RÚT GỌN MDQH

1) Dùng cụm V-ing:

Dùng cho các mệnh đề chủ động
The man who is standing there is my brother. - The man standing there is my
brother
Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night?
- Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night?
2) Dùng cụm P.P (V-3/-ed): khi có Dấu hiệu (be + V-3/-ed)
Dùng cho các mệnh đề bị động.
I like books which were written by Nguyen Du. - I like books written by Nguyen
Du.
3) Dùng cụm TO infinitive: khi có Dấu hiệu sau:
Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước (antecedent) có các từ sau đây bổ nghĩa:
a. Từ chỉ số thứ tự như: FIRST, SECOND, THIRD..., NEXT, LAST, ONLY
This is the only student who can solve the problem. - This is the only student to
solve the problem.
b. Có so sánh nhất – Superlatives.
Eg: John is the youngest person who takes part in the race.
- John is the youngest person to take part in the race.
c. Động từ là HAVE/ HAD + O + (that/ which) + S + Modal verb
I have much homework that I must do. - I have much homework to do.
d. Đầu câu có: HERE (BE), THERE (BE) + O + (that/ which) + S + Modal
verb
There are six letters which have to be written today. - There are six letters to be
written today.
GHI NHỚ:
Trong phần to inf này các bạn cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
- Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf.
We have some picture books that children can read.
- We have some picture books for children to read.
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như: we, you, everyone....
thì có thể không cần ghi ra.
Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about.
- Studying abroad is the wonderful (for us ) to think about.
- Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu. ( đây là lỗi dễ
sai nhất).
We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
- We have a peg to hang our coat on.
4) Dùng cụm danh từ (apposition: đồng cách danh từ )
Dùng khi mệnh đề tính từ có dạng:
S + BE + DANH TỪ / CỤM DANH TỪ/ CỤM GIỚI TỪ
Cách làm:
- bỏ who, which và be
+ Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
- Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
- Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
+ Do you like the book which is on the table?
- Do you like the book on the table?

PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN:

Khi học thì ta học từ dễ đến khó nhưng khi làm bài thì ngược lại phải suy luận từ
khó đến dễ.
Bước 1 :
- Tìm xem mệnh đề tính từ nằm chổ nào
Bước này cũng dễ vì mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng WHO, WHICH,
THAT...
Bước 2 :
Bước này chủ yếu là giảm từ mệnh đề xuống cụm từ, tuy nhiên cách suy luận cũng
phải theo thứ tự nếu không sẽ làm sai.
Ví dụ:
This is the first man who was arrested by police yesterday.
Mới nhìn ta thấy đây là câu bị động ,nếu vội vàng thì sẽ dễ dàng biến nó thành :
This is the first man arrested by police yesterday (sai)
Thật ra đáp án là :
This is the first man to be arrested by police yesterday (đúng)
Vậy thì cách thức nào để không bị sai ?
Các bạn hãy lần lượt làm theo các bước sau.
1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ? Nếu có áp
dụng công thức 4 .
2. Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trước who, which... có các dấu hiệu;
first , only...v..v không? , nếu có thì áp dụng công thức 3 (to inf. ) lưu ý thêm xem
2 chủ từ có khác nhau không ( để dùng for sb )
3 .Nếu không có 2 trường hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà
dùng V_ing hay P.P..

Bài 1. Hãy rút gọn các mệnh đề tính từ trong các câu sau đây: (xem kỹ bài trên
trước khi làm)
1) We had a river in which we could swim.
2) Here are some accounts that you must check.
3) The last student that was interviewed was Tom.
4) We visited Hanoi, which is the capital of VN.
5) My father, who is a pilot, often goes abroad.
6) I was the only one who realized him.
7) I have some homework which I must do tonight.
8) Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way.
9) I was awakened by the sound of a laughter which came from the room which
was next to mine at the motel.
10) There are six reports which have to be typed today.

Bài 2. Hãy rút gọn các mệnh đề tính từ trong các câu sau đây
1) Dalat, which is best known for foreign travellers, has pleasant weather.
2) Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that
are captured in the wild.
3) Few tourists ever see a jaguar, which is a spotted wild cat that is native to
tropical America.
4) She is the only woman who was appointed to the board.
5) The floor is dusty but I haven't got a brush with which I can sweep it.
6) A person who serves in a shop is called a shop assistant
7) John, who is my friend, has studied English for ten years.
8) There are many exercises that we have to finish before school.
9) The mistakes which you have to correct are very important.
10) We have a few exercises that we have to do.
III. Exercise.Task 1: Rewrite the following sentences, using a present participial phrase:
1. We have an apartment which overlooks the park…………………………………………………….
2. The students who were waiting for their funding from the government were disappointed………..
3. The students who come from Japan work very hard ………………………………………..
4. The book which is on the table is Lan’s…………………………………………
5. The man who is standing at the bus stop is my teacher……………………………………………..
Task 2: Rewrite the following sentences, using a past participial phrase:
1. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting. ………………………………
2. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country. ………………………………
3. They live in a house that was built in 1890. …………………………………
4. The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary. ……………………
5. The experiment which was conducted at the University of Chicago was successful. ………………
Task 3: Rewrite the following sentences, using an infinitive phrase:
1. Yuri Gagarin was the first man who flew into space.…………………………………………………
2. John was the last man who reached the top of the mountain.…………………………………
3. He was the last man who left the party. …………………………………………………………………
4. He was the only boy who knew the answer. ………………………………………………………
5. It is the biggest school which was built in 1985. ……………………………………………
Rúut gọn mệnh đề quan hệ sử dụng Ving , V3 hoặc Vto
1. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon ……………………………………
2. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country . …………………………………………

3. The children who attend that school receive a good education . …………………………………
4. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress . ………………………………

5. They live in a house that was built in 1980 . …………………………………………………………………

6. We have an apartment which overlooks the park . …………………………………………………

7. Yuri Gagarin became the first man who flied into space . ………………………………………………

8. We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the building……………………………………

9. I come from a city which is located in the southern part of the country. ……………………
10. The vegetables which are sold in this supermarket are grown without chemicals. …………………………

11. Do you know the woman who is coming toward us ? ……………………………………

12. The people who was waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet . …………………………………

13. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country . ………………………………………

14. They live in a house that was built in 1890. …………………………………………………………………

15. He was the first man who left the burning building . ……………………………………
16. The couple who live in the house next door are both college professors ………………………………

17. The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet . ……………………………

18. The students who did not come to the class yesterday explain their absence to the teacher .

……………………………………………………………
Bài 4. Choose the best answer.
1. Vietnam, _________is in the south-east Asia, exports rice coffee and rubber.
A. who B. that C. which D.
where
2. They are the children __________won the match yesterday.
A. whose B. whom C. who D. they
3. They live in the house _______ they bought last year.
A. whom B. which C. where D.
whose
4. The girl ______ you met yesterday is a famous pop singer.
A. whom B. whose C. what D.
which
5. It’s going to rain in Canberra, ____________ is the capital city of Australia.
A. which B. where C. that D.
when
6. The man _________you met on Main Street yesterday is your new teacher.
A. which B. when C. whose D. who
7. That’s the house _________Shakespeare was born.
A. which B. that C. in that D.
where
8. The scientist _________discovered a new planet has won the Nobel Prize.
A. which B. what C. who D.
whom
9. The book _______ is on the table belongs to my teacher.
A. who B. it C. which D.
where
10.He invited us to the house ________ he was born and grew up.
A. which B. that C. who D.
where
11.I have a friend _____ran in the New York Marathon last year.
A. which B. who C. whom D.
whose
12. The Southam Chess Club, __________has more than 50 members, meets
weekly on Friday evening.
A. that B. which C. who D.
where
13.Dr Rowan, ______secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own
typing.
A. who B. that C. whose D. Ø
14.The film is about the lives of three women, all of them ______are played by
Kate.
A. who B. that C. them D.
whom
15.This is the painter ___________picture you admire so much.
A. who B. whom C. whose D.
which
16.The shoes ______ I bought were made in Italy.
A. where B. which C. who D. it
17.I wrote a letter to the girl________ I met at the meeting.
A. whom B. whose C. which D. her
18.The speech ______we listened last night was informative.
A. which B. that C. to which D. to
that
19.Dr. John is the professor ____________I told you.
A. about who B. about that C. about whose D.
about whom
20.The student _________parents you just met is in one of my classes.
A. whose B. who’s C. whom D. of
whom
21.The pianist ____at the concert last night is internationally famous.
A. playing B. played C. who played D.
whom played
22.The woman _______lives next door to us is a weathercaster on a local TV
station.
A. she B. whom C. that D.
which
23.Mr. Green is the man _________ I was talking about.
A. who B. whom C. which D. A &
B
24.That is the place ____the accident occurred.
A. which B. in that C. where D. in
where
25.There was a time __________movies cost a dime.
A. which B. at that C. when D. at
when
26.The people_________ moved in next door seem very friendly.
A. who B. whom C. which D.
whose
27.I've lost the paper_________ I had written her phone number on.
A. who B. whom C. which D. it
28.The man ________ interviewed you is the boss.
A. whom B. who C. whose D. Ø
29.The girl ______ you met yesterday is a famous pop singer.
A. who B. whose C. what D.
which
30.Two guys, __________car had broken down, asked me for a lift.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. that
31.The film, ___________ lasted for three hours, was boring.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that
32.A lot of people were offended by the jokes_____________ he told.
A. which B. that C. Ø D. all
are correct
33.The computer _______ I bought last week is already broken.
A. which B. who C. where D.
when
34.That is the place _______ Max works.
A. which B. whose C. where D.
whom
Bài 5. Choose the best answer.
1. The book that was written by J.K. Rowling is very popular.

 A. The book written by J.K. Rowling is very popular.

 B. The written by J.K. Rowling book is very popular.
 C. The book that written by J.K. Rowling is very popular.
2. The students who are taking the exam should arrive early.

 A. The taking the exam students should arrive early.

 B. The students taking the exam should arrive early.
 C. The students who taking the exam should arrive early.
3. The car that is parked in front of the house belongs to my neighbor.

 A. The car parked in front of the house belongs to my neighbor.

 B. The parked in front of the house car belongs to my neighbor.
 C. The car that parked in front of the house belongs to my neighbor.
4. The woman who is wearing a red dress is my sister.

 A. The woman wearing a red dress is my sister.

 B. The wearing a red dress woman is my sister.
 C. The woman who wearing a red dress is my sister.
5. The movie that was directed by Steven Spielberg won several awards.

 A. The directed by Steven Spielberg movie won several awards.

 B. The movie directed by Steven Spielberg won several awards.
 C. The movie that directed by Steven Spielberg won several awards.
6. The boy who is playing the guitar is very talented.

 A. The boy playing the guitar is very talented.

 B. The playing the guitar boy is very talented.
 C. The boy who playing the guitar is very talented.
7. The house that was built in the 19th century has historical significance.

 A. The house built in the 19th century has historical significance.

 B. The built in the 19th century house has historical significance.
 C. The house that built in the 19th century has historical significance.
8. Here is a book that is for you to read.

 A. Here is a book for you to read.

 B. Here is a book that for you to read.
 C. Here is a book for you read.
9. The girl who is singing on stage has a beautiful voice.
  A. The girl who singing on stage has a beautiful voice.
 B. The singing on stage girl has a beautiful voice.
 C. The girl singing on stage has a beautiful voice.
10. The painting that was created by Picasso is displayed in the museum.

 A. The painting that created by Picasso is displayed in the museum.

 B. The painting created by Picasso is displayed in the museum.
 C. The created by Picasso painting is displayed in the museum.

Bài 6: Kết hợp các câu sử dụng ngữ pháp rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ
1. The girl is my cousin. She is standing next to the window.
2. The package arrived this morning. It was sent from abroad.
3. The building was demolished. It was over a century old.
4. The vegetables are fresh. They were grown in the local garden.
5. The book was interesting. It was written by J.K. Rowling.
6. The teacher is retiring. He has worked here for 30 years.
7. The report is confidential. It was prepared by the committee.
8. The museum is closed. It was opened in 1920.
9. The song is catchy. It is sung by a famous singer.
10.The project is challenging. It is managed by my team.
11.The photograph is beautiful. It was taken by a professional photographer.
12.The meal was delicious. It was cooked by my mother.
13.The film is critically acclaimed. It was directed by an award-winning
director.
14.The gadget is innovative. It was designed by a startup.
15.The athlete is talented. He won the championship last year.