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3
EE8501-POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Department : EEE
Batch/Year :2018-2021/III
Created by: Dr.T.Magesh Prof,EEE/RMKEC
Mr.R.Suresh Asst Prof, EEE/RMDEC
Mr.L.Umasankar Asst Prof, EEE/RMKCET
Date:29.07.20202

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No Topics Page No

1. Contents 5-6

2. Course Objectives 7

3. Pre Requisites (Course Names with Code) 8

4 Syllabus (With Subject Code, Name, LTPC details) 9

5 Course outcomes 10

6 CO- PO/PSO Mapping 11

7 Lecture Plan 12

8 Activity based learning 13

9 Lecture Notes 14-47

10 Assignments 48

11 Part A Q & A 49-53

12 Part B Qs 54-56

13 Supportive online Certification courses 57

14 Real time Applications in day to day life and to 58

Industry

5
S.No Topics Page No

15 Contents beyond the Syllabus 59

16 Assessment Schedule 60

17 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 61

18 Mini Project suggestions 62

6
 COURSE OBJECTIVES

 To model the power system under steady state operating condition

 To understand and apply iterative techniques for power flow analysis
 To model and carry out symmetrical short circuit studies on power system
 To model and carry out unsymmetrical short circuit studies on power system
 To model and analyze stability problems in power system

7
 PRE REQUISTIES

 EE8251 Circuit Theory

 EE8402 Transmission and Distribution

8
 SYLLABUS

EE8501 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS LTPC3003

UNIT I POWER SYSTEM 9

Need for system planning and operational studies - Power scenario in India - Power
system components – Representation - Single line diagram - per unit quantities - p.u.
impedance diagram - p.u. reactance diagram - Network graph, Bus incidence matrix,
Primitive parameters, Bus admittance matrix from primitive parameters -
Representation of off- nominal transformer - Formation of bus admittance matrix of
large power network.

UNIT II POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 9

Bus classification - Formulation of Power Flow problem in polar coordinates - Power
flow solution using Gauss Seidel method - Handling of Voltage controlled buses -
Power Flow Solution by Newton Raphson method.

UNIT III SYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS 9

Assumptions in short circuit analysis - Symmetrical short circuit analysis using
Thevenin‟s theorem - Bus Impedance matrix building algorithm (without mutual
coupling) - Symmetrical fault analysis through bus impedance matrix - Post fault bus
voltages - Fault level - Current limiting reactors.

UNIT IV UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS 9

Symmetrical components - Sequence impedances - Sequence networks - Analysis of
unsymmetrical faults at generator terminals: LG, LL and LLG - unsymmetrical fault
occurring at any point in a power system - computation of post fault currents in
symmetrical component and phasor domains.

UNIT V STABILITY ANALYSIS 9

Classification of power system stability – Rotor angle stability - Swing equation -
Swing curve - Power-Angle equation - Equal area criterion - Critical clearing angle and
time - Classical step-by-step solution of the swing equation – modified Euler method.

TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

9
 COURSE OUTCOMES

1.To Model the power system under steady state operating condition
2. To understand and apply iterative techniques for power flow analysis
3.To model and carry out symmetrical short circuit studies on power system.
4.To model and carry out unsymmetrical short circuit studies on power system
5 .To model and analyze stability problems in power system
6. Model and analyze the transient behavior of power system when it is subjected to
a fault

10
 CO- PO/PSO Mapping

Semester: 05
Level of
Course Name: POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS (EE8501)
Knowledge
Year of study: 2020-21 (2017 Regulation)
C301.1 To Model the power system under steady state operating K3
condition
C301.2 To understand and apply iterative techniques for power flow K3
analysis
C301.3 To model and carry out symmetrical short circuit studies on K3
power system
C301.4 To model and carry out unsymmetrical short circuit studies on K3
power system
C301.5 To model and analyze stability problems in power system K2

C301.6 Model and analyze the transient behaviour of power system K3

when it is subjected to a fault

Course Outcome mapping with POS/PSOs

Semester: 05
Course Name: POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS (EE8501)
Year of study: 2020-2021 (2017 Regulation)
POs/PSOs
COs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4

C301.1 2 1 1 1 - - - - 1 1 - - 3 1 1 -
C301.2 3 2 1 1 - - - - 1 1 - - 3 1 1 -
C301.3 3 2 1 1 - - - - 1 1 - - 3 1 1 -
C301.4 3 2 1 1 - - - - 1 1 - - 3 1 1 -
C301.5 3 2 1 1 - - - - 1 1 - - 3 1 1 -
C301.6 3 2 1 1 - - - - 1 1 - - 3 1 1 -

11
 LECTURE PLAN

UNIT II POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 9

Bus classification - Formulation of Power Flow problem in polar coordinates -
Power flow solution using Gauss Seidel method - Handling of Voltage controlled
buses - Power Flow Solution by Newton Raphson method.

Session Mode of Delivery* Referen

Topics to be covered
No. ce
Bus classification - Formulation of Chalk and Talk
1 Power Flow problem in polar 1,2
coordinates
Power flow solution using Gauss Chalk and Talk
2 1,2
Seidel method
Power flow solution using Gauss Chalk and Talk ,
3 1,2
Seidel method
4 Power flow solution using Gauss Chalk and Talk
1,2
Seidel method
5 Chalk and Talk
Handling of Voltage controlled buses 1,2
6 Power Flow Solution by Newton Chalk and Talk
1,2
Raphson method
7 Power Flow Solution by Newton Chalk and Talk
1,2
Raphson method
Power Flow Solution by Newton Chalk and Talk
8 1,2
Raphson method
Power Flow Solution by Newton Chalk and Talk
9 1,2
Raphson method

NUMBER OF PERIODS : Planned: 9 Actual: 9

DATE OF COMPLETION :Planned: 14.07.2020 Actual:30.07.2020

12
 Activity based learning

1.Simulate and study the load flow of ieee 9 bus system using power system
software.

2.Calculate the total power demand, voltage and current in our house.

13
 Unit 02

UNIT II POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 9

Bus classification - Formulation of Power Flow problem in polar coordinates - Power
flow solution using Gauss Seidel method - Handling of Voltage controlled buses -
Power Flow Solution by Newton Raphson method.

2.1 Introduction:
Power balance equation is
Note: P.S (Power system)
N
PD=∑ PGi , i=1,2…….N
i=1

Total demand=sum of real power generation

(i.e)The Generation should be such a way that to meet out the required demand.
When the relation is satisfied it gives good economy and security.
Electrical areas are larger in size. So planning for future expansion of a P.S is
essential. More network data must be collected for planning a P.S n/w .For planning
of P.S, power engineer use computer programme.
Importance of P.S planning and operation analysis covers the maintenance of
generation, transmission and distribution network.
For planning and operation of P.S the following analysis are important they are
1.Load flow analysis
2.Short circuit analysis &
3.Transiend analysis

2.2 Importance of Power Flow Analysis:

The study of various methods of solution to power system network is
referred to as “load flow study”. The solution provides voltages at various buses
power flowing in various lines and line loses.

14
 Unit 02

The information obtained from a load flow study is magnitude and phase of
voltages, real and reactive power flowing in each line and line losses. The load flow
solution also give the initial conditions of the system when the transient behaviour of
the system is to be satisfied.

2.3 Need for Load Flow Study:

The load flow study of the P.S is essential to decide the best operation of
existing system & for planning the future expansion of the system. It is also
essential for designing the new P.S.

2.4 Steps for Load Flow Study:

1.Representation of the s/m by the single line diagram
2.Determining the impedance diagram using the single line diagram
3.Formulation of network equations
4.Solution of network equations

2.5 Classification of Buses:

In a power system the buses becomes nodes (i.e) the buses are meeting
points of various components. The generation will feed energy to buses and loads
will draw energy from buses. In a n/w of a P.S, the buses become nodes and a
voltage can be specified for each bus.
The power flow equation is

N
Pi+jQi = Vi∑ Yij*Vj* , i=1,2………N (1)
j=1

and the complex bus voltage Vi=|Vi|< δ (2)

From eq. (1) & (2) ,W.K.T each bus in P.S is associated with four quantities and they
are

15
 Unit 02

1.Real power(P)
2.Reactive Power(Q)
3.Voltage magnitude |V|
4.Phase angle voltage
In load flow problem, two quantities are specified for each bus and the
remaining two quantities are obtained by solving the load flow equation.
The buses are classified based on the variables specified. There are 3 types of
buses
1.Stack bus (or) Swing bus (or) Reference bus
2.Generator bus (or) Voltage controlled bus (or) P.V bus
3.Load bus (or) PQ bus
Where P=PG-PL
Q=QG-QL
PG=Real power generated by generator connected to the bus
QG=Reactive power generated by generator connected to the bus
PL=Real power drawn by the load
QL=Reactive power drawn by the load
Where P=PG-PL
Q=QG-QL
PG=Real power generated by generator connected to the bus
QG=Reactive power generated by generator connected to the bus
PL=Real power drawn by the load
QL=Reactive power drawn by the load

16
 Unit 02

Types of bus Known (or) specified Unknown (or) quantities

quantities to be determined
1.Stack bus |V|,δ P, Q

2.Generator bus P,|V| Q,δ

3.Load bus P,Q |V|,δ

2.6 Need For Slack Bus:

The stack bus is needed to account for transmission line losses. In a PS the total
power generated will be sum of power consumed by loads and losses. In a PS only
the generated power and load power are specified for buses. The stack bus is
assumed to generate the power required for losses. Since the losses are unknown
the real & reactive power are not specified for stack bus.

1.Slack bus (or) Swing bus (or) Reference bus

The bus is called “Slack bus” if the magnitude and phase of bus voltages are
specified for the bus. The slack bus is the reference bus for load flow solution and
usually one of the generator is selected as the slack bus.

2. Generation Bus (Or) Voltage Controlled Bus Or PV

The bus is called “generation bus” ,if the real power (P) and the magnitude of bus
voltages are specified for the bus.

The load flow equations can be solved to find the reactive power & phase angle(ᵟ)

The load flow equations can be solved to find the reactive power & phase angle(ᵟ)

3.Load bus(or) PQ bus:

The bus is called ”Load bus”. When real power(P) and reactive power(Q) are
specified for the bus. The load flow equations can be solved to find the magnitude
|V| & phase angle of bus voltage(ᵟ).

17
 Unit 02

Flat voltage start:

In iterative method of load flow solution the initial voltages of all buses
except the slack bus assumed as 1+j0 pu (ie)1∟0 pu. This is referred to as ”flat
voltage start”.

2.7 Solution to load flow problem:

The load flow equations are simultaneous non linear algebraic equations and so
explicit solution as not possible. The solution of non linear equation can be obtained
only by iterative numerical techniques.

The load flow methods are given by:

1.Gauss-seidel load flow method(GSLF)

2.Newton-Rapson load flow method(NRLF)

3.Fast-decoupled load flow method(FDLF)

Why bus admittance matrix is preferred in load flow?

1.Easy to formulate Ybus matrix

2.No need of taking inverse.

3.Computation time is l

4.Matrix is symmetric, so calculation of upper or lower triangular matrix is enough.

5.Each bus is connected to only a few nearby buses. So many off-diagonal

elements are zero

2.8 Conditions for Successful Operation of a Power System

There are the following:
1. There should the adequate real power generation to supply the power demand at
various load buses and also the losses
2. The bus voltage magnitudes are maintained at values very close to the rated
values.
3. Generators, transformers and transmission lines are not over loaded at any point
of time or the load curve.

18
 Unit 02

Power flow equation(or) Development of load flow model in complex variable form
and polar variable form

The complex power injected by the source into the ith bus of a power system

From figure power injected into the bus i,

Taking complex conjugate on both sides we get,

In general, the net current entering into the ith bus,

Substitute 2 in 1

19
 Unit 02

2.8 Iterative solution using Gauss-Seidel Method to load flow

problem (Including Q-limit check for voltage controlled Buses)

Bus 1 is a generator bus and takes it as a reference bus or slack bus. Here
the voltage is specified.

In load buses, assume initial value of voltage as 1<00 and find the new
value of voltages. We start our calculation from bus 2 onwards. In the
generator buses, first check for generator limits and finds the voltages.

Injected bus power is given by,

Si = Pi – j Qi = Vi* Ii

𝑁 𝑌 𝑉𝑗
= Vi* 𝑗<1 𝑖𝑗

𝑁 𝑌 𝑉𝑗
Pi – j Qi = Vi* 𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖 + Vi* 𝑗<1 𝑖𝑗
≠𝑖

𝑁 𝑌 𝑉𝑗
Vi* 𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖 = Pi – j Qi - Vi* 𝑗<1 𝑖𝑗
≠𝑖

1 𝑃𝑖 ;𝑗𝑄𝑖 − 𝑁 𝑌 𝑉𝑗 ………… (1)

𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖∗𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑗<1 𝑖𝑗
𝑌𝑖𝑖 ≠𝑖

Let 𝑉1𝑜𝑙𝑑 , 𝑉2𝑜𝑙𝑑 ,……………..𝑉𝑁𝑜𝑙𝑑 be the initial bus voltages. On substituting initial
values in the above equation, we can find 𝑉2𝑛𝑒𝑤 ,𝑉3𝑛𝑒𝑤 ,…………… 𝑉𝑁𝑛𝑒𝑤 . After
calculating each voltages replace the old values by the new values.

Therefore equations (1) becomes

 Unit 02

1 𝑃𝑖 ;𝑗𝑄𝑖
𝑉𝑖 = − 𝑖;1
𝑗<1 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑁
𝑖:1 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗𝑜𝑙𝑑 ………………. (2)
𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖∗𝑜𝑙𝑑

For load bus,

Equation (2) is applicable to find |V| and ∝values.

For slack bus,

The voltage is specified, so it will not change in each iteration.

For PV or generator bus,

(i) Q value is not specified for PV bus. Adjusting the complex voltage Vi = ei+jfi to
correct the voltage magnitude to the specified value |Vi|spec

Vinew = |Vi|spec< cal

(ii) Compute the reactive power generation using the 𝑽𝒏𝒆𝒘

𝒊 as

𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = -Im 𝑉𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑑∗ 𝑖;1

𝑗<1 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑁
𝑗<𝑖 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗𝑜𝑙𝑑 ……………………(3)

QGi= 𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 + QDi

if QGi(min) ≤ QGi ≤ QGi(max), set 𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = QGi -QDi,

then computeVi
new

if QGi<QGi(min) set QGi= QGi(min) then compute Vinew using equation (2)
if QGi>QGi(min) set QGi= QGi(min) then compute Vinew using equation (2)
 Unit 02

Acceleration factor (∝)

In Gauss seidel method, the number of iterations required for convergence can be reduced
if the correction in bus voltage computed at each iteration is multiplied by a factor greater
than unity, called as acceleration factor to bring the voltage closer to the value to which it
is converging. The range of 1.3 to 1.7 is found to be satisfactory for typical systems.
Vinew = Vi0ld +∝ 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑉𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑑
Where, Vi0ld = Voltage value obtained in the previous iteration
∝ = Acceleration factor
Vinew = New value of voltage obtained in the current
iteration

Convergence check

For the power mismatch is small and acceptable, a very tight tolerance must
be specified on both real and imaginary components of voltage.

Iteration process continues until the magnitudes ∆P and ∆Q < 0.001 p.u

Voltage accuracy is 0.00001.

∆Vmax = max (∆ek + j∆fk ), K = 1,2…..N ≠ slack

Computation of slack bus power

Since all the voltages are known, we can compute slack bus power (P1 and Q1)
and the us PG1 and QG1, which are unknowns at the slack bus.

Slack bus power Pi-jQi= 𝑉𝑖∗ 𝑁 𝑌

𝑗<1 𝑖𝑗
𝑉𝑗

Computation of Line flows

Line power (forward) Sij = Pij+ Qij= ViIij*

= Vi( 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑗 𝑌𝑖𝑗 + ViYpi )*

∗ ∗
=Vi(𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 )𝑌𝑖𝑗∗ + |Vi|2𝑌𝑖𝑗∗
Line power (reverse) Sji= VjIji*
∗ ∗
= Vj(𝑉𝑗 𝑉𝑖 )𝑌𝑖𝑗∗ + |Vj|2 𝑌𝑖𝑗∗
 Unit 02

Computation of Transmission loss

Power loss in the transmission line Sij(loss) = Sij + Sji

Real power loss = Pij + Pji ;

Reactive power loss = Qij + Qji

23
 Unit 02

2.9 ALGORITHM FOR GAUSS SEIDEL ITERATION METHOD

Step 1: Form Y bus matrix

Step 2: Assume Vk = Vk(spec) < 00

Step 3 : Assume Vk = 1<00 = 1 + j 0 at all load buses

Step 4 : set iteration count = 1

Step 5 : Let bus number i = 1

Step 6 : If „i‟ refers to generator bus go to step no.7. otherwise go to step.8

Step 7(a) : if „i‟ refers to the slack bus go to step 9. Otherwise go to step 7(b)

Step 7(b) : Compute Qi using ,

𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = -Im 𝑉𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑑∗ 𝑖;1
𝑗<1 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑁
𝑗<𝑖 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗𝑜𝑙𝑑

QGi= 𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 + QDi

if QGi(min) ≤ QGi ≤ QGi(max),

set 𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = QGi -QDi,

then compute Vinew

if QGi < QGi(min) set QGi = QGi(min) then compute Vinew

using equation (2)

if QGi > QGi(min) set QGi = QGi(min) then compute Vinew using equation (2)

if Q limit is violated then treat this bus as P-Q bus till convergence is obtained.
 Unit 02

Step 8 : Compute Vi using the equation

1 𝑃𝑖 ;𝑗𝑄𝑖
𝑉𝑖 = − 𝑖;1
𝑗<1 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑁
𝑖:1 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖∗𝑜𝑙𝑑

Step 9: if „i‟ is less than number of buses, increment I by 1 and go

to step 6.

Step 10 : Compare two successive iteration values for Vi

Step 11 : Update the new voltage as

Vinew = Vi0ld +∝ 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑉𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑑

Vi0ld = Vinew

iter = iter +1; go to step 5

Step 12 : Compute relevant quantities

Slack bus power S1 = Pi-jQi= 𝑉𝑖∗ 𝑁 𝑌

𝑗<1 𝑖𝑗
𝑉𝑗

∗
Line flows Sij=Vi(𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗∗ )𝑌𝑖𝑗∗ + |Vi|2𝑌𝑖𝑗∗

Line Loss Real power loss = Pij + Pji ;

Reactive power loss = Qij + Qji

Step 13 : Stop the execution

 Unit 02
2.10 Flow Chart for Gauss Seidal Method

26
Unit 02

27
 Unit 02

Problem 1: Perform power flow of one iteration for the system as shown in
fig. using Gauss-Seidal method. Determine slack bus power, line flows and
line losses. Take base MVA as 100.( ∝ = 1.1)

Solution :
Step 1 : Formation of Y bus
When the switch is open, there is no connection of capacitor at bus 2.
Take the bus 2 as load bus.
0.3044 − 𝑗1.816 −0.3044 + 𝑗1.88
Y bus =
−0.3044 + 𝑗1.88 0.3044 − 𝑗1.816

Step 2 : Initialize bus voltages

V10ld = 1.05<00
V20ld = 1.0<00
Step 3 : Calculate V2new

;30
P2 = -30MW = 100
p.u = -0.3 p.u
;10
Q2 = -10MVAR = 100 p.u = -0.1p.u

1 𝑃2 ;𝑗𝑄2
𝑉2𝑛𝑒𝑤 = − 𝑌21 𝑉1𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑌22 𝑉2∗𝑜𝑙𝑑

1 ;0.3 :𝑗0.1
= − (−0.3044 + 𝑗1.88) 1.05
0.3044 ; 𝑗1.816 1.0<;00

= 1.0054-j0.1577 – 1.018<-8.9150
Step 4: Calculate 𝑉2𝑛𝑒𝑤 using acceleration factor

V2new = V20ld +∝ 𝑉2𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑉2𝑜𝑙𝑑

= 1.0 + 1.1 [1.0054-j0.1577-1]

= 1.0059-j0.173

Step 5: Slack bus power

S1 = P1 – jQ1 = V1* [Y11V1 + Y12V2]

S1 = 0.3556 +j0.0388 p.u = 35.56+j3.88 MVA

P1= 35.56MW; Q1 = -3.88MVAR

Real power generation = PG1 = P1 + PL1

= 35.56 + 90 = 125.56 MW

Reactive Power Generation = QG1 = Q1 + QL1

= -3.88 +20 = 16.12 MVAR

Step 6: Line flows

∗
Sij=Vi(𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗∗ )𝑌𝑖𝑗∗ + |Vi|2𝑌𝑖𝑗∗

S12 = 0.3556-j0.0383 p.u

∗
Sji= Vj(𝑉𝑗 𝑉𝑖∗ )𝑌𝑖𝑗∗ + |Vj|2 𝑌𝑖𝑗∗

S21 = -0.3459-j0.038p.u

Step 7: Transmission line loss (Sijloss = Sij + Sji)

P12 loss = P12 + P21 = 35.56 – 34.49 = 0.97MW

Q12 loss = Q12 + Q21 = -3.83 + (-3.8) = -7.63 MVAR

 Unit 02

Problem 2. The figure given below shows a Power System

Bus 1: Slack bus E specified = 1.05+j0
Bus 2: PV bus |E| specified = 1.2p.u; PG = 3 p.u
Bus 3: PQ bus PL = 4 p.u ; QL = 2 p.u
Carryout one iteration of load flow solution by Gauss seidel method. Take Q limits of
generator 2 as 0≤Q≤4. Take ∝ = 1.

Solution:

3 − 𝑗9 −2 + 𝑗5 −1 + 𝑗4
Y bus = −2 + 𝑗5 5 − 𝑗14 −3 + 𝑗9
−1 + 𝑗4 −3 + 𝑗9 4 − 𝑗13

V10ld = 1.05<00
V20ld = 1.2 <00
V30ld = 1<00

30
Unit 02

31
 Unit 02
Problem 3: Perform Gauss-Seidel load flow for the system shown in
Fig. and the bus data is given in Table. Determine bus voltages, slack
bus power, line flows, and transmission line losses. Take ∝ = 1.2

Solution :
Step 1 : Formulate Y bus matrix

13.1206 − 𝑗18.8011 −6.2241 + 𝑗1.6598 −6.8966 + 𝑗17.2414

Y bus = −6.2241 + 𝑗1.6598 16.2241 − 𝑗31.5998 −10 + 𝑗30
−6.8966 + 𝑗17.2414 −10 + 𝑗30 16.8966 − 𝑗47.2014

32
 Unit 02

Step 3 : Calculate V2new

;200
P2 = -PL2 = 100 = -2 pu ;
;60
Q2 = -QL2 = 100
= - 0.6 pu

1 𝑃2 ;𝑗𝑄2
𝑉2𝑛𝑒𝑤 = − 𝑌21 𝑉1𝑛𝑒𝑤 −𝑌23 𝑉3𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑌22 𝑉2∗𝑜𝑙𝑑

1 ;2:𝑗0.6
= [ – (-6.2241+j1.6598)1.03<00 – (-10+j30)1.0<00]
16.2241;𝑗31.5998 1.0:𝑗0

= 0.9644-j0.0391

After using acceleration factor ∝ = 1.2

V2new = V20ld +∝ 𝑉2𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑉2𝑜𝑙𝑑

= 1.0+1.2((0.9644-j0.0391)-1.0)

= 0.9573-j0.047 pu

Step 4 : Calculate V3new :

1 𝑃3 ;𝑗𝑄3
𝑉3𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑌 − 𝑌31 𝑉1𝑛𝑒𝑤 −𝑌32 𝑉2𝑜𝑙𝑑
33 𝑉3∗𝑜𝑙𝑑

1 ;1:𝑗0.5
= [ – (-6.8966+j17.2414)1.03<00 – (- 10+j30)(0.9573-j0.047)]
16.8966;𝑗47.2014 1.0:𝑗0

= 0.9682-j0.0443 pu
After using acceleration factor ∝ = 1.2

V3new = V30ld +∝ 𝑉3𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑉3𝑜𝑙𝑑

= 1+j0+1.2[(0.9682-j0.0443)-(1+j0)]

= 0.96184-j0.05316 pu
Step 5 : Slack bus power:

S1 = P1-jQ1 = V1* [Y11V1 + Y12V2 + Y13V3]

= 1.9731-j0.5516 p.u

= 197.31-j55.16 MVA

P1 = 197.31MW; Q1= 55.16 MVAR 33

 Unit 02

Step 6: Line flows

∗
Sij=Vi(𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗∗ )𝑌𝑖𝑗∗ + |Vi|2𝑌𝑖𝑗∗

∗
Sji = Vj(𝑉𝑗 − 𝑉𝑖∗ )𝑌𝑖𝑗∗ + |Vj|2 𝑌𝑖𝑗∗

S12= (1.03)[(1.03)-(0.9573+j0.047)](3.22+j1.66) + (1.03)2 (0-j0.06)

S12 = 0.5461-j0.2405 pu

Similarly for other line flows

S21 = -0.4995+j0.1341pu

S23 = 0.1201-j0.1930 pu

S32 = -0.1195+j0.1947pu

S13 = 1.426 +j0.7919 pu

S31 = -1.374-j0.7429 pu

Step 7 : Transmission line loss Sij loss = Sij + Sji

P12 loss = P12+P21 = 54.61-49.95 = 4.66MW

Q12 loss = Q12 + Q21 = -24.05+13.41 = -10.64 MVAR

P23 loss = P23 +P32 = 12.01-11.95 = 0.06MW

Q23 loss = Q23 +Q32 = -19.3 + 19.47 = 0.17MVAR

P13Loss = P13+P31 = 142.6-137.4 = 5.2MW

Q13Loss = Q13 +Q31 = 79.19-74.29 = 4.9MVAR

34
 Unit 02

Problem 4: Using Gauss-Seidal method, determine bus voltages and

reactive power generation for the fig. shown. Take base MVA = 100.

Solution :
Step 1: Formation of Y bus

0.3044 − 𝑗1.816 −0.3044 + 𝑗1.88

Ybus =
−0.3044 + 𝑗1.88 0.3044 − 𝑗1.811

Step 2: initialize bus voltages

V10ld = 1.05<00
V20ld = 1.0<00

35
 Unit 02

Step 3 : Calculate Q2 :

𝑄2𝑐𝑎𝑙 = -Im (𝑉 ∗ [V1Y21+V2Y22+V3Y23])

2

= -Im {1.0+j0(1.05x(-0.3044+j1.88)+1.0(0.3044-j1.811)

= -0.163 pu

Step 4 : Calculate V2new

;30
P2 =PG2-PL2= -30MW = p.u = -0.3 p.u
100

Q2 = -0.163 pu

Reactive Power Generation QG2 = Q2 + QL2

= -0.163 +0.2 =0.037p.u
= 3.7 MVAR

Reactive bus power Q2 = -0.163 pu = -16.3 MVAR

36
 Unit 02
2.11 Newton-Raphson Method
Iterative Solution using Newton-Raphson Method
Newton raphson method is mathematically superior to the gauss – seidal method
because of the following advantages

Quick Convergence (ie., Quadratic Convergence)

Less prone to divergence with conditioned problems
The number of iterations required to obtain a solution is independent of the system
size, but more functional evaluations are required at each iteration.
Newton- raphson method used to solve a system of non-linear algebraic equations
of the form f(x) = 0.
Consider a set of n non-linear algebraic equations given by
fi(x1,x2,…….xn)=0 i=1,2……..n
Let x10, x20,……xn0 be the initial guess of unknown variables and
∆x10, ∆x20,……∆xn0 be the respective corrections.
Therefore
fi(x10+∆x10, x20+∆x20……………………… xn0+∆xn0 )=0 i=1,2,……..n
The above equation can be expanded using Taylor‟s series to give
fi(x10, x20……xn0)+ +Higher order terms=0 i=1,2,…….n

Where ,
are the partial derivatives of fi with respect to x1, x2,………..xn respectively. evaluated
at (x10,x20,…….xn0). If the higher order terms are neglected then above equation can
be written in matrix form as

37
 Unit 02

2.12 NR method for power flow solution

Let us assume all the buses are load (PQ) bus except slack bus(bus no 1) & any load
bus the power flow solution must satisfy the following non-linear algebraic equations.

Pispec-Pical=0
Qispec-Qical=0
Where equations Pi & Qi can be written as follows,

Taking complex conjugate on both sides

Where

Substitute in equation 2 we get

Real Power flow

Equation 3 can be written as the sum of diagonal elements and off diagonal elements
(ie., for diagonal elements j=I and for off- diagonal elements j≠i)

Reactive power flow

Equation 5 can be written as the sum of diagonal elements and off diagonal elements
(ie., for diagonal elements j=I and for off- diagonal elements j ≠i )

38
 Unit 02

Equations 4 & 6 expanded using Taylor series by neglecting higher order terms.

To find J1:
Diagonal element(Differentiate the equation 4 with respect to δi)

Off- diagonal element (Diffentiate the equation 4 with respect to δj

To find J2:
Diagonal element (Differentiate the equation 4 with respect to )

Off- diagonal element (Differentiate the equation 4 with respect to )

39
 Unit 02
To find J3:
Diagonal element(Differentiate the equation 6 with respect to δi)

Off- diagonal element (Differentiate the equation 6 with respect to δj)

To find J4:
Diagonal element (Differentiate the equation 6 with respect to )

Then calculate

The new estimates are calculated as

Note: Jacobian matrix written by considering all the buses PQ bus.

40
 Unit 02
Algorithm
Step1: Formulate Y bus Matrix and convert the values in complex form to polar form.
Step 2: Assume flat voltage start.

Step 3:Set iteration count =1(iter 1).

Step 4: Let bus number i=1.
Step 5: If „i‟ refers to the load buses, calculate and .
Step 6: If „i‟ refers to the PV buses, Check Q-limit violation

Step 7: Compute mismatch vector using

Step 8:Compute

Step 9: If „i‟ is less than the number of the bus, increment i by one and go to
Step 6.
Step 10: Compute Jacobian matrix using

Step 11: Obtain State correction vector

41
 Unit 02

Step 12: Update state vector using

step 13: Check for convergence

42
Unit 02

43
Unit 02

44
 Unit 02

Problems in NR Method
Problem 1:
In the two bus system shown in figure, bus 1 is a slack bus with V1=1.0∠0° pu. A
load of 100 Mw and 50 MVAR is taken from bus 2.The line impedance is Z12 = 0.12 +
j 0.16 pu on a base of 100 MVA. Using Newton-raphson method, Obtain the voltage
magnitude and phase angle of bus 2. Start with an initial estimate of
and . perform two iterations.

Solution:
Form the bus admittance matrix:

The power flow equation with voltages and admittances expressed in polar form is

45
 Unit 02

The load expressed in per unit is

The slack bus voltage is V1 = 1.0∠0° pu

46
 Unit 02

The elements of the Jacobian matrix at the initial estimates are

The set of linear equations in the first iteration becomes

For the second iteration, we have

Computing the elements of the jacobian matrix, the set of linear equation in the second
iteration becomes

Obtaining the solution of the above matrix equation, voltage at bus 2 in the second iteration is

47
 Assignments

1. Analysis the voltage at different buses, real and reactive power flow between
buses of IEEE 9 bus use gauss seidal method .
2. Analysis the voltage at different buses, real and reactive power flow between
buses of IEEE 9 bus use Newton raphson method

48
 Part A Questions & Answers

S.No Question sand Answers K CO

Level

1. What is load flow and power flow study? K1 CO2

Power flow analysis is also known as load flow analysis in power
engineering. It is an important tool involving numerical analysis
which is applied to a power system.
The power flow analysis is applied to steady state performance of
the power system. This analysis involves for specified terminal or
bus conditions calculation of power flows and voltages of a
transmission network
2. Define voltage controlled bus. (NOV DEC 2014) K2 CO2
This bus is also called generator bus. Here the voltage magnitude
corresponding to the generator voltage and real power generation
corresponding to its ratings are specified. Hence it is required to
determine the reactive power generation and the phase angle of
the voltage.

3. Compare Gauss Seidal and Newton Raphson methods K1 CO2

S.No Factor Gauss Seidal Newton Raphson
1 Reliability Reliable More reliable
2 Convergence characteristics Linear convergence Quadratic convergence
3 Simplicity in programming Easy More complex
4 Memory requirement Less memory More memory

4. What is the role of swing bus in power flow study? K2 CO2

(MAY JUN 2014)
A bus is called swing bus when the magnitude and phase of the bus
voltage are specified for it. The swing bus is the reference bus for
load flow solution and it is required for accounting line losses.
Usually one of the generator bus is selected as swing bus.

5. At what condition generator bus is treated as load bus? K1 CO2

(MAY JUN 2014)
When will the generator bus be treated as load bus?
(NOV DEC 2013)
If the reactive power constraints of a generator bus violates the
specified limits then the generator bus is treated as load Bus.When
the generator bus is treated as load bus, the reactive power of the
bus is equated to the limit it has violated, and the value of bus
voltage is reset to 1.0 p.u.

49
 Part A Questions & Answers

6. Why power flow analysis is made? K1 CO2

Power flow analysis is performed to calculate the magnitude and
phase angle of voltages at the buses and also the active power
and reactive voltamperes flow for the given terminal or bus
conditions. The variables associated with each bus or node are,
a. Magnitude of voltage |V|
b. Phase angle of voltage δ
c. Active power, P
d. Reactive voltamperes, Q

7. What are the information that are obtained from a load flow study? K2 CO2
The information obtained from a load flow study are magnitude
and phase angles of bus voltages, real and reactive power flowing
in each line and line losses. The load flow solution also gives the
initial conditions of the system when the transient behavior of the
system is to be studied.

8. What are the works involved in a load flow study? (NOV/DEC 2004) K1 CO2
The following has to be performed for a load flow study.
a. Representation of the system by single line diagram.
b. Formation of impedance diagram using the information in single
line diagram.
c. Formulation of network equations
d. Solution of network equations.

9. What are the different types of buses in a power system? K1 CO2

The buses of a power system can be classified into three types
based on the
quantities being specified for the buses, which are as follows:
a. Load bus or PQ bus (P and Q are specified)
b. Generator bus or voltage controlled bus or PV bus (P and V are
specified)
c. Slack bus or swing bus or reference bus (|V| and δ are
specified)

50
 Part A Questions & Answers

10 What is the need for slack bus? (APR/MAY 2004),(NOV/DEC 2004) K1 CO2
The slack bus is needed to account for transmission line losses. In a
power system, the total power generated will be equal to sum of
power consumed by loads and losses. In a power system, only the
generated power and load power are specified for the buses. The
slack bus is assumed to generate the power required for losses.
Since the losses are unknown, the real and reactive power are not
specified for slack bus.

11 List the quantities specified and the quantities to be determined K1 CO2

from load flow study for various types of buses. (MAY/JUNE 2006)
The following table shows the quantities specified and the
quantities to be obtained for various types of buses

Types of bus Known quantities Unknown

quantities
Slack or Swing or Reference bus V, δ P,Q
Generator or Voltage control or PV bus P, V Q, δ
Load or PQ bus P, Q V, δ

12. How are the disadvantages of Newton Raphson method overcome? K1 CO2
(NOV DEC 2011)
The drawbacks of Newton Raphson method are overcome by
simplifying the Jacobian matrix and converting into simple
succeptance matrix in fast decoupled load flow studies.

13. What is Jacobian matrix? (APR MAY 2011) K1 CO2

The matrix formed from the first derivatives of load flow equation is
called Jacobian matrix and it is denoted by J.The elements of
Jacobian matrix will change in every iteration .the elements of the
Jacobian matrix are obtain matrix are obtained by partially
differentiating the load flow equation with respect to a unknown
variable and then evaluating the first derivatives using the solution
of previous iteration.

51
 Part A Questions & Answers

14. What is bus admittance matrix? (MAY JUNE 2006) K1 CO2

The matrix consisting of the self and mutual admittance of the
power system network is called bus admittance matrix. It is given
by the admittance matrix Y in the node basis matrix equation of a
power system and it is denoted as Ybus. Bus admittance matrix is
a symmetrical matrix.
15. Discuss the effect of acceleration factor in the load flow solution K1 CO2
algorithm. (APR MAY 2004)
In load flow solution by iterative methods, the number of iterations
can be reduced if the correction voltage at each bus is multiplied
by some constant. The multiplication of the constant will increase
the amount of correction to bring the voltage closer to the value it
is approaching. The multipliers that accomplish this improved
converged are called acceleration factors. An acceleration factor of
1.6 is normally used in load flow problems.

16 How will you account for voltage controlled buses in the load flow K2 CO2
algorithm?
The acceleration factor is a real quantity and it modifies the
magnitude of bus voltage alone. Since in voltage controlled bus,
the magnitude of bus voltage is not allowed to change, the
acceleration factor is not used for voltage controlled bus.
17. What do you mean by a flat voltage start? K2 CO2
In iterative methods of load flow solution, the initial voltage of all
buses except slack bus are assumed as 1+j0 p.u. This is referred
to as flat voltage start.

18. What are the disadvantages of Gauss-Seidel method? K1 CO2

The disadvantages of Gauss-Seidel method are,
a. Requires large number of iterations to reach convergence.
b. Not suitable for large systems.
c. Convergence time increases with size of the system.

52
 Part A Questions & Answers

19 What are the advantages of Newton-Raphson method? K1 CO2

The advantages of Newton-Raphson method are,
a. This load flow method is faster, more reliable and he results are
accurate.
b. Requires less number of iterations for convergence.
c. The number of iterations are independent of the size of the
system.

20. Mention (any) three advantages of N-R method over G-S method? K1 CO2
The three advantages of N-R method over G-S method are,
a. The N-R method has quadratic convergence characteristics and
so converges
faster than G-S method.
b. The number of iterations for convergence is independent of the
system in N-R
method.
c. In N-R method, the convergence is not affected by the choice of
slack bus

21. Mention (any) three advantages of N-R method over G-S method? K2 CO2
The three advantages of N-R method over G-S method are,
a. The N-R method has quadratic convergence characteristics and
so converges
faster than G-S method.
b. The number of iterations for convergence is independent of the
system in N-R
method.
c. In N-R method, the convergence is not affected by the choice of
slack bus

53
 Part B Questions
S.No Question sand Answers K CO
Level

1.
K2 CO2

2 K2 CO2

3.. With a neat flow chart, explain the computational procedure for load k3 CO2
flow solution using Newton Raphson iterative method when the system
contains all types of buses

4. Describe the step by step procedure for load flow solution from Gauss K3 CO2
Seidalmethod, if PV and PQ buses are present along with slack bus

5. Explain the oadflow algorithm using Gauss – Seidal method with flow CO2
chart and discuss the disadvantages of the method (NOV DEC
2009) (APR MAY 2011) (MAY JUNE 2006) (MAY JUNE 2013)
54
6. Give the advantages and disadvantages of Gauss-Seidel method and K2 CO2
Newton-Raphson method of load flow analysis.

A three bus power system is shown in figure. The relevant per unit K3 CO2
7. line admittance on 100MVA base are indicated on the diagram and
bus data are given in table. Form Ybus and determine the voltages
at bus 2 and bus 3 after first iteration using Gauss Seidal method.
Take the acceleration factor a = 1.6

8. With a neat flow chart, explain the computational procedure for k3 CO2
load flow solution using Newton Raphson iterative method when the
system contains all types of buses.

9. Fig shown below a three bus power system K3 CO2

Bus 1: Slack bus, V = 1.05∠0
Bus 2: PV bus, V = 1.0 p.u, PG = 3 p.u
Bus 3: PQ bus, PL = 4 p.u, QL = 2 p.u.
Carry out one iteration of load flow solution by Gauss-Seidel
method. Neglect limits on reactive power generation? (NOV DEC
2014)

55
10. A three bus power system is shown in figure. The relevant CO2
per unit line admittance on 100MVA base are indicated on K1
the diagram and bus data are given in table. Form Ybus and
determine the voltages at bus 2 and bus 3 after first
iteration using Gauss Seidal method. Take theacceleration
factor a = 1.6
(NOV DEC 2013)

Bus Type Generation Load Bus Voltage

Number PG QG PL QL V ᵟ
1 Slack 0 0 1.02 0
2 PQ 25 15 50 25
3 PV 0 0 60 30

Consider the power system with the following data: K2 C02

11. −𝑗12 𝑗8 𝑗4
Y𝐵𝑈𝑆 = 𝑗8 −𝑗12 𝑗4
𝑗4 𝑗4 −𝑗8
Bus Type Generation Load Bus Voltage
Number PG QG PL QL V ᵟ
1 Slack 0 0 1.02 0
2 PQ 25 15 50 25
3 PV 0 0 60 30

Assume that the bus 2 can supply any amount of reactive

power. With aflat start, perform the first iteration of power
flow analysis using Newton-Raphson method.

56
 Supportive online Certification courses

1. Electrical Power System-COURSERA

2. Electrical Distribution System Analysis-NPTEL

57
Real time Applications in day to day life and to Industry

1. Analysis the load data on IEEE 9 bus system

2. Analysis IEEE 9 bus system using Gauss seidal and Newton Raphson method

58
 Contents beyond the Syllabus

1. Analysis the load flow on IEEE radial network- include the losses in the line.
2. Analysis the voltage at different buses, real and reactive power flow between
buses of IEEE 9 bus use gauss seidal method
3. Explain the need computer aided power system studies

59
 Assessment Schedule

1. Analysis the voltage at different buses, real and reactive power flow between
buses of IEEE 9 bus use gauss seidal method .

2. Analysis the voltage at different buses, real and reactive power flow between
buses of IEEE 9 bus use Newton raphson method.

Informed to the students :15.6.2020

Date of Completion : 26.7.2020

60
 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books

1.John J. Grainger, William D. Stevenson, Jr, „Power System Analysis‟, Mc Graw Hill
Education (India) Private Limited, New Delhi, 2015.
2.C.L.Wadhwa, „Electrical Power Systems‟, New Academic Science Ltd, 2009
3.Kothari D.P. and Nagrath I.J., „Power System Engineering‟, Tata McGraw-Hill
Education, Second Edition, 2008.
4.B.R.Gupta, „Power System Analysis and Design‟ S. Chand, New Delhi, Fifth Edition,
2008.
5.Hadi Saadat, „Power System Analysis‟, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, 21st reprint, 2010.
6.Pai M A, „Computer Techniques in Power System Analysis‟, Tata Mc Graw-Hill
Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, Second Edition, 2007.

61
 Mini Project suggestions

1.Design automatic meter reading (AMR) data logger with Xbee

2. Intelligent automation system for electrical energy distribution .

62
 Thank you

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63