8/25/2022

Elements of Technology

Elements of Technology Continues..…

(BFPT101M)
Mechanical
.

EOT
Electrical
& Textile
Electronic

Dr Akhtarul I Amjad ( Nift Panchkula ) Dr Akhtarul I Amjad ( Nift Panchkula )

Elements of Technology Creative Thinking Style

Continues..… Continues..…
Basic Mechanics, Transmission and
Technology-
Motion of Power
The branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their
Mechanical interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial
arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science..

Creativity is, therefore, our ability to form something new out of what’s presented.
EOT

Electrical &
Electronics Textile &
Fundamental of Fashion Way of application It’s our ability to think differently and provide new angles and perspectives to a solution.
electricity, energy in apparel
consumption, circuits, manufacturing
basic electronics
Dr Akhtarul I Amjad ( Nift Panchkula ) Dr Akhtarul I Amjad ( Nift Panchkula )
https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/sustainability-society-and-you/0/steps/4618
 8/25/2022

Various Elements

Dr Akhtarul I Amjad ( Nift Panchkula ) Dr Akhtarul I Amjad ( Nift Panchkula )

Shafts Shafts

• A shaft is a rotating member, circular cross-section, solid or hollow, to transmit power or

motion Types:
• To transmit the power using shaft different members are used such as, Gears, Pulleys,
Sprockets A) Transmission
Shaft
Types: B) Machine Shafts

A) Transmission Shaft
B) Machine Shafts

Dr Akhtarul I Amjad ( Nift Panchkula ) Dr Akhtarul I Amjad ( Nift Panchkula )

 8/25/2022

Shafts Shafts
A) Transmission Shafts:
Difference between Line shaft & Counter Shaft:
A transmission shaft (also known as shaft) is a rotating machine element with a circular cross- S Line Shaft Counter Shaft
r.
section. Shaft is used to transfer rotary motion from one point to the other point.
N
o.
Mountings: Gears, Pulleys etc.
1. Directly driven by Secondary shaft
Types: Main/Line Shaft and Counter Shaft prime mover and driven by main shaft
using this power is using belt, chain or
supplied to diff. gear
machines
2. Directly connected to NOT DIRECTLY
PRIME MOVER CONNECTED

Shafts Shafts vs Axels

Difference between Line shaft & Counter Shaft:

Sr. Line Shaft Counter Shaft

No.
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Shafts Shafts
Properties of Shaft Material for Shaft
PROPERTIES:
Material:
1. High Static Strength
Ductile material like PLAIN CARBON STEELS AND ALLOY STEELS.
2. High Fatigue Strength
BRITTLE Material like CAST IRON can not be used
3. Ductility
4. High Resilience
5. Good Machinability

Keys Keys
Keys: Keys:

 Key is a machine element used on the shafts  Key is a machine element used on the shafts
to secure rotating elements and prevent to secure rotating elements and prevent
relative motion between two rotating member. relative motion between two rotating member.

Keyway is the recess provided on shaft and Keyway is the recess provided on shaft and

hub to accommodate key. hub to accommodate key.

Key is also used for transmitting the torque Key is also used for transmitting the torque

from shaft to rotating element. from shaft to rotating element.

https://youtu.be/F3c6GPAFZMI

https://www.lovejoy-inc.com/resources/technical-articles/why-power-transmission-shafts-have-both-keys-keyways/ https://www.lovejoy-inc.com/resources/technical-articles/why-power-transmission-shafts-have-both-keys-keyways/
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Coupling Coupling
Coupling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHbQWFi7S9Y Why Do We Need Shaft Couplings?

 A coupling is a device used to connect two  Even if the motor and workpiece are directly
shafts together at their ends for the purpose of connected and correctly fixed, slight
transmitting power. misalignment can occur over time due to changes
in temperature and changes over a long period of
time, causing vibration and damage.
It is usually a temporary connection (but can
be permanent in some cases) and capable of Shaft couplings serve as an important link to
removal for service or replacement. A minimize impact and vibration, allowing smooth
coupling may be rigid or flexible. rotation to be transmitted..

https://youtu.be/HBNJmGF5SO0

https://www.nbk1560.com/en-US/resources/coupling/article/powertransmission-about/ https://www.nbk1560.com/en-US/resources/coupling/article/powertransmission-about/

Coupling Belt Rope chain

Purpose Couplings? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHbQWFi7S9Y Purpose Couplings?

 Power transmission  Power transmission

Shock and vibration absorption Shock and vibration absorption
Misalignment accommodation Misalignment accommodation
Heat flow interruption Heat flow interruption
https://youtu.be/HBNJmGF5SO0
Overload protection Overload protection

https://www.nbk1560.com/en-US/resources/coupling/article/powertransmission-about/ https://www.nbk1560.com/en-US/resources/coupling/article/powertransmission-about/
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Transmission of motion and power Transmission of motion and power

• The mechanisms which are used to transmit the required motion and power from one shaft
to another shaft are called mechanical drives.
• These drives are extensively used in automobiles, workshops, processing and transport
industry.

Types of mechanical drives

• Belt and rope drives
• Chain drives https://youtu.be/j6woGQdUPFs
• Gear drives

https://edurev.in/chapter/9747_Belts--Ropes-Chain-Drives

Belt Belt
Belt Type Belt Type
Flat belt (c) Circular belt or rope belt
It is mostly used in factories and workshops, where a moderate It is mostly used in factories and workshops, where a greater amount of power is to
amount of power is to be transmitted. The distance between two be transmitted. The distance between two pulleys is more than 8 meters.
pulleys is not more than 8 meters apart.

V –belt
It is mostly used in factories and workshops, where a moderate
amount of power is to be transmitted. The distances between two
pulleys are very near to each other.

https://youtu.be/klVYeSlxucU
https://www.smlease.com/entries/mechanism/what-is-belt-drives-type-advantages-and-disadvantages/
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Belt Belt Drive

Belt drive Open belt drive

• Open Drive • It is used when the driven pulley is to be rotated

in the same direction as the driving pulley.
• Cross Drive
• When the shafts are far apart, the lower side of
the belt should be the tight side and the upper
side must be the slack side.
• This is because, when the upper side becomes the
slack side, it will sag due to its own weight and
thus increase the arc of contact.

https://www.theengineerspost.com/types-of-belt-drives/

Belt Drive Belt Drive

Crossed belt drive Compound belt drive

• It is used when the driven pulley is to be rotated Use:

in the opposite direction to that of driving pulley.
It is used when the distance between input and output shaft is very large.

• In cross belt drive the belt bents in two different

planes, it therefore wears more rapidly
• To avoid excessive wear, the shafts must be
placed at a maximum distance from each other
and operated at very low speeds.

https://www.theengineerspost.com/types-of-belt-drives/
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Belt Drive
Crossed belt drive Quarter turn belt drive or Right angle belt drive
This belt drive is used when two shafts are at right angles and rotating in one
direction only.
A guide pulley is used when motion is required in either direction.

Belt Drive Belt Drive

Belt drive with idler pulleys Stepped or Cone pulley drive
To run the driven shaft at a different speed whereas
Material of belt is elastic due to which after prolonged use the belt is permanently
the driving shaft runs at a constant speed through a
stretched in length. This reduces the tension in the belt which leads to lower power
motor.
transmission capacity.

Both driving and driven pulleys has steps of equal

radius so that the same belt can be used for varying
the speed.
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Belt Drive Rope Drive

Fast and loose pulley drive
Rope drives are widely used where a large amount of power is to be transmitted
Use from one shaft to another shaft over a considerable distance.
Many times it is required to drive many machines from one driving shaft or main shaft. It Types of Rope Drives
is used to start or stop one machine without interfering other machines.
(a) Fiber ropes
Made from fibrous material such as hemp, manila and cotton. Fiber ropes are used
when shafts are about 60 meters apart.
(b) Wire ropes
Made from metallic wires. Wire ropes are used when shaft are about 150 meters
apart. The wire ropes are used in elevators, mine hoists, cranes, conveyors etc.

Chain Drive Chain Drive

Slipping occurs in belt and rope drives. In order to avoid this slipping phenomenon chain A chain drive consists of three elements driving sprocket, driven sprocket and an
drives are used. endless chain that is wrapped around two sprockets.
A chain drive consists of three elements driving sprocket, driven sprocket and an endless A chain consists of a number of links connected by pin joints, while the sprockets
chain which is wrapped around two sprockets. are toothed wheels and fit into the corresponding recesses in the links of the chain.
A chain consists of a number of links connected by pin joints, while the sprockets are
toothed wheels and fit into the corresponding recesses in the links of the chain.
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Chain Drive Chain Drive

Methods of drive Individual drive

In this system, each machine tool has its own electric motor which drives the machine
There are basically two methods of drive. through belt, chain, gearing or by direct coupling. The system is also called as self
• Individual drive contained drive.
• Group drive Advantages
https://youtu.be/4PsJkXO70Xc Individual machines can be run and stopped at operator will.
System is simple and compact.
Failure of motor affects the working of a particular machine only without affecting the
working of other machines in the workshop.
Overhead cranes can be installed.
Lighting of the workshop is not affected by belts and overhead shafts.

Chain Drive Gear Drive

(B) Group drive Elements of power transmission
The main shaft runs across the workshop from one end to other end. The main shaft
drives another shaft called counter shaft. Finally the countershaft drives the group of The main elements of power transmission system are,
machines through belting. The countershaft also carries cone pulleys to give wide The nuts, bolts, pins, keys and couplings, etc. are provided to hold
range of speeds. the two components of machine elements together.
Advantages
Driving and driven shafts.
It is suitable when all machines are required to run simultaneously. It reduces the
Belts, chains, gears are as connectors for transmission of motion
size of the motor required.
and power from driving to driven shaft.
The initial capital investment is low.
Axles, bearings, brackets etc. to provide support to other elements
A set of cone pulleys give wide range of speed. of a machine.
It will be more economical when utilization factor is high.
Maintenance is easy.
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Gear Drive
Gear drive and friction drive

In order to transmit a
Advantages definite power from one
It is a positive drive (no slip) i.e. it transmits exact velocity ratio from one shaft to another shaft to
shaft to another shaft. the projection on one
disc and recesses on
It can transmit very large power. another disc can be made
High transmission efficiency. which can mesh with
each other. This leads to
Requires less space. the formation of teeth on
Reliable. both discs and the discs
with teeth on their
periphery are known as
"Gears".

Gear Drive Gear Drive

Classification of gears Spur gear
When the axis of two shafts are parallel to each other. These gears have teeth
parallel to the axis of the shaft.
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Gear Drive Gear Drive

Helical gear Rack and pinion
It is a special case of spur gear in which one gear is having infinite diameter called "Rack".
In helical gears the teeth are at some angle called helix angle with respect to axis of
the shaft. Use
To transmit the rotary motion into reciprocating motion or vice-versa.

Application
Lathe machine,
drilling machine and
measuring instrument.

Gear Drive Gear Drive

Bevel gear Straight bevel gears

When power is required to be transmitted from one shaft to another shaft which are In straight bevel gears the teeth are formed straight on the cones, and they are
intersecting to each other then bevel gears are used. Generally, the angle between parallel to the axis of the gear
two shafts is 90⁰.
The bevel gears are of two types,
Straight bevel gear
Spiral bevel gear
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Gear Drive Gear Drive

Spiral bevel gears Spiral Gears (Skew gears or Crossed helical
gears)
In a spiral bevel gear, the teeth are formed at an angle with respect to its axis. The To transmit power from one shaft to another shaft which are non parallel and non
contact between two meshing teeth is gradual and smooth from start to end, as in intersecting.
case of helical gears.

For low load transmission only since they have point contact between mating teeth.

Gear Drive Gear Drive

Worm and worm wheel Worm and worm wheel

Use Use
To transmit power from one shaft to another shaft which are non intersecting and To transmit power from one shaft to another shaft which are non intersecting and
their axes are normally at right angles to each other. their axes are normally at right angles to each other.

Application Application
Lathe machine to get large speed reduction. Lathe machine to get large speed reduction.
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Single Slider Crank Chain

In a four bar kinematic chain there are four revolute pairs. If one of this pairs
is changed as prismatic/sliding pair that kinematic chain is called single slider crank
chain.

Link 1 – Fixed Link Link 3 – Connecting Rod

Link 2 – Crank Link 4 – Slider / Piston
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Crank and Slotted Lever Quick Return Mechanism

Fourth Inversion of Single Slider Crank Chain

In the original chain, if the fourth link with
revolute pair and prismatic pair is fixed, then the fourth
inversion is obtained.
Example : Hand Pump
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Double Slider Crank Chain

This Chain has two revolute pairs and two
prismatic pairs. The first inversion is with a link
with revolute pair and prismatic pair is fixed.
Example: Scotch Yoke Mechanism, which is
also called as Sinusoidal Generator.

•
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The Second inversion of the double slider

crank chain is obtained when the link with
two prismatic pairs is fixed.
Example : Elliptic Trammel
X = BC cosθ
Y = AC sinθ
(X / BC) = cosθ
(Y / AC) = sinθ

(X2 / BC2) = cos2θ

(Y2 / AC2) = sin2θ

(X2 / BC2) + (Y2 / AC2) = cos2θ + sin2θ
( =1
Equation for Ellipse.

Third inversion of the double slider crank

chain is obtained when the link two revolute
pairs is fixed.
•
Example: Oldham coupling, which is used to
connect two parallel misaligned shafts.
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2. Hoekens Straight Line Mechanism

Straight Line Mechanisms
L 1 = 2 Units, L 2 = 1 Unit, L 3 =L 4 = 2.5 Units
1.Chebyshev Straight Line Mechanism Coupler point location from A is 5 units
L1 = 2 Units, L 2 = L 4 = 2.5 Units, L 3 = 1 Unit This is a Crank-Rocker Mechanism
P is the mid-point of L 3
This is a Double-Rocker Mechanism
L3

3.Roberts Straight Line Mechanism 4. Watt’s Straight Line Mechanism

L1 = 2 Units, L2 = L3 = L4 = 1 Unit L1 = L3 = 2 Units, L2 = 1 Units
Coupler Point P is 1 unit each from both pin joint centres Fixed link length is 4 units, and the coupler point P is mid
of coupler. This is a non-Grashofian Double Rocker. point of the coupler. This is, also, a non-Grashofian Double
Rocker mechanism.

L 13 L1
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5.Peaucellier Exact Straight Line Mechanism

Ratchet and Pawl
L1 = L2 , L3 = L4 , L5 = L6 = L7 = L8 RATCHET is a device that allows rotary or linear motion
in only one direction. It can be used to move a toothed
Free end point of the Rhombus will trace Exact Straight Line
wheel one tooth at a time. The part which is used to
If, L1 ≠ L2 , then the same point will trace a circular arc with move the ratchet is known as the PAWL. Motion
very large radius, much larger than the link lengths. developed by a ratchet is intermittent motion. They are
also used in the freewheel mechanism of bicycle, clocks,
L1 screwdrivers, jacks, and hoists.

ESCAPEMENTS are generally used in clocks with

mechanical motions. In clocks the escapement controls
the spring driven clock mechanism such that it moves in
regulated steps controlled by a pendulum or an
oscillating arm.

• Ratchets and Escapements

• Animation of Ratchet and Pawl Mechanism
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• Indexing Mechanisms
• A simple index mechanism consists
• of a hold or a hook that catches a pin
on on an index wheel. The Clutch slips
• until a solenoid pulls the hold away,
• which frees the wheels to turn.

• Geneva Mechanisms are often used

• in machine tools. They are capable
• of indexing or partially rotating some
• part of a machine. In cinema
projectors Geneva stop is used to move the film on one
frame at a time.

• Animation Contd…
Animation of Indexing Mechanisms

External Geneva Wheel Internal Geneva Wheel

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Gear Drive
• Worm and worm wheel

Bearings
Bearings
Bearings are machine elements which are used to support a rotating member called as
shaft.
They transmit the load from a rotating member to a stationary member known as frame
or housing.
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Bearing Motions Bearing Loads

Radial Load

Common motions permitted by bearings are: ThrustLoad

Combination of both.
• Axial rotation e.g. shaft rotation
• Linear motion e.g. Carriage over the bed, drawer in the table
• spherical rotation e.g. ball and socket joint
• Hinge motion e.g. door Fr

Radial load Thrust load Radial &Thrust load

Bearing Loads-Radial load

Bearing Loads-Thrust load

The bearings in this stool

The bearings that support the are subject to a thrust load
shafts of motors and pulleys are
subject to a radial load.
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Bearing Loads-Combination of Bearing Classification

Radial &Thrust load On the basis of contact they have between the rotating and the stationary
member

Plain bearings
(Sliding contact)

Rolling bearings
(Rolling contact)

The bearings in a car wheel are subject

to both thrust and radial loads.

Plain bearings-Sleeve Bearing Sliding contact- Sleeve

Bearing

Advantages : Solid Sleeve Slit Sleeve Split Sleeve

Disadvantages: Adjustable to Suitable for
It takes up less space. Suitable to compensate large diameters
It has a rigid construction It has higher frictional resistance radial load wear shafts
It will carry loads more effectively It is more difficult to lubricate only
It is suitable for larger diameter shafts There are limited choice of designs
It is cheap to manufacture and cost less. available
They operate more silently.
They have good shock load capacity.
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Rolling Bearings Rolling Bearings

Advantages
The concept behind a ball bearing is very simple:
The rolling bearings have a lower frictional resistance than plain bearings
Things roll better than they slide
Two surfaces can roll over each other, the friction is greatly reduced. The Lubrication of rolling bearings is easier because they can be "grease
Bearings reduce friction by providing smooth metal balls or rollers, and a smooth inner
packed'
and outer metal surface for the balls to roll against. A greater choice of roller bearing designs are available than for plain bearings
These balls or rollers "bear" the load, allowing the device to spin smoothly.

Disadvantages
It takes up more space than plain bearings
The rolling bearings are not as rigid as plain bearings
More nosier in operation than plain bearings

Ball bearings
Types of rolling Bearings

Ball bearings,
Roller bearings,
Tapered roller bearings.
Ball thrust bearings,
Roller thrust bearings and Cutaway view of a ball bearing
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Ball bearings
Rolling Element Bearing Parts
In a ball bearing, the load is transmitted from the outer race to the ball and from the
ball to the inner race
Since the ball is a sphere, it only contacts the inner and outer race at a very small Outer Race
point, which helps it spin very smoothly
Inner Race
But it also means that there is not very much contact area holding that load, so if the
bearing is overloaded, the balls can deform and spoil the bearing
Less expensive and suitable for lighter loads and applications
Bore Ball

Cage or Separator

Roller bearing Roller bearing

Advantages
They can carry greater radial loads
The geometric shape of the rolling element can be varied
They are having greater area of contact with the race ways
Disadvantages
Not suitable to take much thrust load
Expensive

•Common roller bearings use cylinders of slightly greater length

than diameter.
•Roller bearings typically have higher radial load capacity than
ball bearings, but a low axial capacity and higher friction under
axial loads.
•If the inner and outer races are misaligned, the bearing capacity
often drops quickly compared to either a ball bearing
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Taper Roller Bearings

Needle Bearing

A variation of the roller type of bearing is called a needle bearing, uses cylinders with a very small diameter.
•Tapered roller bearings use conical rollers that run on conical races. This allows the bearing to fit into tight places.
•Tapered roller bearings support both radial and axial loads, and generally can carry higher loads Advantages
than ball bearings due to greater contact area. •Smaller diameter rollers (Needles) enable larger area of contact and greater
•Taper roller bearings are extensively used in Machine spindles and gear boxes using helical gears load carrying capacity.
• The disadvantage of this bearing is that due to manufacturing complexities, tapered roller bearings •Less space is occupied
are usually more expensive than ball bearings Disadvantages
•More area of contact resulted in more frictional resistance to motion.

Ball Thrust Bearing Roller Thrust Bearing

•Ball thrust bearings like the one shown are mostly used for Roller thrust bearings like the one illustrated can support large thrust loads.
low-speed applications and cannot handle much They are often found in gear sets like machine transmissions between gears, and
radial load. between the housing and the rotating shafts.
The helical gears used in most transmissions have angled teeth
•Lead screws and feed rods use this type of bearing at its end.
and this causes a thrust load that must be supported by this type of bearing
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Introduction

Introduction to • The successful running of any mass production depends upon the interchangeability to
facilitate easy assembly and reduction of unit cost. Mass production methods demand a

JIGS AND FIXTURES fast and easy method of positioning work for accurate operations on it.

• Jigs and fixtures are production tools used to accurately manufacture duplicate and
interchangeable parts. Jigs and fixtures are specially designed so that large numbers of
components can be machined or assembled identically, and to ensure interchangeability
of components.

JIGS
• यह एक work holding device है जो work piece को काटते समय या specific
operation पर tool को holds, supports locates and guides करता है

that the cutting tool for a Jigs are usually fitted with hardened steel bushings for guiding
or other cutting tools.

• a jig is a type of tool used to control the location and/or motion of another tool.

• A jig's primary purpose is to provide repeatability, accuracy, and interchangeability in

the manufacturing of products.

• A device that does both functions (holding the work and guiding a tool) is called a jig.
• An example of a jig is when a key is duplicated, the original is used as a jig so the new
key can have the same path as the old one.
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BORING JIG FIXTURES

• It is a work holding device that holds, supports and locates the work piece for a specific
operation but does not guide the cutting tool.

• It provides only a reference surface or a device. What makes a fixture unique is that
each one is built to fit a particular part or shape.

• The main purpose of a fixture is to locate and in some cases hold a work piece during
either a machining operation or some other industrial process.

A jig differs from a fixture in that a it guides the tool to its correct position in addition to
locating and supporting the work piece.
• Examples: Vises, chucks

How do jigs and fixtures differ

A VISE-JAW FIXTURE
It is a work holding device that holds, supports • It is a work holding device that
and locates the workpiece and guides the holds, supports and locates the
workpiece for a specific operation
cutting tool for a specific operation
but does not guide the cutting tool.
Jigs are not clamped to the drill press table
• Fixtures should be securely
unless large diameters to be drilled and there is
clamped to
a necessity to move the jig to bring one each • the table of the machine upon
bush directly under the drill. which the work is done.
• Heavier in construction
The jigs are special tools particularly in drilling,
reaming, tapping and boring operation.

Lighter in construction.
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Advantages of Jigs and Fixtures

• PRODUCTIVITY:
• INTERCHANGEABILITY AND QUALITY
• SKILL REDUCTION
• COST REDUCTION
• LOCATING POINTS

THANK YOU
• Full PROOF

First Class Lever

First Class Lever
.
• Common examples of first-
class levers include crowbars,
scissors, pliers, tin snips and
seesaws.

Fulcrum is between EF (effort) and RF (load)

Effort moves farther than Resistance.
Multiplies EF and changes its direction

The mechanical advantage of a lever is the ratio of the length of the lever on the
applied force side of the fulcrum to the length of the lever on the resistance
force side of the fulcrum.
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Second Class Lever

Second Class Lever

Examples of second-class
levers include nut crackers,
wheel barrows, doors, and
bottle openers.

RF (load) is between fulcrum and EF

Effort moves farther than Resistance.
Multiplies EF, but does not change its direction
The mechanical advantage of a lever is the ratio of the distance from the applied force to the
fulcrum to the distance from the resistance force to the fulcrum.

Third Class Lever

Third Class Lever

Examples of third-class
levers include tweezers, arm
hammers, and shovels.

EF is between fulcrum and RF (load)

Does not multiply force
Resistance moves farther than Effort.
Multiplies the distance the effort force travels
The mechanical advantage of a lever is the ratio of the distance from the
applied force to the fulcrum to the distance of the resistance force to the
fulcrum
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Pulleys Screw

Pulley are wheels and axles

with a groove around the
outside
A pulley needs a rope,
chain or belt around the
groove to make it do work

The mechanical advantage of an screw can be

calculated by dividing the circumference by the pitch of
the screw.
Pitch equals 1/ number of turns per inch.

Power Screw Power Screw

Power screws, which are also known as lead screws, are used to convert rotary motion into Common applications of power screws are:
linear movement. Unlike the threaded fasteners which are used to clamp the machine
members, power screws are used to transmit power. Screw jacks: to lift weight
Lead screw of lathe: for axial movement of tool and its precise
• Screw rotates in bearings and nut moves axially positioning.
• Screw rotates and also moves axially while nut is kept fixed Tensile testing machine: to exert large force.
• Nut rotates and screw moves in axial direction Vice: to clamp the work piece
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Power Screw Power Screw

References

Machine Design Book by J.K. Gupta and R.S. Khurmi

Design of Machine Elements Book by V. B. Bhandari
Basic Mechanical Engineering book by R. B. Patil and
Singhal
Thank you….