Department of Materials Science & Engineering

MM-201 Materials Chemistry

(Spring 2024)
Lecture 2
(25-01-2024)

Course Instructor: Dr. Hamza Mohsin Course Assistant: Areeba Sajid

Email: hamza.mohsin@giki.edu.pk Email: gmm2409@giki.edu.pk
Office: G-09 (Faculty Lobby, FMCE) Office: M-07
 Physics vs Chemistry

▪ Physics deals with the study of matter and energy and ▪ Chemistry deals with the study of elements (atoms,
the relationship between them ions, molecules, compounds) and their chemical
composition, characteristics, structure and reactions
▪ Physics provides mathematical formulas for all earthly
▪ Chemistry also studies the chemical interaction
events (bonding) between elements, atoms, molecules

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Classification of Materials

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Classification of Materials

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Identify the different Materials and their properties

Metals, Alloys, Ceramics,

Polymers, Composites

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Materials Science and Engineering

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Chemistry and Materials Science

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 Materials Chemistry
▪ Materials chemistry is a new and highly interdisciplinary science that
involves the use of chemistry for the creation, characterization, and
application of materials with interesting or potentially useful physical or
chemical characteristics.
▪ Substances of interest include inorganic, organic, polymeric, and hybrid
materials, and thus materials chemistry incorporates solid-state
chemistry, nanoscience, and polymer chemistry.

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 Department of Materials Science & Engineering
MM-201 Materials Chemistry
(Spring 2024)
Lecture 3
(25-01-2024)

Course Instructor: Dr. Hamza Mohsin Course Assistant: Areeba Sajid

Email: hamza.mohsin@giki.edu.pk Email: gmm2409@giki.edu.pk
Office: G-09 (Faculty Lobby, FMCE) Office: M-07
Earth’s Crust

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https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/12/abunda
nce-elements-earth-crust/

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 Silicon
▪ Knowledge of Chemistry and Physics in the solid state is required for materials science
and engineering
▪ Si for chips: Purity and single crystal required
▪ Record Purity 99.9999999999 %
▪ Solar panel requires purity of 99.9999%

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Silicon

Single Crystal Si wafer

obtained through
Czochralsky route

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Periodic Table

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 Periodic Table
Atomic radius, Ionic radius, Ionization energy, Atomic number, Atomic mass, Electron affinity,
Ionization energy, Electronegativity, Oxidation state

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 Periodic Table
▪ Atomic radius: radius of an atom of a particular element
▪ Ionic radius: radius of the ion obtained after ionization of an atom
▪ Ionization: when an atom loses or gains an electron, it is referred as ionized …. Size
changes … e.g., K and K+
▪ Cations
▪ Anions
▪ Ionization energy: energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or
molecule
▪ Atomic Number (Z): number of protons in the nucleus (same as the number of electrons
in an isolated atom)
▪ Atomic Mass/Mass Number (A): number of protons + neutrons

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 Periodic Table
▪ Electron affinity: the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom (in the gaseous
phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion. In other words, the
neutral atom's likelihood of gaining an electron.

▪ Oxidation number/state: Number that is allocated to elements in a chemical

combination. The oxidation number is basically the count of electrons that atoms in a
molecule can share, lose or gain while forming chemical bonds with other atoms of a
different element
▪ Electronegativity: power of an atom to attract electron to itself
- H atom’s EN fixed at 2.2

- Greater the EN difference,

greater the chances of forming
an Ionic bond
- One of the atoms tends to
strongly attract the electron

- Difference > 1.7 ….. Ionic

- Difference < 1.7 ….. Covalent

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 Department of Materials Science & Engineering
MM-201 Materials Chemistry
(Spring 2024)
Lecture 4
(29-01-2024)

Course Instructor: Dr. Hamza Mohsin Course Assistant: Areeba Sajid

Email: hamza.mohsin@giki.edu.pk Email: gmm2409@giki.edu.pk
Office: G-09 (Faculty Lobby, FMCE) Office: M-07
Identify the different Materials and their bonding

Metals, Alloys, Ceramics,

Polymers, Composites, Glasses

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Interactions in Materials

Metals are conductive

due to the free electrons
that are offered little
resistance

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Interactions in Materials
https://www.britannica.com/science/metallic-bond

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Covalent interactions

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 Covalent interactions
The H2 molecule

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 Interactions between different molecules
- Different molecules, different anion sizes, different interactions

- Br2 has higher boiling point and bond strength than F2, why?

- Br- has higher polarizability than F-

- Polarizability is the measure of how an atom’s electrons can be displaced from their
position by nearby electric field … or electron cloud can be distorted or not
- Anions are susceptible to be getting polarized by cations
- E.g. Na+ attracts the electron cloud of Cl- thus causing distortion
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 Department of Materials Science & Engineering
MM-201 Materials Chemistry
(Spring 2024)
Lecture 5
(01-02-2024)

Course Instructor: Dr. Hamza Mohsin Course Assistant: Areeba Sajid

Email: hamza.mohsin@giki.edu.pk Email: gmm2409@giki.edu.pk
Office: G-09 (Faculty Lobby, FMCE) Office: M-07
 Other types of Interactions
Dipole:

electrons shared unequally between atoms, consists of two equal and opposite point
charges, due to High difference in EN between atoms e.g., H=2.2, O=3.44

6 Intermolecular forces

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 Other types of Interactions
Dipole Moment:

▪ Occurs wherever there is separation between the charges

▪ Arise in ionic as well as covalent bonds

▪ A measure of polarity between two atoms in a molecule/polar nature of a bond

C atom H atom O atom

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 Department of Materials Science & Engineering
MM-201 Materials Chemistry
(Spring 2024)
Lecture 6
(02-02-2024)

Course Instructor: Dr. Hamza Mohsin Course Assistant: Areeba Sajid

Email: hamza.mohsin@giki.edu.pk Email: gmm2409@giki.edu.pk
Office: G-09 (Faculty Lobby, FMCE) Office: M-07
 Other types of Interactions
Dipole Moment:

▪ Given bond distance as 127.8 pm and dipole moment as 1.109 D for HCl. Draw the
molecule and suggest the dipole moment vector direction (EN of H=2.2, Cl=3.16 with
Z=17). Calculate partial charges on this molecule in the gas phase.

▪ Unit of Magnetic moment is Debye (D) … 1D=3.33564 x 10-30 C.m

▪ Calculate the covalent and ionic character, given 1C = 6.24 x 1018 electrons

The bond in the HCl molecule is 18% electrovalent (ionic) and 82% covalent
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 Other types of Interactions
Shape of molecule and intermolecular interactions

▪ Arrange ethyl methyl ether (CH3OCH2CH3), 2-methylpropane [isobutane, (CH3)2CHCH3],

and acetone (CH3COCH3) in order of increasing boiling points. Their structures are as
follows:

▪ Compounds with higher polarity and molecular mass have higher boiling points

▪ Order: < <

▪ Higher polarity/dipole moment in acetone as compared to others

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And
_Solids/12.1%3A_Intermolecular_Forces Department of Materials Science and Engineering 30
 Department of Materials Science & Engineering
MM-201 Materials Chemistry
(Spring 2024)
Lecture 7
(03-02-2024)

Course Instructor: Dr. Hamza Mohsin Course Assistant: Areeba Sajid

Email: hamza.mohsin@giki.edu.pk Email: gmm2409@giki.edu.pk
Office: G-09 (Faculty Lobby, FMCE) Office: M-07
 Other types of Interactions
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And
_Solids/12.1%3A_Intermolecular_Forces

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 Other types of Interactions
Shape of molecule and intermolecular interactions

▪ Molar mass and shape of molecule influences the interactions …. That in turn changes the
properties e.g., boiling point

▪ Increasing mass, larger molecules,

stronger van der Waal’s

▪ Linear n-pentane: large surface area

and stronger intermolecular forces,
thus higher BP than neopentane

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And
_Solids/12.1%3A_Intermolecular_Forces Department of Materials Science and Engineering 33
 Other types of Interactions
Intramolecular forces

Intermolecular forces

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Other types of Interactions

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Periodic Table

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 Other types of Interactions
Interaction between Interaction between
atoms of inert gases
Polarizability molecules of halogens

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Other types of Interactions

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Lattice Energy

Lattice energy for ionic solids

is the energy difference
between ions in the gas
phase and solid at room
temperature

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 Ionic Bond
Barsoum, Fundamentals of Ceramics
Ionically Bonded Solid

- Charged Particles, Cations (+ve) and Anions (-ve)

- Hard and Brittle

- Poor conductors of heat and electricity

- High melting and boiling points due to the very strong bond

NaCl
Before
Na: Z=11 … 1s22s22p63s1

Cl: Z=17 … 1s22s22p63s23p5

After
Na+: Z=11 … 1s22s22p6

Cl-: Z=17 … 1s22s22p63s23p6

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