Mse Lab Module 2 Materials Testing 2

MODULE 2 (LABORATORY)
MATERIALS TESTING (PART 2)

OBJECTIVE:
By the end of this module, you must be able to:
1. Define what thermal expansion, Beam Deflection, and Torsion Test is
INTRODUCTION:
This module is a continuation of the discussion on Materials Testing.
DISCUSSION:
WHAT IS THERMAL EXPANSION?
Thermal expansion is the phenomenon where an object or body expands in reaction to being
heated. Thermal expansion is most obvious in gasses and liquids but can still have a substantial effect on
solids.
The thermal properties of a solid are a very important aspect in the design of factories and products. If
thermal expansion is not considered during construction and design the result could be major structural
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (LABORATORY) – MATERIALS TESTING (2) Page 1

damage in a machine or building. Countless measures have been taken to prevent this and many
ingenious technologies are developed relying on this phenomenon.
The amount that a material expands can be explained by considering a coefficient corresponding to the
fractional growth of the material per degree change in temperature. This coefficient is called the
coefficient of thermal expansion and is used to predict the growth of materials in response to a known
temperature change. The larger this coefficient is for a material, the more it will expand per degree
temperature increase.
When a body is heated, it is accepting and storing energy in its atoms in the form of kinetic energy. This
expose to an increased temperature causes an atom’s natural vibrations to grow stronger and more
pronounced. This increase in vibration pushes against the inter-molecular forces, allowing the atoms or
molecules to become farther apart and the body to grow larger.
The amount by which a substance expands in reaction to a change in temperature is mathematically

represented by a coefficient of thermal expansion. This coefficient is unique to each material and is
based on their other physical properties. The higher a coefficient of thermal expansion a material has,
the more it will expand in reaction to being heated.
Crystals tend to have the lowest thermal expansion coefficients because their structure is extremely
uniform and structurally sound. Diamond has the lowest known thermal expansion coefficient of all
naturally occurring materials.
The solids with the highest coefficients of thermal expansion are the ones that have weak inter-
molecular bonds, typically polymers, which also tend to have low melting points. The reason for this is
that weaker bonds are overcome with less vibrational energy.

DILATOMETRY
Measurements of a change in volume caused by a physical or chemical process is called dilatometry. An
instrument designed to measure the change in volume of some substance is called a dilatometer. The
most common example of a dilatometer is a mercury thermometer, which measures the volume and the
change in volume of the trapped mercury which is used to determine the temperature of the
surrounding environment. Dilatometers can also be used to calculate the coefficient of thermal
expansion. To determine the coefficient, the volume of the material is carefully measured as the
temperature rises from one known value to another.high melting points, and they are not as perceptible
to a material failure caused by the stress of expansion. This makes metals ideal candidates to use when
measuring thermal expansion.

DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
The deformation of a beam is usually expressed in terms of its deflection from its original unloaded
position. The deflection is measured from the original neutral surface of the beam to the neutral surface
of the deformed beam. The configuration assumed by the deformed neutral surface is known as the
elastic curve of the beam.
Methods of Determining Beam Deflections

Numerous methods are available for the determination of beam deflections. These methods include:
1. Double-integration method - The double integration method is a powerful tool in solving deflection
and slope of a beam at any point because we will be able to get the equation of the elastic curve.
2. Area-moment method - Another method of determining the slopes and deflections in beams is the
area-moment method, which involves the area of the moment diagram.
3. Strain-energy method (Castigliano's Theorem) - Italian engineer Alberto Castigliano (1847 – 1884)
developed a method of determining deflection of structures by strain energy method. His Theorem of
the Derivatives of Internal Work of Deformation extended its application to the calculation of relative
rotations and displacements between points in the structure and to the study of beams in flexure.
4. Conjugate-beam method
5. Method of superposition - The slope or deflection at any point on the beam is equal to the resultant
of the slopes or deflections at that point caused by each of the load acting separately.
TORSION TEST
Torsion tests twist a material or test component to a specified degree, with a specified force, or until the
material fails in torsion. The twisting force of a torsion test is applied to the test sample by anchoring
one end so that it cannot move or rotate and applying a moment to the other end so that the sample is
rotated about its axis. The rotating moment may also be applied to both ends of the sample but the
ends must be rotated in opposite directions. The forces and mechanics found in this test are similar to
those found in a piece of string that has one end held in a hand and the other end twisted by the other.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A TORSION TEST?
The purpose of a torsion test is to determine the behavior a material or test sample exhibits when
twisted or under torsional forces as a result of applied moments that cause shear stress about the axis.
Measurable values include: the modulus of elasticity in shear, yield shear strength, torsional fatigue life,
ductility, ultimate shear strength, and modulus of rupture in shear. These values are similar but not the
same as those measured by a tensile test and are important in manufacturing as they may be used to
simulate the service conditions, check the product’s quality and design, and ensure that it was
manufactured correctly.
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TORSION TESTS?

The three common forms that torsion testing take include failure, proof and operational.
1. A torsion test for failure requires that the test sample be twisted until it breaks and is designed to
measure the strength of the sample.
2. A proof test is designed to observe the material under a specified torque load over a set period of
time.
3. Operational testing is measures the material’s performance under the expected service conditions of
its application. All of these forms of tests may be performed with either torsion only loading or a
combination of torsion and axial (tension or compression) loading depending upon the characteristics to
be measured.
WHAT ARE THE COMMON TORSION TESTING APPLICATIONS?

 Torsion Testing of Bone Screws | Equipment
 Torsion Testing of Wire | Equipment
 Torsion Tests on Engineered Composite Materials | Equipment
 Torsion Test Machine | Teaching Lab Academic Spotlight
 Torsional Test Machine with Static Axial Load
 Wire Torsion Strength Test | Equipment

WHAT IS A TORSION MACHINE?
 Torsion test machines measure the torsional strength, stiffness and stress-strain properties of
materials and products which are the ideal solution for biomedical, automotive, and aerospace
applications. Torsional testing machines are used to simulate real life service conditions and to
check product quality for products such as drill tool bit tips and medical devices, screws and
other fasteners, wire, and much more.
HOW DOES A TORSION MACHINE WORK?

 The twisting force of a torsion test is applied to the test sample by anchoring one end so that it
cannot move or rotate and applying a moment to the other end so that the sample is rotated
about its axis.

Sources:
Cartagenas, I. (2022, April 1). What is Coefficient of Thermal Expansion? How to measure it? Thermtest.
https://thermtest.com/what-is-coefficient-of-thermal-expansion-how-to-measure-it
Beam Deflections | Strength of Materials Review at MATHalino. (n.d.).
https://mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics-and-strength-of-materials/chapter-6-beam-
deflections
Torsion Test. (n.d.). https://www.testresources.net/applications/test-types/torsion-test/
Disclaimer: This is a compilation of topics from different sources wherein most discussions are explicitly copied. The objective of this work is
purely for educational purposes only to discuss similar contents to undergraduate students taking up the same course. Figures, tables,
examples, and most discussions are credited to the owners.

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MODULE 2 (LABORATORY)

MATERIALS TESTING (PART 2)

WHAT IS THERMAL EXPANSION?

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (LABORATORY) – MATERIALS TESTING (2) Page 1

The amount by which a substance expands in reaction to a change in temperature is mathematically

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (LABORATORY) – MATERIALS TESTING (2) Page 2

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (LABORATORY) – MATERIALS TESTING (2) Page 3

Methods of Determining Beam Deflections

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (LABORATORY) – MATERIALS TESTING (2) Page 4

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TORSION TESTS?

WHAT ARE THE COMMON TORSION TESTING APPLICATIONS?

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (LABORATORY) – MATERIALS TESTING (2) Page 5

HOW DOES A TORSION MACHINE WORK?

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (LABORATORY) – MATERIALS TESTING (2) Page 6

Beam Deflections | Strength of Materials Review at MATHalino. (n.d.).

Torsion Test. (n.d.). https://www.testresources.net/applications/test-types/torsion-test/

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (LABORATORY) – MATERIALS TESTING (2) Page 7

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