Application of Lenses

Application of Lenses (Camera and the Human Eye)
Structure of eye
Definition
Human eye is almost spherical ball with slightly bulge in the front part.
The diameter of the human eye is a 2-2.5cm
The main parts of human eye
The front of the eye is covered with transparent layer called the cornea
The successive refraction of light is cornea, aqueous humour, lens and
vitreous humour.
The most refraction occur cornea and lens
1) Cornea:- It is front bulging portion of the eye; it is made of
transparent tissues and no blood vessels
Function It is function is to allow the light to enter the eye.
2) Optic nerve: - It is a bundle of approximately 70,000 nerves

originating from the brain and entering the eye ball from the
posterior side.
Function Optic nerve carries the messages to and from the brain
3) Retina:- Retina is the screen of the eye and sensitive to light
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Function: The function of the retina is to receive the optical image of
an object and then convert to pulse which finally sent to brain
through the optic nerve.
The retina is composed of two main parts
a) Yellow :- it is very sensitive to light

Function of the yellow spot: is to form clear image.
b) Blind spot:-
The region of the retina where the optic nerve enters the eye ball is called
Blind spot.
Function of the blind spot apparently it has no function any image

formed at this point is not clearly visible.
4) Lens:-
It is a double convex lens more bulging on the posterior side, it’s made of
transparent flexible tissues its help in position by ring of muscles called
Ciliary muscles
Function It is function is to focus images of the objects at different

distances clearly on the retina.
5) Ciliary muscles: - The muscles those help and support the lens. Function
to change the shape and the focal length of the lens.
6) Iris: - Is the oracular part of the eye. It has an opening called pupil
Function:-The function of the iris is to control the amount of light entering
the eye.
The iris has central hole is called pupil whose size is decreased in
bright light and increases in dim light. Excessive brightness can
damage the eye
7) Vitreous humor: it is a dumpy liquid in posterior part of the eye.
Function:-
a) It prevents the eye from collapsing

b) Help the retina to form clear image
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8) Aqueous humour:
It is watery saline fluid filling the interior part of the eye
Function:
a) It prevents eye collapses
b) Washes the eye
Defects of human eye
The near point for normal eye is 25cm. human eye can focus from this
distance to infinity.
The light coming to your eye needs to be focused on the back of

the eye (retina) for you to see it clearly. But if the eye can’t focus
the image on their correct positions the eye is referred to have a
defect.
1. Short-sighted eye (myopia)
Short sighted person can see clearly objects at near point but cannot see
the far point
Myopia means short sight and is where the image of a far object is
formed in front of the retina.
Causes of Shortsightedness
• eye ball is too long
• eye focal length is too short
Correction
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to give an image on the retina
2. long-sighted eye (Hypermetropia)

The defect is corrected by a concave lens which is diverges the light
before it enters the eye,
Long sighted person can see clearly objects at far point but cannot see
the near point
Hypermetropia means long sight and is where the image of a nearby

object is formed behind the retina.
Causes of long-sightedness
• eye ball is too short
• eye focal length is too long
Correction
The defect is correct by the convex lens, which converge the light before
enters the eye.
1) Name part of the eye

a) Which control how much light enters it
b) On which the image is formed
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c) Which changes the focal length of the lens
2) A refraction of light in the eye occurs at
a) The lens only c) the cornea only
b) The iris d) both the cornea and the lens
3) A short-sighted person has near point of 15cm and a far point of
40cm.
a) Can he see clearly an object at a distance of
i) 5cm ii) 25cm iii)
50cm
b) To see clearly an object at infinity what kind of lens does he

need?
4) The near point of long-sighted person is 50cm from the eye.
a) Can he see clearly an object at
i) A distance of
20cm ii) Infinity
b) To read a book held at a distance of 25cm will she need a convex
or a concave lens?
Camera:
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Camera is used to a converge light to produce a real, inverted, and usually diminished image
on a light sensitive film at the back of camera.
Comparing the eye and the camera
Eye Camera
Has a convex lens that produces an Has a convex lens system that produces
image on the retina. an image on the film
Image formed is real, inverted and Image formed is real, inverted and
diminished. diminished.
Iris controls the amount of light Diaphragm controls the amount of light
entering the eye. reaching the film.
Pupil is continuously open. Shutter opens for a predetermined
time.
Focal length can be reared. Focal length is fixed.
Focuses by changing the thickness of Focuses by changing the distance
the eye lens. between the lens and film.
Colours
The human eye contains of light sensitive cells, these are called rods and
cones.
Rods respond to weak light but cannot detect color difference.
Cones are mainly concentrated in the center of the retina and are sensitive
to colours.
Human can see many of colours but the retina has only three types of cones
(colours)
 Cones that respond to red light
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 Cones that respond to blue light
 Cones that respond to green light
There are three types of primary colours; they are red,

green and blue. Adding colours:
If red, green and blue are primary colours because none of them can be
produced from other colours of light, they give all other colours when
suitably mixed.
The primary colours can be mixed by shining beams of red, green and
blue on to white screen so that they partially overlap.
For example: red + green + blue = white
Pure white contain all the colours of the world
A mixed of two primary colours are give new colours
 Red + Green = yellow
 Green + Blue = cyan
 Red + Blue = magenta (purple)
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Application of Lenses

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Application of Lenses (Camera and the Human Eye)

Function It is function is to allow the light to enter the eye.

2) Optic nerve: - It is a bundle of approximately 70,000 nerves

3) Retina:- Retina is the screen of the eye and sensitive to light

The retina is composed of two main parts

a) Yellow :- it is very sensitive to light

Function of the blind spot apparently it has no function any image

Function It is function is to focus images of the objects at different

7) Vitreous humor: it is a dumpy liquid in posterior part of the eye.

a) It prevents the eye from collapsing

The light coming to your eye needs to be focused on the back of

1. Short-sighted eye (myopia)

• eye focal length is too short

2. long-sighted eye (Hypermetropia)

Hypermetropia means long sight and is where the image of a nearby

1) Name part of the eye

b) To see clearly an object at infinity what kind of lens does he

Comparing the eye and the camera

There are three types of primary colours; they are red,

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