MONOGRAPH Chaparri

PEDRO RUIZ GALLO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
EDUCATION FACULTY
SCHOOL OF ARCHEOLOGY
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
The Chaparrí ecological
reserve is a vast ecological
area full of flora and fauna.
It is an earthly paradise
where nature offers its
members all the freedom
and majesty to develop
freely.
If nature is your passion
and you marvel at seeing
the different birds and
mammals in their natural
habitat, you will love this
majestic place .
Field work
“Chaparri ecological reserve”
ELISEO AGUILAR GARAY

OLGA ESTHER FLORES ACOSTA
“YEAR OF DIALOGUE AND NATIONAL RECONCILIATION”

Lambayeque, August 2018
Monograph “Chaparri Ecological Reserve”
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Great recognition and gratitude must be made to the
residents of the rural community of Santa Catalina de
Chongoyape, who have discovered that nature
conservation can be a means to escape poverty and
achieve a dignified life. Twelve years ago they sponsored
the creation of the country's first private conservation
area and today they are reaping the fruits of their vision.
This was the initiative of the photographer and naturalist
Heinz Plenge and the residents of the community. They
have done a great job in this area, converting from
hunters to conservators, it is a great example of change
for the good of nature.
It is one of the places where it is demonstrated that the
common and the particular can work, when there are
common objectives, for example preserving the
environment and making sustainable and responsible use
of it in the Lambayeque region.
The Chaparrí natural reserve is a demonstration of
conservation and protection of flora and fauna, and a
wonderful tourist refuge for visitors.
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DEDICATION
We want to dedicate this work to our teacher and
our parents, for their efforts in giving us the
opportunity to study and for their constant support
throughout life.
To our brothers, relatives and friends for their
advice, patience and all the help they gave us to
continue our studies.
And to the members of this beautiful group who,
thanks to their support, could carry out this
research project on the Chaparri Ecological
Reserve.
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INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGMENT …………………………. 1
DEDICATION …………………………. 2
INDEX ………….……………… 3
INTRODUCTION ………………………….. 8
CHAPTER I …………………………. 9
1.1. LOCATION …………..…………….. 10
1.2. LOCATION AND SURFACE …………………………. 10
1.3. CLIMATOLOGY ………..……………….. 11
1.4. HYDROLOGY ………….……………… 11
1.5. ECOSYSTEM …………………………. 12
1.6. VALUES OF THE PROTECTED NATURAL AREA …………………………. 12
1.6.1. CULTURAL VALUES ………………………….. 13
1.6.2. SOCIOECONOMIC VALUES …………………………. 14
1.7. MYTHS AND LEGENDS …………………………. 14
CHAPTER II …………………………. 17
2.1. FLORA………………………….. 18
2.1.2. LIGNUM VITAE …………………………. 20
2.1.3. HUALTACO …………………………. 21
2.1.4. SAINT PETER …………………………. 22
2.1.5. SAPOTE …………………………. 23
2.1.6. CHERRY TREE …………………………. 24
2.1.7. SHOCK …………………………. 25
2.1.8. HUAYLULO …………………………. 27
2.1.9. GUABA …………………………. 27
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2.1.10. HIGUERON ………………………….. 28

2.1.11. ANGOLO ………………………….. 28
2.1.12. BEANS ………………………….. 29
2.1.13. SHAPA ………………………….. 29
2.1.14. HALLWAY ………………………….. 30
2.1.15. FAIQUE ………………………….. 30
2.1.16. GIANT CACTUS ………………………….. 30
2.1.17. GUAYACAN ………………………….. 31
2.1.18. CAROB ………………………….. 32
2.1.19. MOTHER-IN-LAW SEAT …………………………. 32
2.1.20. PAYPAY ………………………….. 33
2.1.21. OVERO ………………………….. 33
2.1.22. WELD WITH WELD …………………………. 34
2.1.23. HOLY GRASS …………………………. 34
2.1.24. FLY FLY …………………......... 35
2.1.25. CUNCUNO ………………………….. 36
2.1.26. BLUE CAMPANOLA ………………………….. 37
2.1.27. VICHAYO …………………………. 37
2.1.28. SAN PETER ………………………….. 38
2.1.29. GIANT ………………………….. 40
2.1.30. FOX TAIL ………………………….. 40
2.2. FAUNA…………………………. 41
2.2.1. BIRDS …………………......... 41
2.2.2. PITAJO DE GRAVES ………………………….. 41
2.2.3. ANDEAN PARTRIGE ………………………….. 42
2.2.4. BLACK FACE BANDURRIA ………………………….. 43
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2.2.5. ANDEAN CONDOR …………………………. 43

2.2.6. ROYAL CONDOR …………………………. 44
2.2.7. RED-HEADED CHICKEN …………………………. 45
2.2.8. BLACK-HEADED CHICKEN …………………………. 47
2.2.9. FISHING EAGLE …………………………. 48
2.2.10. SOLITARY EAGLE …………………………. 49
2.2.11. GAVILÁN CANELADO ………………………… 50
2.2.12. BLACK-BREASTED HARRIER …………………………. 51
2.2.13. RED-BREASTED HARRIER ………………………… 51
2.2.14. PAMPERO …………………………. 52
2.2.15. RICE COOKER …………………………. 52
2.2.16. WHITE-HEADED RUBBLE …………………………. 53
2.2.17. GRAVE SPARROW ………………………… 53
2.2.18. SANTA ROSA …………………………. 53
2.2.19. PERUVIAN COLORADO CHEST …………………………. 54
2.2.20. THRUSH …………………………. 55
2.2.21. BOLERO OR CHIROQUE …………………………. 55
2.2.22. THE WHITE-WINGED QUIET …………………………. 56
2.3. MAMMALS …………………………… 57
2.3.1. COASTAL FOX …………………………. 57
2.3.2. WILDCAT …………………………. 58
2.3.3. TIGRILLO …………………………. 58
2.3.4. COUGAR …………………………. 59
2.3.5. BIG FERRET …………………………. 61
2.3.6. SKNK OR AÑAZ …………………………. 62
2.3.7. NORTH TAMANDÚA ………………………… 63
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2.3.8. WHITE-TAILED DEER ………………………… 63

2.3.9. COLLARED PECARÍ OR PECARÍ ………………………… 64
2.3.10. WHITE NAPED SQUIRREL …………………………. 65
2.3.11. GLASSES BEAR ………………………… 66
2.4. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS ………………………… 66
2.4.1. FROG ………………………… 67
2.4.2. IGUANA …………………………… 67
2.4.3. CHAMELEON ………………………… 68
2.4.4. TILE ………………………… 68
2.4.5. LIZARD …………………………. 68
2.4.6. GREEN IGUANA OR PACASO …………………………. 68
2.4.7. HANGING DEER ………………………… 69
2.4.8. MACANCHE ………………………… 70
2.4.9. CAT SNAKE ………………………… 70
2.4.10. SANCARRANCA ………………………… 71
2.4.11. CORALILLO ………………………… 71
2.4.12. RUNNING SNAKE ………………………… 72
2.4.13. COLAMBO ………………………… 73
2.4.14. SUN SNAKE ………………………… 73
2.4.15. BLIND SNAKE …………………………. 73
3.1. CONSERVATION PROJECT ………………………… 74
3.1.2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES ………………………… 75
3.1.3. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT ………………………… 75
3.1.4. CONCLUSIONS ………………………… 76
3.1.5. RECOMMENDATIONS …………………………. 77
3.1.6. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ………………………… 78
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3.1.7. ANNEXES…………………………. 79
3.1.8. LOCATION OF CHAPARRI …………………………. 79
4.1. FLORA IMAGES …………………………. 80
4.1.2. FAUNA IMAGES …………………………. 89
4.1.3. MAMMALS IMAGES …………………………. 100
4.1.4. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS IMAGES …………………………. 106
4.1.5. VISIT TO THE RESERVE …………………………. 113
CHAPARRI IMAGES
4.1.6. TOUR OF IMAGES …………………………. 118
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INTRODUCTION
The Chaparri reserve was another part of the extension of the Department of Lambayeque,
like everything else, it was open to the elements and anyone could enter and desecrate the
forest, it was the center of logging, hunting, of all the people who went to the place.
Until a group of hunters were persuaded by a group of environmentalists and they made
them a proposal, telling them that if they took care of the forest and protected it, it would
be much more profitable than annihilating it day by day.
This is when Mr. Juan de Dios Carrasco Hernández and a group of hunters contacted the
internationally known National Geographic photographer Mr. Heinz Plenge Pardo, launching
an ambitious but difficult project to convert to the Chaparri forest in the first Ecological
Reserve of Peru.
To which more hunters joined and that was when a group of hunters became protectors, of
what once threatened the forest animals, they are now their maximum protectors.
Thanks to their great contribution in protecting, the forest was recovering little by little to
the point of becoming the favorite place for people in Peru and the world.
This wonderful place also has a place to rehabilitate birds where they are cured of any
disease they may have and then released into the wild.
As it could not be missed, there is a place prepared for a nursery with the aim of reforesting
medicinal and refreshing plants.
In a conditioned place there is also a reptile rehabilitation place, in another environment

larger animals are rehabilitated when they comply or are ready, they will be released into
the wild, thus joining the forest being another member of the forest.
This project, which began as a dream, became an example to follow throughout Peru, adding
more forest and areas conserved and valued to the general public each year.
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CHAPTER
Yo
1.1. LOCATION
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The area is located on the southern limit of the ecoregion called Equatorial Dry Forest. This
warm region presents a very varied landscape diversity, with soft mountains covered by dry
equatorial forests that green up annually with the arrival of the rainy season.
The ChaparrÍ private conservation area is located in a strategic position due to its proximity
to natural areas protected by the state, such as the Pomac Forest historical sanctuary, of
5,884.38 ha. of extension and the reserved area of Laquipampa (11,346.90 ha.), serving as a
link between these two to form a biological corridor, with the Chaparrí ACP being the largest
within the region. It should be noted that the Santa Catalina de Chongoyape community
forms a natural protection barrier to the advance of urban development coming from the
town of Chongoyape due to the demographic growth of the area, which would lead to a
destruction of the habitat of species that are in danger of extinction ( spectacled bear, white-
winged guan, guanaco, etc.).
1.2. LOCATION AND SURFACE
The Chaparrí private conservation area has an area of 34,312 hectares and is located entirely
within the territories of the “Santa Catalina de Chongoyape” peasant community, whose
area is 42,412.60 hectares. Located in the district of Chongoyape, province of Chiclayo,
department of Lambayeque; and the districts of Llama and Miracosta, province of Chota,
department of Cajamarca.
The Chaparri private conservation area is located between 6° 31' and 6° 5°' LS and 79° 16'
and 79° 3°' W. Part of the extension (2,676 hectares) of the community, in the hunting
sector, was sold in 1997 to the mining company La Granja, who intended to carry out a
reforestation project. However, in December 2001, said mining company decided to transfer
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the area in question back to the community, congratulating it for the “Initiative in the field of
ecological conservation.”
This reverted area could be annexed in the future to the Chaparri ACP, which would result in
37,088 hectares of area protected by this ACP.
1.3. CLIMATOLOGY
The conservation area has a characteristic Dry Forest climate, with a wet or rainy season that
runs from January to April and a dry season between May and December. The periods of
rain increase in intensity during the warm periods characteristic of the El Niño phenomenon
and also during the years that follow the occurrence of this phenomenon.
The average temperature ranges in the region vary between 28.2 centigrade (maximum) and
14.7 centigrade (minimum). These data correspond to average values taken from the
meteorological stations of Olmos, Motupe and Jayanca, which have the longest history for
this region.
1.4. HYDROLOGY
The ACP Chaparri is located in almost 99% of its extension within the Chancay River basin,
with the remainder belonging to the River basin. The main watercourse is the Chancay River.
In addition, there are numerous streams that flow into this river. The main ones being Juana
Ríos, Magín and La Montería, among others, these streams maintain water courses, some
permanent and others only seasonal. The seasonality of water courses depends on the
intensity of rainfall. However, there are certain streams that carry water throughout the
year, at least in part of their route.
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There is part of the hydrology of the ACP, which would normally drain to the Chancay River,
but currently drains directly to the Tinajones reservoir. These streams (Chaparri and Yaipón
mainly), in addition to the reservoir feeder canal, which comes from the Chancay River, are
the ones that lead to this body of water.
1.5. ECOSYSTEM
Chaparri is a 34,412 hectare Private conservation area owned and managed by a farming
community and located in the Northern Dry Forest of Peru.
According to the ecological map, they are located in 4 life zones:
 Desert – tropical scrub.
 Desert – Tropical pre-montane.
 Arid tropical – Tropical premontane.
 Thorny mountain- Pre montane.
1.6. VALUES OF THE PROTECTED NATURAL AREA
Ecological values:
The reserve is one of the best protected areas for forests and is home to a wide variety of
wildlife, including many endemic and threatened species. The area is extraordinarily rich in
endemic and endangered species. It has around 107 species of birds, of which 26 are
endemic to the Dry Forest (Tumbesina area) and 7 are endangered, the most representative
species being the White-winged Guan. In mammals there are 14 species, of which 2 are
endemic and 3 are considered endangered, including the wild cat, spectacled bear and
anteater. Among the genetic resources, 3 wild species of tomatoes (Lycopersicom spp.) and
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a variety of native fruit trees such as the bighorn cherry (Muntingia calabura) stand out.
There is also a great variety of cacti, among which the San Pedro stands out. The rains make
the Chaparri nature reserve grow abundant and leafy flora which is made up of carob trees,
palo santo trees, hualtacos, faiques, guayacanes, zapotes, Cana Brava, giant cacti, San Pedro
among other species.
1.6.1. CULTURAL VALUES:
The archaeological remains found in Chongoyape and Pampa Grande are evidence that
different cultures were established over time on the lands of the Chaparri reserve.
In the Early Horizon (45002000 BC): Remains of Chongoyape have been found, Pampa
Grande denotes a marked influence of the Chavín culture. In the early intermediate period
(550 - 700 AD) remains belonging to phase V of the Moche culture were discovered in
Pampa Grande and Chongoyape. It should be noted that the Moche culture was established
in Papa Grande.
In the Middle Horizon (700 to 1200 BC): It develops in lands of the Sican culture.
In the Late Intermediate (1200 - 1400 AD) the final phase of the Sicán or Lambayeque culture
occurs, with the region falling under the domination of the Chimú culture.
In the late horizon (1460 – 1532 AD) the Chimú were subdued by the Inca Cápac Yupanqui,
thus ending Inca rule in these lands with the landing of the Spanish and the subsequent
conquest of all of Peru.
1.6.2. SOCIOECONOMIC VALUES:
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The conservation area consists of a population of community members dedicated mainly to
small-scale cattle and goat farming and incipient agricultural production, which dates back to
their ancestors. Under current conditions, it is possible that productive alternatives can be
implemented, under adequate social organization, to ensure the productive base of the
activity of nature tourism (Ecotourism) and cultural tourism, as a source of income and
benefits for the population. local.
In addition, rational use in traditional activities should be promoted within the ACP, with
indirect use of the forest resource such as the collection of carob and honey or the use of
dried flowers as decorations and aromatic sources, which provide an economic alternative.
to the local resident.
1.7. MYTHS AND LEGENDS
Myth of Chaparri: “Heart that cries”
The “Mu” were hardworking and respectful, but over time they renounced their virtues,
being punished by their God, the Sun, with a flood that destroyed cities, crops and oratories,
leaving only a few people and some temples.
Many years passed and a man named Chaparri stood out, who was married to the
beautiful Collique and had Pátapo, Yacatapuy, Niepos, Cyntiapu and Sayapu as disciples.
He also had a brother named Yanahuaca. These characters performed extraordinary
acts, cured physical and spiritual ailments, and divined using stones or water from black
vessels or from natural sources. Of all of them, Chaparri was the best, almost equal to
the Sun God.
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But evil was present again, practiced this time by Yanahuaca, whom Chaparrí was unable
to correct despite his efforts. The situation worsened because Yanahuaca fell in love
with Chaparrí's wife, who had to expel him from his domain that was near the sea.
Yanahuaca then went further, through Cajamarca, and with his ability he became the
leader of its inhabitants, to whom he taught how to prepare chica with rare herbs, which
turned the drinkers into <<supayhuahuas>> (children of the devil), Chaparrí Meanwhile,
he used example and persuasion to teach his subjects. Both chiefs prepared their
people.
When Yanahuaca believed that his men were sufficiently prepared, he launched an
attack, stealing Chaparri's wife, the beautiful Collique. Chaparrí became ill from grief, a
situation that his traitor brother took advantage of to kill him.
Triumphant, Yanahuaca destroyed the temple of the mulatto hill and dedicated himself
to searching for the treasure of the Mu, heading to Lambayeque. On the way; He
managed to defeat and capture the strong Patapo, whom he tortured so that he would
reveal the location of the treasure, without achieving that confession.
On the way to Chiclayo, Yanahuaca defeated Cyntiapu, who after a bloody resistance
retreated to Nanchó (Nanyoc) near Chepén. Continuing through Lambayeque, the
invader had numerous casualties. Upon arriving at Motupe, Yanahuaca arrested the
chief of that place, also torturing him, but without being able to find the treasure.
Full of anger, the invader decided to return to his domains, taking coastal herbs to grow
and use in his witchcraft. As he left, he also destroyed everything in his path. Arriving in
the Sierra, Yanahuaca dedicated himself to reinforcing his troops and celebrating his
triumph. But the sun, listening to the prayers of his people, resurrected Chaparrí, who
surprised Yanahuaca in the midst of celebrations, defeating and turning him and his
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vassals into stone masses. Immediately, Chaparrí returned to the coast taking his wife
and mountain herbs for medicinal uses. Chaparrí was tormented for having turned his
brother into stone. He ordered his disciples to take out his heart. After washing it in the
Chancay River, he You place it on his head, thus also becoming a stone (hence the name
Chongoyape or crying heart comes from). The herbs that Yanahuaca carried, which
despite having a warm climate, still bloom on the slopes of that hill.
It is said that on calm nights, the two brothers talk, Chaparrí insisting on re-educating
Yanahuaca. The day I achieve it, the two of them will return together.
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CHAPTER
II
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2.1. FLORA
Chaparrí is the first private conservation area (ACP) recognized in Peru, it is an example of
the proper use of natural resources by the peasant community that inhabits it.
For a long time it was an area of predation of wild flora and fauna by locals.
Within the ecological reserve there are several circuits such as the turkey, bear and
Huachuma (or San Pedro cactus) routes.
On the route it is common to find a variety of flora with medicinal properties.
Flora
The vegetation cover of the Chaparrí ACP corresponds to that which is characteristic of the
Equatorial Dry forest ecosystem. However, as this ANP is located near the southern limit of
the extension of this ecosystem, which declines mainly in terms of humidity and
precipitation towards this latitude, it presents a very particular type of cover within the so-
called Equatorial Dry Forest. This coverage described, represented and summarized in the
form of landscapes, can be characterized into four main categories. Furthermore, there is a
variation of transitions and combinations in the transition between each of these, depending
on the geographical location, creating very interesting strata that also serve as cover for very
specific groups of fauna.
Excluding inhabited areas and agricultural clusters, the four most notable types of
landscapes are.
 The Chaparral.
 The bushy forest.
 The arboreal forest, dense in height.
 The gallery forest.
Chaparral is widespread over flat, gently sloping areas. The vegetation is composed mainly
of individuals of bushy growth species, which are generally dispersed, forming islands of
vegetation on a generally rocky and/or arid soil.
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The most representative species are the overo (Cordia lutea) and the Vichayo (capparis
Avicennifolia).
The shrub forest is made up of both shrub-growing species and tree species. This type of
landscape is also found on flat, gently sloping areas and can also be found on steeply sloping
areas, but generally with higher humidity than chaparral. Generally, this type of landscape
precedes the dense tree forest in height. The most representative species are, in addition to
those that make up the Chaparral, the Algarrobo (prosopis pallida), the Sapote (capparis
angulata), and the Canaquil (Cercidium praecox).
The Arboreal or dense forest is composed - mostly - as its name indicates - of Tree species,
which grow forming a uniform cover both in space and height. It extends mostly over the
upper parts of mountain ranges, generally preceded in height by shrub forest. The diversity
of species that make up this stratum is very variable, and can range from semi-homogeneous
forest (generally composed of 4 species) to heterogeneous forest (composed of up to 12
species). The most representative species are, in addition to those that make up the shrub
forest, the hualtaco (loxopterigium huasango), the palo santo (bursera graveolens), the
Pasayo (Eriotheca Ruizii) and, the angolo (Pithecellobium multiflorum) and the Charan
(caesalpinea Paipai ).
The gallery forest is found exclusively adjacent to watercourses, whether permanent or

seasonal. This green strip maintains its vegetation cover for much of the year, especially in
the dry season. This stratum of vegetation is distributed around water courses that cross the
three previous types of landscape and its transitions are generally composed of Chaquito
(pithecellobium excelsum), Higuerón (Picus padifolia) and the Cerecillo (muntingia calabura).
These tree species are generally accompanied by shrub species. This type of landscape is
probably the most relevant for the fauna that inhabits this type of Dry Forest, as it provides
food, cover and water at precisely the times when the rest of the landscape is dormant,
having lost its leaves and other reproductive and vegetative organs. The gallery forest helps
maintain the flow of water regularly throughout the year.
The preliminary list of plant species that occur within the Chaparrí ACP, so far includes 52
tree, shrub and herbaceous species, representing 29 families. It is firmly known that this list
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can be greatly extended as research related to vegetation or exhaustive inventories are

developed.
2.1.2. Lignum vitae
Palo santo means “Sacred wood” and is the name for the bursera graveolens. It was also
called “quebracho” by the Spanish colonizers since due to its hardness it broke the ax when
cut, and palo santo for the various uses and properties that they discovered. the Incas.
18 m high, it is a medium-sized tree with a crown of small bifoliate leaves, a large number of
branches and dark green capsule-shaped fruits. This tree lives in the South American region
of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and in Brazilian Mato Grosso. Palo santo comes from the dry jungle
of Lambayeque, Northern Region of Peru and is known worldwide for being the highest
quality of all due to its privileged location.
In order to use essential oils through steam distillation, the tree must die on its own and
must be left to dry for at least 4 years.
Body oil, incense and aromas are obtained from the wood of the tree. The bark macerated in
alcohol is used to increase sweating and against rheumatism. The leaves are used against
spasms and as an insecticide. It has a surprisingly strong and sweet aroma when burned,
which is why palo santo is used as incense. It is considered a tree with medicinal qualities.
Widely used by ancient pre-Hispanic cultures such as the Tiahuanaco and the Incas, the
origin of palo santo is very ancient, the Inca shamans used it in their religious and spiritual
rituals, as a tool to attract good luck, ward off any sign of negativity and as a means to
achieve better spiritual communication with their gods.
Its residents use it daily in their spiritual activities, in their prayers to attract luck, improve
their mood, and as an energy reliever to clean spaces and environments.

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2.1.3. Hualtaco
The hualtaco is another very hard and heavy wood tree, which in cabinetmaking allows the
construction of furniture and objects with an excellent finish, with dark brown grain. It has
been widely used in the manufacture of parquet, having been subject to indiscriminate
predation. Of special interest in dry forests are commercially valuable species such as
hualtaco, among others, which have progressively experienced a decline in their natural
populations, mainly as a result of selective extraction without replacement. The wood of this
species is highly appreciated in rural construction and in the sawmill and parquet industry,
the latter led to the development of packaging companies in Tumbes, a fact that meant its
predation to the point of being considered today as an endangered species. It is in this sense
that actions aimed at the protection and recovery of the coverage of this species require
knowledge of the essential elements that make up the ecosystem, such as the biotic and
abiotic factors that characterize its habitat and determine, in the productive sense, the
capacity of an area for the support of their properties.
Taxonomic description
Order: Plantae.
Family: Anacardiaceae.
Common name: hualtaco.
Genus: loxopteryginum.
Species: Huasango.
Scientific name: Huasango loxopteryginum.
Botanical Description
Deciduous tree up to 25 m high and 80 cm DAP, it can be propagated by seeds and with
difficulty by cutting. The trunk of the tree is very dark, almost black, and its bark comes off in
rectangular plates.
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2.1.4. Saint Peter
Echinopsis pachanoi, commonly called San Pedro cactus, is a species of the Cactaceae family.
It is used in traditional medicine for both human and veterinary use and is widely cultivated
as an ornamental plant. This cactus is easy to grow in most places. Accustomed to its natural
habitat in the Andes, at high altitudes and with abundant rainfall, it can withstand
temperatures well below those endured by many other species. They require fertile, well-
drained soil.
The average growth rate is half a meter per year and it is susceptible to fungal diseases if
watered excessively. It multiplies easily by seeds, it must have a high degree of humidity, a
nutritious substrate mixture and good drainage. It has a long tradition in traditional Andean
medicine. Some archaeological studies have found evidence of its use dating back 2000
years, the Chavín culture appears San Pedro (tricocereus pachanoi) in the iconography of
Chavín. The Andean civilization, like others, built its religious construction on the use of
entheogens. We can assume that Saint Peter's was used in the liturgy, it brought together
priests and believers.
Currently it is widely known and used to treat nervous joint conditions, drug addiction,
heart disease and hypertension, it also has antimicrobial properties.
2.1.5. toad
Scientific name: Capparis scabrida. H.B.K.
Common name: Sapote (Peru).
Synonyms: capparis angulata R. &P. EX DC, C. Gaudichaudiana Eichler.
Family: capparidaceae.
Native to the tropical region of America. In Peru, its dispersion area is limited to the coastal
areas of Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque, and La Libertad.
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The Zapote is a shrub that reaches more or less 1.5 to 2 m in height in the area of La
Libertad (zapotales de Paiján and San Pedro de Lloc), or tree, which reached 3 to 6 m in
height in the departments from Piura.
The roots are strongly developed as they reach a length of 1.8 to 2 m at 6 months of age. Its
shape is pivoting, rough, with developed lateral roots, which extend parallel to the surface of
the soil, whitish-brown in color, presenting very marked and transverse striae. The stem is
thick, knotted or cylindrical.
Alternate petiolate leaves, without stipules, cariaceous, with a dark and shiny green surface,
somewhat rough, the underside creamy due to the star-shaped hairs, with pronounced
veins, entire edge, lanceolate – oblong, with obtuse apex and base, 16 to 20 cm long and 4
cm wide.
The flowers are hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, with free petals. Inflorescence in clusters
grouped in cymes.
The Sapote is a slow-growing species. However, under extreme conditions it is more

resistant than Prosopis pallida. Sapote production begins in year 8, with 5 to 20 fruits per
tree. At 10 years of age it has an average height of 3 meters.
Its great adaptability to desert ecosystems, its good root development and its ability to
capture moisture at great depths give it unique characteristics as a fixing species for dunes
and dunes.
The Sapote propagates without any difficulty by seeds, maintaining a viability of 3 to 8

years. The number of seeds per fruit ranges between 50 to 100, which have a germination
percentage of over 65%.
Species of importance for its multiple uses, because in addition to the protection it provides
against erosion and soil degradation, it has excellent forage, its flowers have great honey
potential, favoring the transhumance of apiaries from June to September.
Its wood is fine-grained, yellowish-white in color, widely used in crafts and furniture. It is
also used as firewood for cooking clay crafts, in the making of bricks, breads and domestic
needs.
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Proteins, carbohydrates, fat, mucilage, resins, organic acids, tannins, saponins, calcium, iron,
magnesium, sodium and potassium have been found in the pulp of the fruit. Likewise, its
seeds contain glycosides such as organic acids, fats, resins, tannins, saponins, calcium, iron,
magnesium, potassium, and sodium. The fresh and ripe pulp of the sapote contains 15%
carbohydrates, 19% protein, 6% fat, the presence of vitamin A and vitamin C has also been
determined, indicating that the fruits of capparis angulata have a high nutritional value. .
It produces a gum of optimal quality, whose prepared emulsifying and stabilizing properties,
as well as its sweetening and emollient characteristics, give it many applications, from the
stabilization of emulsions, to the preparation of tablets and pills. The fruit produces oil for
human consumption, thus having the possibility of immediate industrialization.
2.1.6. Cherry / Prunus Avium
The origin of this crop seems to come from the ancient Greek colony of Kerasos (to which it
very possibly gave its name). Cherries were a very important local crop.
It is a subgenus consisting of several species of trees that are widely cultivated for their
fruit : the cherry. It is characterized by having a single, shallow indentation (or none) on one
side.
Taxonomy
Order: Rosales.
Family: Rosaceae.
Common name : cherry.
Genus : Prunus.
Cherries ripen from late spring to early summer, making for a very short picking period
compared to other fruit trees.
The wood of cherry trees is hard and light brown in color. The main botanical characteristics
of the cherry tree are that it is a large tree, which can perfectly reach 25 meters in height. It
has straight trunks, which have smooth bark and a slightly reddish hue; it is used for making
furniture.
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Cherry trees are often planted for their flowers that appear in the spring. Some ornamental
varieties have the stamens changed for additional petals, so they do not bear fruit but are
grown only for their decorative value.
In central Europe, the cherry is often used to produce a typical liquor called kirsch (kirsch is
the German name for the cherry).
2.1.7. Choloque/Sapindus saponaria
sapindus: generic name derived from the Latin words sap, meaning "soap", and indicus,
meaning "from India".
Saponaria: Latin epithet meaning "soapy."
Taxonomy
Order : sapindales.
Family : Sapindaceae.
Genus : sapindus.
Species . saponaria.
Small to medium-sized, evergreen tree, reaching 16 m in height and up to 45 cm, and

exceptionally up to 25 m in height and 80 cm DBH. Its crown is wide and branches at a low
height. Bark warty, somewhat smooth, light gray to dark gray. The leaves are
alternate,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnada and measure 9-50 cm long. The blades of
the leaflets do not have hairs and are generally paired, measuring 4-25 cm long, with smooth
or wavy edges and pointed ends. The flower groups are lateral panicles, 15-45 cm long with
numerous small whitish flowers.
The fruits are 15mm round berries. In diameter, glossy brown, containing a sticky pulp and a
seed 1 cm in diameter, round and black. Both the pulp and the seed are poisonous.
The fruits are collected directly from the tree or from the ground when they have a yellowish
green color. It is common to find fruits around the tree throughout the year. The fruits are
moved and spread out in the sun for two to three days for periods of three to four hours.
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Its wood is used for firewood and also for interior carpentry, rural construction, tool handles
and fence posts.
The pulp of the fruits contains a large amount (30%) of a substance called saponin. When
you squeeze the fruits, they make foam that was previously used as soap to wash clothes,
giving it the common name of soap. Another way to obtain soap is to cut the pulp and put it
in water to produce foam. It is also used in perfumery and pharmacy (tinctures and plasters).
An oil is extracted from the almond that can be burned for lighting.
The ground seeds have also been used as mullein for fishing, and as insecticides. Therefore it
is considered prohibited for the consumption of living beings. Due to their hardness, they
have been used in crafts to make necklaces and rosaries, and as chibolas or marbles for
children's play.
2.1.8. Huaylulo/Erythrina Smithiana
Tropical plant with herbaceous roots and climbing stems several meters long. Alternate
compound leaves, with 10 to 12 pairs of correctly petiolate and oval leaflets. Pinkish flowers
and black pod fruits, widely used to make necklaces and ornaments. The infusion of the
leaves in small doses is expectorating. The tribes of the Amazon jungle use the seeds to cure
conjunctivitis and other eye diseases, often causing severe skin inflammation, since its seed
is poisonous.
In general, the medicinal use of this plant is not advisable and great care must be taken with
the seeds widely used in necklaces and bracelets, since they have caused many deaths,
mainly in children.
2.1.9. Guaba/Psidium Ruajaba
It is an Andean plant used by pre-Columbian indigenous people as an emetic, and the young
stems as part of their diet. It contains a dark green pod-shaped fruit, inside which is the fruit.
Taxonomy
Class : Magnoliopsida.
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Order : fabulous.
Family : Fabaceae.
Genre : inga.
It is a small tree of 3-8 m. tall, the color of the specks is white and the color of the seeds is
dark green-brown, the guaba specks are very sweet.
A bath with the decoction of the leaves is recommended to wash wounds, especially in the
case of diabetic ulcers and to reduce inflammation of varicose veins, it prevents the
formation of clots in the arteries. It can be used as an antidiarrheal and antirheumatic.
2.1.10. Fig tree/Ficus Jacobii
A large native tree from South America, it develops an immense crown, considered an
epiphytic tree due to its vigorous roots that, as they grow, take the sap from the tree in
which they live, ending up covering it and suffocating it, hence the name strangler fig, it is its
brother of our jagüeyes. If it grows on the ground, it forms a gigantic tree, covering the
equivalent of a house under its shade.
Taxonomy
Family: moraceae.
Genus : ficus.
The fig tree is the plant whose latex constitutes a truly effective specific to combat
trichocephalus, hookworm and other intestinal parasites.
2.1.11. Angolo
The Angolo hunting reserve is located in the provinces of Sullana and Talara , in the
department of Piura. It extends over 65 thousand hectares and was established on July 1,
1975 by law.
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The main objective of Coto de Caza El Angolo is the conservation of the equatorial dry forest
and the sustainable management of wildlife. It is named after a species of tree called the
angolo (Pithecellobium multiflorum). Regulated sport hunting of white-tailed deer is
practiced there. These forests are very fragile, since when they are damaged, their recovery
is difficult. They only represent 3% of the national territory; and of this percentage, only 5%
is covered by protected natural areas, such as the El Angolo Hunting Reserve . Given the
importance of these ecosystems, UNESCO declared the Northwest Biosphere Reserve in
1977, made up of the El Angolo Hunting Reserve, the Cerros de Amotape National Park and
the Tumbes National Reserve.
2.1.12. Bean/ Gliricidia Sepium
It is a deciduous tree native to Central America, belonging to the Fabaceae family. Its height
varies between two and twenty meters, reaching its trunk (which, most of the time, is not
straight) about half a meter in diameter. The bark, which can be dark with touches of yellow
or gray, measures approximately one centimeter thick. The branches grow upward at first
but then continue their development horizontally. Its taproot is strong and reaches great
depth, it has as a peculiarity lateral secondary roots that grow at a ninety degree angle with
respect to it; They have to wash the head with water, or with the warm decoction of the
leaves, or the entire plant, baths are given to the sick. In Michoacán, they advise taking the
decoction of the root, when fevers are caused by malaria; and in Puebla, in addition to
ingesting the infusion when thirsty, it is administered crushed in a poultice to bathe children.
nitrogen-fixing nodules, in symbiosis with Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium bacteria. This plant
is mainly recommended for the treatment of fever, which is more than a condition, it is a
symptom, which can have various origins.
2.1.13. Shapa
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Asian plant, it is recommended to keep it in a illuminated place, avoiding direct sun. The
temperature must be kept relatively constant
Common Name : Ficus Shape.
Scientific Name : Ficus spp
Main Uses : Ornamental plant
It is recommended to fertilize foliarly every 30 days , with Fertplant Concentrate. It is

generally infected by whiteflies and whiteflies, which are recommended to be controlled
with Anasac Home and Garden Insecticide and Anasac Eco Option Sucking Insects. It should
be watered normally, which means it should be watered generously once the soil is slightly
dry, the Ficus Shape can withstand occasional overwatering or underwatering.
2.1.14. Pasallo: (Brombax discolor)

Tree with fingered leaves, deciduous, with medium-sized flowers, creamy petals, capsule
fruits and seeds with brown pubescence at maturity. Soft wood that can be used for
drawers.
2.1.15. Faique: (Acacia macracantha)
Deciduous tree that reaches up to 12 m high and 30 to 40 cm in diameter, it has large

opposite thorns on the branches and trunk. The stem is irregular and highly branched and its
crown is wide. Alternate compound leaves, bipinnate with glands or nectaries on it at the
root, it has 10- 24 pairs of small oblong sessile leaflets 1.3-5 mm long and 0. 5-1 mm wide,
stipules deciduous. It has 1-5 axillary flowers in the form of dense yellow heads measuring
1cm inserted into 1-3cm peduncles. It blooms from November to February. The fruit is a
somewhat flat pod, its size ranges from 5-10 cm by 1 cm wide, the seeds are dark brown.
2.1.16. Giant Cactus

In Peru since ancient times cacti have been used in various ways, giving different uses to this
day. The ancient Peruvians have used them in the production of certain utensils such as;
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needles, pins, hooks, combs, hallucinogens, as well as the preparation of mortar and as
ornamental or magical-religious plants. But the most important use given is that of
hallucinogens, to be used in various religious meetings by priests. The definition of cactus
refers to members of the botanical family Cactaceae.
In most genera, the stem has longitudinal indentations, which produce the projection of
ridges called ribs, which are valuable for the classification of species and give the stem
greater resistance to bending. In many types of cacti, the ribs, in turn, are divided by
transverse slits forming protuberances called tubercles or nipples. Among the most
characteristic organs of cacti on the surface of the stems are the areoles, which are bud-like
elements found in the stems of other dicotyledons. They are plush structures, exclusive to
cacti, where the spines, hairs, leaves, flowers, branches and fruits appear. Thorns are
present in all genera, at least during the first stages of their life. These can present variations
in size and appearance within the same areola, frequently forming two series, the central
ones and the radial ones.
2.1.17. Guayacan:
Scientific name: Caesalpinia paraguarienses
Common name: Guaiac
Location: Milk Valley, Motupe, Olmos, Chaparri
Characteristics: Reaches up to 50 m high and 2 meters in diameter, light brown or light

yellow to grayish brown bark, its wood is extremely hard.
Uses: It is used to make parquet and to make objects subjected to rough use and constant
variety; Guayacán real, Guayacán blanco or Guayacán sito.
It is a tree native to the intertropical zone of America. It is common throughout the

equatorial geography in the altitudinal range of 200 to 1200 meters above sea level, that is,
it grows preferably in warm regions such as Manabí and El Oro.
In Loja, however, it is the Zapotillo canton and specifically in the parishes of Mangahurco,
through the Pampas and hunting areas, is the most attractive Guayacán forest that extends
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over 40,000 hectares. The Guayacán is a tree measuring 12 to 15 meters high, with a strong,
compact straight cylindrical trunk and approximately 60 cm in diameter. It is considered one
of the hardest and most resistant woods on the American continent. Its bark is blackish
brown and scaly. Its root system is large and deep. Its leaves are large with 5 leaves of yellow
flowers. The maturity of the cocoon occurs between the months of May to August during
the dry season for the rainy period, the seeds begin to germinate, the growth is slow but it
has a long existence. Its species is deciduous, that is, the leaves are lost in the The most
critical months of summer are July-December, which is why the dry forest appears to be
dead and due to its beauty, the flowers of these trees are used as ornaments in parks,
gardens, streets and squares. Its wood is appreciated for carpentry work, furniture
manufacturing, interior decorations and construction in general. But this species is more
valued if it is not cut down, so that it can be distributed for several generations.
2.1.18. Carob: Prosopis sp
It belongs to the legumes, it is a tree typical of the north coast, a very hard wood used for
housing construction in the countryside and it was also used in the cities of Chiclayo,
Lambayeque, Ferreñafe, the use of brick and cement has reduced its employment, it is also
used for inns, firewood and charcoal, its fruits or carob are excellent fodder for animal food
and carob is extracted from it in a delicious syrup. In ancient times, the Mochica, Wari,
Lambayeque and also Chimú cultures were widely used for the construction of their homes.
Until now, this tree is naturally unknown for how many years it can live.
2.1.19. mother-in-law seat
Scientific or Latin name : Echinocactus grusonii
Common or vulgar name : Mother-in-law's seat, Grusonii, Echinocactus, Golden Ball,

mother-in-law's cushion.
Size : up to 80 cm diameter 15 cm high. In the wild it can reach more than a meter in height.
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 It has a globular and generally solitary stem, although adult specimens can sprout
basal shoots.
 It can live up to 100 years.
 Bright green color with a flattened apex and yellow wool.
 It has between 21 and 37 straight, prominent and thin ribs that cannot be seen in the
younger specimens, which have them divided into conical tubercles.
 Its radial spines are arranged in numbers between 8 and 10 and measure more than
3 cm in length, the central ones between 3 and 5, measuring 5 cm, they are strong,
striated and straight.
2.1.20. Paypay: Caesalpinia paypay
In the botanical genus Caesalpinia the most popular planted species is Caesalpinia
pulcherrima (Clavellino). Endemic to the tropics of America . It is a very common plant in
Peruhttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana and In Colombia.
It is a shrub or small tree 3 m high. The leaves are bipinnate , 2 to 4 dm long, with 3-10 pairs
of pinnae , with 6-10 pairs of leaflets 15 to 25 mm long. And 10-15 mm wide. Flowers in
clusters 2 dm long, each flower with 5 yellow, orange or red petals . Legume fruit 6 to 12 cm
long.
It is a striking ornamental plant , widely cultivated in tropical gardens. It is the "National

Flower" of the Caribbean island of Barbados .
2.1.21. Overo: Cordia lutea
Cordia lutea, known as yellow cordia or in Spanish muyuyo, is a tree plant of the borage
family ( Boraginaceae ), native to the Galapagos Islands , mainland Ecuador , Peru and the
Marquesas Islands in Polynesia. Common in the arid lowlands of the Galapagos, its relatively
large yellow flowers make it easy to identify.
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Cordia lutea grows as a shrub or a small tree , up to 8 m high. The young branches are hairy.
The undivided leaves are arranged alternately, and are 4 to 10 cm long, oval or round in
shape, with very thin and toothed margins. The upper side of the leaf is rough in texture but
without hair, which is present on the lower side.
The yellow flowers are distributed in clusters and are sweetly scented. The petals of each
flower fuse together in a trumpet shape, 2-4 cm across at the mouth, which has five to eight
lobes. Inside the flower there are five to eight stamens . After fertilization , it forms (a
drupe ), 8–12 millimeters in diameter containing one to four seeds. The fruit has a fleshy
pulp that when squeezed produces a viscous material that becomes sticky to the
environment.
2.1.22. Solder: Psttacanthus Linearis
The solder plant is solder, it is anti-inflammatory that is used in baths or poultices, making
the leaves known.
The solder plant is for external use to recover from bone, muscle or joint injuries, it is very
effective and its wonderful anti-inflammatory power, it is traditionally used in cases of
sciatica, dislocations, neuralgia, sprains, tendinitis, wounds, external bleeding.
Its active power is found in its roots rather than in the leaves.
What name is solder also known as: Comfrey, comfrey, comfrey, herb for wounds, herb for
cuts, cow's tongue, cow's ear, cardinals' herb and in English Common comfrey, knit-bones
plant
2.1.23. Holy herb: Cestrun auriculatum
Piper auritum, commonly called acuyo, tlanepa, herba santa, alajáno momo, is an aromatic
plant of the Piper genus.
33
Shrub or small tree, 1.5 to 5 m high, stems with visible nodes, smooth. Leaves simple,
alternate, blades 13-35 x 12-26 cm, ovate or broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, the apex acute,
the base heart-shaped to deeply auriculate (ear-shaped), the lobe larger, as long as the
petiole and often overlapping it, the shortest up to 1/3 the length of the petiole, the margin
entire, shortly pubescent, petiolate. Branched stem, young branches covered with abundant
soft hairs. Axillary inflorescences, spike type, 6 to 35 cm long and 4-5 mm thick, white to pale
green in color, thin with a “mouse tail” appearance. Tiny flowers, densely grouped on the
rachis without forming bands around the spike. Fruits 0.8–1 mm long, obovoid, glabrous,
pale green, with one seed. Roots, it can form a main root or, where appropriate, depending
on the type of soil, it can form lateral roots. It can also form adventitious roots.
This species exhibits rapid proliferation from the surface of the rhizomes and can form large
populations in short periods of time. The flowers are pollinated by small beetles or flies. The
seeds are dispersed by bats and birds, which remove the entire spike. It is a plant that can be
propagated asexually and is common in backyards as a plant for everyday use.
2.1.24. Flycatcher: Cordia macrocephala
Mata or small perennial shrub, with erect, glandular, sticky, highly branched, fast-growing
stems, up to just over 1 m high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and slightly toothed, light green,
often withered and brittle, dark brown during flowering. Capiliform inflorescence, with
yellow tubular and ray flowers. Anthers very exserted and ligules larger than the
involvement. Achene-type fruit, with pappus more than 5 mm in length.
Habitat and distribution
It grows in highly disturbed and disturbed vacant land, mainly roadsides and highways,
plowed crop fields, etc. Mediterranean species distributed throughout peninsular Spain, the
Balearic and Canary Islands. Very common in the Region of Murcia, particularly in the
warmer territories.
Observations
Although it is a very common species, it does not have a common common name in the
Region of Murcia. Originally it is a plant of hydromorphic environments with accumulations
of gravel and sand, such as the bottoms of certain ravines, ravines and valleys, very unstable
34
and changing terrain. However, due to similarity with these, they colonize barren, recently
removed surfaces, generally devoid of any type of vegetation, with identical or greater
predilection, such as lands cleared for extensive crops and road slopes; In these it
proliferates rapidly and usually forms a dense thicket in a few months. Furthermore, with
the same speed that these plants develop, they dry out almost completely, and even die,
having first produced a multitude of flowers and seeds.
2.1.25. Cuncuno: Vallesia glabra
Vallesia glabra is a species of plants belonging to the Apocynaceae family. It is native to tropical
America .
It is a shrub that measures 2.5 to 3 m high. It has small, elongated leaves and the obverse is pale
green and velvety, and the reverse is light brown. The flowers are greenish or white, and the
fruits are green.
This beautiful plant provides shelter, rest, food and liquid for numerous birds, which rest under its
shade and feed on its fruits, similar to small white grapes.
In Sinaloa , it is used to cure emptiness and diarrhea . The treatment consists of taking three
cups daily of the decoction of the shell and leaves of the cockerel on an empty stomach.
In Sonora , the fruit and leaves are used (although it is not specified in what way) to treat
inflammation and fleshiness of the eyes, measles, rheumatism and muscle pain.
History
In the 20th century, Maximino Martínez mentions its use for eye diseases. 1
Chemistry
Studies carried out demonstrated that methanolic extracts of green leaves of Vallesia glabra
present anti-insect properties and acute toxicity in Artemia salina , possibly due to interference
with cellular energy sources.
2.1.26. Bluebell: Ipomoea nil
Ipomoea purpurea (morning glory, Mary's mantle, Don Diego by day, purple bell, plate
breaker) is a botanical species in the genus Ipomoea , family Convolvulaceae , native to Spain
and Central America .
35
Like all snowdrops, the plant twines itself into structures, growing to a height of 2 to 3 m tall.
The leaves are heart-shaped and the stems have villi and also patent rigid setae . The flowers
are trumpet-shaped, predominantly blue, purple and white, about 3 to 6 cm in diameter.
Common habitats for this plant are: outdoor landscapes, fences and fields. It is naturalized in
tropical and temperate regions of the world. Although it is frequently considered a noxious
weed. Ipomoea purpurea has proliferated for the beauty of its purple and white flowers; It
also has crop varieties.
Triangular seeds have some history of use as a psychedelic drug, as in Ipomoea tricolor
which contains LSA (lysergic acid amide).
It should be noted that the seeds contain toxins, so any use must be done with great
caution. The effects caused by intoxication are almost identical to those of LSD .
In Badonegro, the seeds are used in a similar way to Oliluiqui (Ipomoea violacea) in sacred
rites in communities in Central and South America.
2.1.27. Vichayo: Capparis avicennifolia
It is a genus of flowering plants with 650 described species and, of these, only 225 accepted
species belonging to the family Capparaceae . There are also fifteen accepted infra-specific
taxa of the more than 160 described. They are native to the Mediterranean region.
They are shrubs to trees, glabrous or pubescent with lepidote-peltate, stellate, echinoid,
and/or short and simple trichomes ; hermaphrodite plants. Leaves simple or 1-foliolate,
entire; petioles short to long, sometimes with basal and apical pulvinules; tiny stipules scaly
or absent. Inflorescences racemose, corymbose , corymbose-paniculate compound or
solitary and axillary flowers, bracts , when present, minute, deciduous, flowers
actinomorphic to zygomorphic ; sepals 4, free, valved, imbricate or open in the bud, equal or
in 2 unequal series, frequently enveloping a fleshy disc or each one embracing a scaly-
shaped nectariferous gland; petals convolute-imbricate or open in the bud, equal or
sometimes unequal; stamens 6 to more than 200, the filaments attached in a very short,
discoid or conical androgynophore ; Pistil usually on a thin, short gynophore has elongated
(in Nicaraguan species), the 2 placentas with few to numerous campylotropic ovules. Fruit : a
linear-cylindrical to obovoid fleshy silique or a more or less spherical berry , with soft to hard
36
leathery exocarp, dehiscent or late dehiscent to indehiscent, carpophore thin to thick or

essentially sessile; seeds from one to numerous, generally more or less cochleado-reniform
(straight only in one form of Capparis incana ), arilate or without an aril , sometimes with a
fused fibrous sarcotesta , cotyledons generally very convolute.
2.1.28. San Pedro: Echinopsis peruviana
Echinopsis peruviana is a fast-growing shrubby cactus , native to the western slopes of the
Andes in Peru , found at an altitude of between 2000 to 3000 meters above sea level.an
Pedro.
Its growth is bushy, emitting many erect stems from the base. It usually reaches a height of 3
to 6 m , and the main trunk generally cannot be distinguished. Its stems are cylindrical and
bluish green, 5 m long and 8-18 cm in diameter. It has 6 to 8 ribs, wide and rounded, with
deep notches before each areola ; The apex has a "V"-shaped groove characteristic of the
species. The areoles are whitish or brownish, very close to each other. It has 3 to 7 radial
spines, grey-brown, one or two long radial ones. The white flowers are born near the tip of
the stem; They open at night and have a strong fragrance, measuring 19-24 cm × and 3-4 cm
in diameter; pericarpels and floral tube with black hairs. The fruit is oblong, dark green, 5-6
cm × 3 cm in diameter.
It multiplies through seeds or commonly through cuttings that root easily.
Using cuttings is a very practical way to grow it, since they take hold very quickly and if the
cutting we have comes from an adult specimen, we will only have to worry about adapting it
to the new soil and climate, to have a good specimen in a short time. If we want to
propagate through seeds, the first thing will be to get a good number, since it is impossible
to ensure the germination of all of them. Generally, between 15 and 25% positive results are
achieved. The work consists of creating a sand base, either in pots directly or in trays, and
distribute a good amount of seeds, covering them with a thin layer of sand, moisten with a
sprayer and cover with plastic in order to maintain humidity, provide a A little heat doesn't
hurt. In one or two weeks they will have germinated.
37
It is called "Peruvian torch" or "Huachuma" and was used by the natives in religious
festivities for its psychoactive properties, due to the large amount of alkaloids it has,
especially mescaline . The drink “ cimora ” is prepared, which is generally mixed with other
entheogenic plants. It is found up to 3,000 meters above sea level . Minimum average
temperature 10 °C. Full sun. Moderate irrigation.
Medical uses
Dandruff and seborrhea , the mucilage from the stem is used to wash the hair.
Sore throat: stem in decoction, for gargling.
Antirheumatic, cut the stem, soak it overnight; The next day, wash the painful area with this
mucilaginous water.
Béquico, flower infusion, let it rest and drink 1 cup 2 times a day.
Veterinarian, the ground stem is indicated to take in a bottle to animals when their "little
books dry up."
"Tocazón" (disease in which the animal becomes weak and may die): the toasted stem is
peeled and the inside is given to the sick animal to eat.
Pig dewormer : the peeled stem is beaten and left to marinate in water overnight, scraped
and mixed with food.
Shampoo , with the mucilage from the stem you wash your hair.
Adherent in paints, the stems are peeled, beaten and left to rest in water, the filtrate is
added to lime or plaster, it serves as a rubber, giving the paint its durability.
Wood, dried stems are very resistant to moths. They are used for making scales and in the
construction of houses.
2.1.29. Giant: Neoraimondia arequipensis
38
Neoraimondia arequipensis ( Backeb. ) Buxb. It is a phanerogamous species belonging to the

Cactaceae family.
Neoraimondia arequipensis subsp. roseiflora (Werdermann & Backeberg) Ostolaza (1998) is

an endemic cactus in Peru and is widely distributed throughout the Andes, in the
Departments of Ancash, Lima and Ica, with the Department of Lima being where its presence
is verified in almost all valleys with a high number of individuals.
They survive with very little water, only with the sea breeze on the coastal hills or the garúa,
a phenomenon that originates with the El Niño current .
It is a perennial and fleshy shrubby plant that reaches 9 m in height and 40 cm in diameter. It
has 5 to 8 ribs with 5 cm long areoles armed with thorns , some up to 25 cm long. The
flowers are white or pink.
2.1.30. Foxtail: Haageocereus versicolor
Haageocereus is a genus of columnar cactus almost exclusively endemic to Peru, whose

species are distributed from northern Piura (Peru) to northern Chile. In Peru, species of this
genus grow between 50 and 2800 meters above sea level, covering the Pacific coastal
desert, the dry forest of Piura and the southern Andes, in Arequipa.
2.2. FAUNA
The wildlife found in the Chaparri forest is typical of the dry forests of Northern Peru,
however you can find species that are very rare in other areas where this same type of
ecosystem extends. These species mainly include the spectacled bear, the white-winged
guan and the bandurria. The fauna that inhabits the Chaparri forest, a significant majority of
which are from the Dry Forest and are a group of species that are perfectly adapted to this
variable ecosystem, which is quite severe in its supply of food, water and cover during the
season. dry.
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2.2.1. BIRDS
In the Chaparri forest, during all this time, more than 107 species of birds have been
recorded and it is very likely that more will be recorded over time. Especially in the higher
parts where they have not yet been exhaustively recognized. Of the 107 species, 26 are
endemic to the Tumbes region that extends in the Northeast of Peru and the Southwest of
Ecuador and of these three species are endemic to Peru, 5 species registered within the
Chaparri Forest are considered within the threat categories. by BirdLife/IUCN: White-winged
Guan, Red-winged Dove, Tumbes Flytrap, and Peruvian Barbarian and a significant
population of Red-headed Parrot.
Additionally, species of local importance and in a vulnerable situation such as the Bandurria
and the Andean Condor.
2.2.2. Tumbes pitajo: Tumbesia salvini
The Tumbes flycatcher (in Peru ) ( Tumbezia salvini ), also called Salvin's tumbecino (in
Ecuador ) or Tumbes flycatcher, is a species of passerine bird in the family Tyrannidae
endemic to a very restricted area in the northwest of South America. . It is the only species in
the monotypic genus Tumbezia .
It is distributed throughout the arid northwest of Peru from Tumbes to La Libertad . It was
also registered in Zapotillo , in Ecuador , very close to the border with Peru.
It lives in dry tropical and subtropical forests and shrublands, up to 800 m altitude .
Description
The species T. salvini was first described by the Polish ornithologist Władysław Taczanowski
in 1877 under the scientific name Ochthoeca salvini; “Tumbes, Peru” type locality .
The genus Tumbezia was described by the American ornithologist Frank Michler Chapman in
1925.
Etymology
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The female generic name "Tumbezia" refers to the region of Tumbes , the type locality of the
species, and the species name "salvini" commemorates the British ornithologist Osbert
Salvin (1835-1898).
Taxonomy
The affinities of this monotypic genus are uncertain. It is sometimes placed near Satrapa due
to plumage similarities; others included in the genus Ochthoeca based partially on the
characters of the syrinx , nesting habits and egg coloration. However, the genetic data of
García Moreno et al. (1998) do not conclusively indicate that it is included in that genus.
2.2.3. Andean partridge: Nothoprocta pentiandii
The Andean tinamo, inambú silbón, yuto silbador, or "partridge" (in Peru) (Nothoprocta
pentlandii) is a species of tinamiform bird in the family Tinamidae .
It is between 25.5 and 30 cm in size. This species is found in western South America , Andes
Mountains . It lives on herbaceous slopes and high meadows. The scientific name
commemorates the Irish traveler Joseph Barclay Pentland (1797-1873).
2.2.4. Black-faced bandurria: Theristicus melanopis
The collared bandurria or southern bandurria ( Theristicus melanopis ) is a species of

pelecaniformes bird of the family Threskiornithidae native to South America that can be
found in Peru , Ecuador , Bolivia , Chile and Argentina .
It measures 75 cm in length. In the subspecies T m. melanopis , the head, neck and lower
part of the chest are buff-colored; the crown and nape are cinnamon; the upper parts and
chest band are grey; the belly and flight feathers are black and the wing coverts are whitish,
with light gray upperparts; It has a chin and eye ring of bare blackish skin; the legs are red. In
the subspecies T. m. branickii the bill is shorter; the wing coverts are grey; the underside of
the breast is paler and the tan on the crown and nape is brighter and more extensive.
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2.2.5. Andean condor: Vultur gryphus
The Andean condor, Andean condor or simply condor (Vultur gryphus) is a species of bird in
the Cathartidae family that lives in South America . The order to which his family belongs is
in dispute . It extends across the Andes mountain range , nearby mountain ranges and the
adjacent coasts of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. It is the largest non-marine bird on the
planet . It does not have subspecies . Its name comes from the Quechua kuntur.
It is a large black bird, with white feathers around the neck and on parts of the wings. The
head lacks feathers and is red, and can change color according to the emotional state of the
bird. Unlike most birds of prey , the male is larger than the female.
It is a scavenger bird. It reaches sexual maturity at 5 or 6 years of age and nests between
1000 and 5000 meters above sea level , generally in inaccessible rock formations. It has a
very low reproduction rate; she is expected to lay at least one egg every two years. It is one
of the longest-lived birds, being able to reach the age of 75 years in captivity.
It is a national symbol in Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru and Venezuela ,
and has an important role in the folklore and mythology of the Andean regions of South
America. The Andean condor was declared a natural monument of Chile by decree on June
30, 2006 . The province of Mendoza in Argentina declared it a provincial natural monument
through law no. 6599 sanctioned on May 12, 1998, the same as the province of Santa Cruz
through law no. 2916 sanctioned on August 24, 2006. , while the province of Tierra del
Fuego declared it natural heritage through law No. 558 passed on September 19, 2002.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies it as a nearly threatened

species , as it suffers from the loss of its habitat and poisoning from ingesting poisoned
animals or poisoned baits placed illegally by hunters and ranchers. Several countries initiated
captive breeding programs.
It is considered a cultural and natural heritage of South America .
2.2.6. Royal condor: Sarcoramphus papa
The king vulture (Sarcoramphus papa), also called jungle condor, royal condor, chom, royal
crow, royal jote, king of the buzzards, king zope, royal vulture or king zamuro, is a species of
42
bird in the family Cathartidae , living predominantly in lowland tropical forests, from
southern Mexico to northern Argentina . It is the only surviving member of the genus
Sarcoramphus , which also includes fossil members. No subspecies are recognized. It is a
scavenger bird that often makes the initial cut on the carcasses of large animals. Due to its
size, it displaces smaller American vulture species when near a carcass. It can live up to 30
years in captivity.
Its geographical distribution area extends over an area of approximately 14 million km² ,
from southern Mexico to northern Argentina . In South America , it is not found west of the
Andes , except in western Ecuador , northwestern Colombia , and extreme northwestern
Venezuela .
In Peru it is found throughout the Amazon , in the departments of Loreto , San Martín ,
Ucayali , Madre de Dios , Amazonas and Cajamarca ; and in the equatorial dry forest ,
departments of Lambayeque , Piura and Tumbes .
In size, it is the third largest American vulture. Its size varies between 67 and 81 cm in length,
with a wingspan of between 1.2 and 2 m and its weight ranges between 2.7 and 4.5 kg .
The plumage of adults is predominantly white with a slight shade of pink-yellow. In contrast,
the wing coverts, flight feathers, and tail are dark gray to black, as is the thick, prominent
neck collar. The head and neck are featherless and the skin has shades of red and purple on
the head, deep orange on the neck, and yellow on the throat. The skin of the head is
wrinkled and folded, and there is a very noticeable irregular golden crest attached to the
wax above its beak, this caruncle is not fully developed until the fourth year of its life.
It has the largest skull and strongest beak of all American vultures. The beak is orange with a
black base, and has a hooked tip and sharp edges. The bird has wide wings and a short, wide,
square tail. The iris of its eyes is white and surrounded by bright red sclera . Unlike some
other American vultures, it lacks eyelashes. It has long gray legs and thick claws. Sexual
dimorphism is minimal; There are no differences in plumage, only a small difference in size
between males and females. Juveniles have dark beaks and eyes, and a neck with soft gray
feathers, which change into the orange color of the adult bird. The juveniles have a grayish
color and although they have an appearance similar to that of the adult when they are three
43
years old, they do not complete the molt into adult plumage until they are five or six years
old.
2.2.7. Red-headed chicken: Cathartes aura
The gallipavo aura, American red-headed vulture, spotted aura, red-headed vulture, or red-
headed urubú (Cathartes aura) is a species of Accipitriformes bird in the family Cathartidae .
Its range extends from the southern tip of South America to southern Canada . It inhabits a
variety of open and semi-open areas, including subtropical forests, shrublands, grasslands
and deserts. It is a large bird, with a wingspan of 170-183 cm, a length of 64-81 cm and a
weight that can vary between 0.85 and 2.26 kg. Its plumage is dark brown to black; The head
and neck are featherless and purple-red. Its beak is short, hooked, and ivory in color.
The gallipavo feeds almost exclusively on carrion . It locates corpses with its keen vision and
sense of smell, flying at a low enough altitude to detect the gases produced by the
beginnings of the decomposition process of dead animals. To move in the air, it takes
advantage of thermals , reducing the need to flap its wings. Spend the night in long
community groups. Because it lacks a syrinx —the vocal organ of birds—its vocalizations are
limited to low whistles and grunts. Nests in caves, tree holes or bushes. It usually has two
young that it feeds by regurgitation . It has few predators . Its life expectancy is just over 16
years in the wild, while in captivity it can reach more than 30 years in exceptional cases.
Despite having an appearance similar to that of Old World vultures , they are not closely
related, although they are part of the same order Accipitriformes. Old World vultures are
included in the family Accipitridae , which also includes eagles , hawks , and kites . The
gallipavo aura belongs to the family Cathartidae, which also includes the Andean condor (
Vultur gryphus ).
It has different common names, including red-headed jote ( Argentina and Chile ); red-
headed urubú ( Brazil ); red-headed guala ( Colombia ); red-headed vulture ( Costa Rica );
aura or tiñosa aura ( Cuba , Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico ); zope ( El Salvador ); cute (
Honduras ); buzzard, aura, red-headed aura, common aura ( Mexico ); red-headed vulture (
Nicaragua ); noneca ( Panama ); red-headed crow ( Paraguay , Uruguay ); red-headed vulture
44
( Peru ); oripopo ( Venezuela ). The common name recommended by the Spanish

Ornithological Society is aura gallipavo.
The adult Aura Gallipavo has a size of 66 to 81 cm, a wingspan of 173 to 183 cm, and a
weight of 0.85 to 2.26 kg. Sexual dimorphism is minimal; Both sexes are identical in plumage
and coloration, although the female is slightly larger. The body feathers are mostly blackish-
brown. The undersurface of the wing flight feathers is gray, creating contrast with the darker
wing lineaments. The head is small in proportion to the body and has no feathers; in adults it
is reddish and in juvenile species it is dark gray. It has a relatively short, hooked, ivory-
colored bill. The iris of the eyes is grayish-brown. The legs and feet are pinkish in color,
although often with white spots. The eye has a single incomplete row of eyelashes on the
upper eyelid and two rows on the lower eyelid.
The front toes are long and have small webs at their bases. The claw marks are long, 9.5-14
cm long and 8.2-10.2 cm wide. The toes are arranged in a classic anisodactyl pattern. The
feet are flat, relatively weak and poorly adapted to grip; The claws are also not designed for
grasping, as they are relatively blunt. In flight, the tail appears long and thin, contrasting with
that of the black buzzard (Coragyps atratus). The nostrils are not separated by a septum , but
are perforated. Annually it goes through a gradual molt that begins in late winter until early
spring and lasts until early autumn. In juvenile specimens, the head is gray and the tip of the
beak is black. It is not known exactly what age it can reach. The maximum recorded lifespan
of wild Gallipavo Auras is 16 years. Life expectancy in captivity is higher, generally 21 years,
although there is one specimen in Minnesota with a confirmed age of 34 years.
2.2.8. Black-headed chicken: Coragyps atratus
The black vulture, American black vulture, vulture, chulo, black-headed vulture or buzzard
(Coragyps atratus) is the only species of the genus Coragyps. It is an accipitriform bird
although some classifications include it in the order Ciconiiformes , and one of the most
abundant members of the New World vulture family ( Cathartidae ). It extends from the
southern United States to southern America .
Despite their similar appearance and names, this species is not related to the Eurasian black
vulture ( Aegypius monachus ). This last species belongs to the subfamily of Old World
45
vultures ( Aegypiinae ), which is in turn part of the family Accipitridae (which includes
eagles , falcons , kites , hawks and harriers), while the American species is part of the New
World vulture family (Cathartidae). It inhabits relatively open areas that provide isolated
forests and shrub lands. It has a wingspan of 1.67 m , and black plumage , a gray, featherless
neck and head, and a short, hooked bill .
It is a scavenger , but also feeds on eggs and newborn animals. In places populated by man,
it also feeds on garbage dumps. It finds its food using its keen eyesight or by following other
vultures that have a sense of smell. Lacking the syrinx – the vocal organ of birds – the only
sounds it can produce are low-frequency growls or hisses. It lays its eggs in caves, hollow
trees, or simply on the ground. It generally has 2 young per year, which it feeds by
regurgitation .
The common name "vulture" is derived from the Latin word vultur, which means "destroyer"
and is a reference to its feeding habits. The species name, atratus, means "clothed in black",
taken from the Latin ater 'black'. The genus, Coragyps means "crow-vulture" coming from
the contraction of the Greek. The family name, Cathartidae means "purifier" and is also a
derivative of the Greek. The common name vulture comes from the Nahuatl tzopilotl, where
tzotl means filth and pilotl means hanging, referring to the fact that when they fly they carry
carrion hanging from their claws.
2.2.9. Osprey: Pandion haliaetus
The osprey (Pandion haliaetus), also known as the halieto, guincho or osprey, is a species of
accipitriform bird in the family Pandionidae .
It is a medium-sized bird of prey , which appears on all continents, except Antarctica ,

although in South America it is only a non-breeding migrator . Some classifications place it as
the only member of the genus Pandion , while others consider a second species within this
genus, Pandion cristatus.
The osprey measures between 52 and 60 centimeters tall, with a wingspan ranging from
152-167 cm. With dark brown upperparts, and white underparts, dark mottled, with a dark
46
mask on the sides of the head. With a long, narrow tail and angular wings, it is easy to
identify. It has elongated feathers on the nape that form a crest that bristles frequently.
Juvenile specimens are identified by the light brown spots on their plumage and, in general,
by a paler tone. Adult males are distinguished from females by their thinner body and
narrower wings. They are easy to distinguish when seeing a pair, but not so much with
solitary individuals.
2.2.10. Solitary eagle: Harpyhaliaetus solitarius
The solitary eagle (Harpyhaliaetus solitarius) is a species of accipitriformes bird in the family
Accipitridae . It is a large neotropical bird of prey .
As its name indicates, it usually moves alone (occasionally in pairs) flying in wide circles at
medium heights for long distances, which is why it is assumed that the territories of this
species can cover incredibly large proportions of territory.
The solitary eagle is native to Mexico , Central America , and South America . It is found in
mountains and montane forests. Some sightings made in lowlands are usually confusions
with other species, especially with the black crab-eating hawk . There are no confirmed
reports of sightings in the lowlands.
It is considered to be not very abundant, whose behavior is practically unknown, as is its

diet, but with a wide distribution in America, which extends about 8000 linear km.
Like most eagles, it is of very large proportions, reaching 70 cm, reaching a wingspan of 152
to 188 cm and with a disproportionately short tail. The female is larger, reaching
approximately 76 cm.
When they are young, their plumage is brown, with markings around the eyes.
The adult solitary eagle is uniformly dark gray, sometimes appearing to be black, with white
spots on the tail, quite curved beak, black on top and half of the bottom, bright yellow cere,
lores and legs.
47
Its appearance is very similar to the great crab-eating hawk and the black crab-eating hawk,
but it is much larger and has significantly thicker wings, which are one of the most striking
features of its species.
2.2.11. Cinnamon Sparrowhawk: Parabuteo unicinctus
The mixed buzzard (Parabuteo unicinctus), also known as Harris's buzzard, peuco, Harris's
hawk or hawk, mixed hawk, cinnamon-backed hawk or white-tailed hawk, is a species of
accipitriform bird in the family Accipitridae . It is a medium-sized bird that lives in the
southwestern United States. USA , all of Peru , Bolivia , Uruguay and even the south of Chile
and Argentina . It is the only member of the genus Parabuteo, which literally means ' Buteo -
like', while unicinctus means 'single ribbon', because of the white terminal band on its tail.
The adult has dark brown plumage except for the shoulders, wing covers and rufous-reddish
legs. The end of the tail is white. It has a length of 60 cm and a wingspan of 1.2 m; The
average weight is 900 g. Females are 10% larger than males. It has strong and sharp claws.
Short and curved beak, also pink, and at the base a conspicuously colored wax cover. Wide,
rounded wings and when flying they glide a lot.
In Ecuador it is known as the chestnut-winged hawk, in Mexico as the hawk, eagle or Harris's
eagle, in Chile and Peru as the cinnamon-winged hawk.
It is a sociable raptor, living in a family group similar to wolf packs, even hunting in groups.
Its sociable status is evident in the raising of chicks, which is shared by all members of the
group. They exhibit a wide variety of coloring phases and immature birds are quite different
from adults.
They nest in trees or cliffs with clutches of 1 to 6 white or light blue eggs with brown spots.
Their main diet is based on hares , rabbits , pigeons , rodents and, in the absence of them,
lizards and other reptiles .
Currently this bird enjoys great popularity in the practice of falconry , given that its sociable
character and unique intelligence has made this raptor one of the favorites for this practice
in the low-flying mode; Its perfect adaptability to new environments has led to this raptor
being bred in captivity in different centers around the world.
48
2.2.12. Black-breasted harrier: Geranuetus melanoleucu
It is a bird that measures between 70 and 90 cm, and is as big as an eagle . The adult male
has a white ventral area, with thin black stripes, and a black back with grayish feathers on
the wings. The female is distinguished by its larger size.
It is easy to identify by the black and white contrast, and by its characteristic flight, with
short flapping and very erect tail.
The Moorish eagle lives in mountains or hills, where it remains on the lookout for prey ,
which consists of mammals such as hares , birds , snakes and carrion . It nests in tall trees or
on rocks.
It has been recorded killing Cordilleran caracaras in the Peruvian puna, which it catches in
ambush when they are feeding.
2.2.13. Red-breasted harrier: Buteo polyosoma
It is a species of accipitriform bird in the family Accipitridae .
Its distribution area covers from Colombia and Ecuador in the north, through Peru , Bolivia ,
Paraguay and Uruguay , a large part of Argentina and all of Chile , reaching the southern tip
of the continent, as well as oceanic islands near the South American continent. such as the
Malvinas Islands and the Juan Fernández archipelago . Accidentally it has also been reported
in Brazil . It lives at various elevations, including highlands, although it is more common in
coastal areas and in low areas of the Andes Mountains . It prefers non-jungle environments,
open forests, and steppes.
Approximately 50 cm in size, with clear lower parts and gray upper parts. The female is
distinguished by having tan shoulders and part of the back, although that color is sometimes
seen in immature ones. It is distinguished by its white tail with thin black horizontal stripes
and a black band on the tail.
49
It goes through several phases in its development, varying in colors between gray, rufous
and brown.
It is a very good hunter, it lives near bushes, forests, high altitude features and wooded
plains.
It feeds on small mammals, reptiles, small birds, invertebrates and amphibians no larger
than a rabbit. To hunt, it flies circularly over its target and launches itself diagonally at it to
hit it with its claws.
When flying, it spreads its wings to their full length, similar to buzzards.
2.2.14. Pampero: Sporophila peruviana
The parrot-billed espiguero, thick-billed espiguero, or Peruvian seedeater, (Sporophila

peruviana), is a species that makes up the genus : Sporophila , of the family Thraupidae . This
bird is distributed in the northwest of South America
2.2.15. Rice: Sicalis flaveola
The saffron chirigüe (Sicalis flaveola), also called coarse seedling, saffron sparrow, golden
goldfinch, buttercup, saffron goldfinch, coastal canary and crowned canary, is a species of
passerine bird in the family Emberizidae that lives in South America . It is common in both
open areas and lowland understoreys outside the Amazon .
The male is yellow, more olive on the wings, back and tail, and with orange hues on the
forehead and face. This last characteristic easily distinguishes it from other goldfinches of
the genus Sicalis . The female is lighter brownish in color on the belly, with dark streaks on
the chest. They have terrestrial habits, it is common to see them in groups of one or two
males and several females, feeding on the ground. Their diet consists mainly of grass seeds,
and to a lesser extent insects.
It nests in cavities and sometimes uses nests abandoned by the ovenbird ( Furnarius rufus ).
It has a repetitive call, which combined with its appearance has made it a highly valued
species as a cage bird.
50
When they are scared they stick their feathers together and stretch their body and
accompany it with alarming sounds. They generally react this way to a conflict with a male
stronger than them, or a threat such as a cat or a bird of prey.
Their eggs are small like almonds, pure white in color and with a thin but resistant shell.
They feed their young from beak to beak as most birds do. The young chase their parents
with a continuous chirping sound that does not go unnoticed due to its intensity. The female
builds the nest alone and the male only watches her while singing to encourage her and they
come and go until their nest is completely ready, if they have not already taken another
abandoned one. If they become very confident, they lay their eggs in your garden in a pot,
although these eggs are usually not fertilized. Fertilized eggs are usually laid in their nests in
trees.
2.2.16. White-headed brushcutter: Atlapetes albiceps
The white-headed atlapetes (Atlapetes albiceps), also known as the white-headed

woodpecker and the white-headed manakin, is a species of passerine bird in the family
Passerellidae endemic to northwestern South America .
2.2.17. Tumbes Sparrow: Aimophila stolzmanni
The Tumbes chingolo (Rhynchospiza stolzmanni) is a passerine bird of the family

Emberizidae , found in southwest Ecuador and northwest Peru .
2.2.18. Santa Rosa: Pheucticus chrysogaster
Also called yellow grosbeak, or yellow-bellied grosbeak and guiragchuro, it is a species that is
part of the genus Pheucticus , of the Cardinalidae family . This bird lives in mountain forests
and jungles in the north and northwest of South America .
It extends from Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago , through Colombia and Ecuador , to
Peru . They feed on seeds, fruits, and shoots. Due to their powerful song and attractive
coloring, they are frequently captured to be sold in the cage bird market.
51
This species was originally described by the French surgeon , botanist , and naturalist René
Primevère Lesson in 1832 , under the scientific name: Pitylus chrysogaster. Its type locality
was erroneously referred to: "Chile", when in reality it was: Quito, Ecuador.
2.2.19. Peruvian red breast: Sturnella bellicosa
is a species of passerine bird in the family Iacteridae that lives in western-central South
America .
It is found from Ecuador , passing through the entire coast of Peru , to the north of Chile ,
where it is found from the oases in the valleys near Arica , to Quillagua , in the Antofagasta
Region .
Males are brownish black with a bright red throat and breast. Females are duller in color and
more striped than males. Its length is about 20 cm.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrublands, intertidal swamp vegetation,
desert grasslands, oases, and humid shrublands, from sea level to around 1000 meters
above sea level.
Its way of flying is characterized by a waggle similar to that of woodpeckers. They feed
mainly on insects and some seeds.
It nests on the ground generally under a bush or a clump of grass. Create a dome-shaped
nest with woven plant fibers. The lay is 3 to 5 eggs. The black cowbird ( Molothrus
bonariensis ) usually reproductively parasitizes it.
2.2.20. Thrush: Molothrus bonariensis
The black cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis), also known as common chamón and chamón,
common cowbird ( Uruguay and Peru), Chupin and azulão ( Brazil ), black cowbird and
52
mulata ( Paraguay ), vaquerita, cowboy bird ( Dominican Republic ) and vaquero blackbird (
Cuba ), is a passerine bird of the icterid family that lives in America , spreading throughout
almost all of South America, except in the dense jungles and mountains, and in Trinidad and
Tobago. It appears in Chile in the mid-19th century, apparently crossing from Argentina
through the central area. It has also colonized many Caribbean islands, reaching the United
States where it is usually found in southern Florida. The populations that inhabit more
southern and northern areas are partially migratory.
The males are around 20 cm long and weigh 45 g , and are black with an iridescent shine.
Females measure 19 cm and weigh 31 g, their plumage is dark brown, paler on the
underside, with a long, pointed beak and long, thin legs. There is a black-plumaged variety
and the northern subspecies M. b. cabanisii from Panama and northern Colombia is paler
than the bonariensis species. The chicks are like the females, but more marbled on the
underside.
2.2.21. Bolero or chiroque: Icterus graceannae
The white-winged turpial (Icterus graceannae), also known as the spotted-breasted oriole, or
white-tipped turpial, is a species of passerine bird in the family Icteridae , native to Ecuador
and Peru . Its natural habitat is dry and humid forests.
It was named in 1867 by the naturalist John Cassin in honor of his protégée Graceanna
Lewis. Due to its reasonably wide distribution and the diversity of its habitat, most experts
consider the threat of significant population decline to be minimal. World population sizes
and population changes have not yet been quantitatively measured. The species remains
listed as Least Concern by Birdlife International .
Measures 20.5 cm in length. The plumage is golden yellow with black cheeks, bib and tail.
The wings are black on the upper side with a white patch on the flight feathers and the other
side yellow. The tail is black with a white tip.
2.2.22. The white-winged guan
53
It was described for the first time in 1877, since then nothing was known about it, so the
scientific community after numerous attempts to find it on the northern coast of Peru
considered it extinct, however years later the ornithologist María Koepcke , convinced that
the white-winged guan had not disappeared, persuaded the Peruvian conservationist
Gustavo del Solar to go in search of it, indicating that it could possibly be found in the dry
forests of the north of the country, in 1977 and after multiple inquiries among the Local
residents Gustavo del Solar received testimony from Sebastián Chinchay who reported that
he had seen a bird with the characteristics of this guan near the Quebrada San Isidro, in
Olmos, Lambayeque.
In 1977, at dawn on September 13, along with ornithologist John O'Neill and a group of
farmers, they headed towards the San Isidro ravine where they found this rare bird, thus
being rediscovered after a century of having lost contact with it. The news quickly spread
around the world and became a great scientific event.
This great rediscovery allowed the following year to begin a captive breeding program for
this bird, which was carried out at the Bárbara d' Achille Zoocriadero, located in Olmos and
named after the remembered Italian ecologist and journalist. Currently, peahens, born in
captivity, are being reintroduced into their natural habitat. This unique experience in Peru,
rescuing a species that was believed to have been extinct for 100 years and was carried out
in Chaparri where the community of Chongoyape has joined this fierce conservation effort,
allocating part of its territory for the reintroduction and protection of the white-winged
guan, and the release of the first six specimens, occurred on September 23, 2001, today they
reproduce and live freely in the Chaparri area.
2.3. Mammals
In the Chaparri forest there is a great variety of mammals, and within this preliminary list are
two mammals categorized by Peruvian legislation as endangered, the spectacled bear, the
wild cat.
The Northern anteater considered vulnerable and the mammals found within the Chaparrí
Forest are typical of the Peruvian Northern Dry Forest. This preliminary list includes most of
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the larger mammals and extensive extensive work is still needed on smaller mammals,
especially in the Orders Chiroptera and Rodentia.
2.3.1. Coastal fox: Lycalopex sechurae
The Sechura fox (Lycalopex sechurae), also called the Peruvian desert fox, Sechuran fox, or
coastal wolf, is a species of the genus Lycalopex and is the smallest of the South American
foxes .
It was described by Thomas in 1900 as Canis sechurae. It was later moved to the genus
Lycalopex. In the mid-2010s it could be found written as Pseudalopex sechurae, synonymous
with the accepted name.
It is a pale agouti -colored canid and its tail has a black tip.
The Sechura fox or coastal fox is the smallest species of the genus Lycalopex . Its color is
mostly grayish. The head is small, with relatively long ears and a short snout. The face is
gray, with a reddish-brown ring around the eyes. The front limbs (up to the elbows) and hind
limbs (up to the heels) are generally reddish in color. The tail is relatively long, being darker
towards the end. It is distributed from southern Ecuador to the central coast of Peru . The
species' main range extends from the extreme west and south of Ecuador, south through the
coastal lowlands of Peru, to north of Lima.
Its habitat is usually limited to deserts and dry, arid forests.
Their diet or feeding is only based on: seeds, insects , rodents and birds .
2.3.2. Wildcat: Oncifelis colocolo
The colocolo, pajonales cat or wild cat (Leopardus colocolo) is a small striped feline native to
the central western area of South America , which extends from Colombia , Ecuador ,
Bolivia , Peru , Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay , Chile and across the Andes Mountains in
Argentina .
The colocolo is small, measuring 50 to 70 cm, weighing 3 to 4 kg on average (rarely up to 7

kg). It has an elongated and flexible body, and its long, yellowish-gray fur, with dark lines on
the nape of the neck and on the shoulders; legs and tail have dark stripes across. Its ears are
pointed and small, and its face is wide. It has powerful fangs and pointed molars .
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Little is known about the hunting and breeding habits of the colocolo. It is believed to be a
nocturnal hunter, hunting mainly small mammals and birds.
2.3.3. Tigrillo: Leopardus pardalis
It is a species of carnivorous mammal in the family Felidae . It is widely distributed in

America , where it is differentiated into numerous subspecies .
The ocelot is also known as the little jaguar ( Chaco ), the manigordo ( Costa Rica and
Panama ), the cunaguaro (in Venezuela ), the ocelot (in Colombia , Guatemala , Mexico ,
Ecuador , Argentina ), the wild cat in Peru . It should be noted that the names ocelot and
tiger are shared, depending on the areas, with the different and much larger felid usually
called jaguar ( Panthera onca ).
The ocelot is a species of medium-sized feline , with a head and body length of 70 - 90 cm, a
relatively short tail (30-40 cm, 45% of the head and body length) and a weight in the
environment. of the 11 kg. In Mesoamerica , it is the third largest cat after the jaguar and the
puma , and the largest of the small spotted cats, larger than the caucel and the ocelot .
It has large ears and a great sense of hearing, with large and expressive eyes. The forelimbs
have five fingers and the hind limbs have four; The paws are provided with pads, which allow
the animal to walk without making noise, and with long, sharp and completely retractable
nails. The latter is very useful when it is not necessary to use them, such as when running, to
avoid their deterioration. It has short fur.
Their eyes are very well adapted to changes in light: the pupils contract to form a thin, black
vertical line during bright days, but open and round in dark situations.
It has great versatility in the use of habitat, being able to inhabit humid jungles,
mountainous areas and even semi-deserts . Its habitat extends from Texas to Argentina.
In its habitat, it is one of the most important carnivores in its food chain, since it uses
habitats that the jaguar and puma cannot use, feeding on populations of smaller species. It is
associated with habitats of dense vegetation and forest cover. It needs large areas to live. It
can inhabit a large number of ecosystems: mangrove forests, coastal swamps, savannah
grasslands, grasslands, thorny scrub and tropical forests of all types.
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Its area of action ranges between 0.8 and 14.6 km², which varies according to the
characteristics of each site, determined by important factors such as availability of prey and
hunting pressure. The male's home range is larger than that of the female. Their population
density varies from 5 to 100 individuals per 100 km², higher than other small cats.
2.3.4. Puma: Puma concolor
It is a carnivorous mammal of the Felidae family native to America .
This big cat lives in more places than any other wild terrestrial mammal on the continent,
ranging from the Yukon in Canada to the southern Andes and Patagonia , Argentina and
Chile in South America . The puma is adaptable and generalist, which is why it is found in the
main biomes throughout America. It is the second largest felid in the New World , after the
jaguar , and the fourth largest in the world, along with the leopard and after the tiger , the
lion and the jaguar . Its size is larger than that of the snow leopard , although it is more
related to small cats, since, unlike the large cats of the genus Panthera , which can roar, the
puma purrs like smaller cats.
As a hunting and ambush predator , the puma pursues a wide variety of prey. Its main food
is ungulates such as deer , particularly in the northern part of its range, but it also hunts
camelids such as guanaco and species as small as insects and rodents . It prefers habitat with
dense vegetation during stalking hours, but can live in open areas.
The puma is territorial and has a low population density . The extent of its territory depends
on the vegetation and the abundance of prey . Although it is a large predator , it is not
always the dominant species in its range, such as when competing with other predators such
as the jaguar . It is a solitary feline that generally avoids people. Attacks on human beings are
rare, although their frequency has increased in recent years.
The puma was considered a dangerous beast after the European colonization of America .
This consideration and the progressive human occupation of puma habitats have caused
their populations to decline in almost all of their historical habitats . In particular, the puma
was extinct in eastern North America , except for the isolated case of a subpopulation in
Florida . It is believed that this feline could recolonize part of its former eastern territory.
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With its wide geographical distribution, the puma has dozens of names and is mentioned
with various references in the mythology of the aboriginal peoples of America and also in
contemporary culture.
Cougars are slender and agile felines. The adult standing size is around 60 to 80 cm high at
the shoulders. The length of adult males is around 2.4 m long from nose to tail, although it
generally ranges between 1.5 and 2.75 m . Males have an average weight of between 53 to
72 kg . In rare cases, some can weigh more than 120 kg. The average weight of females is
between 34 and 48 kg. The size of the puma is smaller near the equator , and larger in the
populations closer to the poles .
The puma's head is round and the ears are erect. It has powerful front legs, neck , jaw and
fangs that help it catch and kill large prey. It has five retractable claws on the front legs,
useful for clinging to prey, and four on the back legs.
The puma can be as large as the jaguar , but less muscular and powerful. Where the
distributions overlap, the number of pumas tends to be lower than average. The puma, on
average, is heavier than the leopard . Despite its size, it is not normally classified among big
cats because it cannot roar, as it lacks the specialized larynx and hyoid bone of the jaguar.
Since sightings of big cats are rather rare, identifying other types of evidence is important. In
Central America and derived from a morphometric study, Aranda (1994) reports that a more
or less reliable indicator is the relationship between the upper width and the lower width of
the fingers, observing a tendency towards footprints with more pointed fingers in pumas,
unlike jaguars. Like domestic cats, mountain lions vocalize high-pitched hisses, growls, purrs,
as well as chirps. They are known for their calls, as referenced in some of their common
names, although these are frequently confused with calls from other animals.
2.3.5. Large ferret: Eira barbara
It is a species of carnivorous mammal of the Mustelidae family that lives in forests and areas
of abundant vegetation, from southern Mexico to Argentina , including the island of Trinidad
. Its only predators. The body length reaches 58 to 75 cm, the tail length reaches 42 cm. It
weighs on average 5 kg. The head is wide and proportionally large in size in relation to the
body, compared to other mustelids. The legs are relatively long. The coat is soft with short
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hair and a uniform sepia, black or brown color. Known are the harpy and the reticulated
boa .
The species is distributed throughout Argentina; Belize; Bolivia, Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica;
Ecuador; The Savior; French Guiana; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua;
Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Surinam; Trinidad and Tobago; Venezuela.
They locate prey mainly by smell, having relatively poor eyesight. Once located, they pursue
it until it tires. The irara is an opportunistic omnivore, consuming a variety of fruits, carrion,
small vertebrates, insects and honey. A study of the diet of the Irara in Belize collected 31
feces, they feed mainly on fruits (67.7%) and insects (58%), other prey included birds and
their eggs (19.4%), common opossum (9 .6%), rice rat (22.5%), cotton rat (32.3%) and black
rat (29%). In Venezuela, three species of vertebrates, the spiny rat (Echimys semivillous),
tree rats (Rhipidomys) and the iguana (Iguana iguana), and four species of fruits (Genipa
Americana, Zanthozylum culantrillo, Cuazuma tomentosa, and Psychotria anceps) were
recorded in 18 dates. Both Echimys semivillous and Genipa Americana were found in 50% of
the studies. Furthermore, all prey were from closed habitats, supporting the idea that the
irara is a forest specialist. In Sao Paulo, 10 feces were analyzed and fruits, rodents which
were identified as akodon, oligoryzomys and calomys, birds and insects (crickets, lobsters
and ants) were identified.
2.3.6. Skunk or vintage: Conepatus semistriatus
The bileaved skunk (Conepatus semistriatus) is a species of carnivorous mammal distributed

throughout Central America and northern and eastern South America .
These white-backed skunks inhabit a large number of ecosystems , especially in areas at the
foot of the mountains, with scattered trees or scrub . They avoid desert areas and dense
forests. The largest populations are found in rocky areas, with scattered trees.
A family of skunks ( Mephitidae ) belonging to the genus Conepatus .
The length of the body (with head) reaches between 34 and 50 cm , that of the tail between
16.6 and 31 cm. It weighs between 1.4 and 3.5 kg . His hair is black with two white stripes
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that run from his forehead to the top of his shoulders, separated from each other by a black
line.
It is a solitary and nocturnal animal. It feeds mainly on invertebrates , small vertebrates and
fruits.
To defend itself, it stands on its front legs and shoots a musk 2 m away from a gland near its
tail.
2.3.7. Northern Tamandua: Mexican Tamandua
The Mexican tamandua (Tamandua mexicana) is a species of hairy mammal in the family
Myrmecophagidae , one of the two extant species of tamandua . It inhabits the jungles of
southern Mexico, Central America and northwestern South America, feeding on insects (
ants and termites ) like all species of anthills ( suborder Vermilingua ).
It is a medium-sized anteater with a prehensile tail, small eyes and ears, and a long snout. Its
body (with head) measures between 50 and 80 cm in length, and its prehensile tail between
40 and 65 cm. It weighs between 3.5 and 8.5 kg . The fur is pale yellow over most of the
body, with a distinctive patch of blackish fur on the sides, back and shoulders, the shape of
which closely resembles a vest. The presence of this coloration pattern makes it possible to
distinguish this species from its southern relative, which has a more uniform color. The tail
only has fur on the upper part for about a third of its length. The hind legs have five fingers
with claws. This animal is not aggressive and always runs away.
It is a solitary animal with nocturnal and arboreal habits. It spends most of its time in the
trees so its movement on land is quite difficult.
2.3.8. White-tailed deer: Odocoileus virginianus
The white-tailed deer, white-tailed deer, Virginia deer, or Virginia deer is a species of
artiodactyl mammal of the cervid family found in different types of forests in America , from
the Canadians , in the subarctic region , passing through the dry forests of the mountain
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slopes of Mexico , the tropical humid forests of Central and South America, to the equatorial
dry forests of northern Peru and other South American forest areas.
The coat is reddish in spring and summer, and gray to brown in winter. Likewise, in tropical
areas, in low and warm lands, it is ochraceous (yellowish) or reddish in color, and in high and
cold lands it is grayish brown. The tip of the tail is white, which is used to beat it as an alarm
signal.
It presents sexual dimorphism . In North America, males weigh between 60 and 160 kg , and
females between 40 and 105 kg. Including the tail, they measure between 1.60 and 2.20 m
long, and have a height of between 80 cm and 1 m. Tropical specimens are smaller in size,
weigh less and generally do not exceed 60 kg.
Males have branched and backward-sloping antlers, which as adults and depending on age
reach between 8 and 64 cm from the base and are renewed every year, in the winter, after
mating .
White-tailed deer are ruminants and herbivores . It searches among the vegetation to
consume leaves, shoots, fruits and seeds, as well as mushrooms : one reason for its ability to
adapt to different forest habitats (the diversity of plant materials on which it can feed).
2.3.9. Collared peccary or peccary: Pecari tajacu
The peccary also known as taitetú, coyámel ( Nahuatlism of coyámetl) is a species of

artiodactyl mammal of the family Tayassuidae .
It is found in savannahs and forests up to 3000 meters above sea level from the southern
United States to Argentina .
It has a height of half a meter at the withers and a length of 70 to 110 cm and a tail of 2 to 5
cm. It is characterized by a coat of blackish-brown bristles and a white spot that resembles a
collar at the base of the neck. On the back it has a glandular cavity of 12 to 1 cm. Collared
peccaries are diurnal animals that live in groups of 1 to 20 members, but on average
between 6 to 9 members generally. They sleep at night in burrows, or often under the roots
of trees.
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Although they usually ignore human presence, collared peccaries may react if threatened,
using long fangs that sharpen themselves when they open and close their mouths.
Additionally, they release a very strong musk if they feel alarmed.
In which it secretes an oil with a musky smell.
It feeds on fruits, tubers, grasses, invertebrates , and small vertebrates .
They can reproduce at one and a half years of age. Gestation lasts 138 days and the female
can generally give birth to two babies per birth.
2.3.10. White-naped squirrel: Sciurus stramineus
The white-naped squirrel ( Sciurus stramineus ), commonly guayaquil squirrel, is a species of

rodent in the family Sciuridae .
Flame: Lama glama
The llama ( Lama glama ) is a domestic artiodactyl mammal of the family Camelidae ,
abundant.
In the Puna or Altiplano of the Andes of Peru , Bolivia , Chile , Ecuador and Argentina . It was
created by the native Andean people through artificial selection from the wild guanaco that
was domesticated and from which, therefore, the name is derived. According to recent DNA
studies, this occurred in principle independently in time and space, in sectors of southern
Peru , northern Chile , western Bolivia and northern Argentina . It was used to the maximum
by the Inca empire : it was used as an animal for sacrifices, meat and wool were obtained
from it, and it was used as a pack animal , the only one before the arrival of the Spanish to
America, except for dogs. of the Inuit or Eskimo sleds.
Cama is a hybrid between a llama and a dromedary , demonstrating the genetic closeness
between both tribes into which the Camelinae subfamily is subdivided.
Before the Spanish presence , llamas were depicted on Mochica pottery (200-600 AD)
Only domestic hoofed animals of the Inca Empire . They were valued not only as beasts of
burden, but also for their meat and wool . Until the arrival of the Spanish, llamas were used
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instead of horses , oxes , goats and sheep , animals originating from the Old World, but their
low efficiency meant that they were quickly displaced into the background by these species
after the conquest.
2.3.11. Spectacled bear: Tremarctus ornatus
The spectacled bear is the only one of its species that lives in South America, of the 8 existing
in the world, there are areas where these beautiful mammals have been almost extinct due
to hunting and the destruction of their habitat, it is estimated that the The population of
these spectacled bears in Peru does not exceed 6,000 individuals.
In other places in Peru where spectacled eyes can still be observed are the Cutervo National
Park, the high altitude forests of San Ignacio Jaén and Amazonas, the Río Abiseo National
Park, in the Yanachaga – Chamillén National Park in Oxapampa and in the Manu National
Park, the Machu Picchu Sanctuary and on the eastern Andean slopes, where humans have
not yet destroyed their habitat. The spectacled bear is black with a white spot surrounding
the eyes that extends to the throat, hence its peculiar name and they can measure up to 1. 8
m and can weigh 140 kg, the female gives birth to one to two young.
This elegant mammal has the ability to stand on its two legs. It adopts this position to be
able to see further and to impress its enemies.
2.4. Reptiles and amphibians
In the entire Chaparri Forest Area, 19 species of reptiles and 3 of amphibians have been
recorded so far. Among the 19 species is the Costa boa or macanche, which is an endemic
species of the Peruvian Equatorial Dry Forest. This species is found threatened by
agricultural expansion due to which it has lost its habitat and by indiscriminate hunting to
extract its skin and fat and is also classified by Peruvian legislation as a rare species.
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Another species found within the Chaparri forest is the Colorado capon, which is a very
common species in this protected area and the Sancarranca or Cascabel.
Among the most common species that inhabit the Chaparri forest are the Capón, the Land
Iguana, the Blue Jay, the Saltojo, and the Racer Snake, species that are also very common on
the North coast of Peru and the South Coast of Ecuador. inhabiting both the coastal Desert
and the Equatorial Dry Forest.
2.4.1. Frog: Colostethus elachyhistus
Scientific name : Colostethus elachyhistus

Category : Species
Top classification : Colostethus
2.4.2. Iguana: Callopistesfiavipunctatus
From the Iguanidae family , native to tropical areas of Central America , South America and
the Caribbean . It was first described by the Austrian naturalist Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in
his book Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis
circa Venena in 1768. The Iguana genus includes two species: the green iguana (Iguana
iguana) and the Caribbean iguana (Iguana delicatissima) .
The word "iguana" derives from the Taíno name for this animal: iwana. Iguana iguana is the
species of this genus most used for breeding in captivity.
The two species of lizard in the Iguana genus have a dewlap, a pair of spines that run down
the back to the tail, and a third eye on the head. The latter is known as the parietal eye ,
which looks like a pale scale on the head. Behind the neck there are scales that resemble
beaks, called tubercular scales .
The green iguana (Iguana iguana) is 1.50 m long. On the neck and back it has a high crest,
formed by independent spines; another similar series of spines appears under the chin. It
has an elongated and narrow body and tail; With the latter it can deliver powerful blows,
although it is a harmless animal.
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Iguanas are herbivorous and oviparous animals. They place their eggs underground during
the month of February. They reach sexual maturity at 16 months of age, but are considered
adults at 36 months, when they measure 70 cm long.
2.4.3. Chameleon: Polychrus femoralis
Chameleons are a family of small, scaly sauropsids (reptiles). There are about 161 species of
chameleons, most of them in sub- Saharan Africa . In America, lizards from the anole family
are often called chameleons, which have no special relationship to true chameleons.
They are famous for their ability to change color depending on the circumstances, for their
quick and elongated tongue , and for their eyes , which can move independently of each
other.
The group is quite old, since chameleon fossils are known from the Paleocene . The family is
related with the agámidos .
2.4.4. Bluebird: Dicrodon guttulatum
It is a species of reptile from the Teiidae family that is distributed along the northern coast of
the Peruvian coastal desert .
2.4.5. Lizard: Amelva edracantha
Lagartija is the diminutive of "lizard", and in different countries it is used as a common name
to name some or all of the species of certain genera of the Lacertidae families.
2.4.6. Green or pacaso iguana: Iguana iguana
It is a large arboreal lizard from Central and South America. It is found from Mexico to
southeastern Brazil and the Pantanal of Paraguay , as well as on Caribbean islands and, in the
wild, in Florida ( United States ). They measure up to 2 m in length from head to tail and can
weigh more than 15 kg . It belongs to the largest and most complicated group of New World
saurians, to which most species belong. It is included in the iguanid family .
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They can measure up to 2 meters . They are herbivores and reproduce by means of eggs,
which are placed underground during the month of February (austral summer). They reach
sexual maturity at 16 months of age, but are considered adults at 36 months, when they
measure 70 cm long.
The green color of their skin allows them to blend perfectly with the vegetation in their
environment. Its skin is covered with small scales; They have a dorsal crest that runs from
their head to their tail, this is very showy in males.
All iguanas have very short legs and five fingers on each foot, ending in very sharp claws. Its
tail is long and thin and is edged by a row of sharp dorsal scales. This animal sometimes
makes snorts.
2.4.7. Hangs deer: Oxybelis aeneus
The bejuca or brown bejuquillo (Oxybelis aeneus) is a species of thin and elongated snake . It
is arboreal, diurnal and specializes in eating lizards and occasionally insects, anurans , birds
and even small mammals. It is distributed from southern Arizona to northern South
America .
Like all species of the genus Oxybelis . It is characterized by being extremely elongated and
thin, as well as by the head and snout, which is three or more times longer than the
diameter of the eye. The eye is medium in size with a round pupil. Appears to have acute
vision with a wide binocular field of vision.
The rostral scale is almost as tall as it is wide, barely visible from above. The coloration
ranges from light brown to yellowish gray above, sometimes uniform tan or with dark to
black spots or spots or with black scale edges. On the underside the color varies from
yellowish to white or reddish, occasionally with dark spots.
The head is light brown with a lateral black band that crosses the eye. The supralabials and
the area under the head exhibit a yellow or white color, occasionally brownish or tan. The
maximum size reached by this species rarely exceeds 1.50 meters in length.
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2.4.8. Macanche: Boa constrictor ortonii
Boa constrictor ortonii, commonly called Peruvian boa or macanche boa, is one of the
subspecies that make up the Boa constrictor species , a large ophidian that lives in northwest
South America .
This subspecies is endemic to northwest Peru , in Cajamarca , Piura , Lambayeque , and La

Libertad .
It is distributed from the extreme south of the province of Tumbes in the north, to the
mountainous regions of La Libertad in the south. The eastern limit is Cajamarca.
Sexual dimorphism is pronounced, as females are significantly larger than males, with
averages of 280 cm. The natives have shown hides measuring 11 feet. It is a boa with a
heavy, solid, muscular body and a strong and robust appearance. Its tail, somewhat
prehensile, is short, somewhat less so in the male as it houses its copulatory organs. The
eyes are small, with the pupil vertical, due to their nocturnal habits. Its head is triangular,
with powerful jaws armed with 4 rows of long curved teeth on the upper one, and two rows
on the lower one.
2.4.9. Cat snake: Leptentrionalis
It is a fairly calm species of snake, although a curious fact is that it does have poison, which is
not dangerous. Its large eyes with elliptical vertical pupils resemble those of a cat, hence the
common name.
It has normal teeth in its mouth with which it catches its prey, and teeth with poison near
the throat with which it kills when it is in its mouth. It is a constrictor, a good swimmer and
hunter. Its activity is mostly twilight and nocturnal.
Its body is brown with 3 or 4 rows of spots, and sometimes it has a dark band that extends
from the base of the eye to the mouth. Its tail is white and yellow, a quality that it uses as
bait to capture its prey.
It feeds on rats, lizards and small mammals.
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2.4.10. Sancarranca: Bothops bametti
Bothrops is a genus of venomous snakes of the subfamily of pit vipers that groups 45 species
distributed from northeastern Mexico , Central America , including the Lesser Antilles , and
most of South America . The generic name is derived from the Greek words bothros and ops
meaning "pit" and "eye" or "face"; an allusion to the loreal pit , a hole on each side of the
head between the eye and the nostril; It is an organ very sensitive to temperature variations
that serves to detect warm-blooded prey. Members of this genus are responsible for more
fatalities in America than any other group of venomous snakes.
The size of the species that make up this genus of snakes varies from 50-70 cm, up to more
than 200 cm in length. Most are characterized by having a sharp snout, without elevation.
The arrangement of the scales on the top of the head is extremely variable, the number of
interorbital scales can vary between 3 and 14. There are generally 7-9 supralabial and 9-11
sublabial scales. There are 21-29 mid-body dorsal scales, 139-240 ventral scales and 30-86
subcaudal scales, which are usually divided.
2.4.11. Coralillo: Micrurus tschudii

Micrurus is a genus of venomous snakes in the family Elapidae , commonly known as
corallings, corals or coral snakes. They have a wide distribution from the southern United
States and Mexico , through Central America , to Argentina , up to approximately 40 degrees
south latitude. Coral snakes are characterized by the presence of colorful and very showy
rings that adorn the body and are commonly arranged in triads and in some species in pairs.
The color, arrangement and number of the rings are characteristic for each species. Typical
coloration includes red, yellow (or white), and black.
It is a large group of species with many differences from each other. They measure from 36
cm to a maximum of 1.5 m . The head is very little differentiated from the body and is
covered by large scales. The body, in the dorso-lateral regions, is covered by small, smooth
scales and always with 15 rows of scales in the middle of the back. The ventral scales are
large. They do not have loreal pits . Coral snakes have a very short tail compared to other
groups of snakes, which is where the genus name comes from.
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They are not aggressive snakes unless disturbed. Despite the lethality of its venom, biting is
usually one of its last resources of defense. If they cannot flee and hide, corals adopt a
combat tactic that consists of hiding their head between the rings they form with their body
and raising their tail by rolling its end into a loop, simulating a head. They even adopt
aggressive attitudes with this simulated head, moving it in a threatening manner, to distract
attention towards the tail while the head can emerge by surprise to bite.
The prey of these coral snakes are usually other smaller snakes, lizards , caecilians , blind
snakes and fish (including eels ). In some species, it has been seen that cases of cannibalism
occasionally occur, consuming specimens of the same species.
They have a powerful venom with neurotoxic action that acts on the central nervous system.
The victim presents symptoms of poisoning between five and thirty minutes after the bite. If
the antivenom serum is not applied in time, numbness , distress, pharyngeal contraction and
swallowing difficulties occur. Later there is complete paralysis . Even when sensitivity is
intact and consciousness is lucid, progressive asphyxiation precipitates death in a process
similar to that which occurs due to curare poisoning. The specific antivenom serum only
neutralizes the action of the poison but does not cure any functional alterations that may
have remained according to the length of time the poison remains in the body.
2.4.12. Racer snake: Mastigodryas heatii
This species is distinguished from other Mastigodryas species by the combination of the
following characters: (1) supralabials 8-10, generally 4, 5 and 6 in contact with the orbit; (2)
infralabials 9-10, usually 1-5 in contact with the geneials (rare 1-4); (3) temporary generally
2+2 or 2+3; (4) rows of dorsal scales 17-17-15; (5) ventrals 178-202; (6) subcaudals 98-115;
(7) clear upper lateral stripe formed by three rows of dorsal scales (4, 5 and 6); (8) presence
of enlarged spines in the distal region of the hemipenial body, lateral to the spermatic
groove.
2.4.13. Colambo: Drymarchon melanurus
Drymarchon melanurus, commonly known as the Black-tailed Streamer or Hummingbird, is a

species of non-venomous colubridae snake , whose geographical distribution includes the
69
northern part of South America , passing through Central America , Mexico to the
southwestern United States . It is the only recognized species of the Drymarchon genus .
2.4.14. Sun snake: Tantilla
It is a genus of non-venomous snakes that belong to the subfamily Colubrinae . They are
distributed throughout Central America and nearby areas of the rest of America .
2.4.15. Blind snake: Leptotyphlops
Leptotyphlops is a genus of snakes in the family Leptotyphlopidae . Its species are

distributed throughout Africa and South America.
3.1. Conservation project
The Chaparri project was created to carry out important tasks such as protecting species that
are in extinction.
Make local residents understand the great benefits that the conservation of the Forest and
the care of the fauna and flora can have in the entire Chaparri Forest.
70
Caring for and protecting all species that are in danger of extinction and highlighting them so
that the population of the North and all those who want to attend can witness how
important it is to protect our environment.
To do this, it must comply with international and national treaty legislation that specifies the
permitted use of species and help classify control measures, where laws are difficult to
implement.
Promote opportunities for cooperation and help between the community members of Santa
Catalina de Chongoyape and the Regional and Central Government personnel of the
surrounding communities.
Transfer knowledge and benefits of the Chaparri program to neighboring communities, to

the general public at the national and regional level within the scientific community.
3.1.2. Project objectives
 Achieve the preservation of the flora and fauna of the region as well as wild species
that are threatened by man.
 Create sources of work for residents and provide them with other benefits for their
livelihood.
71
Transfer lessons of knowledge and benefits of the Santa Catalina program to nearby and
distant towns so that they can take a clear example of this, and realize how important it
is to take care of our forests and everything that lives in them.
3.1.3. Project Specific Objects
Train Chaparri rangers and also university students who are dedicated to scientific
research in the field of techniques and monitoring.
Capture and place at least 6 to 10 captured bears in the wild.
Determine the location areas and seasonal daily movements and activity patterns of
collared bears.
Obtain seasonal diet information from food cues and droppings.
Monitor public attitudes toward eyesight, including hunting mortality.
Learn how to properly release bears into their natural habitat, so that when the bear
is in its habitat it does not have any problems or inconveniences when entering its
environment.
72
3.1.4. CONCLUSIONS
 The Chaparri forest is a clear example that the
conservation of our environment is more beneficial
than its destruction.
 The Peruvian state should focus more on these
types of projects, since these projects protect our
nature and by valuing it, lift dozens of families out
of poverty.
 It is a unique experience of being able to see
different animals and birds in their natural habitat,
and you can walk safely breathing pure air and in
full contact with nature and anyone who does not
feel much passion for nature ends up falling in love
with it, most importantly without destroying your
environment.
 It is a wonderful place where we had heard but
never had the opportunity to visit, now that we
have been there, we could say that we would go
again and again and even why not recommend
others to visit this wonderful place, the earthly
Eden.
73
3.1.5. RECOMMENDATIONS
 Bring repellent and sunscreen.
 Wear sports clothing and comfortable walking shoes.
 Hat and sunglasses.
 Bring water and fruits for the tour.
 Do not leave wrappers or any type of garbage in the place.
 Do not separate from the group led by the guide.
 And the most important thing is to follow all the recommendations of the tour guide,
in order to avoid accidents.
 Do not touch the electric fence.
74
3.1.6. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
 Chaparrí Wildlife Guide/Heinz Plege – Rob Williams

 Conservation Area/www.peru.travel
 Chaparri Ecological Reserve/www.ytuqueplanes.com
 Chaparri a story of sustainable development/www.ayudaenaccion.org
 Kerem Boyla, Angélica Estrada, BirdLife International
 Pedro Solano
 Endangered species
75
3.1.7. ANNEXES
3.1.8. CHAPARRI LOCATION
76
4.1. FLORA
Pass it
Faique
77
giant cacti
Guayacan
78
Carob tree
mother-in-law seat
79
paypay
Overo
80
Solder with solder
holy grass
81
Mosquera
Cuncuno
82
blue bell
Vichayo
83
Saint Peter
Giant
84
fox tail
85
4.1.2. FAUNA
Birds
pitajo de tumbes
Andean partridge
86
blackface bandurria
Andean condor
87
royal condor
red-headed chicken
88
black-headed chicken
Fishing eagle
89
Solitary eagle
Black-breasted harrier
90
Red-backed harrier
Pampero
91
rice cooker
white-headed scrub
92
Tumbes Sparrow
93
Santa Rosa
Peruvian red breast
94
Bolero or Chiroque
Thrush
Cinnamon Sparrowhawk
95
The white-winged guan
96
4.1.3. MAMMALS
coastal fox
Wildcat
97
margay
98
large ferret
Cougar
99
Northern Tamandua
skunk or vintage
White-tailed deer
100
Collared peccary or
peccary
101
spectacled bear
white-naped squirrel
Calls
102
4.1.4. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS
Frog
103
Tile
Chameleon
Lizard
Iguana
104
Hang deer
Macanche
105
cat snake
Sancarranca
106
Coralillo
107
Colambo
racer snake
108
blind snake
sun snake
109
4.1.5. IMAGES FROM A VISIT TO THE CHAPARRI ECOLOGICAL RESERVE
110
111
112
113
114
4.1.6. IMAGES OF THE TOUR
115
116
117
118
119

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PEDRO RUIZ GALLO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

ELISEO AGUILAR GARAY

“YEAR OF DIALOGUE AND NATIONAL RECONCILIATION”

residents of the rural community of Santa Catalina de

Chongoyape, who have discovered that nature

conservation can be a means to escape poverty and

achieve a dignified life. Twelve years ago they sponsored

the creation of the country's first private conservation

This was the initiative of the photographer and naturalist

Heinz Plenge and the residents of the community. They

have done a great job in this area, converting from

hunters to conservators, it is a great example of change

for the good of nature.

It is one of the places where it is demonstrated that the

common and the particular can work, when there are

common objectives, for example preserving the

environment and making sustainable and responsible use

of it in the Lambayeque region.

The Chaparrí natural reserve is a demonstration of

conservation and protection of flora and fauna, and a

wonderful tourist refuge for visitors.

We want to dedicate this work to our teacher and

our parents, for their efforts in giving us the

opportunity to study and for their constant support

To our brothers, relatives and friends for their

advice, patience and all the help they gave us to

continue our studies.

And to the members of this beautiful group who,

thanks to their support, could carry out this

research project on the Chaparri Ecological

2.1.10. HIGUERON ………………………….. 28

2.2.5. ANDEAN CONDOR …………………………. 43

2.3.8. WHITE-TAILED DEER ………………………… 63

In a conditioned place there is also a reptile rehabilitation place, in another environment

winged guan, guanaco, etc.).

1.2. LOCATION AND SURFACE

area is 42,412.60 hectares. Located in the district of Chongoyape, province of Chiclayo,

37,088 hectares of area protected by this ACP.

year, at least in part of their route.

the ones that lead to this body of water.

community and located in the Northern Dry Forest of Peru.

According to the ecological map, they are located in 4 life zones:

 Desert – tropical scrub.

 Desert – Tropical pre-montane.

 Arid tropical – Tropical premontane.

 Thorny mountain- Pre montane.

1.6. VALUES OF THE PROTECTED NATURAL AREA

among other species.

1.6.1. CULTURAL VALUES:

conquest of all of Peru.

1.6.2. SOCIOECONOMIC VALUES:

The conservation area consists of a population of community members dedicated mainly to

benefits for the population. local.

to the local resident.

1.7. MYTHS AND LEGENDS

Myth of Chaparri: “Heart that cries”

leaving only a few people and some temples.

He also had a brother named Yanahuaca. These characters performed extraordinary

the Sun God.