EDU36734

CHEMISTRY LAB KIT
INSTRUCTIONS
WARNING! Not suitable for children under 10 years. For use under
adult supervision. Contains some chemicals which present
a hazard to health. Read the instructions before use, follow them and keep them
for reference. Do not allow chemicals to come into contact with any part of the
body, particularly mouth and eyes. Keep small children and animals away from
experiments. Keep the experimental set out of reach of children under 10 years
old. Eye protection for supervising adults is not included.
MADE IN CHINA P38-CM001-81001003
CONTENTS :
2 Test Tubes with Stoppers 1 Cleaning Brush 1 Test Tube Holder
2 Glass Tubing 1 Rubber Tubing 1 Spirit Lamp
1 Beaker(0-100ml) 1 Stirring Rod 1 Measuring Spoon
6 Filter Papers 8 Universal Indicator Paper 1 Goggles
2 Cork Stoppers with hole 1 Funnel 2 Cork Stoppers
1 Instruction Book 1 Scoop 1 Dropping Pipette
1 Test Tube Rack
The Safety Rules

Read these instructions before use, follow them and keep them for reference.
Keep young children, animals and those not wearing eye protection away from the experimental area.
Always wear eye protection.
Store this experimental set out of reach of children under 10 years of age.
Clean all equipment after use.
Make sure that all containers are fully closed and properly stored after use.
Ensure that all empty containers are disposed of properly;
Wash hands after carrying out experiments.
DO NOT use any equipment which has not been supplied with the set or recommended in the instructions for use.
DO NOT eat or drink in the experimental area.
DO NOT allow chemicals to come into contact with the eyes or mouth.
DO NOT replace foodstuﬀs in original container. Dispose of immediately.
Disposal of chemicals should be in accordance with local regulations.
Advice for supervising adults

• Read and follow these instructions, the safety rules and the first aid information, and keep for reference.
• The incorrect use of chemicals can cause injury and damage to health. Only carry out those activities which are
listed in the instructions.
• This chemical set is for use only of children over 10 years of age.
• Because children’s abilities vary so much, even within age groups, supervising adults should exrcise discretion as to
which experiments are suitable and safe for them. The instructions should enable supervisors to assess any
experiment to establish its suitability for a particular child.
• The supervising adult should discuss the warnings and safety information with the child or children before
commencing the experiments. Particular attention should be paid to the safe handling of acids, alkalies and
flammable liquids.
• The area surrounding the experiment should be kept clear of any obstruction and away from the storage of food.
It should be well lit and ventilated and close to a water supply. A solid table with a heat resistant top should be
provided.
• The Spirit Burner should be placed on a metal tray. Fill the burner three quarters full with Methylated Spirits. You
need about 3mm of wick protruding from the cap. Keep the bottle of Methylated Spririts well away from the Spirit
Burner. Light the burner with a match. CAUTION! The flame is nearly colourless and in bright sunlight it may be
invisible. It is very easy to burn yourself.
1
General first aid information
In case of eye contact: Wash out eye with plenty of water, holding eye open if necessary. Seek immediate medical advice.
If swallowed: Wash out mouth with water, drink some fresh water. Do not induce vomiting. Seek immediate medical advice.
In case of inhalation: Remove person to fresh air.
In case of skin contact and burns: Wash aﬀected area with plenty of water for 10 minutes.
In case of doubt seek medical advice without delay. Take the chemical together with the container with you.
In case of injury always seek medical advice.
Record the telephone number of your local hospital (or local

poison centre) in the box below.
(write the number in NOW so you do not have to search for it in an emergency)
Telephone Local Hospital:
Take Chemical with you to the hospital
Safety Goggles User Information

Instructions for use, storage and maintenance:
• Hold goggles with one hand, if possible without touching the lens.
• Pull the elastic head band over the back of your head, just above the ears so that the goggles sit on your forehead.
Then pull the goggles down over the eyes carefully and adjust strap for a snug and comfortable fit.
• Ensure goggles are kept clean, dry and do not come into contact with loose chemicals or sharp objects.
• Wash with warm soapy water. Rinse and dry with a soft cloth after use.
• Store the goggles under room temperature.
Warning:
• These goggles are only to be used with the contents and instructions supplied. If goggles become damaged,
do not attempt to repair and discard immediately.
• The goggles are intended for protection against liquids (droplets or splashes).
• Materials which may come into contact with the wearer’s skin could cause allergic reactions to susceptible individuals.
Goggles Markings:
Model no : A15-CM002-24000008
Manufacturer : Edu-Science (HK) Ltd
1 S – EN166 3 S H CE
compiles with EN166

designed to fit small heads
intended for protection against droplets or splashes
for use with liquids
European Standard for Personal Eye Protection
increased robustness
Optical glass
2
Chemicals Contents :
CHEMICALS x 8
CHEMICAL Danger Symbol H-and P-Statements CAS No EINECS No
Sodium Causes serious eye irritation, Wear protective 497-19-8 207-838-8

gloves and eye protection.
Carbonate IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several
minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and
easy to do. Continue rinsing.
Calcium Carbonate Causes serious eye irritation, Causes skin irritation.

Wear eye protection and protective gloves.
471-34-1 207-439-9
(Marble chips, IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several
limestone) easy to do. Continue rinsing.
IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water.
Copper Foil - - 7440-50-8 231-159-6
Tartaric Acid Causes serious eye irritation, Causes skin irritation.

Wear eye protection and protective gloves.
87-69-4 201-766-0
IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several
Methyl Orange Harmful if swallowed. 547-58-0 208-925-3

Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this
product.
IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or
doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
Irritating to eyes. Irritating to respiratory system.

Litmus Blue - Irritating to skin.
Copper (II) Sulphate Harmful if swallowed, Causes serious eye irritation, 7758-98-7 231-847-6
Causes skin irritation,Very toxic to aquatic life with
long lasting effects. Very toxic to aquatic life.
Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this
product,Wear eye protection and protective gloves.
IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or
doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
Avoid release to the environment.
Causes serious eye damage.Causes severe skin

Calcium hydroxide burns and eye damage. 1305-62-0 215-137-3
Wear eye protection and protective gloves
Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor.
IF ON SKIN(or hair): Remove/Take off immediately
all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with
water/shower.
Dispose of contents and container in accordance with local regulations.
3
Contents Page
CHEMISTRY SET CONTENTS .............................................................................................. 3
Section 1 Safety Precautions ........................................................................................... 5
Section 2 Your Laboratory- How to Set It Up ............................................................. 7
Section 3 Laboratory Technique - How to Do Experiments ................................. 9
Section 4 Experiments: ........................................................................................................ 12
Introductory Experiments .................................................................................. 12

Obtaining Pure Substances ................................................................................ 14
What Happens When Chemicals are Heated ............................................... 19
Solutions and Solubility ...................................................................................... 21
Chemical Reactions ............................................................................................... 23

Acids, Alkalis, and Salts 1 ..................................................................................... 25
Acids, Alkalis, and Salts 2 ..................................................................................... 30
Gases ........................................................................................................................ 34
Metals ...................................................................................................................... 36
Fibres ........................................................................................................................ 37
Dyes .......................................................................................................................... 39
Section 5 Results of Experiments ..................................................................................... 40

Section 6 Explanation of Results ...................................................................................... 42
Glossary of Chemical Terms ........................................................................................... 45
Periodic Table of The Elements ........................................................................................... 48
CAUTION EXPERIMENTS SHOULD BE CONDUCTED IN A

WELL-VENTILATED AREA. THIS IS ESPECIALLY
IMPORTANT WHEN EXPERIMENTS PRODUCE FUMES. DO NOT BREATHE ANY FUMES.
You and Your Chemistry Set

Used properly, your chemistry set will open a whole new world for you; for there are substances you never dreamt of, hidden and waiting for you to discover, even in
ordinary, everyday things. And by mixing certain chemicals together you can make other chemicals, and find out for yourself about chemical reactions. As you progress,
you will come to realise what chemistry is really about, and how it is possible for chemists to produce entirely new substances, such as plastics, synthetic rubber and
fibres, drugs, paints, dyes, etcetera.
Although some chemical reactions may seem like magic, your chemistry set is not for conjuring tricks, but is a key - your key - for unlocking some of Nature’s secrets. And
remember that it is only by careful experimentation and observation that the best results are obtained. Who knows, perhaps one day your study of chemistry will result in
some important new discovery. Keep careful notes of your experiments. Find a suitable notebook and record what you do, what happens and what you learn.
But before you start experimenting, do read, for your own sake, Section 1 on Safety Precautions. You must have read of accidents in laboratories, and you don’t want
anything to go wrong in yours. For you will need to set up your own laboratory, even if it is simply an old table in the corner of a garage or workshop. Sections 2 and 3 tell
you how to do this and the correct way to carry out experiments.
4
Section 1 Safety Precautions
1. Set up your laboratory as described in Don’t handle hot apparatus carelessly. It

the next Section, so that you are is easy to get painful burns if a hot tripod
working in conditions which are safe stand, wire gauze, test tube, etc. is
and there is a minimum danger of fire. touched. Hot test tubes can stand in an
empty tin to cool. Do not place test tubes
2. Always wear an apron to protect your in the plastic test tube rack provided.
clothing from chemicals, and goggles to
protect your eyes, especially when Don’t fail to treat acids and alkalis with
handling acids and alkalis and when special care. Both can quickly injure the
heating substances, particularly those eyes.
which may spurt or give off steam or
gases. Don’t light your spirit burner unless it is
first placed on a large metal lid which
3. Handle glass tubing and other glass could if necessary contain all the spirit in
apparatus very carefully. Broken glass is the burner.
very sharp. When pushing a glass tube
through a cork always hold the tube Don’t place your container of
with a thick cloth. methylated spirit or any other flammable
substance near the lighted burner.
4. Here are some important Don’t Rules:-
Don’t forget to ensure that the test tube
Don’t taste any chemical. Most is pointing in a safe direction away from
chemicals are poisonous or injurious in yourself, other people and equipment
some way. when you are heating a chemical in case
something spurts out.
Don’t smell any chemcial or gas.
Don’t stop reading here. The next
Don’t forget to wash your hands after paragraphs tell you what to do if you
touching chemicals and apparatus and have been careless.
before touching your face or food.
5. Acids, Alkalis, or other chemicals in the
Don’t do your own private experiments. eyes or mouth If you get any chemical in
Some chemicals react together to your eyes or mouth, or forget and rub
evolve poisonous gases or cause your eyes with unwashed hands, splash
dangerous spurting. So follow the in plenty of water. If your eyes or mouth
instructions for experiments in the remain painful see your doctor.
booklet provided.
6. Burns If you touch something hot only
Don’t forget that the spirit burner flame briefly, put your hand quickly in cold
is very hot and is sometimes difficult to water. This will usually stop any burn
see in bright light. forming. If you really burn yourself you
should go to your parents or a doctor for
Don’t handle glass-cutting saw first aid treatment.
carelessly. It has a sharp edge.
5
7. Cuts Wash a small cut in antiseptic 10. Use of household equipment and
solution, or, failing this, in clean water. products Do not use spoons,
Then put on a plaster. In case of any containers, etc. which are normally in
larger injury you should get first aid use in the house. Do not try
treatment. experiments with household chemicals
except the ones described in the
8. Fire A small fire on your work table, booklet experiments. Dangerous
caused by the spirit burner falling over accidents have occurred by mixing
for example, can be quickly put out by certain cleansing agents with
smothering the fire at once with a damp chemicals.
cloth (which should always be kept
available). In the most unlikely event 11. Mixing chemicals Although any of the
that any larger fire occurs, which you chemicals supplied in your set may be
cannot handle, call the fire brigade safely mixed together, you should not
without delay. mix them with other chemicals unless
instructions in the experimernts direct
9. Very young children Ensure that very you to do so. This can be very
young children cannot touch any of dangerous (see para. 10 above). It is a
your chemicals or apparatus, and do not good safety precaution never to do any
carry out experiments when they are private experiments, i.e. those not
near you. described in the booklet.
siphon bottle
Plastic tubing
Clip
Plastic Surface
Waste pail
6
Section 2 Your Laboratory
How to Set It Up
Your place of work Your may only have a Work bench Your work bench or table
table or bench in the corner of a room, needs to be sturdy and to have a metal or
workshop, or garage. But it is much better PVC or formica surface. A surface of hard
to have a place where you will not be wood, such as teak, is also suitable.
disturbed and where young children are Alternatively, you can do your experiments
not permitted. on a large, unpainted metal tray placed on a
table.
Safety Considerations
1. The room should be well ventilated Additional Equipment
and safe from fire hazards such as
stored petrol and oils, gas or electric Metal lid
fires, etc.
Metal evaporating dish
2. If running water is not available, keep a
bucket of water within reach so that Crystallizing dish
you can wash your hands or quickly
put out a small fire with a damp cloth. Length of thick wire
Have plenty of rags for this and for
mopping up spilled liquids, etc. Pen
3. A large tin or bucket is needed for Microscope

ordinary rubbish, and another for
waste chemicals. Consult your local Saucepan
council about how to safely dispose of
waste chemicals. Sand, metals, broken Balances/scales
glass and other non-chemical items
can be treated as ordinary rubbish. 1 litre beaker
One metal, magnesium is an exception;
any pieces of magnesium should be Small bottle with cork
put aside and eventually burnt.
Flask with cork or bung
4. Do not have food or sweets in your
laboratory. Large test tube
5. Keep all chemicals locked up or at least Small jar

out of reach of young children.
7
Dish needed again. The end of the flexible
tubing must be below the surface of
Wooden splint the water in the container, otherwise
the flow will stop.
Small Candle The above suggestions are depicted in
the illustrations on page 6.
Jar with two lids
Balloon
Useful additions You will want to improve * It should be handled by adult

your laboratory as you go on, by obtaining or with adult supervision
or making additional equipment. Here are a
while using the spirit burner,
few ideas:
candle and scissors.
(a) Shelves for storing additional
apparatus, and for bottles, jars, and tins
for chemicals.
(b) Extra test tube racks.
(c) Additional tripod stands and stands for

holding test tubes being heated. These
can be made from fairly thick wire
which is shaped and coiled as
necessary, as shown.
(d) A useful form of water supply is a

siphon bottle. This consists of a large
glass or plastic container (1 gallon or
more) fitted with a two-hole cork or
bung. Through one hole a glass tube
dips through the water to the bottom
of the container. A length of flexible
tubing is connected to the top of the
tube protruding from the cork. Suction
is applied to the flexible tubing to start
the water running through it (Warning
: NOT to apply suction by mouth),
and the tube can then be pinched with
a clothes peg to stop the flow until
8
Section 3 Laboratory Technique
How to Do Experiments
1. Read the instructions for the fully satisfied that it is the right chemical
experiment carefully and thoughtfully and has not been contaminated with
before starting. Next, get all the anything else. If in doubt, put the
apparatus and chemicals ready. Then do chemical in your chemical waste tin.
the experiment slowly, reading the When removing and replacing stoppers,
instructions again from time to time. be careful not ot break the test tube and
NEVER hurry, and never do experiments cut your fingers. Wash your hands after
when young children are around. touching chemicals.
2. Remember all the safety precautions 6. If you make up solutions of chemicals

(read them regularly), especially those for future use ensure that they are
relating to the spirit burner. correctly labelled. It is obviously
essential that all containers bear the
3. Use the scoop provided for handling names of the chemicals in them.
solid chemicals, not your hands. In the
instructions for experiments, ‘a little’ or 7. The Spirit Burner This must be handled
‘a small quantity’ means half a scoopful with great care, otherwise it can be a fire
or less. It is wasteful to use more. hazard. It should always be placed on a
metal tray or lid (not painted on the
4. The best way to add a solid chemical to inside) large enough to contain the
a container, e.g. a test tube, is to pour spirit should the burner be accidentally
some of the powder first into a creased damaged. When it is alight, keep the
piece of clean paper. The chemical can burner well away from the supply
then be tipped slowly from the paper container of methylated spirit and
into the test tube. Afterwards dispose of any other flammable substance. To fill
the paper in your chemical waste tin. the burner, remove the cap containing
Liquids are best transferred by means of the wick and, using the filter funnel, fill
a funnel, or by pouring slowly down a the glass bottle no more than
glass rod. three-quarters full. Replace the cap and
screw it down tightly. Then wipe the
5. When taking a chemical from a test outside of the bottle dry. The wick
tube or other container, always hold the should protrude from the cap about 3
stopper in one hand and replace it mm to give the right size of flame. Wash
immediately afterwards. This is quite the funnel. To put out the burner, place
easy once you have practised it, and the given cap completely over it so that
ensures that chemicals do not the tube touches the cap. Methylated
deteriorate from unnecessary exposure Spirits burns with an almost invisible
to air, and are not contaminated by the flame, so special care should be taken to
use of stoppers from other test tubes or ensure that the flame is extinguished
containers. Do not return any unused before handling or moving the burner.
chemical to its container unless you are
* Recommended to heat the
glassware by adult or under
adult supervision
9
8. Heating test tubes Use one stroke, do not saw. Now hold the
(a) Use the test tube holder when tube in a cloth (or wear suitable
heating a chemical in a test tube. If gloves) between the thumb and
the chemical is a liquid, be very fingers of each hand, with thumbs
careful it does not suddenly boil and under the scratch. (See diagram.)
shoot out of the test tube. Then snap the tube into two pieces
(b) Do not put hot test tubes in cold with a quick jerk, pushing your
water or in plastic test tube racks. thumbs towards the scratch. The
Place them in a clean tin or on a tin tube should break quite cleanly at
lid. the scratch. If the edges are rough
(c) Do not heat a test tube with a solid or sharp, hold them in the spirit
stopper in it. flame so that the glass melts a little.
(d) Hold the test tube at an angle over
the flame, and pointing in a safe
direction away from yourself, other
people and equipment. Keep it
moving about in the flame, until it is
really hot, otherwise the glass may
crack. This applies especially when
heating solid chemicals.
(b) Bending Take another short length
9. Cleaning apparatus Always thoroughly of tubing and, with a hand at each
wash apparatus after an experiment. end, heat 4-5 cm in the middle with
There is no need to dry it, just give it a the spirit flame, rotating the tube all
shake. Cold water is normally sufficient, the time with your thumb and
but warm water and washing liquid are forefinger. When the glass is soft,
sometimes necessary. Rinse after using remove from the flame, carefully
washing up liquid. Use the test tube bend it into a right-angle. Be careful
brush for the inside of flasks and test to get both arms of the right angle
tubes. Chemicals can usually be in the same plane. If you heat too
removed from test tubes by using the much the bend will flatten or buckle.
measuring spoon provided. When solid Lay the tube on a flat metal surface
deposits cannot be removed, the test to cool. Do not pick it up until it is
tube must be thrown away. Stains can cool.
often be removed by leaving the test
tube or other container filled with acid (c) Making a glass jet or nozzle
solution for a day or so. Repeat the procedure in (10b), but
when the glass softens, pull firmly
10. Manipulation glass tubing and slowly with both hands so that
(a) Cutting Try this with a short piece of the tube draws out into the shape of
tubing which should be laid on the the diagram. When the tube is cool,
bench or other flat surface. Make cut it with the glass cutting file at
one firm scratch, with the glass the middle, to obtain two glass jets.
cutting file, on the tube in one place.
10
Soap
Orange juice
Tomato juice
Sour milk
Tonic Water
Egg shell
Wood ashes
Lard
11. Chemical waste from experiments Fizzy lemonade
You will often finish an experiment with Silk - small piece
some chemical left in a test tube, Wool - small piece
evaporating dish, etc. used in the Cotton - small piece
experiment. Always put such residues Linen - small piece
in your chemical waste tin. They should Rayon - small piece
not be used again. Nylon - small piece
String - small piece
12. Use of Household Chemicals Leather - small piece
Many substances in your home are very Copper foil
useful in your laboratory. Some, which
are not in your chemistry set, are 13. Recording experiments You should
needed in particular experiments. Here always write up your experiments with
is a list of the main ones:- a diagram or list of the apparatus, in a
Baking soda (bicarbonate of soda) chemistry note book. This record is
Citric acid (as bought for home-made often helpful for future reference. But
lemonade) the main reason for it is to learn and
Salt (sodium chloride) practice scientific method, the essence
Sugar (sucrose) of which is care and accuracy in
Vinegar experimental work and recorded
Washing soda (sodium carbonate observation of anything that happens.
crystals) This is the way great discoveries have
Hydrogen peroxide (10 volume) been made.
Aluminium foil or silver milk tops
Iron nails Check the results of your experiment in
Fruit and vegetable juices section 5 of this booklet. If you failed to
Cochineal food colouring obtain the correct results, do the
Methylated spirit (for the spirit burner) experiment again. Finally, read in
Mud Section 6 about the chemistry involved
Milk in the experiment , i.e. the reasons for
Coloured chalk the results.
Sand
Blue-black ink
Green food dye
Lemon juice
Baking powder/soda
11
Section 4 Experiments
Important: Before you do any of the experiments,
read again the pages on Safety Precautions and
Laboratory Technique.
Introductory Experiments
With the exception of the early experiments in Set 1, the instructions do not tell you
what happens in the experiments. You must find out for yourself, as all scientists do,
and this is also the best way to learn chemistry. But when you have done an experiment
and recorded the results, you can then check your results in Section 5 of this booklet. If
you obtained the correct results, you should then turn to Section 6 and find out the
reasons for them. If you did not achieve the correct results you should repeat the
experiment.
(Note:- Unless otherwise stated, ‘test tube’ means a 110 mm one)
The first six experiments are easy ones, to help you get used to handling the apparatus
and chemicals. The instructions tell you exactly what to do and also the results you
should obtain.
Set 1
Experiment 1 To show that some chemicals change the
Test tube colour of certain substances.
Scoop Put a very small amount of the orange
Methyl orange powder powder (much less than half a scoopful) in
Tartaric acid the test tube and then add water to half fill
the test tube. Shake gently to make the
powder dissolve. Now add a little tartaric
Water acid until the colour changes to red. Keep
this red liquid for the next experiment.
Methyl Orange
To show that the chemical, sodium

Experiment 2 carbonate, changes the colour of certain
Test tube containing the red liquid from substances.
Expt. 1 Add a little sodium carbonate to the red
Sodium carbonate liquid until the colour changes back to
orange again. Shake the test tube gently to
help the mixing. Do not place the bung in
the test tube as a gas is produced.
12
Experiment 3 Colour changes with other chemicals.
Test tube Put a very small amount(much less than
Litmus blue half a scoopful) of litmus blue in the test
Tartaric acid tube, and then add water as in Expt. 1.
Shake gently to make the powder dissolve.
Now add a little tartaric acid until the colour
changes to red. Keep the red liquid for the
Water next experiment.
Litmus
Experiment 4 More colour changes with chemicals.

Test tube containing the red liquid from Add a little sodium carbonate to the red
Expt. 3 liquid until the colour changes back to
Sodium carbonate blue. Shake the test tube gently to help the
mixing.
Do not place the bung in the test tube as a
gas is produced.
Experiment 5 To make a solid chemical from two liquid

Two test tubes chemicals.
Copper sulphate Dissolve a little copper sulphate in one test
Sodium carbonate tube half filled with water. Dissolve a little
sodium carbonate in the same way, using
the other test tube. Shake each tube to
Copper sulphate help the chemicals dissolve. Now add the
two liquids together by pouring one into
the other. A blue-green solid (non-liquid)
chemical is made.
Sodium
carbonate
13
Obtaining Pure Substances
Chemicals are pure substances,and nearly all of them have to be obtained from
mixtures of many different chemicals. Most natural substances, such as earth, oil, air,
wood, rocks, cement, are such mixtures, and many important chemicals can be got from
them. Thus, oxygen is obtained from air, and petrol, diesel fuel, and bottled gas from
crude oil. The next experiments will show you how chemists separate mixtures into the
substances they contain.
Experiment 6 To separate muddy water into mud and

Two test tubes water.
Test tube rack Thoroughly mix some mud and water in a
Filter funnel test tube (about half full) by shaking them
Filter paper together. Put this test tube in the test tube
Glass rod rack. This mixture of mud and water is
Mud and water called suspension because the particles of
mud are floating or suspended in the water
but not dissolved in it.
Place the filter funnel in the other test tube,
as in the diagram. Fit the funnel with a filter
paper (the method of folding the paper
into a cone is shown in the diagram) and
then pour a little clean water into the paper
to make it stick to the funnel. Now shake
the suspension a little, and then pour it
carefully and slowly down the glassrod-
held in your other hand - into the funnel.
The glass rod prevents the muddy water
splashing and getting between the funnel
and paper. Be careful not to damage the
filter paper with the rod. The liquid which
passes through the filter paper and collects
in the second test tube is called the filtrate.
Is it still muddy? What is left on the filter
paper?
How to fold a filter paper
Experiment 7 To obtain the blue-green chemical made

Filtration apparatus as in Expt. 6 in Experiment 5.
Test tubes and chemicals as in Expt. 5 Repeat Experiment 5, and then filter the
mixture containing the blue-green solid.
This chemical is called copper carbonate
and is left on the filter paper. You will need
this copper carbonate in Expt. 24, so purify
it as described in the next experiment.
14
Experiment 8 To purify the copper carbonate made in
Filter funnel and paper containing the Experiment 7.
copper carbonate Pour half a test tube of clean warm water on to
Test tubes the copper carbonate so that other chemicals
are washed away. Use a test tube for the water
to drain into. Now very carefully remove the
filter paper from the funnel, open it out, and lay
it on a flat surface where the powder can dry. A
piece of wood or cardboard on a radiator is
suitable. Keep the copper carbonate out of the
reach of young children and label it. When the
copper carbonate is dry, tip it into a spare test
tube or tin, and label it.
Experiment 9 To see if milk can be filtered.

Filtration apparatus Milk is a suspension of substances in water, but
Milk the particles are very small. Try filtering about
a quarter of a test tube of it.
Experiment 10 To see if a suspension of coloured

Filtration apparatus blackboard chalk can be filtered.
Coloured chalk Powder a little of the blackboard chalk and
mix it with about a quarter of a test tube of
water so that you have a coloured liquid. Can
you filter it?
In the previous experiments you have tried to separate suspensions, or mixtures of

water and solids floating in it. But many chemicals, such as salt and copper sulphate
dissolve in water and therefore pass through the filter paper with it. When you need to
separate the chemicals in this kind of mixture, called a solution, you have to use a
process called evaporation.
Experiment 11 To separate salt from salt water by

evaporation.
Metal evaporating dish Shake together, in a test tube, a scoopful of table
Test tube salt (sodium chloride) and half a test tube of
Test tube holder warm water.When the undissolved salt has
Spirit burner settled, pour a little of the salt water into the
Salt evaporating dish so that the dish is about half
full. Now heat the dish over the spirit flame,
using the test tube holder. Boil the liquid until all
the water evaporates as steam and a white
residue of salt remains.When the salt begins to
spurt, heat very gently. Do not taste the salt.
So that you do not have to hold the evaporating

dish over the flame in this and later experiments, it
is a good idea to make a small stand to place over
the burner. It can be made from fairly thick wire, as
in the diagram.
Allow the evaporating dish to cool before
touchng it.
15
Experiment 12 To separate a mixture of salt and sand
Filtration apparatus Before you read on, try to think out for
Evaporation apparatus yourself a way of doing this.
Test tubes Mix the sand and salt together, about one
Salt scoopful of each, and place the mixture in a
Sand test tube half full of warm water. Shake well
for about a minute to make the salt
dissolve. Now filter, collecting the filtrate
(salt water) in a second test tube. Evaporate
this liquid as in Expt. 11 to obtain the pure
salt. Wash the sand on the filter paper with
a little warm water. Then dry it as in Expt. 8.
Experiment 13 To separate a mixture of sand and

Apparatus as in Expt. 12 copper sulphate.
Crystallizing dish Proceed as in Experiment 12, but do not
Copper sulphate completely evaporate the filtrate of copper
Sand sulphate solution. When you have boiled
about half of it away and the remaining
liquid is a deeper blue colour, pour it into
the crystallizing dish. Leave the dish on your
work bench until blue crystals of copper
sulphate form.
When the water, and not the solid, is needed from a solution (e.g. salt water), the
process of distillation is used. But before you do distillation experiments you will have
to bend some glass tubing for the apparatus, and this is an opportunity for you to
practice other methods of manipulating glass tubing.
Experiment 14 To bend a piece of glass tubing for Expt.

Glass tubing 17 and later experiments.
Spirit burner Take a short length of tubing, not less than
7 cm, and proceed as in paragraph 10b of
section 3 on Laboratory Technique.
Experiment 15 To cut a piece of glass tubing.

As in Expt. 14 Proceed as in paragraph 10a of Section 3.
Experiment 16 To make a jet or nozzle.

As in Expt. 14 Proceed as in paragraph 10c of Section 3.
Experiment 17 To obtain the water from a solution of

Spirit burner copper sulphate by distillation.
One-hole cork Assemble the apparatus as in the diagram on
Test tubes page 17. One arm of the bent glass tube is
Test tube holder pushed gently (Careful!) through the
Glass or cup one-hole cork, and the rubber tubing is fixed
16
Test tube rack on the other arm. It is easy to slide the rubber
Bent glass tube (from Expt. 14) tubing on if you wet the glass tubing first.
Rubber tubing When you are satisfied that the apparatus is
Copper sulphate solution ready, make up about a quarter of a test tube
of copper sulphate solution and pour it into
the test tube to be heated, replacing the cork
and tubing afterwards. Now heat the
solution, using the test tube holder.
Be very careful to keep the test tube moving

about over the flame so that the liquid does
not suddenly boil and shoot up into the
tubing. Heat until the liquid is slightly boiling
and let it simmer for five or ten minutes. In
this time you should be able to collect a small
quantity of water in the second test tube by
the condensation of the steam. DO NOT boil
the solution dry. DO NOT taste the water
collected. You can save yourself the trouble of
holding the test tube over the flame if you
make a small stand from fairly thick wire as in
the diagram. But in this case you must hold
the spirit burner in your hand to start with.
Take great care. Keep the flame moving about
under the test tube until the liquid is gently
and safely simmering. The top of the flame
should then be a few inches under the
bottom of the test tube, which can be raised
and lowered by sliding through the coils of
the stand. Do not place the hand over the end
of the test tube. If the test tube has been
heated, move it away from the burner before
holding the tube with a cloth. Take care when
moving the glass tube through the metal
coils.
Experiment 18 To obtain water from ink.

Apparatus as in Expt. 17 Proceed as in Expt. 17, using rather less ink
Blue-black ink than the copper sulphate solution.
Some substances are so similar in certain respects that they cannot be separated from
each other in a mixture by any of the previous methods. The process of
Chromatography (the word means colour writing or marking) may then be used. The
substances first separated by this method were in fact coloured. It is a complicated
process, but one simple way of doing it is the filter paper method described in the next
experiments, in which the coloured substances form separate coloured areas or rings
on the paper. Such a filter paper is then called a chromatogram, and from it solutions of
the substances can be made.
17
Experiment 19 To separate a mixture of methyl orange
Crystallizing dish and litmus by chromatography.
Test tubes Mix together a little methyl orange powder
Filter paper and twice as much litmus powder with
Glass tube spatula on a clean paper. Put the mixture
Methyl orange powder into a test tube, add water to about the half
Dropping pipette way mark, and shake well to dissolve the
powders. Allow any excess powder to settle
for a few minutes, and then pour off some
Filter paper of the liquid into another test tube. Place a
filter paper over the crystallizing dish. Use
the provided dropping pipette and put one
drop of the liquid on the centre of the filter
paper. After the drop has spread a little, add
another drop. Repeat the process until you
have added three or four drops. Now let the
liquid spread outwards. Do the two
Crystallizing dish substances separate?
Experiment 20 To separate ink into different colours.

Apparatus as in Expt. 19 Repeat Expt. 19, but use ordinary
blue-black ink as your mixture to be
separated.
Experiment 21 To separate a mixture of pink and green

Apparatus as in Expt. 19, but with a larger food dyes.
filter paper or piece of blotting paper For this experiment, better results are
Pink (cochineal) and green food dyes obtained with a circle of filter or blotting
paper about 7 cm in diameter. To half a test
tube of water add four drops of green food
dye and mix by shaking . To another test
tube half full of water add six drops of pink
(cochineal)dye and shake. Add the two
liquids together, and then proceed as in
Expt. 19, adding drops of the liquid to the
centre of the paper until the mixture has
spread nearly to the edges.
18
What Happens
When Chemicals are Heated
You will learn at school or by reading a chemistry text book about elements and
compounds. Briefly, there are over 100 elements and all substances are made from
them, rather like buildings from bricks. An element contains nothing but itself.
Thousands of other substances, called compounds, consist of elements combined
together in a special chemical way and in certain weight proportions. They are pure
substances, like elements, having special properties (characteristics) of their own. An
example is water, the formula for which is H2O, as most people know. It consists of the
gases hydrogen and oxygen combined chemically together. It is very difficult to get
these gases out of water; ordinary heating does not split the water into gases
(decompose it), so this has to be done by an electrical method. But many compounds do
decompose when heated, sometimes into the elements of the compound, sometimes
into simpler compounds containing these elements. For example, if silver oxide, is
heated, it decomposes into its elements, the metal, silver and the gas, oxygen. Usually, if
a colour change occurs, the compound being heated has decomposed. This is also true
if steam (from the dry compound) or a gas is given off. Of course, an element cannot
decompose like this (why?), but some elements change into compounds, when heated,
by chemically combining with oxygen in the air. The element sulphur does this, forming
a gas called sulphur dioxide.
In the next experiments you are going to discover for yourself what happens when
some substances are heated. You will know whether they are elements or compounds
from their names; a double chemical name, like copper sulphate, means a compound,
but one name, such as copper or gold indicates an element. You will not find any gold in
your chemistry set!
Experiment 22 To find out what happens when blue

Test tube copper sulphate is heated.
Test tube holder Put a scoopful of copper sulphate in the test
Spirit burner tube, and, keeping the test tube horizontal in
Copper sulphate the test tube holder, heat the copper sulphate
gently over the spirit flame. Be careful to move
the test tube about in the flame (or move the
flame up and down under the test tube) so
that over-heating does not occur. Observe
carfully. More than one thing happens. Check
your results. Do not cover the end of the test
tube or place a bung in it. Point the end of the
test tube in a safe direction away from
yourself, other people and equipment.
19
Experiment 23 Another kind of invisible ink.
Pen You can do this without a chemistry set. Write
Lemon juice with the lemon juice and then warm the paper
as before. What colour is the writing?
Experiment 24 Heating copper carbonate.

Test tube and holder You should still have some of this blue-green
Spirit burner compound left from Expts. 7 and 8. If not, make
Copper carbonate some more. Put about half a scoopful of it in a
test tube and heat until the colour changes. Do
not cover the end of the test tube or place a
bung in it. Point the end the test tube in a safe
direction away from yourself, other people and
eqipement. Allow to cool. What do you think
happened?
Experiment 25 Heating sugar.

Unpainted metal lid Heat a little sugar on an unpainted metal lid
Spirit burner or in an old spoon. Are any gases evolved?
Sugar Any colour changes? What is the residue
left after much heating?
Experiment 26 Heating tartaric acid.

Unpainted metal lid Repeat Expt. 25 but use tartaric acid.
Spirit burner
Tartaric acid
You have been heating various compounds, and these contain simpler substances
called elements as you know. Now you are going to try heating some elements, the
ones selected being metals.
Experiment 27 Heating copper wire.

Test tube holder Heat a narrow strip of copper wire, held
Spirit burner using the test tube holder, for about half a
Copper wire minute, using the test tube holder, so that
only a small part of the wire is in the flame.
Describe what happens. Does the metal
melt?
Experiment 28 Heating an iron nail.

Test tube holder Repeat Expt. 27, but use a small iron nail or
Spirit burner panel pin. What happen? Does it melt?
Iron nail
Experiment 29 Heating aluminium foil.

Test tube holder Heat a piece of the foil or a silver milk top,
Aluminium foil held using the test tube holder. Does it
melt?
20
Solutions and Solubility
Several of the experiments for Set 1 showed that some substances dissolve in water,
forming a solution, while others do not. In a solution the substance dissolved (called
the solute) is completely mixed up with the liquid (called the solvent) because the
particles (little pieces) are so small, too small to be held back by a filter paper. So the
solution is quite transparent. Substances which do not dissolve in water are termed
insoluble, and even soluble substances differ greatly in their solubility, which is the
amount of substance that will dissolve in a certain quantity of solvent. Most insoluble
substances will dissolve in solvents other than water.
Experiment 30 To estimate the approximate solubility of

Copper oxide (black solid made in some chemicals in cold water
Experiment 24) Make a mark with a felt-tipped pen-about
Beaker half way up the beaker. Add water to this
Scoop mark, and then add exactly one levelled off
Glass rod scoop of salt. Stir with the glass rod for a
Salt (sodium chloride) minute or so, and note whether the
Sugar substance dissolves completely and quickly,
or only partly dissolves, or is insoluble. Try
each substance in turn, making sure that
the same quantity of water and exactly one
level scoopful of substance in used each
time. Record the substances as soluble,
partly soluble, or insoluble.
Experiment 31 Repeat Expt. 30 but use the substances here

Baking powder listed.
Calcium carbonate
Experiment 32 To estimate the solubility of other

Household substances substances.
Repeat Expt. 30, but try various solid
substances available in your home, such as
washing soda, citric acid, etc. Do not test
any substances labelled poisonous.
Experiment 33 To make copper sulphate crystals for

Test tube Expt. 34
Test tube holder Dissolve copper sulphate in about half a
Spirit burner test tube of very hot water until you have a
Home-made stand(Expt. 11) strong solution. Pour some of this into the
Evaporating dish evaporating dish and boil for about two
Crystallizing dish minutes. The liquid should now be more
Copper sulphate concentrated and a deeper shade of blue.
Transfer it to the crystallizing dish for
crystals to form.
21
Experiment 34 To grow a large crystal of copper
Spirit burner sulphate.
Home-made stand Make a little less than half a beaker of hot
Beaker saturated copper sulphate solution. Use the
Glass rod glass rod to stir the solution as you add the
Glass non-food container copper sulphate to the beaker on the stand.
Copper sulphate Continue to add the sulphate until the
solution is fairly hot (not boiling) and a
deep blue colour, and a small quantity of
undissolved sulphate remains. Pour the
clear solution slowly into a small jam jar or
cup, being careful not to add any of the
sediment, and allow to cool. Now pick out a
well shaped crystal from Expt. 33 and place
it very gently in the saturated solution in
the jar.
Cover the glass container and leave it in a

place where the temperature is even and
there is no draft or dust. Turn the crystal
over to a fresh face (side) every day. A better
way, though a little difficult, is to tie the
small crystal to a piece of cotton and then
dangle it in the solution, suspended from a
spatula or pencil. You do not then have to
keep turning it over, and the crystal grows
better. If any small crystals form in the
solution pour off the liquid into another
container and replace the large crystal.
Experiment 35 Watching salt crystals grow.

Microscope If you do not possess a microscope, you will
Beaker need to borrow one for this fascinating
Table Salt experiment. First, adjust the microscope so
Dropping pipette that a few grains of table salt (sodium
chloride) on a microscope slide are well
focussed as small cubes. Now make a hot,
saturated solution of table salt in a beaker,
place one or two drops on a slide under the
microscope, and focus again if necessary.
Keep watching the drop of liquid until you
see the crystals building up.
22
Chemical Reactions
When a chemical changes its form by decomposing into other chemicals or by

combining chemically with another substance, such as oxygen in the air, a chemical
reaction is said to take place. In most of the heating experiments you have been doing
chemical reactions like this have occurred. In another kind of chemical reaction, one
element replaces another in a compound. For example, if the metal magnesium is put
into a test tube containing silver nitrate solution, the magnesium replaces the silver in
the silver nitrate, and magnesium nitrate is formed plus the metal, silver. This can more
easily be understood if we write a word equation:-
Magnesium + silver nitrate Magnesium nitrate + silver (The arrow means ‘turns
into’). There is no silver nitrate in your chemistry set, but you can do other replacement
reactions.
Set 2
Experiment 36 To make iron replace copper in copper
Test tube sulphate solution.
Small iron nail or panel pin Place a little copper sulphate in the test
Copper sulphate tube and add about a quarter of a test tube
of water. Shake to get a blue solution. Drop
in the iron nail, which must not be rusty.
Leave for ten minutes. Now take out the nail
using a measuring spoon provided or
similar tool. Do not place your bare fingers
in the solution.. What do you see? Explain
what has happened by writing a word
equation like the one above.
Experiment 37 A decomposition reaction.

Spirit burner Make some copper carbonate by adding
Test tubes and rack half a test tube of copper sulphate solution
Bent glass tube and cork to the same quantity of sodium carbonate
Lime water (see Experiment 44 for details) solution. Allow the insoluble copper
Copper sulphate solution carbonate to settle, and then pour off as
Sodium carbonate solution much liquid from it as you can. Now gently
heat the carbonate, but only enough to
drive off the remaining water as steam. Be
careful to move the test tube about in the
Lime Water flame so that over-heating does not occur.
Do not cover the end of the test tube or
place a bung in it. Point the end of the test
tube in a safe direction away from yourself,
Cooper carbonate other people and equipment. Fit a cork and
23
bent tube to the test tube and, with the end
of the tube dipping into a test tube of lime
water, more strongly heat the copper
carbonate. This bung and tube can be
placed over the end of the test tube as the
tube prevents a seal from being formed. It
changes into another chemical of a
different colour and a gas is evolved which
affects the lime water in a certain way.
Clearly the copper carbonate has
decomposed (split up) into simpler
substances.
Experiment 38 A combination reaction.

Spirit burner Make a little white copper sulphate by
Evaporating dish heating a scoopful of blue copper sulphate
Glass rod in the metal evaporating dish, stirring the
Glass tube powder gently with the glass rod supplied.
Copper sulphate Do not overheat, and stop heating as soon
Dropping pipette as all the chemical has turned white. Allow
to cool, and then very carefully add drops of
water with the pipette supplied until the
powder is blue but still dry. Evidently the
white compound has combined chemically
with the water to form the blue compound,
since all the water added has disappeared.
Another type of chemical reaction is called a double-decomposition reaction.

Sometimes this is unofficially called ‘swopping partners’, as you will see by the
following example of a typical reation of this kind:
Sodium carbonate + Magnesium sulphate
Magnesium carbonate + Sodium sulphate
Experiment 39 A double-decomposition reation.

Test tubes and rack To half a test tube of sodium carbonate
Sodium carbonate solution solution add a little lime water (calcium
Lime water hydroxide solution). Describe the reaction
(see Experiment 44 for details) which takes place, and see if you can write a
word equation for it like the example above.
24
Acids, Alkalis, and Salts 1
Although your chemistry set contains none of the very strong and dangerous acids and
alkalis, you should always handle with great care even the safer ones needed in the
following experiments. You should of course be extra careful to wash your hands after
touching acids and alkalis, wear an apron to protect your clothing, and goggles,
especially when heating them.
Experiment 40 Acids have a sour taste.

Cut a piece from a lemon and taste it. The
sour taste is due to the citric acid in it.
Experiment 41 Testing acids with litmus paper.

Glass tubing Using the dropping pipette provided, place
Citric acid solution a drop of citric acid solution, lemon juice,
Tartaric acid solution vinegar, and tartaric acid solution (made
Lemon juice from the tartaric acid in your Set) on
Vinegar separate parts of a piece of blue litmus
Universal indicator paper paper. What happens? Does the vinegar
Dropping pipette contain any acid?
Experiment 42 The colours of different indicators when

Test tubes mixed with an acid.
Test tube rack Litmus and methyl orange are called
Methyl orange powder indicators because they tell whether a
Litmus powder substance is an acid or an alkali. They are
Citric acid solution the only safe way of testing such
Dropping pipette substances.
Make up solutions of both indicators for

this and later experiments, by shaking up
less than half a scoopful of each powder
with a test tube of water. Allow the mixtures
to settle for a few minutes, and then pour
off the liquid into other test tubes, cork and
label them. Put about half an inch or less of
each indicator solution in test tubes in the
test tube rack. Now add a few drops of citric
acid solution. What are the colour changes?
25
Experiment 43 The reaction of acids with
Beaker carbonates.
Sodium carbonate A carbonate is a compound containing a
Calcium carbonate metal, carbon, and oxygen. You have two in
Acid solutions as in Expt. 41 your Set. Use the sodium carbonate to study
Wooden splint or taper this reaction. Put a little in the beaker and
then add an acid such as tartaric acid
solution. The fizzing or effervescence
indicates that a gas is being evolved. Try
other acid solutions, such as vinegar, lemon
juice, and citric acid solution. And try the
other carbonate, calcium carbonate. The
same gas is evolved in every case. Put a
lighted splint of wood or taper into the
beaker to see if the gas puts it out. Can you
guess what the gas is?
The next experiments concern alkalis. An alkali reacts with an acid, thereby destroying
the acid and itself. They are said to neutralize each other.
Experiment 44 To make a solution of the alkali, calcium

Medium size bottle with stopper hydroxide.
Calcium hydroxide This solution is called lime water, and you
will need quite a lot in your experiments. So
always keep a bottle of it. Just put about
one scoopful of calcium hydroxide in a
medium size bottle (about 1 litre or less)
and fill up with water. Replace the cork or
stopper and shake up the contents. Now
allow the undissolved hydroxide to settle
and a clear solution to form. Calcium
hydroxide is not very soluble, so you will
find some of it deposited on the bottom of
the bottle. This does not matter, so long as
you do not shake the bottle when you pour
from it. And you can keep on adding water
to the bottle, to make up what you take out
of it, provided there is still some of the
undissolved chemical on the bottom. If not,
add more of the calcium hydroxide.
26
Experiment 45 The colours of different indicators when
Test tubes mixed with an alkali.
Test tube rack You probably have solutions of litmus and
Litmus solution methyl orange left from Expt. 42. If not,
Methyl orange solution make some more as described in that
Lime water experiment. Put about half an inch or less of
Any acid solution used in previous each indicator into test tubes and then add
experiments a few drops of lime water to each. Do the
Dropping pipette indicators change colour? Add some acid
solution to each until the colours change.
Now add lime water until different colours
are obtained. You can now make a table in
your chemistry note book to show the
following information:
Litmus Methyl orange

Colour with acids
Colour with alkalis
Check your results as usual.
Experiment 46 To test other substances with an

Test tubes and rack indicator.
Glass tube Solutions of some substances do not affect
Universal indicator papers the colour of indicators. Those substances
Various substances as suggested are said to be neutral. An example is
Dropping pipette ordinary salt (sodium chloride). Test some of
the chemical (powders) in your Set and
various substances in your home, such as
orange juice, tomato juice, sour milk, tap
water, tonic water, etc. Always make a
solution of the substance by adding a little
of it to about half a test tube of water,
except in the case of liquids, such as tap
water. Then take a drop out of the solution
with the dropping pipette provided. and put
it on a piece of red litmus paper. If there is
no bluish mark, test again with blue litmus
paper.
27
Experiment 47 To show the process of neutralization.
Test tubes and rack In this experiment tartaric acid is
Glass tube neutralized by the alkali, calcium hydroxide.
Tartaric acid Add a very small a very small amount (much
Lime water less than half a scoopful) of the acid to half
Dropping pipette a test tube of water, to make a weak
solution. To this add lime water (calcium
hydroxide solution) from a test tube, one or
two drops at a time, using the dropping
pipete provided. Continue to add the drops
and eventually you will find that one drop
causes a milkiness to appear in the liquid.
Shake the test tube, and the milkiness will
disappear. Go on adding the lime water and
shaking, and the milkiness will get more
and more pronounced. Finally, it will not
disappear on shaking, and a white solid
settles on the bottom of the test tube when
this is left for a while.
At what point do you think neutralization

occurred? The acid and alkali no longer
exist, and one of the products of the
reaction is the white powder. You will
understand more about this neutralization
reaction when you have read about it in
Section 6.
Note that the lime water is added from a

test tube, previously filled from the bottle
without shaking up the deposit on the
bottom, in order to obtain a clear solution.
Experiment 48 To show that sodium carbonate solution

Sodium carbonate solution contains an alkali.
Red litmus solution Add a few drops, using the dropping
Dropping pipette pipette provided of an acid solution to blue
litmus solution, just enough to turn it red.
Now add a few drops of the red litmus to a
solution of sodium carbonate. What
happens?
28
Experiment 49 Another method of demonstrating
Test tubes and rack neutralization
Glass tube Make up solutions of tartaric acid and
Universal indicator paper sodium carbonate. To a quarter of a test
Tartaric acid tube of the acid solution, add one or two
Sodium carbonate drops of the sodium carbonate solution,
Dropping pipette using the dropping pipette provided. Do
not place the bung in the test tube as a gas
is produced. When the fizzing has stopped,
take out a drop of the mixture with a glass
tube and place it on a piece of red litmus
paper. As the mixture contains more acid
than carbonate, the paper should remain
red. Repeat the process of adding drops of
the sodium carbonate and testing the
mixture with red litmus paper until no more
fizzing occurs and a drop of the mixture just
turns the litmus paper blue. The acid and
carbonate have now destroyed each other.
See if you can guess the name of the salt
which has been formed.
Experiment 50 To obtain crystals of sodium tartrate.

Crystallizing dish Pour a little of the final mixture, obtained in
Mixture from Expt. 49 Expt. 49, into the crystallizing dish, and
leave it to evaporate so that the crystals will
form.
29
Acids, Alkalis, and Salts 2
Litmus is a purple blue substance made from certain lichens. Other types of plants can
also be used for making indicators. Red cabbage juice and any deep coloured fruit
juice are satisfactory, also the colouring matter extracted from red or pink rose petals.
Experiment 51 To make a rose petal indicator.

Saucepan Boil the petals of a red rose in a little
Red rose water in a saucepan until the petals have
Acid solution almost lost their colour and a pink
Alkali solution solution is obtained. Now test this pink
indicator with acid and alkali solutions.
An adult must supervise the use of a
cooker.
Experiment 52 Fruit juice indicators.

Test tubes Try the effect of acids and alkalis on the
Fruit juices juices from stewed blackcurrants,
Acid and alkali solutions blackberries, and raspberries. An easier,
but less effective, way to obtain the
juices is to shake a spoonful of the fruit
jam with warm water and then filter to
get the clear coloured liquid. An adult
must supervise the use of a cooker.
Experiment 53 Indicators from vegetable juice.

Test tubes Test acid and alkali solutions with
Vegetable juices vegetable juices, such as the green water
Acid and alkali solutions from boiled cabbage, beetroot juice, etc.
An adult must supervise the use of a
cooker.
A universal indicator is a mixture of indicators, and when added to acid and alkali
solutions it changes colour according to the strength of the acid or alkali solutions. It is
often very important to know how strong an acid or alkali is, and this is a quick way of
finding out. The table below shows the colour changes:-
Red Orange Yellow Pale Green Blue Violet

green
Strong Weak Weaker Weaker Weak Strong

acid acid acid Neutral lkali alkali alkali
30
Experiment 54 To show the colours of a universal
Dropping pipette indicator.
Beaker In this experiment an alkali, containing
Test tube universal indicator, is slowly neutralized by
an acid being added to it a few drops at a
Glass rod
time. The starting colour is blue, and as the
Lime water acid is added the colour changes from right
Citric acid to left in the above table. This is because
Universal Indicator papers the acid keeps weakening the alkali, then
neutralizes it exactly (pale green colour),
and thereafter gradually builds up its own
strength.
Make a very dilute solution of citric acid by

adding about 7 g (roughly 1/4 ounce) to a
litre of water. Put two test tubes of lime
water in the beaker, and drop in two pieces
of universal indicator paper. Stir until an
inky blue solution is obtained, then remove
the pieces of paper using the glass rod or
one of the measuring spoons provided. Do
not place your fingers in the solution. Now
add, with constant stirring, the acid to the
beaker, one or two drops at a time, using
the dropping pipette. Note that although
quite a lot of acid has to be added to
produce the different colours, it is the last
drop that causes one colour to change into
another. If you miss a colour by adding the
acid too quickly, add a little lime water to
the beaker to restore the blue colour and
start again. The colours are more easily seen
if the beaker is placed on a white surface. Is
citric acid a strong acid?
When acids and carbonates react together, a salt, water, and carbon dioxide are always
produced, but some carbonates do not react with certain acids. The following
experiments show these differences.
Experiment 55 The reaction of tartaric acid with sodium

Test tubes carbonate.
Cork and delivery tube In a test tube fitted with a cork and delivery
Tartaric acid tube place a little sodium carbonate and
Sodium carbonate about the same amount of tartaric acid.
Test tube rack With the end of the delivery tube dipping
into a test tube of lime water held in one
hand, add a little water to the first test tube
and quickly replace the cork and delivery
Water tube.
Acid and Carbonate

Lime Water
31
Experiment 56 The reaction of tartaric acid with various
Test tube substances.
Glass tube Many common substances, such as egg
Tartaric acid shell, most soils, contain calcium carbonate,
Substances as described and wood ashes contain potassium
Dropping pipette carbonate. Try the action of tartaric acid on
these substances in a test tube. Do not place
the bung in the test tube as a gas is
produced. Test for carbon dioxide by
holding a drop of lime water, using the
dropping pipette provided, in the mouth of
the test tube.
Sodium hydroxide is a much stronger alkali than calcium hydroxide. In the next
experiment you can make some dilute sodium hydroxide solution for use in the
experiments which follow.
Experiment 57 To make a dilute solution of sodium

Flask and cork hydroxide.
Filtration apparatus Make half a flask of sodium carbonate
Sodium hydroxide reagent bottle solution and add to it two scoopfuls of
Sodium carbonate solution calcium hydroxide. Shake well for two or
Calcium hydroxide three minutes, then filter into a clean bottle
and label it.
Experiment 58 How to make soap.

Spirit burner Alkalis react with fats and cooking oils, one
Large test tube of the products being soap. For this reason
Lard sodium hydroxide (also known as caustic
soda) is used to remove fats and greasy
Salt (sodium chloride) deposits.
Sodium hydroxide solution
Add a very small piece of lard to half a large
test tube of sodium hydroxide solution. Boil
very gently for a few minutes, keeping the
tube moving over the flame so that the
liquid does not spurt out. This has to be
done very carefully, and remember to wear
your safey goggles and protective clothing.
Pour the hot liquid into a clean test tube,
and add about a quarter of a test tube of
clear, saturated, sodium chloride (salt)
solution. Allow to cool. A white precipitate
of soap settles out from the liquid on
cooling. Do not touch this soap as it may be
contaminated by residual sodium
hydroxide. If it touches yur skin, wash
immediately with plenty of water for 10
minutes. See GENERAL FIRST AID
instructions on page1. When this process is
carried out on a large scale in a soap
factory, the soap is separated from the
liquid and pressed into blocks.
32
The following experiments show that sodium hydroxide, like other alkalis, can be used
to make insoluble metal hydroxides by double-decomposition reactions.
Experiment 59 The reaction of sodium hydroxide with

Test tubes copper sulphate.
Sodium hydroxide solution Add together solutions of these com-
Copper sulphate solution pounds. What is the blue precipitate? Write
the word equation for the reaction.
You have seen that salts are made when acids neutralize alkalis, the particular salt
depending on the acid and alkali used. Another way to make a salt is by the reaction of
an acid with a metal oxide.
Experiment 60 To make copper oxide from copper

Spirit burner carbonate.
Test tubes Prepare a little copper carbonate by mixing
Sodium carbonate together small quantities of sodium
Copper sulphate carbonate solution and copper sulphate
Filtration apparatus solution. Pour off the liquid when the
copper carbonate has settled in the test
tube, heat gently to evaporate the
remaining liquid, and then more strongly to
form the oxide. Do not cover the end of the
test tube or place a bung in it. Point the
end of the test tube in a safe direction away
from yourself, other people and equipment.
Note that the oxide could be purified by
washing with water, using filtration
apparatus. The test tube and oxide must be
allowed to cool (place upright in an empty
metal container) before washing with the
cold water. Otherwise the heat-resistant
test tube may break due to heat-stress.
33
Gases
Gases can be either elements (like hydrogen and oxygen) or compounds like carbon
dioxide (whose elements are carbon and oxygen). Air is a mixture of several gases, the
main ones being nitrogen and oxygen. You will have read in Section 6 about Expt. 67
and the part played by oxygen in the rusting of iron.
Set 3
Experiment 61 To make carbon dioxide.
Flask Assemble the apparatus as in the diagram,
One-hole cork and place a crystallizing dish or metal lid
Glass delivery tube over the mouth of the beaker as far as
Rubber tubing possible; this helps the carbon dioxide
Beaker displace the air from the beaker. Carbon
Washing soda crystals dioxide is not collected like hydrogen and
Tartaric acid solution oxygen because it is soluble in water. Now
place some large crystals of washing soda
(sodium carbonate) in the flask. (Do not use
the powdered sodium carbonate in your
Crystallizing dish/ Set.) Add about half a flaskful of tartaric acid
Matal lid solution, and replace the cork and tubing.
Do not use the powdered sodium carbonate
in your Set. It is important that the end of
the rubber tubing is near the bottom of the
beaker. Hold a lighted match to the top of
the beaker every now and then. When the
beaker is full of carbon dioxide (it does not
Tartaric
Acid take long) the match will go out. Place a lid
on the beaker.
Sodium Beaker
Carbonate
Experiment 62 To show that carbon dioxide

Spirit burner extinguishes fires.
Beaker of carbon dioxide from Light the splint of wood, remove the cover
Expt. 61 from the beaker, and quickly plunge the
Wood splint burning wood into the beaker.
34
Experiment 63 Expired air contains carbon dioxide.
Test tube half full of clear lime water Partly blow up a balloon and gently blow
Balloon some of the expired air within the balloon
Rubber tube into the lime water through the rubber
tube. What happens?
Experiment 64 A candle flame produces carbon dioxide.

Jar with two Ask the supervising adult to pierce a small
lids to fit hole in one of the lids. Coil a length of
Length of wire thickish wire tightly around the candle, (so
Small candle the candle can be lifted by the wire coil)
Lime water and push the other end of the wire through
Dropping pipette the hole in the lid. Light the candle, and
lower it into the jam jar, holding the top of
the wire and keeping the lid on the jar.
When the candle has gone out (Why does
it?) remove it and the lid, quickly add a few
drops of lime water, using the dropping
pipette provided, to the jar and put on the
other lid without the hole. Shake the jar.
Does the lime water go milky?
Experiment 65 A spirit flame produces carbon dioxide.

Spirit burner Place the spirit burner on the metal lid, light
Jar with a metal lid it, and then cover it with the jar. When the
Lime water flame has gone out, remove the burner, and
Dropping pipette place the jam jar, covered with the lid,
upright on the bench. Now add a few drops
of clear lime water, using the dropping
pipette provided, to the jar, replace the lid,
and shake. What happens to the lime water?
Did you notice anything else?
Experiment 66 To identify the gas in fizzy lemonade.

Flask Pour fizzy lemonade (from a new bottle)
One-hole cork into the flask (fitted with cork and delivery
Delivery tube tube) to about half full. Now heat the flask
Test tube gently, so that the gas is driven out of the
Lime water liquid and bubbles into a test tube of lime
water.
35
Metals
Many metals, when heated, combine chemically with some of the oxygen in the air,
forming compounds called oxides.
Magnesium forms magnesium oxide, it is a white powder. Other metal oxides have
various colours.
Experiment 67 Heating iron in air

Spirit burner Hold a non-rusty iron nail or panel pin,
Test tube holder using the test tube holder, in the flame for
Iron nail about a minute. What happens? Explain the
change.
Experiment 68 Heating copper in air

Spirit burner From a piece of copper foil, about 5 cm by 3
Copper foil cm, cut a shape like the diagram with
Test tube holder scissors. Now fold over the large flap,
followed by the small ones, so as to make an
‘envelope’. Seal the edges by hammering
them, so that no air can get inside the
envelope. Hold the envelope using the test
tube holder and heat it in the flame until it
goes black. What is the black powder? Allow
the envelope to cool and open it out. Is it
black inside? Explain what you find.
Fold line
36
Fibres
Natural fibres are either of animal origin, such as wool and silk, or from plants, such as
cotton and linen. Nylon and rayon are two synthetic fibres, being made by chemical
processes. It is important to be able to carry out tests to distinguish between different
types of fibre.
Experiment 69 To test silk.

Spirit burner Heat gently a small piece of real silk in a dry
Test tube test tube, and hold at the mouth of the tube
Silk a moist piece of red litmus paper. What
Red litmus paper happens to the litmus paper? What causes
this?
Experiment 70 To test wool.

As for Expt. 69, but wool instead of silk Repeat Expt. 69, using a small piece of wool.
Experiment 71 To test cotton.

As for Expt. 69, but cotton and blue litmus Repeat Expt. 69, but use a small piece of
paper cotton material and a moist blue litmus
paper instead of a red one. You can make a
piece of litmus paper blue by pouring a few
drops of lime water on it and then washing
it in a little water.
Experiment 72 To test rayon, etc.

As for Expt. 69 and 71, but with the Repeat Expt. 71, using a piece of rayon
materials listed rather than cotton. Test also, by Expts. 69
and 71, linen, string, and leather, and see if
you can decide which is likely to be of
animal and which of vegetable origin.
37
Experiment 73 Another way to distinguish wool from
Spirit burner cotton.
Test tube Place a little of your sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide solution solution (made in Expt. 57) in a test tube
Wool and add a tiny strand of wool. Warm the
Cotton solution. What happens? Try a thread of
cotton and see if the same thing happens.
Experiment 74 Burning tests for fibres.

Spirit burner Perform this experiment in a well-ventilated
Test tube holder location. Do not inhale the fumes
Metal lid produced by the heated materials. Holding
Materials as listed each of the materials - wool, silk, cotton,
rayon - in the test tube holder over a metal
lid or saucer, try burning each with the spirit
flame. Note how easily or otherwise they
burn, whether they leave much ash or char.
Experiment 75 Testing nylon.

As for Expt. 69 and 74 Perform this experiment in a well-ventilated
location. Do not inhale the fumes produced
by the heated materials.Repeat Expts. 69
and 74 with small pieces of nylon. Note
particularly the way nylon behaves when
heated in the test tube (Expt. 69).
38
Dyes
Most dyes are now synthetic, being made in chemical works. Although natural dyes,
from fruit, vegetables, etc. are not so strong, they are satisfactory for many purposes,
especially if the correct dyeing process is followed. You can prepare several dyes from
fruit juices, jams, beetroot juice, etc.
Experiment 76 To test copper sulphate as a dye.

Beaker Goggles, protective goggles and protective
Copper sulphate solution clothing to prevent contact with the dyes.
White wool or cotton Soak a piece of white wool or cotton in
copper sulphate solution, then squeeze out
and wash the material under the tap. Is
copper sulphate any good as a dye? You
can try this with litmus solution too.
Experiment 77 Testing natural dyes.

As for Expt. 76 but using home-made dyes Goggles, protective goggles and protective
clothing to prevent contact with the dyes.
Try some of your own dyes, such as plum or
beetroot juice, by soaking small pieces of
white wool and cotton in them for a few
minutes. Then squeeze them out and wash
under the tap to see if the dyes are
permanent.
Experiment 78 Testing natural dyes on other materials.

Goggles, protective goggles and protective
Repeat Expt. 77, but use pieces of silk and
nylon.
Experiment 79 Natural dyes - effect of boiling.

Goggles, protective goggles and protective
Repeat Expt. 77, but boil the pieces of
material in the dye for a few minutes.
Experiment 80 Natural dyes - effect of boiling - other

materials.Goggles, protective Goggles and
protective clothing to prevent contact with
the dyes.
Repeat Expt. 78, but boil the silk and nylon
in the dye.
39
Section 5 Results of Experiments
SET 1 SET 2
6 The filtrate should be clear 36 The iron nail has turned a pinkish
(transparent) water. Mud is left on colour, due to a deposit of copper on
the filter paper. it. Iron + copper sulphate
copper + iron sulphate.
9 Milk cannot be filtered.
39 A white solid (precipitate) of calcium
10 Easily filtered. carbonate is formed. Sodium
carbonate + calcium hydroxide
19 The substances separate into blue calcium carbonate + sodium
and orange areas on the paper. hydroxide.
21 The colours separate into a green 41 Each drop causes a red spot on the
area surrounded by a pink ring. litmus paper. The vinegar contains
an acid.
22 The copper sulphate turns white and
water condenses on the cooler parts 42 Both indicators turn red.
of the test tube.
43 The gas is carbon dioxide, and it puts
23 Brown. the taper out.
24 Colour changes to black. The copper 45 When the lime water is first added,
carbonate has split up into other the indicators do not change colour.
substances. The acid changes their colours, and
when the lime water is added again,
25 Steam is evolved, and the black it changes the red litmus to blue and
residue is carbon (charcoal). the red methyl orange to orange.
26 Residue is carbon. 46 Copper sulphate, iron sulphate, turn

blue litmus red, or in some cases
27 The metal does not melt. The part slightly pink. Calcium hydroxide and
heated turns black. sodium carbonate turn red litmus
blue. The fruit juices, sour milk, and
28 As for Expt. 27. tonic water contain acids. Tap water
is normally neutral.
29 The aluminium melts a little if the
flame is hot enough. 47 The point at which the milkiness first
failed to disappear on shaking.
30 Salt - partly soluble. Sugar - soluble.
Copper oxide - insoluble. 48 Litmus turns blue.
31 Baking powder - partly soluble. 49 Salt formed is sodium tartrate.

Calcium carbonate - insoluble.
40
51 The indicator turns redder with acids, 73 The wool dissolves, the cotton does
and green with alkalis. not.
54 Citric acid is not a strong acid. 74 Wool burns slowly, appearing to melt
together. It chars and silk burns
55 The lime water turns milky. readily, with an orange-yellow flame.
A black bead of ash is formed. Cotton
59 Copper hydroxide. and rayon burn easily, leaving only a
Sodium hydroxide + little grey ash.
copper sulphate
copper hydroxide + 75 When nylon is heated in a test tube
sodium sulphate. it first melts to a brown liquid, and
ammonia is evolved. It does not burn
easily.
76 Copper sulphate is a poor dye.
77/78 The dyes are not permanent.

SET 3
79/80 Boiling makes the dyes wash
62 The splint goes out. out less easily.
63 The lime water turns milky.
64 The candle goes out when all the

oxygen has been used up. The lime
water goes milky.
65 The lime water goes milky. There was

moisture inside the jar after burning
in Expt. 70.
66 The lime water goes milky.
67 The iron nail is covered with a black

powder, iron oxide.
68 The black powder is copper oxide.

The envelope is not black inside.
69 Litmus paper turns blue, caused by

ammonia evolved.
70 Results as in Expt. 69.
71 Litmus paper turns red.
72 Rayon gives the same result as

cotton. Linen and string - vegetable.
Leather - animal.
41
Section 6 Explanation of Results
SET 1 25 Sugar is a carbohydrate which is a

compound of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen in which the last two
1/4 Read the explanations of the Set 2
elements are usually in the ratio of
experiments about these
two to one as in water. So when they
substances.
are heated, water in the form of
steam is evolved, leaving a residue
5 Read the explanations for
of carbon which finally becomes
Experiment 39.
quite black.
6 The mud particles are too large to
26 Tartaric acid also contains the
pass through the filter paper.
elements carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen, so a residue of carton is left
9 The particles are too small and can
on heating.
pass through the filter paper.
27 The spirit flame is not hot enough to

10 As for Experiment 6.
melt the copper. The part in the
flame becomes covered with black
19 The litmus moves through the filter
copper oxide. Read explanations for
paper more quickly than the methyl
Expts. 67 and 68.
orange, so it forms a blue ring
outside the central orange area.
28 The iron similarly is coated with iron
oxide.
21 The same explanation as Expt.19.
30-33 Substances vary greatly in their

22 Copper sulphate is a compound
solubility, i.e. the weight which will
which contains water chemically
dissolve in a particular quantity of
combined to itself. This “water of
water at a particular temperature.
crystallization” is driven off when
Most substances dissolve more as
the compound is heated, causing it,
the water is hotter. A substance
now without water (anhydrous) to
dissolved in water is called a
have a different colour.
solution, in which the particles are
tiny enough to get in between the
24 The copper carbonate decomposes
water particles, so that the liquid is
into black copper oxide and the
quite transparent and can pass
invisible gas, carbon dioxide. Most
through any filter paper. The
carbonates split up like this on
dissolved solid in a solution is called
heating.
42
the solute, and the liquid (e.g. water) the 44 Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) is
solvent. A saturated solution is one only slightly soluble, so its solutions
in which the maximum amount of is weakly alkaline.
solute is dissolved, and when cooled 45 Litmus is blue with an alkali and
some of this solute comes out of methyl orange is orange. So only
solution because the solvent cannot acids change their normal colours.
dissolve so much at the lower
temperature. 46 Many salts in solution form acids,
sometimes only small amounts.
34 As the solution slowly evaporates,
excess solute deposits on the 47 An acid and an alkali neutralize each
crystal, thereby increasing its size. other when reacting together
because they form two different
compounds, a salt and water. When
SET 2 an alkali is slowly added to an acid, it
neutralizes more and more of it until
36 Read the paragraph before this there is no more acid left. If this
experiment in Section 4. exact point is reached, without any
extra alkali being added, only a salt
37 The copper carbonate has been split and water are then present.
up (decomposed) by the heat into
black copper oxide and a gas called 49 Tartaric acid, when neutralized,
carbon dioxide which turns lime forms salts called tartrates, just as
water milky. sulphuric acid forms salts called
sulphates.
38 This reaction is the combination of
an anhydrous salt with water to 52 The explanation of results is given
form a hydrate. with the experiment (Section 4).
39 Double - decomposition reactions 55 The acid has reacted with the

can take place if one of the products carbonate to form a salt, carbon
(substances formed) is insoluble or a dioxide, and water:-
gas Tartaric acid + sodium carbonate
sodium tartrate + carbon
41-42 All acid solutions turn blue litmus dioxide + water.
red.
57 This double-decomposition reaction
43 Read about acids and carbonates in between solutions of sodium
explanations of Expts. 55. carbonate and calcium hydroxide
occurs because one of the products,
calcium carbonate, is insoluble.
43
58 When sodium hydroxide reacts with Cotton and rayon, which are of plant
fats, soap and glycerol (glycerine) or vegetable origin, do not contain
are formed. nitrogen compounds, so they do not
evolve ammonia. They give acid
60 Nearly all carbonates decompose, vapours when heated. Nylon, a
like copper carbonate, into a metal synthetic (man-made) fibre gives
oxide and carbon dioxide. ammonia when heated, but the way
it melts distinguishes it from animal
fibres.
SET 3 77-80 Natural (non-chemical) dyes tend

to wash out of the dyed material.
Boiling helps a little to make the dye
62 There is no oxygen in the beaker. particles soak into the material
more. The actual colour obtained
63 The milkiness is caused by a with a natural dye depends on the
precipitate of chalk (calcium strength of the dye, time of boiling,
carbonate). Expired air contains and type of material.
about 4% of carbon dioxide.
Ordinary air contains only 0.03%.
65 When most fuels burn they form

carbon dioxide and water; because,
like methylated spirit, they contain
carbon and hydrogen.
67-68 Most metals, especially when

heated, combine with oxygen in the
air, to form oxides (which therefore
weigh more than the metal itself ).
67 Iron can only rust in the presence of

air and water. Rust is a compound of
iron, oxygen, and hydrogen.
69-74 Animal fibres, like wool and silk

contain nitrogen compounds, and
when heated they give off
ammonia, which is also a nitrogen
compound.
44
Glossary of Chemical Terms
ACID: A substance which turns blue litmus COMBUSTION: Burning - a chemical

red and has a sour or sharp taste. reaction, involving combination with
oxygen, in which heat and light are given
ALKALI: A substance which neutralises an out.
acid to form a salt and water.
COMPOUND: Two or more elements
ANHYDROUS SALT: One without water of chemically combined together in definite
crystallization. weight proportions.
ATOM: The smallest particle of an element CORRODE, CORROSION: Surface chemical

that can take part in a chemical reaction. action, especially on metals, by moisture, air,
or other chemicals.
CATALYST: A substance which can make a
chemical reaction go faster. DECOMPOSITION: The splitting up of a
substance into simpler substances, such as
CHEMICAL REACTION: A rearrangement of the separation of a compound into its
the atoms of substances so that they elements.
change into different substances.
DISTILLATION: The process of converting a
CHROMATOGRAM: A filter paper of other liquid into a vapour and collecting the
porous material on which substances have vapour by condensing it back to a liquid.
been separated by chromatography.
DOUBLE-DECOMPOSITION: A chemical
CHROMATOGRAPHY: A method of reaction between two compounds causing
separating a mixture of substances the decomposition of both and the
depending on their moving through a formation of two new compounds by an
porous material at different rates when exchange of elements.
aided by a suitable solvent.
ELEMENT: A simple substance which cannot
COMBINATION: A chemical reaction in be split up into other substances by
which a compound is formed from its chemical means.
elements or from simpler compounds.
45
EVAPORATION: Conversion of a liquid into RESIDUE: The insoluble substance left on a
its vapour, e.g. by boiling. filter paper; also the solid remaining after
evaporation.
FILTRATE: The clear liquid obtained by
filtration through a filter paper. SATURATED SOLUTION: A solution which
contains the maximum amount of
HARD WATER: Water containing soluble dissolved solute at a particular
compounds which destroy soap by reacting temperature.
with it.
SOLUTE: A substance which is dissolved in a
HYDRATE: A compound containing solvent to form a solution.
combined water, e.g. a salt containing water
of crystallization. SOLUTION: A homogeneous mixture of two
or more substances, e.g. a solid dissolved in
INDICATOR: A substance which has different a liquid.
colours in acid and alkali solutions.
SOLVENT: A substance in which other
NEUTRALIZATION: The reaction between an substances can be dissoloved.
acid and an alkali.
SUBLIMATION: The conversion of a
OXIDATION: The addition of oxygen to an substance directly into vapour and the
element or compound. condensation of the vapour into the solid
again, without passing through the liquid
PRECIPITATE: An insoluble substance state.
formed in a solution by a chemical reaction.
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION: A solution
PRODUCTS: The substances formed in a which contains more solute than the
chemical reaction. amount needed to saturate it.
REACTANTS: The substances which react SUSPENSION: A mixture of a liquid and a

together in a chemical reaction. solid whose particles are small enough to
float in the liquid, but are not dissolved in it.
REDUCTION (reducing): Removing of
oxygen from a compound. VOLATILE: Capable of easily forming a
vapour.
REPLACEMENT: A chemical reaction in
which a substance replaces another in a WATER OF CRYSTALLIZATION: A definite
compound, e.g. the replacement of a metal amount of water combined with a
in a compound by another metal. substance in the crystalline state.
46
Many chemicals used in the experiments can be
found at the following stores:
At Grocery Stores At Hardware Stores

Acetic acid (white vinegar) Candles
Distilled water Copper wire, bare
Food coloring Funnel, metal
Soda straws Glass cutter or
Sodium bicarbonate triangular file
(Baking soda) Glass tubing
Sodium carbonate Thick wire
(Washing soda) Max. 40g
Sodium chloride (salt)
Milk At Stationery Stores
Lemon juice Blotting paper
Soap Coloured chalk
Orange juice Blue/black ink
Tomato juice
Tonic water
Lard At Flower Shops
Fizzy lemonade Sand
At Drugstores
methylated spirit
hydrogen peroxide
(maximum 3%, 10 volumes)
cotton, absorbent
47
2
Periodic Table of The Elements He
4.003
ALKALI
METALS
ALKALI
EARTH
HELIUM
KEY
3 4 1 5 6 7 8 9 10
ATOMIC NUMBER 20 SYMBOL
Li Be H B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 1.008 Ca 10.81 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.179
LITHIUM BERYLLIUM HYDROGEN NAME 40.080 BORON CARBON NITROGEN OXYGEN FLUORINE NEON
CALCIUM ATOMIC WEIGHT
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
(g/gmol)
Na Mg TRANSITION METALS AI Si P S CI Ar
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.06 35.453 39.948
SODIUM MAGNESIUM ALUMINUM SILICON PHOSPHORUS SULFUR CHLORINE ARGON
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.098 40.08 44.956 47.88 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.84 58.933 58.69 63.546 65.37 69.72 72.59 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.80
POTASSIUM CALCIUM SCANDIUM TITANIUM VANADIUM CHROMIUM MANGANESE IRON COBALT NICKEL COPPER ZINC GALLIUM GERMANIUM ARSENIC SELENIUM BROMINE KRYPTON
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.22 92.906 95.94 98 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.90 131.29
RUBIDIUM STRONTIUM YTTRIUM ZIRCONIUM NIOBIUM MOLYBDENUM TECHNETIUM RUTHENIUM RHODIUM PALLADIUM SILVER CADMIUM INDIUM TIN ANTIMONY TELLURIUM IODINE XENON
48
55 56 Rare 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba earth Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.19 208.98 209 210 222
CESIUM BARIUM series HAFNIUM TANTALUM TUNGSTEN RHENIUM OSMIUM IRIDIUM PLATINUM GOLD MERCURY THALLIUM LEAD BISMUTH POLONIUM ASTATINE RADON
87 88
Fr Ra Actinide
NOBLE
GASES
223 226.03 series

FRANCIUM RADIUM
SOLIDS GASES LIQUIDS
HALOGENS
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Rare earth series La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 145 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97
LANTHANUM CERIUM PRASEODYMIUM NEODYMIUM PROMETHIUM SAMARIUM EUROPIUM GADOLINIUM TERBIUM DYSPROSIUM HOLMIUM ERBIUM THULIUM YTTERBIUM LUTETIUM
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Actinide series Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
227.03 232.04 231.04 238.03 237.05 244 243 247 247 251 252 257 258 259 260
ACTINIUM THORIUM PROTACTINIUM URANIUM NEPTUNIUM PLUTONIUM AMERICIUM CURIUM BERKELIUM CALIFORNIUM EINSTEINIUM FERMIUM MENDELEVIUM NOBELIUM LAWRENCIUM

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CHEMISTRY LAB KIT

The Safety Rules

Advice for supervising adults

Record the telephone number of your local hospital (or local

Telephone Local Hospital:

Take Chemical with you to the hospital

Safety Goggles User Information

compiles with EN166

Sodium Causes serious eye irritation, Wear protective 497-19-8 207-838-8

Calcium Carbonate Causes serious eye irritation, Causes skin irritation.

Copper Foil - - 7440-50-8 231-159-6

Tartaric Acid Causes serious eye irritation, Causes skin irritation.

Methyl Orange Harmful if swallowed. 547-58-0 208-925-3

Irritating to eyes. Irritating to respiratory system.

Causes serious eye damage.Causes severe skin

Dispose of contents and container in accordance with local regulations.

Introductory Experiments .................................................................................. 12

Chemical Reactions ............................................................................................... 23

Section 5 Results of Experiments ..................................................................................... 40

CAUTION EXPERIMENTS SHOULD BE CONDUCTED IN A

You and Your Chemistry Set

1. Set up your laboratory as described in Don’t handle hot apparatus carelessly. It

3. A large tin or bucket is needed for Microscope

5. Keep all chemicals locked up or at least Small jar

Useful additions You will want to improve * It should be handled by adult

(b) Extra test tube racks.

(c) Additional tripod stands and stands for

(d) A useful form of water supply is a

2. Remember all the safety precautions 6. If you make up solutions of chemicals

(Note:- Unless otherwise stated, ‘test tube’ means a 110 mm one)

To show that the chemical, sodium

Experiment 4 More colour changes with chemicals.

Experiment 5 To make a solid chemical from two liquid

Experiment 6 To separate muddy water into mud and

How to fold a filter paper

Experiment 7 To obtain the blue-green chemical made

Experiment 9 To see if milk can be filtered.

Experiment 10 To see if a suspension of coloured

In the previous experiments you have tried to separate suspensions, or mixtures of

Experiment 11 To separate salt from salt water by

So that you do not have to hold the evaporating

Experiment 13 To separate a mixture of sand and

Experiment 14 To bend a piece of glass tubing for Expt.

Experiment 15 To cut a piece of glass tubing.

Experiment 16 To make a jet or nozzle.

Experiment 17 To obtain the water from a solution of

Be very careful to keep the test tube moving

Experiment 18 To obtain water from ink.

Experiment 20 To separate ink into different colours.

Experiment 21 To separate a mixture of pink and green

Experiment 22 To find out what happens when blue

Experiment 24 Heating copper carbonate.

Experiment 25 Heating sugar.

Experiment 26 Heating tartaric acid.

Experiment 27 Heating copper wire.

Experiment 28 Heating an iron nail.

Experiment 29 Heating aluminium foil.

Experiment 30 To estimate the approximate solubility of

Experiment 31 Repeat Expt. 30 but use the substances here

Experiment 32 To estimate the solubility of other