Figure: Symbols

Source: John Grainger, “Power System Analysis”

Single Line Diagram / One Line Diagram

T1 T2

G1 G2

Load
∆ ∆
Impedance Diagram:
The per phase impedance diagram of the circuit under balanced
condition is

XT 1 RTL XTL XT 2

Xs1 Xs2
RL
Y Y
Ra1 Ra1
2 2
XL
EG 1 + EG 2 +
− −
Reactance Diagram:
▶ Resistance is often neglected in fault calculations.
▶ Capacitance is also neglected in the fault analysis.
▶ Static loads are omitted as they do not contribute during a
fault.
▶ Synchronous motor loads are included in the analysis.

XT 1 XTL XT 2

Xs1 Xs2

EG 1 + + EG 2
− −
per unit

The per unit is defined as

actual value in any unit
per unit =
base value in the same unit
There are normally four quantities associated with a power system.

S, V , I , Z

How to find base quantities?

▶ Choose any two. Normally Sbase and Vbase are chosen.
▶ Find the remaining two using their relations.
Let us start with single phase.

Sb = S1ϕ MVA; Vb = V1ϕ kV

Sb (MVA)
Ib = kA
Vb (kV)
Vb (kV)
Zb = Ω
Ib (kA)
Substituting Ib in Zb ,

Vb2 ( in kV)
Zb = Ω
Sb ( in MVA)

Zactual (Ω)
Zp.u. =
Zb (Ω)
Zactual (Ω) × Sb ( 1ϕ MVA)
∴ Zp.u. =
Vb2 ( L- N in kV)
For three phase.

Sb = S3ϕ MVA; Vb = VL−L kV

Sb (MVA)
Ib = √ kA
3Vb (kV)
Vb (kV)
Zb = √ Ω
3 × Ib (kA)
Substituting Ib in Zb ,

Vb2 ( in kV)
Zb = Ω
Sb ( in MVA)

Zactual (Ω)
Zp.u. =
Zb (Ω)
Zactual (Ω) × Sb ( 3ϕ MVA)
∴ Zp.u. =
Vb2 (L-L in kV)
 √
Sb3ϕ = 3Sb1ϕ ; VbL−L = 3VbL−N

3ϕ S 3ϕ 3 × S 1ϕ
Sp.u. = = = Sp.u.
Sb3ϕ 3 × Sb1ϕ
√
VL−L 3VL−N
Vp.u. = =√ = Vp.u.
VbL−L 3VbL−N

▶ If the voltage magnitude is 1 p.u., the line-line voltage is 1

p.u. and the line-neutral voltage is also 1 p.u.
▶ Similarly, three phase power in p.u. and the single phase
power in p.u. are the same.
√
(VbL−L )2 ( 3VbL−N )2 (VbL−N )2
Zb = = =
Sb3ϕ 3 × Sb1ϕ Sb1ϕ
Impedance values of a component when given in per unit without
specified bases are generally understood to be based on the MVA
and kV ratings of the component.
To change p.u. from one base to new base:

Sb
Zp.u. ∝
Vb2
Sb (new in MVA) V 2 (given in kV)
Zp.u. (new) = Zp.u. (given) × × b2
Sb (given in MVA) Vb (new in kV)
Advantages:
▶ The per unit values of impedance, voltage and current of a
transformer are the same regardless of whether they are
referred to the HV side or LV side. This is possible by
choosing base voltages on either side of the transformer using
the voltage ratio of the transformer.
√
▶ The factors 3 and 3 get eliminated in the per unit power
and voltage the equations.
Per unit Reactance Diagram:
▶ Choose Base MVA and Base kV.
▶ Find Base kV of other sections using transformation ratios.
▶ Find the per unit impedance.
1. If the impedance is given in Ω

Zactual (Ω) × Sb ( 3ϕ MVA)

Zp.u. =
Vb2 (L-L kV)

2. If the impedance is given in p.u. on a different base, convert it

to the new base.
Sb (new MVA) V 2 (given kV)
Zp.u. (new) = Zp.u. (given) × × b2
Sb (given MVA) Vb (new kV)

▶ Draw the per unit impedance/reactance diagram.

Example 1 (Kothari P4.2) :
Draw the per unit impedance diagram for the power system shown
here. Neglect resistance and use a base of 100 MVA and 220 kV in
50 Ω line. The ratings of the generator, motor and transformers are
Generator : 40 MVA, 25 kV, X = 20%
Motor : 50 MVA, 11 kV, X = 30%
Y- Y Transformer: 40 MVA, 33/220 kV, X = 15%
Y- ∆ Transformer: 30 MVA, 220/11 kV, X = 15%.

1 2

G M

∆
▶ Base MVA is the same across the system.
▶ Base kV of the generator and motor sections have to be found.

33
Base kV of Generator = 220 × = 33 kV
220
11
Base kV of Motor = 220 × = 11 kV
220

100 252
XG = ȷ0.2 × × 2 = ȷ0.2870 p.u.
40 33
100 2202
XT 1 = ȷ0.15 × × = ȷ0.3750 p.u.
40 2202
100
XLine = ȷ50 × = ȷ0.1033 p.u.
2202
100 2202
XT 2 = ȷ0.15 × × = ȷ0.5 p.u.
30 2202
100 112
XM = ȷ0.3 × × 2 = ȷ0.6 p.u.
50 11
 ȷ0.3750 ȷ0.1033 ȷ0.5

ȷ0.2870 ȷ0.6

EG + + EM
− −
Example 2 :

T1 T2
1 2
Line
G
Load

Generator: G : 10 MVA, 11 kV, X=0.15 p.u.

T1 : 50 MVA, 11/220 kV. X = 0.1 p.u.
T2 : 50 MVA, 33/220 kV. X = 0.1 p.u.
Line: 30+ȷ100 Ω.
Load: 2 MW at 0.9 pf lagging .
If the load voltage is to be maintained at 33 kV, what will be the
terminal voltage in kV of the generator? Select a base of 100 MVA
and 220 kV in the transmission line.
▶ Base MVA is the same across the system.
▶ Base kV of the generator and load sections have to be found.

11
Base kV of Generator = 220 × = 11 kV
220
33
Base kV of Load = 220 × = 33 kV
220

100 112
XG = ȷ0.15 × × 2 = ȷ1.5 p.u.
10 11
100 2202
XT 1 = ȷ0.1 × × = ȷ0.2 p.u.
50 2202
100
XLine = 30 + ȷ100 × = 0.062 + ȷ0.2066 p.u.
2202
100 2202
XT 2 = ȷ0.1 × × = ȷ0.2 p.u.
50 2202
 ȷ0.2 0.062 + ȷ0.2066 ȷ0.2

+
ȷ1.5
VL
EG +
− − IL

2 33
PL = = 0.02 p.u. VL = = 1 p.u.
100 33
PL 0.02
IL = = = 0.022 p.u.
VL × pf 1 × 0.9
VG = 1.0 0◦ + 0.022 −25.84◦ (ȷ0.2 + 0.062 + ȷ0.2066 + ȷ0.2)
VG = 1.0075∠0.65◦ p.u.
VG = 1.0075 × 11 = 11.08 kV