64b29b4d5ee64f00182d7017 - ## - Geography 07 - Daily Class Notes - (UPSC Titan English)

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DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Geography
Lecture - 07
Universe (Part 03)
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Universe (Part 03)

What is the Universe?
 The age of the Universe is about 13.79 billion years old. It comprises the Galactic Mega clusters to the
tiniest subatomic particles.
 It is the cluster in which there are a number of galaxies present. In those galaxies there are a number of
bodies known as planets, asteroids, comets, etc.
 The Big Bang Theory is the most acceptable for the origin of the Universe. Optical and radio telescope
studies indicate the existence of about 100 billion galaxies in the visible universe.
 It is proved by the evidence that the galaxies are moving apart, and the universe is still expanding.
 Inside the universe we can find dark matter.
 The Big Bang is having its effect till now, which is seen in the evidence given by the Hubble telescope and
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation.
 Due to this evidence, the Big Bang theory has been proven as the most reliable and acceptable.
 The Wilson experiment in the United States shows evidence of residual radiation from the Big Bang which
occurred 13.7 billion years ago.
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Galaxy:
 It is a collection of millions or billions of stars and planets that are held together by gravitational pull.
 One galaxy is interacting with other galaxies.
 According to the Big Bang theory, the distance between the galaxies
has been increasing. It means that galaxies are moving apart.
 The Milky Way is one such galaxy in which the Earth lies.
 It is called the Milky Way because it looks like a river of milky light
flowing from one corner to another of the sky. It is spiral in shape. It is
also known as Akash Ganga.
 The nearest galaxy to the Milky Way is Andromeda. It is a spiral galaxy
and approximately 2.5 million light-years from the Earth.
 Inside the galaxies we can find out Black holes also.
 Inside the galaxy there can be a number of Solar systems, and also
there can be supernovas, neutron stars, Cepheids.
Star Formation:
 The distribution of matter and energy was not even in the early universe. These initial density differences in
gravitational forces caused the matter to get drawn together.
 These formed the bases for the development of galaxies. A galaxy contains a large number of stars.
 A galaxy starts to form by the accumulation of hydrogen gas in the form of a very large cloud called a
Nebula.
 Eventually, the growing nebula develops localized clumps of gas.
 These clumps continue to grow into even denser gaseous bodies,
giving rise to the formation of stars.
Stars:
 Stars are heavenly bodies that have their own light and other
radiant energy. Whereas the planets do not have light of their own.
 The stars are made of extremely hot burning gasses.
 Stars have a fusion reaction taking place due to which energy is
being released in the form of light energy (that light is emitted in the
form of photons).
 The distribution of matter and energy was not even in the early
universe.
 These initial density differences in gravitational forces caused the
matter to get drawn together.
 These formed the bases for the development of galaxies. A galaxy
contains a large number of stars.
 A galaxy starts to form by accumulation of hydrogen gas in the form
of a very large cloud called a nebula.
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 Eventually, growing nebula develop localised clumps of gas. These clumps continue to grow even denser
gaseous bodies, giving rise to formation of stars.
What is the life cycle of a Star?
 The Stars start its life as clouds of dust and gas known as Nebula. It is the hot gaseous matter comprising
particles and gasses (hot in nature).
 It starts losing heat, and because of the heat loss, it cools down. When a system starts cooling down,
contraction happens, and its size reduces.
 Because of this condensation and reduction in size, the formation of stars occurs and its very first stage is
known as Proto-star.
 In other words, a gaseous matter of Nebula further contracts to make a dense region named Proto-Star.
 Proto-Star further condenses to a critical stage of mass where nuclear fusion begins, and the star finally
comes into existence.
 Inside a star, the hydrogen gas converts into helium. When a small star runs out of hydrogen (in the core)
then it starts fusing hydrogen into helium just outside the core, releasing energy & light and expanding the
star which is known as the Red Giant.
NOTE:
 Planetary Nebula is a type of Emission Nebula. Emission Nebula is nothing but ionized gasses. These
ionized gasses emit light of different wavelengths. The Planetary Nebula consists of ionized gasses that
are ejected from red giant stars.
 When there is no hydrogen left, the process stops, and the star collapses (because of its own weight and
gravity). Because of the collapse of the star, the dust and the gasses come out of the star, and the star gets
converted into a White dwarf.
 A white dwarf star becomes dark balls of matter on cooling to make Black Dwarf Star.
 White Dwarf Star is a dead star because of the end of fusion reaction and energy production.
 When a white dwarf star stops emitting light it will convert into a Black dwarf and this is the life cycle of
small stars.
 Red giant (is a small star) and Red supergiant (in case of a large star).
 A supernova is the explosive death of a star and often results in the star obtaining the brightness of 100
million suns for a short time. A great proportion of primary cosmic rays comes from supernovae.
 Neutron stars are composed mainly of neutrons and are produced after a supernova, forcing the protons and
electrons to combine to produce a neutron star.
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What happens with the large star?

 Large stars contain more amount of hydrogen which converts into helium, so a lot of energy is there.
 When it starts consuming its fuel - Hydrogen and Helium (H & He) in the core, it leads to the expansion of
the outer layer of the star outward resulting in an increase in its size which is known as the Red Supergiant.
 It becomes heavy and explodes because of its own weight which is known as Supernova. In other words, it
is defined as the explosive death of a star.
 The protons and electrons left in the Supernova are forced to combine to produce a very dense Neutron star.
 If the mass of a neutron star is significantly high, it will sink further (due to high gravitational force) to
produce a Black hole.
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Black Hole:
 Physicist Archibald Wheeler coined the Term 'Black Hole'.
 Black holes are the points/regions in space, they are so deeper that they can create a sink of gravity. The
density of matter in a black hole cannot be measured (infinite!). The gravitational pull is so great that
nothing can escape from it, not even
light.
 This is not really black and not exactly in
the hole.
 Black holes distort the space around them
and can suck neighbouring matter into
them including stars.
 Star mass can be five to twenty times the
mass of the sun. Star mass is 1 million
times the mass of the sun, that is called
super massive black hole.
 Inside the Black hole you have that Event
Horizon(Pulls every matter towards it-
Matter accelerates then it gets heated up).
 Gravitational waves are created when two
black holes orbit each other and merge.
 In 20221 there was a triple merging event
occured(when three black holes merged
then it will increase the size).
 The evolved Laser Interferometer Space
Antenna (eLISA) is a mission led by the
European Space Agency. The purpose of
the eLISA project is to detect and
accurately measure gravitational waves.


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Universe (Part 03)

What happens with the large star?

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