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Thakre, C.S., and M.N. Hedaoo. 2019. “Rational Approach for Design of Cascade Aerator”. figshare. https://hdl.handle.net/2134/29028. Q WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT: THAKRE and HEDAOO
26th WEDC Conference Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2000
WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE: CHALLENGES OF THE MILLENNIUM Rational approach for design of Cascade aerator C.S. Thakre and M.N. Hedaoo, India
THE TERM AERATION in Water Treatment practices is
applied to that process in which water is brought into intimate contact with air. In the present day practice, aeration finds wide application to improve the physical and chemical characteristics of water for its domestic, commer- cial and industrial use. Cascade aerators are the most widely used aerators in the water treatment practices. Many varieties of cascade aerators are in use. Pilot plant studies are often desirable in connection with an engineering analysis of the applicability of aeration process to water treatment problems. Results of few pilot plant runs, using relatively simple equipment, may if prop- erly analyzed, provide useful aerator design criteria. Figure 1. Sectional view of Cascade aerator The literature on design practice of aerator reveals that systematic studies to rationalize the design of this unit have not been made. At present the design of cascade aerator is Observations carried out purely on empirical basis. The design of cascade aerator is usually carried out on the basis of 0.015 to 0.045 Time of Exposure in aeration system sq.m of plan area per cum/ hour of flow . It does not speak The time of exposure in the aeration system is the time of any oxygen transfer requirements of water treatment taken by water to flow from the upstream to downstream plant. positions of the system. For this purpose a graphs have been The paper presents the rational approach for cascade plotted using the data collected doing the tracer studies aerator design based on oxygen addition on the basis of undertaken at Wena water works. The nature of sponding actual plant studies conducted at three different water to any desired flow through the system. works having 100 MLD, 30MLD & 20 MLD capacity. The present paper highlights the data and the results obtained during the study conducted at Wena water works, Nagpur of 30 MLD capacity.
Methodology In general the Methodology for determination of oxygena- tion capacity of cascade aerator consists of assessment of dissolved oxygen at various positions of the aerator using modified winkler’s method as per standard methods. An assessment of time of exposure is separately carried out by using tracer studies with respect to flow. The performance of cascade aerator would certainly depend on the time of exposure. In a practical system however, this exposure time may be significantly different than the theoretical values. The conventional methods of estimation of residence time can not be used, since the magnitude of the time is only a few seconds. Tracer studies have been conducted to assess the actual exposure time at Wena water works, Nagpur by using equipment of high precision. Sectional view of the cascade aerators along with the Figure 2. Variation of time of travel with flow sampling position is presented in Figure. 1.
248 Q WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT: THAKRE and HEDAOO
It also reveals that as the flow through cascade aerator By taking clue from correlation for Oco v/s AP or AT increases, the time of exposure decreases for all positions. for a typical result, an attempt is made to correlate the This is evident from the converging nature of the curve. entire data for Oco v/s AP and Oco v/s AT. The variation of During the study, it was also observed that the actual oxygenation capacity (Oco) with plan area (AP) and total time of exposure at the plant is significantly higher than the area (AT) is presented in Figure-3. theoretical time of exposure. The line of best fit using least square method is also depicted in figure 3 for the entire data collected. Dissolved oxygen changes through the Discussion aerator The data presented in table 1 indicates that as the tempera- The data collected during the studies regarding D.O. values ture increases, there is increase in dissolved oxygen addi- has been classified to observe the oxygen level changes with tion . Similarly the dissolved oxygen increase in cascade reference to temperature ranges of 20-24; 24-28 and 28-32 o aerator is inversly proporional to the flow. C. and flow ranges of 4.5- 6.5 and 6.5- 8.5 MGD for the The increase in D.O. addition at higher temperature system 1-6 and 1-7. The abstract of these observations for may be attributed due to the increase in molecular diffusibilily D.O. increase with flow and temperature is presented in at higher temperature. The decrease in D.O. addition Table- 1. through cascade aerator with increase in flow may be due to increase in thickness of liquid film and thus lesser area Assessment of reaeration constant and exposed per unit volume of water at higher flow rate. oxygenation capacity Figure 3 shows that Oco varies with AP or AT more The assessment of Reaeration constant at 200C. (KLa20) or less linerarly at and Oxygenation capacity at 200C. (Oco) has been carried least in the initial stages.The result of the computer out by using computer model for the entire data collected analysis for the typical run also indicates that the correla- during the study. The whole data is finally complied at the tion index is 0.928 for Oco v/s AP and 0.953 for end of the program. The program also includes the deter- Oco v/s AT..The Figure 3 indicates that the relashionship mination of standard deviation and 95% confidence limits. between Oco and AP or AT can be expressed by the following equations. Correlation of data • Oco= 0.19676 AP +0.5180 It is observed that it is not possible to satisfactorily correlate • Oco = 0.1123 AT + 1.786 the entire data between KLa20 and AP or AT.This fact is also This study indicates that the correlation index for Oco substantiated by the low correlation index (0.444 for KLa20 with respect to AP or AT is quite high. It may further be seen v/s AP and0.405 for KLa20 v/s AT ). The systemwise variation that the data of Oco with respect to AT orrelates slightly of KLa20 with respect to AP or AT indicates that the KLa20 better than AP. The total area expose may therefore serve value is vary specific with respect to a particular system. better for design of cascade aerator than only the plan area.
Conclusions The following conclusions can be drawn from the study. • As the flow through the cascade aerator increases, the time of exposure decreases for all position. This is evident from the converging nature of the curves. • The actual time of exposure at the plant is significantly higher than theoretical time of exposure. • Other factors being constant, the D.O added to the water by cascade aerator increases as the temperature in creases. • D.O. addition to the water by cascade aerator is inversly proportional to flow of water. • Satisfactory correlation can be shown between Oco and AP or AT • The total area of cascade aerator may serve better as design parameter in place of only the plan area. • The relationship between the Oco an the total area of cascade aerator may serve more rationally as the basis of design of cascade aerator, compaired to the present practice of empirical design. Figure 3. Sectional view of Cascade aerator • Further studies on cascade aerator at different water works with reference to surface roughness may be
249 Q WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT: THAKRE and HEDAOO
Table 1. Abstract of data for D.O. Increase with flow and temperature
* ** systems Flow Temp Average SX P1 P2 Range in Range in D.O. MGDD o C increase 95% confidence limits X
desirable for better understanding and developing Cascade Aerator Proceedings of Institute of Enginers appropriate rational approach for design of cascade (India) Nagpur local centre page 29. (1982). aerator. C.S. THAKRE et al, Variation of Dissolved Oxygen through water treatment plant Journal of IWWA vol. XV no. 1 References (1983). LANGELIER W.F., The theory and practice of Aeration, Journal of AWWA, page 24-82 (Jan 1932). Abbreviations SCOTT G. R., Committee Report, Aeration of water MLD - Million Litres per day Journal of AWWA, 47: 873 (Sept 1955). MGD - Million gallons per day FAIR, GEYER & OKUN, Water and Wastewater Engi- D,O. - Dissolved Oxygen, Kg/hr neering, volume 2, John wiley & sons, Inc. New york, KLa20 - Reaeration constant at 200 C per Sec. London, Sydney. Oco - Oxygenation capacity, Kg/hr COX C.R, Operation & control of water treatment proc- Ap - Plan Area in sq. m. esses WHO publication, monograph series no. 49 (1969). AT - Total area in sq. m. ASCE, AWWA, CSSE, Water Treatment Plant Design, American water works Association , Inc. New york, N.Y (1971). C.S. Thakre and M.N. Hedaoo, India. C.S. THAKRE et al, Determination of Exposure time in
Hydraulic Tables; The Elements Of Gagings And The Friction Of Water Flowing In Pipes, Aqueducts, Sewers, Etc., As Determined By The Hazen And Williams Formula And The Flow Of Water Over The Sharp-Edged And Irregular Weirs, And The Quantity Discharged
Hydraulic Tables; The Elements Of Gagings And The Friction Of Water Flowing In Pipes, Aqueducts, Sewers, Etc., As Determined By The Hazen And Williams Formula And The Flow Of Water Over The Sharp-Edged And Irregular Weirs, And The Quantity Discharged
