw`-hn-°p-
Ibpw FXn¿tN-cn-bpsS hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab hnh-ct- i-Jc - W taJ-eI - sf
\n¿Po-ha - m-°p-hm≥ Ign-hp≈ sshd-kp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ bp≤w/
a’cw Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. CXns‚ ê-ambn Iw]yq-´¿ sshd-
kp-If - psS krjvSnbpw AXns\ \in-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ B‚n-ssh-
d-kp-I-fpsS krjvSnbpw hyh-km-bw-t]m-se-Xs∂ hf-cpw. CXp-hsc
]pd-Øn-dß - n-bX - n¬ G‰hpw i‡-amb sshdkv ¢jvtham-Wv. c≠m-
a≥ _nKv _ob-apw. _mkv{Sm≥kv, F¬ tIm¨, amKn-Ã¿, ssa]m¿ń,
kn¿°w, bml, s{]Zw-˛^ - mw, \nwU-Ch-bmWv \mi-\j - vS°- W - °- n¬
aq∂p-ap-X¬ ]Øp-hsc ÿm\-ßf - n¬ \nev°p-∂X - v. hn≥tUm-kns‚
]mfn-®-Iƒ Is≠Øn B{I-aWw \S-Øp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ch-bn¬
Gsd-bpw. ap∏-Øn-b© - n-e[ - nIw sshd-kp-Iƒ CXn¬ hnP-bn-®n-´p-≠v.
C˛-sa-bn-ep-Iƒ hgn-bmWv A[nIw sshd-kp-I-sfbpw Iw]yq-´-dn-se-
Øn-°p-∂-Xv. Iw]yq-´¿ hym]\w F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw ]q¿Æ-am-Ip-
Ibpw \nXy-Pohn-X-Ønse sNdnb {]hr-Øn-Iƒ°p-hsc Iw]yq-´¿
Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ km∂n-≤y-ambpw Xocpw. Cu Ah-kc - Ø - n-em-bn-
cn°pw Iw]yq-´-dp-Iƒ°pt\sc-bp≈ B{I-aWw sshdkv cq]-Øn-
se-Øp-∂X - v. F√m taJ-eI - f
- n-ep-ap≈ Iw]yq-´¿ kzm[o-\a - mWv DØ-
cm-[p-\n-IX - b - psS XpS¿∂p≈ hf¿®mZ-iI - ß- f - n¬ Z¿in-°p-hm≥ Ign-
bp-∂X - v. {]Xn-`m-[\ - c - mb ssk≤m-¥n-I¿ Nne-t∏mƒ Cu Ime-Øn\p
]pØ≥ \ma-Ic - W
- ß - ƒ \evIp-Ibpw \n¿h-N\ - ß
- sf kn≤m-¥c - q-]-
Øn¬ Xo¿°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Ime-Øn-\\ - p-kc - n®v Iem-km-ln-Xym-h-
X-cW- Ø - n¬ ]cn-h¿Ø\w kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv kzm`m-hn-Ia - m-W.v Cu ]cn-
h¿Ø-\Ø - n-e[ - n-jT v n-Xa
- m-bn-´m-bn-cn-°pw \mf-If - n¬ ]mT-kr-jSv n-ta-Je
]cn-h¿Ø-\s - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - v.
82
DØ-cm-[p-\nI ]mT-kr-jvSn-bpsS
tIc-fo-bm-¥-co£w
tIc-f-obm-¥-co-£-Ønepw kmln-Xy-ta-J-e-bnepw DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX
kw`-hn-®n-´pt≠m? C√tbm? F∂ N¿®bv°p bh-\nI hoWn-cn-°p-
∂p. Cu N¿®-bn¬ {][m-\a - mbn \mev A`n-{]m-bß
- f
- mWv Db¿∂p-h-
∂-X.v H∂v: ]m›m-Xy-tZi-ßfnteXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ tIc-fØ - nepw DØ-
cm-[p-\n-IX kzm`m-hn-I-ambn kw`-hn-®p. c≠v: tIc-f-Øn¬ DØ-cm-
[p-\n-Im-hÿ kwPm-X-am-bn-ń-√. aq∂v: ]m›m-Xy-ta-J-e-bn¬ kw`-
hn® DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS A\p-I-c-W-amWv tIc-f-Ønse DØ-cm-
[p-\n-IX- . \mev: tIc-fØ
- n¬ kw`-hn®p hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ DØ-
cm-[p-\n-IX tIc-fob kwkvIm-chpw ]›m-Ø-e-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´
"tIc-fob DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX'bmWv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - -
sb-∏‰ - n-bp≈ Adnhpw AXns\ kw_-‘n® ]mT-kr-jvSnbpw hne-bn-
cp-Ønepw B {]h-W-X-bpsS kzm[o-\-sØbpw hf-¿®-tb-bp-amWv
kqNn∏n°p∂-X.v
tIc-f-Øn¬ ]m›m-Xy-tZ-i-ß-fn-te-Xp-t]m-se-Xs∂ DØ-cm-[p-
\n-IX kzm-`m-hn-I-ambn kw`-hn-s®∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\m-[mcw Aø-
∏-∏-Wn-°-cpsS \nco-£-W-am-Wv. The Postmodern Condition: A Re-
port on Knowledge F∂ temØym-dns‚ {KŸw ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-bXv
1979˛¬ BW-t√m. AtX h¿jwXs∂ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°cpw B[p-\n-
tIm-Øcw F∂ {]tbmKw \S-Øn-bXv {it≤-b-am-Wv. temØym¿
kmaq-lym-hÿ - sb kqNn-∏n-°m-\mWv B ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®s - X-¶n¬
Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿ ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse Nne \qX\ {]h-W-X-Isf
hy‡-am-°p-hm-\mWv B ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. Nne h¿j-ßƒ°p-
tijw Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿Xs∂ ZrV-kz-c-Øn¬ {]Jym-]n®p: "B[p-
\n-tIm-Øc kmlnXyw ae-bm-fØ - n¬ Bhn¿`-hn-®p-Ig - n-™p... Fhn-
sS-bm-sW∂v Iwk-∑m¿ Xnc-s™-Sp-°s´? XpS¿∂v ]e Fgp-Øp-Imcpw
83
ae-bm-f-Ønse DØ-cm-[p-\nI {]h-W-X-I-sf-∏‰n Kuc-h-tØmsS

Nn¥n-®p-Xp-Sß - n. At∏m-tg°pw ]m›m-Xy-tem-IØv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX
Hcp kPoh N¿®-Xs∂ Bbn-°g - n-™n-cp-∂p. 1997-˛¬ sI.-]n. A∏≥
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX: hm¿Øbpw hwim-h-enbpw F∂ {KŸ-Øn-eqsS
tIc-f-Ønepw DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX kw`-hn-®-Xmbn DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ
\ncØn ka¿∞n-®p.
sI.- ] n. A∏s‚ \nco- £ - W - ß - s fbpw \ne- ] m- S p- I - s fbpw
FXn¿Øp-sIm≠v hn.-kn. {ioP≥ cwK-Øp-h-cp-Ibpw tIc-f-Øn¬
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX kw`-hn-®n-ń-s√∂pw AXn\p ]‰nb kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw
kmln-Xy-]c - h- p-amb A¥-co£w ChnsS \ne-\n-e° v p-∂n-s√∂pw ]e
DZm-l-c-W-ß-ƒ \ncØn ka¿∞n-®p. {ioP≥ ]e L´-ß-fn-embn
\S-Ønb A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-ß-fpsS ka{Kcq]-ambn "B[p-\n-tIm-
Øcw: hniI-e-\hpw hna¿i-\-hp'-sa∂ {KŸw 1999-˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-
cn-®p. A∏s‚ ]e \nco-£-W-ßfpw kmam-\y-P-\sØ sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-
°p-∂X - m-sW∂v DZm-lc - W
- ß - ƒ \ncØn {ioP≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠.v
aebm-f-Ønse DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX ]m›m-Xy-cpsS t]mÃvtam-tU-
Wn-kØ - ns‚ A\p-Ic - W- a - m-sW-∂mWv F≥. iin-[c - ≥ kqNn-∏n-°p-
∂-Xv. 1988 apX¬ 1991 hsc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hn¬ ae-bm-f-I-Y-I-fn¬
B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-cX {]_-e-am-sb∂p \nco-£n-°p∂ F≥. {]`m-I-
c≥ ae-bm-fk - m-lnXyw ]m›m-Xysc A\p-Ic - n-°p-tºmƒØs∂ Ah-
cn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvXX ]pe¿Øp-s∂∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu
hyXy-kvXX tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI kmln-Xym-¥-co-£-sØ
X\n-a-tbmsS Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-sW∂v IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn¬ sXs‰m-
∂p-an-√. Cu coXn-bn¬ hkvXp-X-Isf \n¿Æ-bn-°p-tºmƒ ae-bm-f-
Øn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb DØ-cm-[p-\n-Im-¥-co-£hpw kmln-Xy-hp-ap-
s≠∂v \n¿Æ-bn-t°-≠n-hc - pw.
tIc-f-Ønse DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-sb-∏‰n Kuc-h-tØmsS N¿®
sNbvX-h-cn¬ {][m-\n-Iƒ sI.-]n. A∏≥, hn.-kn.- {io-P≥, ]n.-sI. -
t]m-°¿, F≥. iin-[c - ≥, kn.-_n. kp[m-Ic - ≥, _me-N{- µ≥ hS-t°-
S-Øv, F. tkma≥, Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, hn.-kn. lmco-kv, _n. DÆn-
°rjvW≥, _me-N{- µ≥ Np≈n-°m-Sv, ]n.-]n. cho-{µ≥, sI.-]n. hmkp,
]n. tkma≥, ]n. hnPb≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-Wv.
A°m-Za
- n-Ia
- pJw
]m›m-Xy-tem-IØpw tIc-f-Ønepw DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-sb-∏‰n kPo-
h-ambn N¿® sNbvX-Xns‚ XpS-°-°m¿ A°m-Z-anI ]fin-X-∑m-cm-
84
bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ Adn-hns‚ K¿∆v {]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ taJ-e-bmbpw

Btcm-]W˛{]Xym-tcm-]W - ß - ƒ \S-Øp-hm-\p≈ thZn-bmbpw ]cn-K-
Wn®v Cu N¿®sb ]e-hg - n-If- n-eqsS Xncn-®p-hn-´p. CXns‚ ê-ambn
Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc km[m-cW - ° - m¿ Cu N¿®-If - n¬ Imcy-ambn ]s¶-Sp-
°msX amdn-\n-ev°p-Ib - mWv sNbvXX - v. \yqtbm¿°nse Hcp A°m-Z-
anI ]fin-X-\mb Ae≥ tkmI¬ DØm-cm-[p-\n-I-Xsb Xnc-kvI-
cn®v "tkmjy¬ sSIvÃn'segp-Xnb teJ\w hnhm-Z-ß-fn-eqsS AXn-
te°v kmam\yP\-Øns‚ {i≤sb BI¿jn-°p-hm-\p≈ Hcp X{¥-
am-bn-cp-∂p. H∏w Xm\pƒs∏-Sp∂ A°m-Za - nIv "_p≤n-Po-hn-'I-fpsS Im]-
Sy-Øns‚ DƒKr-lß - sf Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°p-hm-\p≈ hgn-bpw. CXn\p
kam-\-amb kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒXs∂ as‰m-c-\p-]m-X-Øn¬ Chn-
sSbpw kw`-hn-®p. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS h‡m-°-fmbn h∂-h-sc,
hnti-jn®v sI. ]n. A∏s‚, \nco-£-W-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Ifpw
sX‰n-≤m-cW - m-P\
- I- a- m-sW∂v DZm-lc - W
- ß - ƒ \ncØn hn.-kn. {ioP≥
ka¿∞n-®p. Ae≥ tkmI¬ ]d-™Xv kb≥knse ]e XØz-
ßfpw \nb-a-ßfpw `mjm-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn icn-bmb hm°p-I-fpsS
Iq´w am{X-am-sW-∂m-Wv. Cu teJ\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ tkmI¬
D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv LS-\m-hm-Zm-\¥ - c - N
- n-¥b - p-sSbpw t]mÃv tamtU-Wn-k-
Øn-s‚bpw Zp¿{K-l` - m-jb - pw. hn.-kn. {ioP≥ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b- nse
Nne ]Z-ßƒ DZm-l-c-W-am-sb-SpØv Ahsb A∏≥ sX‰n-≤m-c-Wm-
P-\I - a
- mb coXn-bn-emWv Ah-Xc - n-∏n-®s - X∂v ka¿∞n-°p-∂p. "t]mÃv-
˛-tam-tU¨ t_mUn', "t_mUn ssd‰nMv' XpS-ßnb ]Z-ß-fm-W-h.
A¿∞-a-dn-bmsX B´w ImWp∂ ImgvN-°m-c-\mWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-
Xsb kw_-‘n®v sI.-]n. A∏-s\∂v {ioP≥ hcn-Øn-Øo-¿-°p-∂p.
"FIvkvIyqkv ao, GXp tImtf-Pn-em...?' F∂ t]cn¬ 1998-˛¬
amXr-`q-an-bn-se-gp-Xnb teJ-\-Øn¬ Ihn-bmb _me-N-{µ≥ Np≈n-
°m-Sv, DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX A°m-Z-anI _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fpsS `mh-\m-kr-
jvSn-bm-sW-∂mWv hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv. 1979-˛¬ DØ-cm-[p-\nI ae-bm-
f-Ih- n-XI- s- f-∏‰n kwkm-cn-°p∂ Aø-∏∏ - W - n-°¿ _me-N{- µ≥ Np≈n-
°m-Sns‚ Nne Ihn-XI - s - fbpw DØ-cm-[p-\nI Ihn-XI - f
- psS KW-Øn-
emWv s]Sp- Ø n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v . sI.- ] n. A∏≥ _me- N - { µs‚
"{Um°pf'sb∂ Ihn-Xsb DØ-cm-[p-\nI Ihn-Xb - psS amXr-Ib - mbn
AwKo-Ic - n®v Np‰p-ap-≈h - sc ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p-ap-≠.v _me-N{- µs‚
"FIvkvIyqkv ao, GXp tImtf-Pn-em...?' F∂ teJ-\-Ø-e-s°-´p-
Xs∂ {]Xybimkv{X-]-c-ambn Cu Ah-ÿ-sbbpw AXns‚
kwkvIm-cs - Øbpw kzm[o-\n-°p∂ DØ-cm-[p-\nI kzm[o-\a - p-≈X - m-
85
sW∂v, "DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX: ae-bm-f-]m-T-t`-Z-ßƒ' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬

kn. -_n. kp[m-I-c≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. Np≈n-°m-Sns‚ DØ-cm-[p-
\nI hncp≤ \ne-]mSv Ão^≥ {Ko≥ªm‰v F∂ kmbn-∏ns‚ A`n-
{]m-b-tØm-Sp≈ hnt[-bXzw am{X-am-sW∂pw kp[m-I-c≥ ka¿∞n-
°p-∂p.
]n.- sI. t]m°¿ "B[p-\n-tIm-Øc - X
- b - psS tIcf ]cn-kcw' F∂
{KŸ-Øn¬ Chn-SsØ DØ-cm-[p-\nI N¿®-I-sf-∏‰n hne-bn-cp-Øp-
∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv. "B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-Xsb A[n-I-cn®p \S-°p∂
kwhm-ZØ - n¬ tIcfw B[p-\nIwt]mepw Bbn-ń-s√∂ ImgvN∏ - mSv
aptºm-´p-sh-°p∂ sFPmkv Al-Ω-Zv, hn.-kn. {ioP≥, sI.-C.-F≥.
apX-em-bh - cpw B hgn-°p Kuc-ha - mb ]T-\ß - ƒ \S-∂n-´p-s≠∂v hmZn-
°p∂ Fw. hn. \mcm-b-W\pw B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-Xsb shdpw Iem-
km-lnXy kwth-Z-\-£-aX am{X-ambn Npcp-°p∂ sI.-]n. A∏\pw
G‰hpw HSp-hn-embn Ata-cn-°-bnse \h-N-cn{X ]fin-X-\mb
Ão^≥ {Ko≥ªm-‰p-ambn \S-Ønb A`n-ap-J-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬
_me-N{- µ≥ Np≈n-°mSpw hn`n-∂c - o-Xn-If - n¬ Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ B[p-
\n-tIm-Øc {]Xn-k‘nbn¬ AI-s∏-Sp-Ib - mWv sNøp-∂X - v.' DØ-cm-
[p-\n-I-X-sb-∏‰n ChnsS \ne-\n-ev°p∂ A`n-{]mb Ass\-Iy-amWv
Cu hne-bn-cp-Øe - n¬ \nd-™p-\n-ev°p-∂X - v.
ae-bm-fØ - nse DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - sb kw_-‘n® G‰hpw henb
hnhmZw sI.-]n. A∏-s\-Xnsc hn. kn. {ioP≥ \S-Øn-b-Xm-Wv. 1997-
˛¬ "DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX: hm¿Øbpw hwim-h-en-'bp-sa∂ {KŸw ]pd-
Øn-d° - n-s°m≠v ae-bm-fk - m-lnXyw DØ-cm-[p-\n-Ia - m-sb∂v sI.-]n.
A∏≥ ÿm]n-®p. c≠p h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw 1999-˛¬ hn.- kn. {ioP≥
"B[p-\n-tIm-Øcw: hnI-e-\hpw hna¿i-\-hp'-sa∂ {KŸ-Øn-eqsS
A∏s‚ \ymb-hm-Z-ßsf bp‡n-k-l-amb coXn-bn¬ FXn¿Øp-
sIm≠v ChnsS DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX kw`-hn-®n-ń-s√∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
c≠v A°m-Z-anI _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-Øn¬ ]e \ncq-
]-Icpw Fgp-Øp-Imcpw kuI-cyw-t]mse Ccp tNcn-If - n-ep-ambn \ne-
bp-d∏
- n-®p. hmb-\°- m¿ ]ecpw hkvXp-XI - ƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn {Kln-°msX
Ah-cpsS hmZ-Øn\p sNhn-sIm-Sp-Øp. DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX Fs¥-∂d - n-
bmØ Nne Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Xß-fpsS IrXn DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-sa∂v ]d-
bn-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p∂ Ah-ÿb - pw ChnsS kwPm-Xa - m-bn. Aßs\
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX G‰hpw anI® kmln-Xym-h-ÿ-bmbn; As√-¶n¬
DØ-cm-[p-\nI ssiensb Dƒs°m-≈p∂ IrXn-Iƒ am{X-amWv al-
Øz-ap-≈s - X∂v ]ecpw sX‰n-≤c - n-®p. sI. ]n. A∏≥ hn. kn. {ioP≥
86
F∂o A°m-Za - nI ]fin-X∑ - m-cpsS X¿°-ê - a

- mbn ae-bm-fØ - nse
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX Fs¥-∂-dn-bp-hm≥ ]ecpw {ian-s®-∂p-≈Xv kzmK-
Xm¿l-amb hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. Ae≥ tkmI¬ sNbvX-Xp-t]mse D-
Ø-cm-[p-\nIN¿®-bn-te°v kmam\yP\-Øns‚ {i≤sb BI¿jn-
°p- I bpw H∏w- X s∂ A°m- Z - a nI _p≤o- P o- h n- I - f psS "I]- S -
\mSy'ßsf hna¿in-°p-I-sb∂ e£y-hp-amWv {ioP-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-
sX∂v At±-lØ - ns‚ XpS¿∂p≈ A`n-{]m-b{- ]-IS- \ - ß- ƒ hy‡-am-
°p-∂p.
1985 apX¬ 1995 hsc-bp≈ Zi-I-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ t]mÃv
tamtU¨ kmln-Xytam tIc-f-Øn¬ t]mÃv tamtU¨ kml-N-
cytam D≠m-bn-ń-s√-∂mWv Xs‚ hmZ-sa∂pw 1995 \p tijw tIc-f-
Øn¬ t]mÃv tamtU-Wnkw h∂n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXn\pØc-hm-Zn-b-
s√∂pw {ioP≥ ]d-bp-tºmƒ At±-l-Øns‚ {KŸ-amb "B[p-\n-
tIm-Øcw: hnI-e\ - hpw hna¿i-\h - p'-sa∂ IrXn 1999-˛¬ Cd-ßp-tºmƒ
tIc-f-Øn¬ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX kw`-hn-®p-I-gn-s™-∂mWv {ioP≥
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X - .v bYm¿∞-Øn¬ sI.- ]n. A∏-t\m-Sp≈ FXn¿∏mWv
DØ-cm-[p-\nI "\ntj[' {KŸw cNn-°p-hm≥ {ioPs\ t{]cn-∏n-®X - v.
Hcp ]T-\{- K-Ÿs - a∂ \ne-bn¬ AsXmcp hnP-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. {ioPs‚
{KŸ-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-Ib - n¬ Aø-∏∏ - W - n-°¿ \S-Øp∂ hne-bn-cp-
Ø¬ {it≤-ba - m-W.v "Npcp-°Ø - n¬ ]m›m-Xy-\m-Sp-If - nse km£m¬
B[p-\n-tIm-Øcw F¥m-sW∂p hni-Za - m-°p-hm\pw ae-bm-fh - na¿i\-
Øn¬ AXn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ sX‰mb [mc-W-Iƒ Xncp-tØ-≠-Xm-
sW∂pw Nq≠n-°m-´p-hm-\mWv Cu {KŸ-Im-c≥ {ian-°p-∂X - .v CXns‚
`mK-amb FXn¿ hna¿i-\w-IqSn hcp-tºmtg Cu {iaw ]q¿Æ-am-Ip-
I-bp-≈p'. DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - s - b-∏‰n {it≤-ba - mb {KŸßƒ cNn® sI.-
]n. A∏\pw hn.-kn. {ioP\pw ]n. sI. t]m°dpw kn. _n. kp[m-I-
c\pw A°m-Z-anIkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fm-sW∂ hkvXpX
{it≤-ba - m-Wv. DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - s
- b-∏‰n Kuc-ht- ØmsS N¿®-sNbvX
Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, hn.- kn. lmcnkv, F≥. {]`m-I-c≥, ]n. hnP-b≥,
]n. ]n. cho-{µ≥ XpS-ßn-bh - cpw A°m-Za - nI A¥-co-£Ø - ns‚ h‡m-
°-fm-Wv. ae-bm-f-Ønse DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xsb kw_-‘n® ]mT-kr-
jvSn-bpsS hen-sbmcp taJ-esb Ch¿ kz¥-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-Ib - m-tWm-
sb∂v Bsc-¶nepw kwi-bn-®m¬ AXn¬ X¿°n-°p-hm-s\m-∂p-an-√.
87
A¥-co£w
tIc-f-Øn¬ B[p-\n-tIm-ØcX kw`hn®n-ń-s√∂v ÿm]n-°p-hm≥
{ian-°p-∂-h¿ AXn-\mbn ]d-bp∂ \ymbw ChnSw hymh-km-bn-I-
ambn ]ptcm-Ka - n-®n-ń-s√-∂m-Wv. hyh-km-bi - m-eI - fpsS A`mhØnepw
DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-amb kmaq-lym-hÿ ChnsS \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xns\
Ch¿ a\x-]q¿∆w I≠n-s√∂p \Sn-°p-∂p. tIc-fØ - nse Hcp h- n-`mKw
Bfp-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn\p ]pdØv hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fntem CXc hyh-
km-b-ta-J-e-I-fntem {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-cm-sW∂ hkvXpX {it≤-
b-am-Wv. kmº-Øn-I-ambn tIcfw D∂X-amb \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-
∂-Xn-\p≈ ImcWw Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-Iƒ, Kƒ^vta-J-e,
bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ßƒ XpS-ßnb hntZ-i-cm-Pyßfn¬ tPmen-sN-øp-
∂-hc - psS hcp-am-\a - m-Wv. Cu IpSpw-_ß - f - nse Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w
I¿j-I-hr-Øn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂ IpSpw-_-ß-sf-°mƒ hf-sc-°q-Sp-X-
em-Wv. hymh-km-bn-I-ambpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-ambpw CXc Pn√-I-sf-
°mƒ ap≥]-¥n-bn-e√ - mØ ae-∏p-dw, tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-If - n¬ ]pØ≥
kmº-Øn-I-{Iaw AXns‚ hf¿® XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
sjb¿am¿°-‰p-If - n-te°v tIc-fØ - n¬\n∂pw \√-XpI \nt£-]n-°-
s∏- ´ n- ´ p- ≠ v . h≥hy- h - k m- b - ß ƒ°p ]Icw hm¿Øm- h n- \ n-
abkwhn[m\ßfpw Zriy-am-≤y-a-ßfpw hyh-km-b-ambn ]cn-h¿Ø-
\-s∏´v Hmtcm {]tZ-iß - f - nepw hf-cp∂ Ahÿ ChnsS ImWp-hm≥
Ign-bp-∂p. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ h≥In-Sh - y-hk
- m-bØ - ns‚ A`m-hØ - nepw
Db¿∂ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ ùXnIkml-N-cy-ßƒ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv tIc-f-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.
hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS hym]vXnbpw a’-chpw ]{X-am-≤y-
a-ß-fp-sSbpw sSen-hn-j≥ Nm\-ep-I-fp-sSbpw a’-cn-®p≈ {]h¿Ø-
\hpw tIc-f-Øns‚ ]pØ≥ apJ-amWv {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. hnhn[
sSen-hn-j≥ Nm\-ep-If - n-eqsS Hgp-In-sb-Øp∂ \·-Xm-{]-Z¿i-\ß - ƒ
aXm-]n-Xm-°t- fmSpw ktlm-Zc - ß
- t- fm-Sp-sam-∏a - n-cp∂v Bkz-Zn-°p∂ Xe-
ap-d-bmWv hf¿∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv. Ah¿ bp≤hpw kuµ-cy-a-’-c-ßfpw
Dƒs∏sS ]e-Xcw a’c ßƒ hoń-en-cp-∂p-Xs∂ IuXp-It- ØmsS
Z¿in-°p-∂p. C‚¿s\-‰p-]t- bmKw kPo-ha - m-bt- XmsS Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv
ta¬hn-em-kß - ƒ hym]-Ia - m-bn-°g- n-™p. Nm‰nßpw C˛-sa-bn-ep-sa√mw
\nXy-Po-hn-XØ - ns‚ `mKw-Xs∂bmbn-cn-°p-∂p.
kmº-Øn-I-`-{Z-X-bpsS `mK-ambn {Kma-ß-fn¬ tIm¨{Io‰vku-
[-ßƒ \nd-bm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Un.-Sn.-]n., Fkv.-Sn.-Un.,
88
sF.Fkv.Un kuI-cy-an-√mØ {]tZ-i-ßƒ hf-sc-°p-d-t®-bp-≈p.

samss_¬ t^m¨ {Kma-ßf - n-te°pw ]q¿Æ-ambn hym]n-®p-Ig- n-™p.
kq∏¿kvs]-jym-en‰n tlmkv]n-‰e - p-Ifpw tlm´-ep-Ifpw Gsd kuI-
cy-ßƒ hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ hr≤-aµ - n-cß - fpw k¿∆-{]-Xm-]ß - t- fm-Spw-
IqSn krjvSn-°p∂ Bcm-[\ - m-eb - ß- fpw Cu Ime-L´- Ø - ns‚ khn-
ti-j-X-bm-Wv. kn\n-am-imeIƒ, tlm´-ep-Iƒ, CX-c- s]m-Xp-ÿm-]-
\-ßƒ XpS-ßnb ÿe-ßf - n¬ hnt\m-ZØ - n\pw ]c-kv]cw kulr-Z-
Øn\pwth≠n ktΩ-fn-°p-∂X - p-t]m-se-Xs∂ Bcm-[\ - m-eb
- ß- f - ntem
AXn-t\m-S\ - p-_‘- n-®p≈ ÿe-ßf - ntem aX-]c - a- mb NS-ßp-Iƒ°pw
A√m-sX-bp-ambn ktΩ-fn-°p-∂p. aX-]c - a
- mb NS-ßp-Iƒ F√mw-Xs∂
BtLm-jØ - n-s‚bpw B\-µØ - n-s‚bpw `mK-ambn Xo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
aX-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ a’cw B≤ym-fln-I-cw-K-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]q¿Æ-
ambn hn´p-amdn A[n-Im-cØ - n\pw kmº-Øn-It- \-´Ø - n\pw P\-ßsf
BI¿jn-°p-∂-Xnepw FØn-\n-ev°p-∂p. B≤ym-fln-I-Xbpw euIn-
I-Xbpw tIhew {]Nm-c-W-am-[y-a-sa∂ ÿnXn-bn-te-°p ]cn-h¿Ø-
\-s∏ń-cn-°p∂p.
hmb-\sb ]cn-an-Xs - ∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ImgvNbv°p {]m[m\yw sImSp-
°p∂ sSen-hn-j≥, Iw]yq-´¿, C‚¿s\‰v XpS-ßn-bh hym]-I-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Xe-ap-db - m-Wn-Xv. IY, Ihn-X, t\mh¬
XpS-ßnb IrXn-IƒXs∂ Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fnse IYm-Jym-\-co-Xn-bn-
emWv Gsdbpw Ah-Xn-cn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. kmº-Øn-I{- I-ahpw kpJ-ku-
I-cy-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]pØ≥ ho£-Whpw Pohn-X-{I-a-Øn¬ sNep-
Ønb kzm[o-\Ø - ns‚ ê-ambn AWp-Ip-Spw-_ß - ƒ (A-—≥, AΩ,
Hcp Ipń) Gdn-hc - p-∂p. ]c-ky-ßƒ Pohn-XsØ hf-sc-tbsd kzm[o-
\n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hm¿Ø-Iƒ Gsdbpw IYm-IY - \
- c- q-]Ø- n-emWv ChnsS
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]e-t∏mgpw kXyw am[y-a-ß-fpsS "IY-
Iƒ'Xs∂ Bbn-Øo-cp-∂p.
DØ-cm-[p-\nI bpK-Ønse G‰hpw henb hn]-W-\-hkvXp
Adnhpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-am-W-s√m. ]T\-Øn-\mbn _m¶p-Iƒ
]Ww ISw-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. Xh-Wh - y-hÿ - b - n¬ hn]-Wn-bn-ep≈ GXp-
h-kvXphpw hmßp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Xh-W-bmbn e`n-°p∂
_m¶p-]-W-Øns‚ _e-Øn¬ ]T-\hpw \S-Øm-hp∂ Ahÿ!
ssk_¿ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ ae-bm-fn°p ioe-ambn hcp-∂p-
≠v. 'Puzha.com' F∂ ssk_¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cWw Gsd A\p-hm-N-
Isc BI¿jn-°p-∂p-≠v. Chn-SsØ ap≥\nc]{X-ßƒ, hmcn-I-Iƒ,
89
amkn-I-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏wXs∂

C‚¿s\-‰n-te°pw A]vtemUv sNøp-∂p. CXns‚ D]-tbmKw tIc-f-
Øn¬ ]cn-an-X-am-sW-¶nepw tIc-f-Øn\p shfn-bn-ep≈ Gsd ae-
bm-fn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-s∂-∂p-≈Xv {it≤-ba - m-Wv.
]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Cu DØ-cm-[p-\nI Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Zmcn-
{Zyhpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw AXn-{I-ahpw ssewKn-I-A-cm-P-I-Xzhpw
C\n-sbmcp ]mXbn-eqsS hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pI-bmWv. kar-≤n-bpsS
IÆn-eqsS am{Xw hkvXp-XI - sf t\m°p-∂h - ¿ CXns\ I≠n-s√∂p
\Sn-°p-hm\pw kaq-lØ - ns‚ ap∂n¬ ad-®p-]n-Sn-°m\pw {ian-°p-∂p.
CXn\v k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS ]n¥p-W-bp-ap-≠v. ]n.-F-kv.-kn. \S-Øp∂
F¬.-Un. ¢m¿°ns‚ ]co£ Fgp-Xp∂ sXmgn¬cln-Xc - psS FÆw-
Xs∂ sRń-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. ASn-°Sn kaq-l-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-h-cp∂
kv{Xo]o-U-\-ßƒ kmwkvIm-cn-Im[x]-X-\-Øns‚ sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wv.
Zmcn{Zyw kln-°-h-ømsX Bfl-lXy sNøp∂ "A`n-am\n'IfpsS
FÆhpw tIc-f-Øn¬ Gdn-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. Zmcn-{Zyw, sXmgn-en-√m-bva,
Akw-Xr]vXn XpS-ßn-bh ]ptcm-KX - n-bpsS "adp-]pdw' am{X-am-W.v Ata-
cn-°b
- nepw kar-≤n-bpsS adp-]p-da- mbn Zmcn-{Zyhpw ]oU-\ß - fpw \ne-
\n¬°p-s∂∂v t\mw tNmwkvIn-bpsSbpw am¿IvknÃv ]m¿ń-bpsS
sk{I-´-dn-bmb Kkvhmfn-s‚bpw \nco-£-W-ßƒ hnkva-cn-°m-hp-∂-
X-√. BXy-¥n-I-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬ tIc-fo-b-k-aqlw DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-
X-bpsS Gsd khn-ti-j-X-Isf Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. Cu khn-ti-j-X-
Iƒ tIc-fo-bm-¥c - o-£h- p-ambn _‘-s∏´ DØ--cm-[p-\n-IX - b - psS `mK-
amWv.
kmln-Xy-ta-Je
Iw]yq-´-dp-Ifpw C‚¿s\-‰p-Ifpw CXc Zriy-am-[y-a-ßfpw \nXy-Po-
hn-XØ
- ns‚ `mK-am-Ip-Ibpw Itºmfw a\p-jys‚ C—-b° v p-ta¬ A[n-
iXzw ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xns‚ ê-ambn
kaqlw DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-am-Ip-∂p. Cu kaq-l-Øns‚ kmln-Xy-cq-]-
ßfpw Iem-cq-]ß - fpw ap∂-hÿ - b- n¬\n-∂p-ap≈ ]cn-h¿Ø-\Ø - n\v
hnt[-ba- m-Ip-∂p. Cu ]cn-h¿Ø-\s - Ø Imem-\p-kr-Xa - mb ]cn-h¿Ø-
\-ambn ]cn-KW - n-t°-≠X - m-W.v PohnXw A¿∞-cl - n-Xa
- m-sW∂pw P∑-
I¿Ω-^-e-ambn Pohn-°p-I-bp-am-sW-∂p≈ B[p-\n-I-km-lnXycN-
bn-Xm-°f - psS Nn¥-If- n¬\n∂pw `n∂-ambn Pohn-XØ - n\v ]e A¿∞-
X-e-ßƒ Ds≠∂pw ImgvN, A\p-`-hw, cpNn XpS-ßn-b-hsb A\p-`-
90
hn®v Pohn-XsØ sshhn-≤y-]q¿Æ-am-°p-Is - b∂ Xncn-®d - n-hmWv DØ-

cm-[p-\n-Ic - N- b- n-Xm-°f - psS Nn¥-bn¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p-∂X - v. CXn\p
Ign-bmsX hcp∂ Ah-ÿbpw DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b- n¬ kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv
kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. kar-≤nbpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw hnizm-k-an-√m-bvabpw Bg-
an-√m-bvabpw A\p-Ic - W- hpw Acm-PI - X- z-Nn-¥m-co-Xnbpw DØ-cm-[p-\n-
I-ka - q-lØ - ns‚ `mKw-Xs - ∂-bm-W.v CXn-s‚-sb√mw {]Xn-ê - \w DØ-
cm-[p-\n-Ik - m-ln-Xy-Ønepw ]e- A\p-]m-XØ - n¬ Z¿in-°p-hm≥ Ign-
bp-∂p.
amdp∂ ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-°\ - p-kc
- n®v kmln-Xym-hX - c
- W- Ø - ns‚ hnj-
b-kzo-I-c-Whpw amdp-sa-∂-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-amWv ae-bm-f-Ønse
]pXnb ]e kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpw. IqSp-X¬ kpJ-ku-I-cy-ßƒ
{]Zm\w sNøp∂ hr≤-aµ - n-cß
- ƒ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b- psS `mK-am-bn-´mWv
KWn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X - .v a°ƒ°v amXm-]n-Xm-°sf t\m°p-hm≥ ka-bhpw
kuI-cy-hp-an-√mØ Ime-Øns‚ krjvSn-bmWv hr≤-a-µn-c-ßƒ.
B¿°pw BtcmSpw IS-∏mSpw kvt\-l-hp-an-√mØ Imew. Cu
ImesØ tI{µ-am°n "hr≤-kZ- \'sas∂mcp t\mh¬ Sn.-hn. sIm®p-
_mh 1993-˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. Aº-Øn-b©p hb-p≈ `¿Øm-
hns\ c≠mw `mcy-bmb kmd hr≤-kZ- \ - Ø- n-se-Øn-°p-∂X - ns‚ ]›m-
Ø-e-Øn-emWv t\mh¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. "]c-ky-Øn¬ ]d™
amXn-cn-X-s∂. F{X hmbq-k-©m-c-ap≈ apdn' F∂v ]d-™p-sIm-
≠mWv kmd `¿Øm-hn\v hr≤-k-Z-\-Ønse apdn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-Xp-Xs - ∂. hr≤-kZ- \ - Ø - n-se-Øp-∂t- XmsS kndn-bIv B‚Wn t]cp
\jvSs - ∏´v A∏m-∏s - \∂ s]mXp t]cp-Im-c\ - m-Ip-∂p. Cu Ime-Øns‚
khn-ti-jX - I- sf Dƒs°m-≈p∂ t\mh-emWv hr≤-kZ- \ - w. Iw]yq-´-
dp-I-fpsS bpKsØ t]Sn-tbmsS t\m°n-°m-Wp∂ IY-Ifpw Bbn-c-
Øn-sØm-≈m-bn-c-Øn-sXm-Æq-dp-I-fpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ Sn.-hn. sIm®p-
_mh Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. "sIm°-cWn'sb∂ IY-bn¬ Iw]yq-´¿ cq]-I-
ev]\ \SØn Ipń-Isf DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xmbn sIm®p-_mh Fgp-
Xn. amdp∂ Ime-Øn-\\ - p-kc - n®v kmln-Xy-cN - b- n-Xm-hns‚ `mh-\b - n¬
h∂ am‰-sØ-bmWv ChnsS Z¿in-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂X - v.
F≥. {]`m-Ic - s‚ "]nKvam≥' F∂ IYbpw "_lp-hN - \w' F∂
t\mhepw DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b
- psS khn-ti-jX - I- sf Dƒs°m-≈p-∂X - m-
Wv. ]∂n-°rjn em`-I-c-amb sXmgn-embn hf¿∂ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-
emWv "]nKvam≥' cNn-°-s∏-´-Xv. B sXmgn¬ime-bnse sXmgn-em-fn-
bmb {ioIp-am-sd∂ bphmhv Ahn-sS-sb-Øn-s∏-Sp∂ kml-Ncyw
91
kmº-Øn-IZ- m-cn{Zyw Xs∂-bm-Wv. Imen-Ib - p-KØ - ns‚ kº-Zvka - r-≤n-

bn¬ AXns‚ ku`m-Ky-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-°m≥ hn[n-bn-√mØ bphm-
hmWv {ioIp-am¿. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ {ioIp-am-dns‚ tPmenbpw Pohn-X-
hpw-t]mse DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-kml N-cyhpw k¶o¿Æ-am-sbm-c-h-ÿ-
bmWv {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xv. AXn-I-Ym-I-Y-\-Øns‚ km≤y-X-Isf
{]tbm-P\ - s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv {]`m-Ic - ≥ "_lp-hN - \'sagp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-
Xv. \n›n-X-am-sbmcp tI{µtam \n›n-X-am-sbmcp {]ta-btam IYm-c-
N-bn-Xm-hns\ \bn-°p-∂n-√. A\p-\n-anjw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ a\p-
jycpw Pohn-Xk - m-lN - c- y-hp-amWv cN-bn-Xm-hns\ kzm[o-\n-®p-sIm-≠n-
cn-°p-∂X - v.
at\mPv PmX-th-Z-cpsS "Bflo-b-l-Xy-Iƒ' tIc-f-Øn¬ s]cp-
In-hc - p∂ Bfl-lX - y-If - psS ]›m-Øe - Ø - n¬ hnc-Nn-Xa - mb IY-bm-
Wv. kzXth as‰m-cmsf AwKo-Ic - n-°p-hm≥ aSn-°p∂ ae-bmfn Bfl-
l-Xy-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ am{Xw hyXy-kvX-\m-Ip-∂-Xns‚ Imc-W-sa-
s¥∂v IYm-IrØv B\p-jw-KnI-ambn Btem-Nn-°p-∂p-≠v. IYm-Ir-
Øp-Xs∂ IY-bn-te°v {]th-in-°p-Ibpw A\p-hm-NI - \ - p-th≠n A`n-
{]m-b{- ]-IS- \ - ß
- ƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ "Bflo-bl - X - y-Iƒ' DØ-
cm-[p-\nI IY-bpsS BJym-\c - o-Xn, Imen-I{- ]-k‡n XpS-ßnb khn-
ti-jX - I- ƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂X - m-W.v knXmc Fkv. cNn® "A·n'sb∂
IY {it≤-b-am-Ip-∂Xv Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse Hcp s]Ïp-ń-bpsS
at\m-`m-hsØ kXy-k‘ - a - mbn Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-∂X - n-eq-sS-bm-W.v tIc-
f-Øn¬ kv{Xo]o-U-\-ßƒ Gdp-Ibpw AXn¬ Nne-Xns\ XpS¿°-
Ym-cq-]Ø - n-ep≈ hm¿Ø-If - mbn ]{X-ßƒ BtLm-j] - q¿∆w Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXX - ns‚ ]›m-Øe - Ø - n-emWv "A·n' cNn-°s - ∏-
´-Xv. Zriy-am-[y-aß - f - n¬ IY-bh - X- c - n-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn-emWv Cu IY-
bpsS BJym\w \n¿∆-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂X - .v F≥.-Fk - .v am[-hs‚ "XncpØv'
F∂ IY ]{X-ßƒ hm¿Ø-Isf sX‰n-≤m-cW - m-P\ - I - a - mbn {]kn-≤-
s∏-SpØn `qcn-]£ - Ø - ns‚ A\p-`m-h] - q¿∆-amb at\m-`mhw t\Sn-sb-
Sp-°p-Ibpw \yq\-]-£sØ s\mº-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xns‚
]pdw-]q®v shfn-hm-°p-∂p. Imen-Ik - w-`h - ß - f - n¬\n∂pw DØ-aI - Y- I- ƒ
krjvSn®v A\p-hm-N-Is‚ {i≤sb BI¿jn-°p∂ DØ-cm-[p-\nI
IYm-kr-jvSn°v DZm-lc - W- w-Iq-Sn-bmWv "Xncp-Øv.
C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ hym]\w kmam-\y-P\ - Ø - ns‚ Pohn-Xc - o-Xn-sbbpw
Nn¥m-co-Xn-sbbpw Bg-Øn¬ kzm[o-\n-°p-I-Xs∂ sNbvXp. Cu
kzm[o\w IYm-h-X-c-W-Øns‚ taJ-e-bnepw Z¿in-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
92
hn\p G{_-lm-ans‚ "Nne {]o tamtU¨ CS-s]-Sp-ep-Ifn'¬ P\-

Iob \mS-I-thZn {]h¿Ø-\hpw hnπ-h-hp-ambn \S∂ kp[m-I-c≥
Un.-Sn.-]n., Fkv.S- n.-Un. ÿm]\w \S-Øp-Ibpw XpS¿∂v kn\n-ab - n-te°v
Xncn-bp-hm≥ \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ kp[m-I-c\v
]gb kplr-Øp-°sf Xncn®dnbm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. Hm¿Ω \jvS-s∏´
kp[m-I-c≥ Ip‰-t_m-[-Øn-te°pw hnjm-Z-Øn-te°pw Iq∏p-IpØn
hogp-∂p. Xs‚ {]iv\-Øn\v ]cn-lm-c-ambn kp[m-I-c≥ Is≠-Øp-
∂Xv C‚¿s\-‰m-Wv. s\‰ns‚ hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ apgp-Inb kp[m-I-c≥
sas√ ssk_¿ kvs]bn-kns‚ BIm-iK - w-Kb - v°∏ - p-dt- Ø°v A{]-
Xy-£\ - m-Ip-∂p. DØ-cm-[p-\n-Ib - p-KØ- nse kzXz-\j - vS`- o-Xn-sb-bmWv
Cu IY-bn¬ hn\p Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-∂Xv.
N{µ-a-Xn-bpsS "sh_vssk‰v' F∂ IY C‚¿s\-‰n-eq-sS-bp≈
kv{Xo]p-cp-j_ - ‘ - s - Ø-bmWv {]ta-ba - m-°p-∂X - .v Imen-I{- ]-k‡ - a - mb
{]ta-bk - zo-Ic - W- a- mWv Cu IYsb {it≤-ba - m-°p-∂X - v. tkXp-hns‚
"AS-bm-f-ßƒ' F∂ IY-bn¬ C˛-sa-bn¬ AkvXn-Xz-`bwXs∂
krjvSn-°p-∂p. Ia-em-£≥\m-b¿ F∂ kvIqƒ amÃdpw `mcybpw
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv hnem-k-ap-≠m-°m≥(E-mail) ssk_¿ It^-bn-se-
Øp-∂p. hntZ-iØ - p≈ aI\v C˛-sa-bn¬ Ab-bv°p-Ib - mWv e£yw.
sabn¬ cPn-kvt{S-j-\n¬ Ia-em-£≥\m-b-sc∂ t]cv apºp-Xs∂
Btcm cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]pXn-sbmcp t]cv kzoI-cn-t°-
≠n-h-cp-∂p. 1 amjv 99 @ tlm´vsa-bn¬ tImw' F∂ hnem-khpw
AXp Xpd-°p-hm-\p≈ AS-bm-fh - m-Iyhpw Ia-em-£≥\m-b¿°v kzoI-
cn-t°-≠n-hc - p-∂p. ]pXnb Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv t]cpw AS-bm-fh - m-Iyhpw
amdm-sX-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ AXp-Xs∂ Dcp-hn-´p-sIm≠v Ia-em-£≥\m-bcpw
`mcybpw ssk_¿ It^ hnSp-∂p.
hn. hn\-b-Ip-am-dns‚ "Imivaocn Aw{_n'sb∂ IY c≠v Xe-ap-
d-I-fpsS hyh-km-b-co-Xn-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. B∏nƒ I®-
hSw \SØn XI¿∂ B¿. -sI. tat\ms‚ aI≥ B∏nƒ Iw]yq-´¿
hn¬°p∂ IY-bmWv "Imivaocn Aw{_n'bpsS {]ta-bw. A—≥ ]cm-
P-bs- ∏-ń-SØv aI≥ hnPn-bn-°p-∂p. Fw. \µ-Ip-am-dns‚ "hm¿Ømfn:
ssk_¿ kvs]bvkn¬ Hcp {]W-b\ - m-SIw' F∂ \o≠-IY kmt¶-
Xn-Ih- n-Zy-sb-°p-dn®pw AXns‚ XmØzn-Ia - mb Ah-ÿs - b-°p-dn®pw
Nnt¥m-±o-]I - a - mb coXn-bn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. DØ-cm-[p-\nI kmln-
Xy-`m-h-\-bn¬, sh¿Nz¬ dnbm-en-‰n-bpsS km≤y-X-Iƒ Bcm-bp-∂-
XmWv Cu IY-bpsS Imen-I-{]-k-‡n. Iw]yq-´¿ A≤ym-]-I-\mb
93
lcn bmZr-—n-Ia - m-bmWv C‚¿s\-‰n¬ ca-Wnsb Is≠-Øp-∂X - v. \nc-

¥-c-amb kwhm-Z-Øn-eqsS Ah¿ {]W-b-Øn-em-Ip-∂p. Ah-km-\-
amWv caWn Hcp ssk_¿ Nn{Xw am{X-am-sW∂v lcn Adn-bp-∂-Xv.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp \]pw-k-I-Øns‚ ssewKn-I-X-bm-bn-cp∂p
lcn°p ap∂n¬ kv{Io\n¬ sXfn™ Nn{Xw. ssk_¿ Nn{X-ßƒ
I≠v hnIm-cw-sIm-≈p∂ Cu Xe-ap-db - psS at\m-hn-Im-cw-Xs - ∂-bmWv
IY-bnepw Z¿in-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv. Fw. apIp-µs‚ "\rØ'sa∂
t\mh¬ C‚¿s\-‰n-eqsS A·n-sb∂ t]cn¬ A⁄m-Xs - \-gp-Xp∂
IY, {io[-c≥]n-≈-sb∂ \mev]-Øn-sb-´p--Im-c≥ BImw-£-tbmsS
hmbn-°p-∂X - m-Wv. {io[-c≥]n-≈bv°v A·nsb°pdn-®d - n-bm-hp-∂Xv
agni @a01.com F∂ Ce-Ivt{Sm-anIvkv hnemkw am{X-am-Wv. A·n
]d-bp∂ IY ImenI kaq-lØ - ns‚ Ah-ÿbpw a\p-jy-_‘ - ß- fpw
Bhn-jvIc - n-°p-∂X - p-Xs- ∂-bm-Wv. IY apgp-h≥ Adn-™X - n-\p-tijw
A·n Bsc-∂-dn-bp-hm-\p≈ {io[-c≥]n-≈-bpsS {iaw hn^-e-am-Ip-
∂p. ssk_¿ kmlnXyw Imen-I{- ]-k‡ - a- m-Ip-∂X
- n-s‚bpw AXns‚
Bhn-jvIm-c-co-Xn-bp-sSbpw km≤y-X-IƒIqSn Dƒs°m-≈p∂ t\mh-
em-Wv apIp-µs‚ "\rØ'sa∂p ]d-bmw. kp\-µs‚ "sh≈n-t\gn
tUm´vtImw', sFkIv Cu∏s‚ "{InÃn\ sdmtk‰n C‚¿s\‰n¬'
XpS-ßnb IY-Iƒ {]XoXn-bm-Ym¿∞y-Øn-s‚bpw hnh-ck - m-t¶-Xn-I-
X-bp-sSbpw ]›m-Øe - Ø- n¬ cq]-s∏´ DØ-cm-[p-\nI IY-IƒXs∂-
bm-Wv.
{]Jym-]n-°s
- ∏´ adp-]m-Tk
- r-jvSn-Iƒ
ae-bm-fn-bmb F≥. i¶-c≥\m-b¿ Xpdp∂p ]d-™p: "tamjWw Hcp
Ie-bm-sW-¶n¬ F\n°v Ie-bnse tamj-W-Øn-\mWv XmXv]-cyw.'
i¶-c≥
- \mb¿ tamjvSn-°p-∂Xv Cw•ojv t\mh-ep-If - nse IY-bm-Wv.
AXv Xnc-°Y - b
- psS cN-\b
- v°mbn AXnhnZ-Kv≤hpw Iem-]c - h
- p-ambn
D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. BZy-{]-Wb - w-t]mse BZy-tam-jW - hpw i¶-
c≥\m-bc - psS a\-n¬ ]qØp-e™p \nev°p-∂p. lm¿Uven tNkns‚
"Fbvkv A]v ssa …ohvkv' F∂ IrXn-bn¬\n∂p-amWv "hnjvWp-hn-
Pbw' F∂ ln‰vkn\n-a-bpsS Xnc-°Y krjvSn-®-Xv. Ia-e-lm-k≥
\mb-It- h-jØ - n¬ A`n-\b - n® BZy IY.
i¶-c≥\m-b¿ \S-Øp∂ cN-\m-co-Xnsb tamj-W-sa∂v hnfn-
°mtam? tamjvSn-°p-∂Xv BtcmSpw ]d-bm-sX, Bcp-ad - n-bm-sX-bm-Wv.
i¶-c≥\m-b¿ kXyw Xpd-∂p-]d - ™
- X
- p-sIm≠v ]pdw-temIw hkvXp-
94
X-Iƒ Adn-™p. Xm≥ IY-Iƒ tamjvSn-°p-I-bm-sW∂v Xpd-∂p-]-d-

bp-hm\pw i¶-c≥\mb¿°v aSn-bn-√. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ i¶-c≥\m-b¿
aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse IY-sb-SpØv AXns\ Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw am‰n-a-dn-
®n-ep-Iƒ°v hnt[-ba - m°n Hcp ]pXnb IY-bm°n ]cn-h¿Ø-\s - ∏-Sp-
Øp-Ib - mWv sNøp-∂X - v. bYm¿∞Øn-eXp tamj-Wa - √- ; adp-]m-Tk - r-
jvSn-bm-Wv. Ac-°n-√w, N´-ºn-°-h-e, cmk-eo-e, A·n-\n-emhv XpS-
ßnb ap∏-Xn-e-[nIw kn\n-am-°-Y-Iƒ Cu P\p-kn¬s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.
GWÃv slan-MvthbpsS "ehv tÃmdn' F∂ t\mh-emWv aZ-t\m-’-
hw. "Cu^v ‰pamtdm Iwkv' F∂ ]pkvXI - Ø
- n¬\n-∂mWv "Im_sd
Um≥k¿' krjvSn-®X - .v ]qP-bs v °-Sp-°mØ ]q°ƒ F∂ Nn{X-Øn\p
anI® kwhn-[m-b-I-\p≈ kwÿm\ Ahm¿Upw i¶-c≥\m-b¿°p
e`n-®n-´p-≠v. "]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmbn-°msX tamjvSn-°m≥ ]‰n-s√∂'
\ne-]m-SmWv i¶-c≥\m-b¿°p-≈X - .v Chn-sSbpw hmb-\b - n-eqsS ]Tn®v
IrXn-Iƒ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂mWv sXfn-bp-∂-Xv. Cßs\
krjvSn-°p∂ IrXn-If - n¬ cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ Dƒt®¿°p∂ \h-amb `mh-
\bpw k¿§m-fl-I-Xbpw Imem-\p-kr-X-amb BJym-\-coXnbpw adp-
]m-TI- r-Xn°v \nbXhy‡nXzw \evIp∂ Nne LS-Iß - f - mWv.
kmln-Xy-tem-IØv {]Jym-]n-°-s∏-Sm-sX, shfn-hm-°msX ad-
™p-In-S° - p∂ adp-]m-TI - r-Xn-Is- f-∏‰nsbm∂p Nn¥n-®p-t\m-°q. \nßƒ
\s√mcp hmb-\° - m-c\pw \nco-£I - \- p-am-sW-¶n¬ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-
fn¬\n∂pw kn\na Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Iem-kr-jvSn-I-fn¬\n∂pw Gsd
adp-]m-Tß - ƒ Is≠-Øp-hm≥ A\m-bm-tk\ Ign-bpw. D≈n¬ Hsc-gp-
Øp-Im-cs‚ A·n Pzen-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ \√ adp-]m-TI - r-Xn-Iƒ A\m-
bm-tk\ krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ krjvSn Cuiz-
cs‚ I¿Ω-a-fi-e-am-Wv. Cuizc-\n¬\n∂pw A]-l-cn-s®-SpØ
krjvSn-bpsS A·n-sIm-≠mWv a\p-jy≥ Hmtcm∂v krjvSn-°p-∂X - v.
a\p-jy\pw krjvSn-\S-Øp-hm≥ XpS-ßn-bt- ∏mƒ, krjvSn \ - S- Ø
- p∂
a\p-jy-\n¬\n∂pw AXns‚ A·n kl-Po-hn-Iƒ tamjvSn-°p-hm≥
XpS-ßn. kl-Po-hn-Iƒ°v D]-{Z-ha - n-√msX D]-Im-cs - ∏-Sp∂ coXn-bn¬
Iem-]c - a- mbn kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cNn-°p∂ adp-]m-Tk - rjvSn Cu Ime-
Øns‚ kmln-Xy-cN - \ - m-co-Xn-bn¬ {]k-‡a - mb H∂p-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv.
95
96

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DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbpw ]mT-kr-jvSnbpw tUm. tPmkv sI.

tUm. tPmkv -sI. am\p-h-¬

tUm.- tPmkv sI. am\p-h¬

Compiled and Published by Turn Books Kottayam

Cover Design : Joseph Francis, Pala

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

ISBN: 978 - 93 - 87709 - 23 - 2

1. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS hym]vXn ...17

2. ]mT-kr-jvSn-bpsS A¥-co£w ..29

3. ]mT-kr-jvSn-bpsS hgn-Iƒ ...41

4. adp-]m-T-krjvSn Hcp ]mT-]-T\w ...57

5. DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX-bpsS ]mT-ßƒ ...70

h¿Ø-am-\k - a- qlw Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI{]Xn-k‘n t\cn-Sp-∂p-≠v.

sshIm-cn-Xsb GXm≠p ]q¿Æ-ambn \nc-kn-°p∂ Cu am‰-ßƒ

]c-ºc- m-KX k¿§-hym-]m-cØ

DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS i‡-amb kzm[o\w kmln-Xy-Ønse

∂p-\n∂v BtKm-f-hm-b-\-°m-cpsS A`n-cp-Nn°pw hn]-W-\-km-[y-X-

Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw `n∂-ambn hnt\m-Z-amtbm IuXp-I-amtbm

Ø-h¿°pw kmln-Xy-ta-J-e-bn¬ ]nSn-®p-\n-ev°p-hm≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v

\p-kr-Xa - mbn kzm`m-hn-Ia - mb ]cn-h¿Ø\w kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂p. Bbn-c-

X-bpsS {]mcw-`-Im-esØ Ah-X-c-W-]-c-amb ¢njvS-X-sb-∏‰n shfn-

DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX kXytam anYytbm

\nI N¿®-bn-te°v BI¿jn-°p-hm\pw DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-sb-∏‰n

ImWmw. Iev]-\bpw bmYm¿∞yhpw XΩn-ep≈ AIew Ipd-bp-∂-

kmln-Xy-hm-b\ - b- n¬\n∂pw N¿®-If - n¬\n∂pw ]T-\Ø - n¬\n∂pw

temØym-dns‚ 'The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge'.

th-j-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ A≤ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw imkv{X-⁄-cp-sSbpw

¬]-∂-am-bn-´mWv ImWp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v A≤zm-\-°p--dhpw aqe-[-

Ø¿°pw Ah-tcmSp am{X-ambn Iqdv. kmln-Xy-ta-Je - b

A\p-I-c-W-ß-fpsS kaq-l-am-bn-´m-Wt√m t_m{Zn-bm¿ ImWp-∂-Xv.

°p∂ A¿∞w ASn-ÿm\ A¿∞-Øns‚ (bm-Ym¿∞y-Øn-s‚)

ß-fp-sSbpw sNSn-If - p-sSbpw DXv]m-Z\ - £

sS-bp≈ A\p-_‘ - nX kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ tNmZyw-sN-øs - ∏-Sp-Ibpw ]Icw

L-S\ - ) t]mep≈ kwL-S\ - I - ƒ ap∂n-´n-dß - p-∂X - n-s‚-IqSn ^e-amWv

BImw) anI-®tXm Bbn krjvSn-°p-hm-\m-Wv. CXn\p kam-\-ambn

s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂tXbp-≈p. Ahm¿Up-Iƒ, hnhm-Zß - ƒ, ]T-\ß - ƒ XpS-

hyXym-ka - p-≠v. Nne-cpsS i_vZØ - n\v kaq-lØ - n¬ khn-ti-ja - mb

Øn¬ {]k-‡-am-bn-Øo¿∂ adp-]m-T-kr-jvSn-sb∂ ]mT-krjvSn

\ntj-[Ø - n-eq-sS-bp≈ \n¿∆-N\ krjvSn-bmWv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b - psS

Imen-I-{]-k-‡-amb _u≤nIm-hn-jvIm-c-Ønepw hnizmk k¶-ev]-

D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]mT-krjvSn, hnti-jn®v kmln-Xy-]m-T-ß-fpsS

Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ A¿∞-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, AXn¬\n∂p

\n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-h¿°v {]tXyI kΩm-\-ßƒ! krjvSn-bpsS alm-c-

e-ßƒhsc ]mT-ßƒ°v \evIp-Ibpw AXns\ ap≥\n-dpØn hna¿i-

hna¿i-I-\mb sP. ln√okv an√-dpsS \nco-£-W-Øn¬ A]-

t]mƒ Unam≥ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ A]-\n¿ΩmW XmØzn-I∑ - m¿ ]mT-

AXn-I-Y-Iƒ \mw Pohn-°p∂ temI-Øn\v kam-\-amb as‰mcp

kmtcm-]t- Z-iw, al-Xh v- N

jvTn-X-amb Nn¥m-io-e-hp-amWv ]I¿∂p \evIp-∂-Xv. Cu `mh-\-sb-

I-Ym-Jym-\Ø - n-\p-≈X - v. DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX - b

\nb-a-ß-fmWv Hmtcm Ifn-Iƒ°pw N´-°q-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿°p-∂-Xv.

Øn\v ap∂nepw hnkvXr-Xa - mb `mhn°p ]n∂n-ep-amWv \mw \nev°p∂

LS-\-bn¬ adp-]mTw Fgp-Xm-hp∂tXbp-≈p. A{X {]kn-≤-a-√mØ

{]`bpw apdn-bnse sNdnb _ƒ_ns‚ {]Im-ihpw Ie¿∂ shfn-®-

Ah≥ AXp hmbn-°p-∂Xp I≠-t∏m-gmWv I≈-∑m¿°v

{]Xyp-cmPv A≠¿sh-b-dns‚ t]m°-‰n¬\n∂pw Ipsd kn.-Un.-

bpsS ap\ sj¬^ns‚ apIƒ`mKwhtc°pw FØp-∂p-≠v.

Dd-ßm≥ ]mSn-√, Rm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. Fs¥-∂m¬ Dd-ßp∂ a\-

IY-Iƒ thW-sa-¶nepw Xncn-®d- n-bp-hm≥ Ign-bmØ coXn-bn¬ krjvSn-