BIOLOGY

SECTION I
Time- 45 minutes

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers
or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then enter the letter in the corresponding space
on the answer sheet.

____ 1. Which of the following best describes the creation of genetic recombination shown in the model?

a. Haploid nuclei fusion leads to diploid zygote formation

b. Homologous chromosome alignment leads to independent assortment
c. Centromere detachment leads to DNA mutation
d. Chiasmata formation leads to crossing over
____ 2. In garden peas, the allele for tall plants (D) is completely dominant to the allele for dwarf plants (d). The
allele for violet flower color (W) is completely dominant to the allele for white flower color (w). In a cross
between a tall, violet plant (DDWw) and a dwarf, white plant, what phenotypic ratios of the progeny would
be predicted?
a. 100% tall, violet c. 1 tall violet, 1 tall white
b. 1 tall violet: 1 dwarf violet d. all dwarf white
____ 3. Hydrangeas can produce pink or blue colored flowers based on their environmental conditions.

According to the data above, the flower color variation is best explained by:
a. Acidity of the soil affects uptake of nutrients by the plant which affects gene expression of
flower color.
b. Water availability in the soil produces differential responses in flower production.
c. Lack of nitrogen by the plant will cause a deficiency in the amino acids that can be
produced in the flowers.
d. Hydrangeas evolved to produce flowers of certain colors based on the type of pollinator
 that lives in the area.

____ 4. Suppose a cell with a 2n of 40 undergoes one nondisjunction event during meiosis I. What will be
the resultant gamete possibilities?
a. 50% of the gametes that result will have 19 chromosomes and 50% will have 21
chromosomes.
b. 50% of the gametes that result will have 19 chromosomes and 50% will have 20
chromosomes
c. 25% of the gametes that result will have 19 chromosomes, 25% will have 21
chromosomes, and 50% will have 20 chromosomes.
d. 100% of the gametes that result will have 21 chromosomes.

____ 5.
According to the model, which of the following is true about the production of polar bodies during meiosis in
humans?
a. It increases genetic variation
b. It provides the maximum amount of cytoplasm reaches one single egg
c. It is completed after fertilization
d. It results in non-disjunction
____ 6. The pedigree shows the inheritance pattern of a rare human disease over three generations.

Which of the following is the most likely inheritance pattern for this disease trait?
a. Cytoplasmic c. Autosomal dominant
b. X-linked recessive d. Y-linked dominant
____ 7. If individual III-3 were to have a daughter, what is the probability that the daughter would receive the disease
trait from her mother (III-3)?
a. 1.00 b. 0.50 c. 0.33 d. 0.25
____ 8. If individual III-3 and III-6 were to produce a son, what is the probability the son would be affected with the
disease?
a. 1.00 b. 0.75 c. 0.50 d. 0.25
____ 9.
A red-flowered snapdragon was crossed with a white-flowered snapdragon. The resulting offspring in the F1
were all pink. In a cross between two pink-flowered snapdragon plants, the gardener predicts that the results
will be consistent with incomplete dominance. The predicted and actual results are shown below. Which of
these statements accurately describes the chi square analysis for this cross?
Phenotype Observed phenotype in the Expected phenotype in
F2 the F2
Red flowers 24 21
Pink Flowers 28 42
White flowers 32 21

a. The null hypothesis is rejected because the chi square value is greater than the critical
value of 5.991.
b. The null hypothesis is failed to be rejected because the chi square value is smaller than the
critical value of 5.991.
c. The null hypothesis is failed to be rejected because the chi square value is smaller than the
critical value of 7.815.
d. The null hypothesis is rejected because the chi square value is greater than the critical
value of 7.815.
____ 10. Two parents have three offspring, one boy and two girls. What percent of the genes in the mitochondria of the
son was inherited from the father?
a. 0% c. 50%
b. 25% d. 100%
____ 11.
Phenotype Observed Expected
yellow, 140 135
smooth
yellow, 39 45
wrinkled
purple, 51 45
smooth
purple, 10 15
wrinkled

The phenotype of corn kernels can be yellow or purple, smooth or wrinkly. Assuming that the traits segregate
independently of each other during meiosis, what would the chi square analysis be for the F1 results shown
from the cross of two parents heterozygous for both traits?
a. With four degrees of freedom, the chi square value of 4.28 is higher than the critical value,
so the null hypothesis is rejected. The traits do not appear to assort independently.
b. With four degrees of freedom, the chi square value of 4.28 is lower than the critical value,
and the traits appear to assort independently.
c. With three degrees of freedom, the chi square value of 4.28 is higher than the critical
value, so the null hypothesis is rejected. The traits do not appear to assort independently.
d. With three degrees of freedom, the chi square value of 4.28 is lower than the critical value,
and the traits appear to assort independently.
____ 12. The simple Mendelian traits, A, B, and C, are controlled by single genes each. If two parents are of the known
genotype AaBbCc, what is the probability that these parents would generate an offspring with the genotype
AabbCC?
a. 1/4 c. 1/16
b. 1/8 d. 1/32
____ 13. In pea plants, the seeds can have a wrinkly or a smooth phenotype. The seeds can also be yellow or green in
color as their phenotype. If these two traits are controlled by simple Mendelian genetics by two genes on
different chromosomes, what critical value must the chi square calculation be less than in order to attribute
any deviations from the expected phenotypes to chance only?
a. 3.841 c. 7.815
b. 5.991 d. 9.488
____ 14.

What evidence is shown in the pedigree to support the statement that the genetic condition being passed
through the family is an X-linked dominant trait?
a. The gene is expressed in males and females equally.
b. Fathers pass the trait to all of their daughters but to none of their sons.
c. Mothers only pass the trait to their sons.
d. Females are only carriers of the trait while males display the trait.

____ 15.

This pedigree outlines the inheritance pattern of a rare genetic disorder over several generations.

What BEST explains the inheritance pattern shown in the pedigree?

a. autosomal recessive c. Mitochondrial
b. X-linked recessive d. Y-linked
____ 16. For the previous pedigree, what is the probability that the individual labeled #15 will pass the trait to his
children?
a. 0% c. 50%
b. 25% d. 100%
____ 17. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. During gamete formation, independent assortment of the
chromosomes occurs as one chromosome of each pair is allocated to a new cell. The possible combination of
chromosomes due to independent assortment for humans is 223, which is 8,388,608.
Fruit flies contain four pairs of chromosomes. How many different independent assortment combinations are
possible in fruit flies?
a. 4 c. 16
b. 8 d. 32
____ 18. A spermatocyte produces the following four cells.

These are the result of non-disjunction during which of the following phases?
a. Interphase (G1 or G2) c. Mitosis
b. Interphase (S) d. Meiosis I
____ 19. A student in a biology class crossed a male Drosophila melanogaster having a gray body and long wings
(heterozygous for both traits) with a female D. melanogaster having a black body and apterous wings (both
recessive traits). The following distribution of traits was observed in the offspring.
Phenotype Number of Offspring
Gray body, long wings 42
Black body, apterous wings 41
Gray body, apterous wings 9
Black body, long wings 8
Which of the following is supported by the data?
a. The alleles are codominant.
b. The alleles for gray body and long wings are recessive.
c. Genes for the two traits are located on two different chromosomes, and independent
assortment occurred.
d. Genes for the two traits are located close together on the same chromosome, and crossing
over occurred between the two gene loci
____ 20. Gregor Mendel arrived at his two laws of inheritance by developing a series of hypotheses. Then he tested
them using peas. Each of his crosses involved a simple trait with two alleles for each gene. Identify the
statement below that correctly explains a genetic trait that cannot be accounted for my Mendel’s laws.
a. A variety of flowers has two colors: red and white
b. A gene for Labrador retrievers has two forms: brown and black
c. a fruit has three forms, round, oval, and long, based only on two alleles
d. a corn cross involving two genes results in four types of kernels, wrinkled/yellow,
wrinkled/purple, smooth/yellow, smooth/purple
____ 21. A culture of white-eyed fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) was maintained for many generations. Females
from the white-eyed culture stock were crossed with red-eyed wildtype males. The F1 females were crossed
with the white-eyed males from the original culture. The resulting phenotypes are shown below.

The best explanation for the red eyed F1 females is

a. mutation c. dominance
b. contamination d. multiple alleles
____ 22. There are white-eyed females in the F2 generation because
a. white is dominant to red c. a mutation occurred
b. the white allele is autosomal d. The F2 females have two white alleles
____ 23. A plant produces fruits that are red or white and that have either smooth or spiny surfaces. Table 1 below
shows the phenotypes of the F1 offspring that result from the crossing of two true-breeding parents with these
traits.
Computer simulations were then used to predict the number of each phenotype produced when the F1
progeny were test crossed with homozygous recessive individuals (for both traits). The computer simulation
outcomes are shown in Table II.
Table I
P F1
Red X White All Red
Smooth X Spiny All Smooth
Red/Smooth X White/Spiny All Red/Smooth

Table II
Phenotypes
Red/Smooth Simulation 1 Simulation 2
Red/Spiny 402 301
White/Smooth 394 94
White/Spiny 408 305
TOTAL 396 100

The results of the cross of true breeding parents in table 1 indicate that no F1 individuals express the white or
spiny traits. How can this best be explained?
a. White individuals and spiny individuals are always carriers when the white and spiny
traits are not expressed.
b. The allele for red-colored fruits is dominant to the allele for white-colored fruits, and the
allele for smooth fruits is dominant to the allele for spiny allele.
c. Only each of two alleles of a gene can be inherited at the same time.
d. Individuals with smooth fruits in the F1 generation are homozygous.
____ 24. For the computer simulations in Table II, what assumptions were likely made by the computer modeling to
produce the numbers of offspring shown in the table?
a. The gene for red fruit color is dominant to smooth fruit texture.
b. The gene for fruit texture is dominant to the gene for fruit color.
c. The genes for fruit color and fruit texture are located close together on the same
chromosome.
d. The genes for fruit color and texture interact to create offspring with incomplete
dominance inheritance pattern.

____ 25. When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2
generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male.
What was the explanation for this result?
a. other male-specific factors affect eye color in fruit flies
b. the gene is on an autosome, but only in males
c. the gene involved is on the Y chromosome
d. the gene involved is on the X chromosome

____ 26. In studying genetics, a student conducted an experiment and crossed two pea plants that were
heterozygous for plant height. The student generated a null hypothesis that half of the plants would
be tall and half would be short. The student’s data is presented in the table below.

Using this data, calculate the chi-squared value for the null hypothesis and analyze the chi square
table to determine the goodness of fit for this data.
a. 10.3 and the null hypothesis fails to be rejected.
b. 10.3 and the null hypothesis is rejected.
c. 20.7 and the null hypothesis fails to be rejected.
d. 20.7 and the null hypothesis is rejected.
____ 27.
Gene C controls fur pigmentation in Himalayan rabbits. Himalayan rabbits can be point restricted
(left) with their pigmentation or albino (right).

Which of these hypothesis supports the information shown in the images above?
a. Gene C is active at temperatures between 15 and 25°C and the gene is expressed
where the rabbit loses the most body heat.
b. Gene C is active at temperatures 25°C and is denatured at lower temperatures.
c. The temperatures cause the DNA that codes for Gene C’s product to become mutated
heavily at higher temperatures, altering the phenotype of the rabbit.
d. The DNA controlling the Gene C product changes in individuals that are exposed to colder
temperatures to produce different fur colors.

____ 28. During meiosis, homologous chromatids exchange genetic material by a process called crossing
over. This process increases genetic variation in the gametes that are produced.

Which of the following explanations of other meiotic processes and fertilization would also increase
variation within a population?
a. Separation of nonhomologous chromosomes in meiosis II results in variation of the
chromosome number in the gametes produced.
b. The random fertilization of egg cells by sperm increases variation within the
population by producing new combinations of chromosomes within the zygote.
c. The alignment of nonhomologous chromosomes during mitosis increases the
variation within the gametes produced.
d. The doubling of the chromosome number in meiosis increases the genetic variation
within the gametes produced.
____ 29. The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same
chromosomes) can be predicted from data if one is given the parent or offspring genotypes or
phenotypes. Two organisms, with genotypes EeFF and EEFf, are mated. Assuming independent
assortment of the E/e and F/f genes, determine the genotypic ratios in offspring that would occur.
a. 1/2 EEFF 1/2 eeff
b. 1/4 EEFF 1/4 EeFF 1/4 EEFf 1/4 EeFf
c. 9/16 EEFF 3/16 EeFF 3/16 EEFf 1/16 eeff
d. 1/4 EEFF 1/2 EeFf 1/4 eeff
____ 30. In eukaryotic organisms, genetic information is passed to the next generation by processes that
include mitosis or meiosis. Which of the explanations correctly identifies a process and supports the
claim that heritable information is passed from one generation to another?
a. In mitosis, DNA replicates twice within the cell cycle, ensuring a full set of
chromosomes is passed to each of the daughter cells produced.
b. Mitosis, followed by cytokinesis, produces daughter cells that are genetically
different from the parent cell, thus insuring variation within the population.
c. In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of
its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.
d. Single-celled organisms use meiosis to create genetically distinct offspring during
asexual reproduction.
 BIOLOGY SECTION II
Time—35 minutes

Directions: Question 31 is a long free-response question that requires about 25 minutes to answer.
Question 32 is a short free-response question that requires about 10 minutes each to answer. Read
each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form. Outlines,
bulleted lists, or diagrams alone are not acceptable.

31. Students performed an investigation of Brassica rapa, a wild mustard plant. They performed various crosses
to determine the inheritance patterns of the following traits:
Green vs purple stem
Green vs yellow leaf
Tall vs dwarf height

The data for several crosses is represented in the table below.

Table I
Cross Parent 1 Parent 2 Offspring Offspring
Cross I Green stem Purple stem 28 purple stem 32 green stem
Cross II Green leaf Yellow leaf 92 green leaf 0 yellow leaf
Cross III Green leaf Green leaf 87 green leaf 32 yellow leaf
Cross IV Tall Dwarf 47 tall 0 dwarf
Cross V Dwarf Dwarf 0 tall 56 dwarf

a) Identify the dominant allele for leaf color and for plant height for the Brassica plants. Justify your choices.
b) Identify the cross that represents two heterozygous parents producing offspring.
c) Based on the inheritance pattern for plant height, predict the phenotypic outcome for a cross between two
heterozygous parents. Assume there are 100 offspring resulting from the cross.
d) Justify the selection for part c based on biological concepts.

Another experimental cross was made with tomatoes. A scientist crossed true-breeding tall and hairy-
stemmed tomato plants with true-breeding dwarf and hairless-stemmed tomato plants. He found that all of the
F1 plants produced as a result of this cross were tall and hairy-stemmed. He then allowed the F 1 plants to self-
pollinate and obtained 1600 F2 plants. Of these 1600 F2 plants, he observed the following numbers of four
different phenotypes:

920 tall and hairy-stemmed plants 308 dwarf and hairy-stemmed plants
274 tall and hairless-stemmed plants 98 dwarf and hairless-stemmed plants

e) Fill out the expected values for the F2 results below based on the description of the cross.
Perform a chi-square analysis to determine if the genes assort independently as expected.

Trait o e o-e (o-e)2 (o-e)2/e

tall hairy
tall hairless
dwarf hairy
dwarf hairless

.
32. Observe the following pedigrees. Identify the type of trait (autosomal or sex-linked, dominant or recessive)
that is occurring in each. Justify your responses with evidence from genetic probabilities and the pedigrees.

Pedigree I Pedigree II

(a) Identify whether the trait being tracked in each pedigree is dominant or recessive.

(b) Identify whether the trait being tracked in each pedigree is autosomal or sex-linked.

(c) Justify your claims for parts a and b.

AP Biology Unit 5 Test- Heredity
Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: D PTS: 1
2. ANS: C PTS: 1
3. ANS: A PTS: 1
4. ANS: A PTS: 1
5. ANS: B PTS: 1
6. ANS: C PTS: 1
7. ANS: B PTS: 1
8. ANS: B PTS: 1
9. ANS: A PTS: 1
10. ANS: A PTS: 1
11. ANS: D PTS: 1
12. ANS: D PTS: 1
13. ANS: C PTS: 1
14. ANS: B PTS: 1
15. ANS: C PTS: 1
16. ANS: A PTS: 1
17. ANS: C PTS: 1
18. ANS: D PTS: 1
19. ANS: D PTS: 1
20. ANS: C PTS: 1
21. ANS: C PTS: 1
22. ANS: D PTS: 1
23. ANS: B PTS: 1
24. ANS: C PTS: 1
25. ANS: D PTS: 1
26. ANS: D PTS: 1
27. ANS: A PTS: 1
28. ANS: B PTS: 1
29. ANS: B PTS: 1
30. ANS: C PTS: 1
Free Response

31. (a) 2 points: Green leaf and tall plants are dominant alleles. This is because these phenotypes are displayed
even when only one allele is present.
(b) 1 point: Cross III is between two heterozygous parents.
(c) 1 point: There will be 75 tall plants and 25 dwarf plants.
(d) 1 point: This is because following Mendelian genetics laws of dominance, three fourths of the offspring
will have at least one dominant allele, resulting in a 3:1 ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
(e) 5 points (correct chi square set up, calculation, degrees of freedom, reject null. Genes assort
independently)
trait o e o-e (o-e)2 (o-e)2/e
tall hairy 920 900 20 400 0.444
tall hairless 274 300 -26 676 2.25
dwarf hairy 308 300 8 64 0.213
dwarf hairless 98 100 -2 4 0.04

The chi square value is 2.95, which is smaller than the critical value at 3 degrees of freedom, which means
the null hypothesis fails to be rejected. These genes appear to assort independently.

Total points for FRQ 1: 10

32. (a) 2 points: Pedigree I is sex-linked recessive because males tend to get it more often and females are
carriers. It also tends to skip generations.
(b) 2 points: Pedigree II is autosomal dominant because males and females get it evenly and it does not tend
to skip generations.

Total points for FRQ 2: 4

TOTAL POINTS FOR BOTH FRQ: 14