Ch 6: Introduction to Convection

Introduction to convection
Convection ?
-heat transfer by the bulk motion of fluid particles (flow)
-also includes heat transfer by fluid molecular motion (diffusion)

Classification :
-forced convection (Ch. 7-8) & free (natural) convection (Ch. 9)
-external forced convection (Ch. 7)
-internal forced convection (Ch. 8)
-single phase & phase change (boiling & condensation) (Ch. 10)
 Convection transfer problem

Objective
* in fluid mechanics: to obtain force (shear stress)
* in heat transfer: heat transfer rate or surface temperature
Convection heat flux: q  h(Ts  T )
''

* heat transfer coefficient

How to obtain shear stress and h ?
Boundary Layer Features

Boundary Layers: Physical Features

• Velocity Boundary Layer

– A consequence of viscous effects

associated with relative motion
between a fluid and a surface.
– A region of the flow characterized by
shear stresses and velocity gradients.

u  y
– The boundary layer thickness:    0.99
u
– Why does  increase in the flow direction?

– Surface shear stress  s that provides a drag u FD    s dAs

s   y 0
force, FD y As

KM 쁨
– How does  s vary in the flow direction? Why?
Boundary Layer Features (cont.)

• Thermal Boundary Layer

– A consequence of heat transfer

between the surface and fluid.
– A region of the flow characterized
by temperature gradients and heat
fluxes.

Ts  T  y 
– The thermal boundary layer thickness:  t t   0.99
Ts  T
– Why does  t increase in the flow direction?
T
qs  k f
y
y 0 말- 는

. 끝
= K
.
룹
– Surface heat flux qs and a convection heat
 k f T / y
"
transfer coefficient h y 0 와
h
Ts  T
= -

TsTo 이옵
– If Ts  T  is constant, how do qs and
h vary in the flow direction?
Local and Average Coefficients
Distinction between Local and
Average Heat Transfer Coefficients

• Local Heat Flux and Coefficient:

q  h Ts  T 

• Average Heat Flux and Coefficient for a Uniform Surface Temperature:

q  hAs Ts  T 

q  As qdAs

1
h As hdAs
As

• For a flat plate in parallel flow:

1 L
h  hdx
L o
Ex 6.1

hx  ax 0.1  hx  ?

1
hx  ox hx dx
x
Transition

Boundary Layer Transition

• How would you characterize conditions in the laminar region of boundary layer
development? In the turbulent region?

Turbulent boundary layer

* Fluid motion: irregular, random, fluctuation, eddy, mixing, 3-D
->turbulent (eddy) viscosity + molecular viscosity
Transition

Boundary Layer Transition

• What conditions are associated with transition from laminar to turbulent flow?
• Why is the Reynolds number an appropriate parameter for quantifying transition
from laminar to turbulent flow?
• Transition criterion for a flat plate in parallel flow:

u x u x VL inertia force

Re x    5105 Re L  
   viscous force
• Small disturbances in flow can be dissipated by viscous forces
or amplified by inertia forces
Transition (cont.)

• Effect of transition on boundary layer thickness and local convection coefficient:

Why does transition provide a significant increase in the boundary layer thickness?
Why does the convection coefficient decay in the laminar region?
Why does it increase significantly with transition to turbulence, despite the increase
in the boundary layer thickness?
Why does the convection coefficient decay in the turbulent region?
Boundary Layer Equations

The Boundary Layer Equations

• Consider concurrent velocity and thermal boundary layer development for

steady, two-dimensional, incompressible flow with constant fluid properties
and negligible body forces.
• Apply conservation of mass, Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion and conservation
of energy to a differential control volume and invoke the boundary layer
approximations.
u v
Velocity Boundary Layer: u u v v
, ,
y x y x

T T
Thermal Boundary Layer:
y x
Boundary Layer Equations (cont.)

u v
• Conservation of Mass:  0
x y

• Newton’s Second Law of Motion:

x-direction :
 u u  dp  2u
 u  v      2
 x y  dx y

What is the physical significance of each term in the foregoing equation?

Why can we express the pressure gradient as dp/dx instead of p / x ?

y-direction :
p
0
y
Boundary Layer Equations (cont.)

• Conservation of Energy:
2
 T T   2T  u 
cp  u v  k  
 x y  y 2  y 
 

What is the physical significance of each term in the foregoing equation?

What is the second term on the right-hand side called and under what conditions
may it be neglected?
 u v
• Convection heat transfer  0
x y
u u u p   2u  2u 
 (  u  v )      2  2 
t x y x  x y 
h?
v v v p   2v  2v 
 (  u  v )      2  2 
t x y y  x y 
T T T   2T  2T 
c p (  u v )  k 2  2
 x 
t x y  y 

h  f  x , L, V ,  ,  , c p , k 

u* v*

dReieul
브
x*

y *
0
(
x y
x  , y*  ,
*
u *
* u
* *
u *
p  2u*  2u* 
  v* * )   *
 ??  *2  *2 

i
L L ( u
t *
x *
y x  x y 

u v
u *  , v*  v* * v
*
* v
*
p*   2v*  2v* 
V V ( * u v )   *  ??  *2  *2 
t x* y* y  x y 
T  Ts 
T*    2T *  2T * 
T  Ts T * * T
*
* T
*

?
( * u v )  ??  *2  *2 
t x *
y *  x y 
 1


h  f x* , Re, Pr  Rei pilvt)
.
 (
오 ( t 니싱 + 법 ) 2
+
.
-
tU 비다없기
v
←

금
(
(

나츠는 steady
*

, * )
V=
가
끈 -
0 elu * 나
없는 +v
줬며
*리
2
차
없나 다니 !( 냐 2
*
Y *
=

⇒
Re =

ueV 로

= v
Similarity Considerations
Boundary Layer Similarity
conservation equation :
 u u  dp u 2  T T   2T
 u v   2 cp  u v  k 2
 x u  dx y  x y  y

• The equations are similar.

• The principle of similitude is based on determining similarity parameters.

• Dependent boundary layer variables of interest are:

 s and q or h
• For a prescribed geometry, the corresponding independent variables are:
Geometrical: Size (L), Location (x,y)
Hydrodynamic: Velocity (V)
Fluid Properties: Hydrodynamic:  , 
Thermal : c p , k
Hence,
u  f  x , y , L, V ,  ,   and T  f  x, y, L, V ,  ,  , c p , k 
 s  f  x, L,V ,  ,   h  f  x , L, V ,  ,  , c p , k 
Similarity Considerations (cont.)

• Key similarity parameters may be inferred by non-dimensionalizing the momentum

and energy equations.
• Recast the boundary layer equations by introducing dimensionless forms of the
independent and dependent variables.
x y
x*  y* 
L L
u v
u*  v* 
V V
T  Ts
T* 
T  Ts

• Neglecting viscous dissipation, the following normalized forms of the x-momentum

and energy equations are obtained:
u * * u
*
dp* 1  2u *  u u  dp  2u
u *
v  *   u  v      2
x* y* dx Re L y*2  x y  dx y

u
T *
*

x*
v * T
*

1  2T *
y* Re L Pr y*2
6  T
cp  u
x
v
T 
 y
 2T
  k y 2
 
Similarity Considerations (cont.)
VL VL
Re L    the Reynolds Number
 v
cp v
Pr    the Prandtl Number
k 
How may the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers be interpreted physically?
n
 v
 
t   
• For a prescribed geometry,
u  V  u
*


u*  f x* , y* ,Re L  s  
y y 0

 L
 *
 y y*  0

The dimensionless shear stress, or local friction coefficient, is then

u *
Cf 
s

2 u *
y *

 f x* , Re L 
V 2 / 2 Re L y* y*  0 y*  0

2
Cf 
Re L

f x* ,Re L 
What is the functional dependence of the average friction coefficient, Cf ?
Similarity Considerations (cont.)

• For a prescribed geometry,


T *  f x* , y* ,Re L ,Pr 
k f T / y k f T  Ts  T * k f T *
y 0
h  
Ts  T L Ts  T  y* y*  0
L y* y*  0

The dimensionless local convection coefficient is then

hL T *
Nu 
kf
 *
y

 f x* , Re L , Pr 
y*  0

Nu  local Nusselt number

What is the functional dependence of the average Nusselt number?

How does the Nusselt number differ from the Biot number?
Ex 6.5

if Ts ,1  700o C  q1''  ?

q ''  h(T  Ts )
 q1''  h1 (T  Ts ,1 ) where h1  ?

Nu  fn( x* , Re, Pr)  h1  h

Ex 6.5

if L  80mm, T,2  1150o C , V2  80m / s, Ts ,2  800o C  q2''  ?

q2''  h2 (T,2  Ts ,2 ) where h2  ?

hL h2 L2 hL
Nu   fn( x* ,Re,Pr) Re2  Re  Nu2  Nu 
k k k
Reynolds Analogy
The Reynolds Analogy
• Equivalence of dimensionless momentum and energy equations for
negligible pressure gradient (dp*/dx*~0) and Pr~1:

u* * u* 1  2u*

u*
v 
x* y* Re y*2

Advection terms Diffusion

T * * T * 1  2T *
u*
v 
x* y* Re y*2

• Hence, for equivalent boundary conditions, the solutions are of the same form:

u*  T *
u* T *
 *
y* y*  0
y y*  0

Re
Cf  Nu
2
Reynolds Analogy (cont.)

or, with the Stanton number defined as,

h Nu
St  
Vc p Re Pr
With Pr = 1, the Reynolds analogy, which relates important parameters of the velocity
and thermal boundary layers, is
Cf
 St
2

• Modified Reynolds (Chilton-Colburn) Analogy:

– An empirical result that extends applicability of the Reynolds analogy:

Cf
 St Pr
2
3 서
j
H 0.6  Pr  60
탈 N
엠
epr P
.
2
.
Colburn j factor for heat transfer
통 =
⇒ Nu ARep

– Applicable to laminar flow if dp*/dx* ~ 0.

– Generally applicable to turbulent flow without restriction on dp*/dx*.