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    Original Title

    6.3

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    of 2

    1. Chapter 6.3: Step functions.

    The unit step function or Heaviside function:


    0, t < c
    
    uc (t) =
    1, t ≥ c
    We are interested in examples of such functions for c ≥ 0 only, given that
    the Laplace transform is defined only for t ≥ 0. A related function is
    1, t < c
    
    1 − uc (t) =
    0, t ≥ c
    An example of a linear combination of step functions:

     0, t < 1

    u1 (t) − u2 (t) = 1, 1 ≤ t < 2

     0, t ≥ 2

    Example. Write the following function


    −1, 0≤t<1



     2,

    1≤t<3
    uc (t) =

     4, 3≤t<4

    2, t≥4

    as a linear combination of steps functions.


    We have:
    f (t) = −u0 (t) + 3u1 (t) + 2u3 (t) − 4u4 (t).

    Next we compute L(uc ):


    Z ∞ Z ∞
    e−st ∞ e−cs
    L(uc ) = e uc (t)dt =
    −st
    e−st dt = − | = .
    0 c s c s
    Thus
    e−cs
    L(uc ) = .
    s

    Given f defined for t ≥ 0 and some c > 0, define


    0, t < c
    
    g(t) =
    f (t − c), t ≥ c
    In other words g(t) = uc (t)f (t − c). Assume F (s) = Lf ; then
    Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
    Lg = e g(t)dt =
    −st
    e f (t−c)dt =
    −st
    e−s(t+c)
    f (t)dt = e−sc
    e−st f (t)dt = e−sc Lf.
    0 c 0 0

    Thus
    L(uc (t)f (t − c)) = e−sc Lf.
    1
    2

    Conversely, if f (t) = L−1 F , then uc (t)f (t − c) = L−1 (e−sc Lf ).


    As an application to the above formulas, see the following two examples.

    Example. Compute Lf for


    (
    t, 0 ≤ t < 2
    f (t) =
    t2 , t ≥ 2.
    Using step functions, we write
    f (t) = tu0 (t) + (t2 − t)u2 (t).
    To access the previous formulas, t2 − t has to be written in terms of poly-
    nomial in t − 2:
    t2 − t = A(t − 2)2 + B(t − 2) + C.
    We work this out:
    t2 − t = At2 + (B − 4A)t + 4A − 2B + C,
    therefore A = 1, B −4A = −1, 4A−2B +C = 0 and find A = 1, B = 3, C = 2
    and
    f (t) = tu0 (t) + [(t − 2)2 + 3(t − 2) + 2]u2 (t).
    Using the previous formulas we have
    1 2 1 1
    Lf = 2 + e−2s ( 3 + 3 2 + 2 ).
    s s s s

    Example. Compute L−1 ( s2e+s−2 ).


    −2s

    Using partial fractions, we write


    1 1 1 1 1
    = = ( − ).
    s2 + s − 2 (s + 2)(s − 1) 3 s−1 s+2
    Then we use that
    1 1 1 1
    L−1 (( ( − ))) = (et − e−2t )
    3 s−1 s+2 3
    to compute
    1 1 1 1
    L−1 (e−2s ( ( − ))) = u2 (t)(et−2 − e−2(t−2) ).
    3 s−1 s+2 3

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