Definition of IoT

 IoT stands for Internet of Things.

 Everyday things have sensors, software and electronics.

 They are connected to internet.

 They collect data and exchange data.

 No human interaction.

 All the things can be controlled from anywhere.

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Characteristics of IoT
1) Dynamic and Self Adapting

2) Unique Identity

3) Self Configuring

4) Inter Operable Communication Protocol

5) Integrated into Information Network

1) Dynamic and Self Adapting :-

 IoT device is dynamic.

 IoT device is self adapting.
 Self Adapting means Changing for changing situations.
 CCTV changing from passive mode to active mode.

2) Self Configuring :-

 IoT device is Self Configuring.

 Many devices work together.
 IoT devices has ability to setup network.
 IoT devices has ability to get latest software.
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3) Unique Identity :-

 IoT device has a unique identity.

 IoT device has unique IP address.

4) Inter Operable Communication Protocols : -

 IoT device can communicate with other devices.

 IoT devices support many communication protocols.

5) Integrated into Information Network :-

 IoT device is integrated into Information network.

 Hence exchange of data is possible for all devices.

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Things in IoT

1) Connectivity : -
 Device used for connectivity are
a) USB Host
b) Ethernet

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2) Processor : -
 CPU – Central Processing Unit
3) Video / Audio : -
 To record Video and Audio
a) HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface)
b) 3.5 mm audio
c) RCA Video

4) Input / Output : -
 To give input and output
a) UART – Universal Asynchronous Receiver Terminal
b) SPI – Serial Peripheral Interface
c) I2C – Inter Integrated Circuit
d) CAN – Controller Area Network

5) Memory : -
a) NAND / NOR
b) DDR1 / DDR2 / DDR3 – Double Data Rate

6) Graphics : -
 GPU – Graphics Processing Unit

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7) Storage : -
 SD – Secure Digital
 SDIO – Secure Digital Input Output
 MMC – Multi Media Card

IoT Protocols

The following are IoT Protocols

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1) Application Layer Protocol
2) Transport Layer Protocol
3) Network Layer Protocol
4) Link Layer Protocol

1) Application Layer Protocol

 It provides interfaces and connection.

 HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.

 CoAP – Constrained Application Protocol.

 MQTT – Message Queue Telemetry Transport.

 XMPP – Extensible Message and Presence Protocol

 DDS – Data Distribution Service

 AMQP – Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

2) Transport Layer Protocol

 It provides data flow and error control

 TCP - Transmission Control Protocol

 UDP- User Datagram Protocol

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 3) Network Layer Protocol

 It provides addressing and packet routing

 IPV4 – Internet Protocol Version 4

 IPV6 – Internet Protocol Version 6

 6LOWPAN – IPV6 Over Low Power Wireless Personal

Area Network
4) Link Layer Protocol

 It provides medium for sending data.

 802.3 – Ethernet

 802.11 – Wi Fi

 802.16 – Wi Max

 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN (Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network )

 2G/3G/4G – Mobile

Logical Design of IoT

 Logical Design Means – Only concepts.
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 No low level details.

Logical design of IoT has 3 parts

1. IoT Fundamental Blocks

2. IoT Communication Models
3. IoT Communication APIs

1. IoT Fundamental Blocks :-

i) Management :-
 It provides various functions

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ii) Applications :-
 It provides interface.

iii) Services :-
 It provides the following services
- monitoring
- control

- publish
- discovery

iv) Security :-
 It provides security like
- Authentication
- Authorization
- Integrity

v) Communication :-
 It provides the communication.

vi) Device :-
 It provides
- Sensing
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 - Monitoring
- control

2. IoT Communication Models :-

Types of IoT communication models are,

1) Request – Response Communication Model

2) Publish – Subscribe Communication Model
3) Push – Pull Communication Model
4) Exclusive – Pair Communication Model

1) Request – Response Communication Model

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  Client sends request to server.
 Server receives the request.
 Process the request.
 Gets the resources.
 Response is ready.
 Sends the response to client.

2) Publish – Subscribe Communication Model

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  Publisher sends message to broker.
 Message to topic – 1.
 Message to topic – 2.

 Topic 1 – Subscriber -> Customer -1

Customer -2

 Topic 2 -- Subscriber -> Customer -3

3) Push – Pull Communication Model

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  Publisher send message to queue.
 Message pushed to queue.
 Message pulled to consumer.
 Speed of publisher and consumer and different.
 Queue provides buffer.

4) Exclusive Pair Communication Model

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 Request for connection.
 Response for connection.
 Message from client.
 Message from server.
 Request for close.
 Response for close.
 It is bidirectional.

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3. IoT Communication APIs :-
Types of IOT communication APIs are,
1) REST – Based Communication APIs
2) Websocket – Based Communication APIs.

1) REST – Based Communication APIs

 It uses Request – Response communication model.

 REST – REPresentational State Transfer.

 REST web service is a collection of resources.

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  Clients send request to URI ( Uniform Resource Identifier )

HTTP Method Action

GET Get Information

POST Create new resource

PUT Update resource

DELETE Delete resource

2) Websocket – Based Communication APIs

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 It is a bidirectional communication.

 It is an exclusive pair communication model.

 Request for websocket connection.

 Response for websocket connection.

 This is called Initial handshake.

 Now data is sent between client and server.

 Request for close.

 Response for close.

 Connection is closed.
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IoT Enabling Technologies
1) Big data Analytics
2) Cloud Computing
3) Communication Protocol
4) Embedded Systems
5) Wireless Sensor Networks

1) Big data analytics :-

 Big data :- ( Definition )-- Collection of large data.
Big data uses the following

 Data Processing:-
It is the process of taking out useful information.

 Data Cleaning :-
It is the process of identifying incorrect data.

 Data Munging :-
It is the process of converting raw data in the useful
data.

 Visualization:-
It is the process of visualization of data.

Characteristics of Big data:-

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 Variety :- Text data
Video data
Audio data
Sensor data
Volume :- Volume of data is very high.
Volocity :- Speed of data is very high.

2) Cloud Computing :-
 It provides various services through internet.

 It uses “Pay per use” model.

 It is platform independent.

 Cloud computing services are,

- SaaS
- PaaS
- IaaS
i. SaaS (Software as a Service) :-

 It provides software through internet.

 SaaS can be used from any device.

ii. PaaS (Platform as a Service) :-

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  It provides platform through internet.

 Development tools, APIs and Library are

provided in this method.
iii. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) :-

 It provides computing and storage through

internet.

 It provides virtual machine instances and

virtual storage.

 Infrastructure will be maintained by the

service provider.

3) Communication Protocols :- ( Notes of IoT Protocols )

4) Embedded Systems : -
 Definition: It has hardware and software embedded into the
device.

 Main components of embedded system are

1) Microcontroller
2) Memory (RAM,ROM)
3) Network (WiFi, Ethernet)
4) Input/Output (Keyboard, Display)
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  Some embedded systems have special processors
----> Digital Signal processor
----> Graphics Processor
----> Application Specific Processor

 Embedded systems uses RTOS ( Real Time Operating

Systems )

Example for embedded system

1) Digital watch
2) Washing machine

5) Wireless Sensor Networks :-

WSN Consists of
i) Monitoring nodes
ii) Routers
iii) Co-ordinators

 Monitoring nodes has many sensors.

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  Routers give route for data packets.

 Co ordinators collect all the data.

 Sensors monitor the conditions.

 WSN uses wireless communication protocols.

 Examples for WSN

i) Weather monitoring

ii) Air quality monitoring

iii) Soil moisture monitoring

iv) Health monitoring

IoT Level – 1

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 It has single monitoring node.

 Analysis is done ---- in local.

 Data is stored ---- in local.

 Applications is done ---- in local.

 It is used where data is very less.

 It is used where analysis is very simple.

 Example :- Home Automation

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Nodes:-
 Light control
 A/C control
 Smoke detector
 Thief detector

IoT Level – 2

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  It has single monitoring node.

 Analysis is done ---- in local.

 Data is stored ---- in Cloud.

 Applications is done ---- in Cloud.

 It is used where data is very less.

 It is used where analysis is very simple.

 Example :- Smart Irrigation

Nodes:-
 Temperature Sensor
 Moisture Sensor

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IoT Level – 3

 It has single monitoring node.

 Analysis is done ---- in Cloud.

 Data is stored ---- in Cloud.

 Applications is done ---- in Cloud.

 It is used where data is very less.

 It is used where analysis is very difficult.

 Example :- Tracking Package System.

Nodes:-
 Accelerometer

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  Gyroscope

IoT Level – 4

 It has multiple monitoring nodes.

 Analysis is done ---- in Cloud.

 Data is stored ---- in Cloud.

 Applications is done ---- in Cloud.

 It has an observer node in local.

 It has an observer node in cloud.

 It is used where data is very large.

 It is used where analysis is very difficult.

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  Example :- Noise Monitoring
Nodes:- Sound Sensor

IoT Level – 5

 It has multiple monitoring nodes.

 Analysis is done ---- in Cloud.

 Data is stored ---- in Cloud.

 Applications is done ---- in Cloud.

 It has an observer node in local.

 It has an observer node in cloud.

 It is used where data is very large.

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  It is used where analysis is very difficult.

 It has an Coordinator Device.

 Example :- Forest Fire Detector

Nodes:- Temperature Sensor

Wind Speed Sensor
Smoke Sensor
Carbon dioxide Sensor

IoT Level – 6

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 It has multiple monitoring nodes.

 Analysis is done ---- in Cloud..

 Data is stored ---- in Cloud.

 Applications is done ---- in Cloud.

 It has an observer node in local.

 It has an observer node in cloud.

 It is used where data is very large.

 It is used where analysis is very difficult.

 It has centralized controller.

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  Example :- Weather Monitoring

Nodes:- Temperature Sensor

Wind Speed Sensor
Wind Direction Sensor
Rain Sensor

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