Essay PYQs Solution Booklet 8 Years 2016 To 2023 Kalam IAS Academy

UPSC Civil Services Exams
ESSAY 2016-2023
8 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

SOLUTIONS
https://t.me/KalamIAS
Rajendra Choudhary, IRS

(IIT Kharagpur, Ex- ICAS, DANIPS)
Delhi Center: 57/13, Bada Bazaar Road, Old Rajinder Nagar

Jaipur Center: Ridhi Sidhi Chauraha, Gopalpura Bypass Jaipur: +91- 86963-44044
Sikar Centre: Nawalgarh Road, Sikar, Rajasthan Sikar : +91- 95497-44044 www.KalamIAS.Academy
PYQ KFG KALAM FACE 2 FACE GROUP
MENTORS SUBJECTS
Rajendra Chaudhary, IRS

Ex-ICAS, Ex-DANPS, IIT KGP
CHIEF
MENTOR
Shivraj Gurjar
B.Tech, IIT Kharagpur Φ
Democratizing Math Learning
Shubham Jain, IPS Virupaksh Singh, IAS

AIR-152, CSE 2022, NLU LAW AIR-49, CSE 2023 LAW
Yadav Suryabhan, IAS Ayush Krishna, IFS

MATHS GEOLOGY
AIR-27, CSE 2022, IIT BHU AIR-06, IFS 2021
Upma Jain, IFS HINDI Gaurav Lodha, IFS

AIR-14, IFS 2022 CHEMISTRY
CSE 2021 LIT.
Shubham Yadav, ICAS CSAT/ Abhinandan Kumar

IIT Kanpur AIR-494, CSE 2021
SOCIOLOGY
ANTHRO.
Abhishek Vashishth, IPS Amir Khan, IRS

CSE 2020
PSIR
AIR-154, CSE 2022 PHILOSOPHY
Team Kalam is indebted to the invaluable contributions

from knowledge contributors who keep inspiring us.
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Preface
The UPSC Civil Services Examination demands a nuanced understanding and strategic
preparation, especially for the Essay Paper in the Mains Examination. This paper is crucial,
both for its significant contribution to the overall score and its ability to convert a candidate's
selection into IAS Rank.
This handbook, encompassing essay questions from 2016 to 2023, is result of my experience
during preparation as well as after mentoring thousands of students in last decade: This
provides for:
 Content available at one platform: Detailed coverage of every essay of last 8
years with all dimension of topics provide one stop solution to students.
 Value Addition Materials: Relevant quotations, facts, data, anecdotes etc, are
provided for future usage.
 Tailored Introductions and Conclusions: Guidance on using anecdotal
introductions and circular conclusions.
WHAT is special about this booklet is:

 Insight into PYQ pattern: Analyses recurrent themes and formats to better
understand what is often emphasized in CSE.
 Answer (Essay) writing skill development: Observe how similar themes are
explored through different dimensions and learn to structure a new essay on the
same topics. This develops the speed and efficiency needed to write essays within
the exam's time constraints.
 Setting Realistic Expectations: Familiarity with past questions reduces anxiety
and builds confidence for the actual exam.
This booklet is a strategic tool designed to enhance essay-writing skills through consistent
reflection to all students. I trust it will serve as a valuable resource in your preparation
journey.
Best wishes,
Team Kalam
Essay PYQs
Video Analysis
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Essay Syllabus
Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics. They will be

expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in orderly
fashion, and to write concisely. Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.
PQYs Essay – Index
Essay Sr. No. Year Page No.
1-8 2016 01-45
9-16 2017 46-85
17-24 2018 86-128
25-32 2019 129-173
33-40 2020 174-214
41-48 2021 215-251
49-56 2022 252-290
57-54 2023 291-337
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 Candidates must write multiple essays, each on a different topic selected from a list of
alternatives, for the UPSC Mains essay paper. The UPSC essay subjects span a broad
spectrum of national and international, social, economic, political, cultural, and
philosophical topics.
 UPSC has given this paper immense importance by making it a full paper of 250 marks.
Scoring well in this paper can have a considerable impact on the overall ranking and
selection for the coveted civil services.
 The trend in the last few years has shifted towards opinion-based topics rather than just
society or any general topic to test the analytical acumen of the candidate.
 Now, getting acquainted with the UPSC test format, word count, and essay question
types commonly encountered in the Mains Examination can be achieved by practicing
essay topics from previous years.
 It is also possible to find recurring themes and trends by analyzing previous essay topics.
This will help you prioritize their preparation. You'll gain confidence and feel more at
ease and ready for the test if you regularly practice writing essays on past essay themes.
 Some of the recurring themes that have appeared in UPSC Essay paper over the years
are listed below:
PQYs Essay – Theme Wise Index

Women  Neglect of primary health care and
 Girls are weighed down by restrictions, education in India are reasons for its
boys with demands- two equally harmful backwardness. [2019] (P.no. : 158 - 162)
disciplines. [2023] (P.no. : 313 - 318)  We may brave human laws but cannot
 Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the resist natural laws. [2017] (P.no. : 76 - 80)
most significant structure of social
inequality. [2020] (P.no. : 203 - 209) Federalism and Decentralization
 Fulfilment of 'new woman' in India is a  Impact of the new economic measures
myth. [2017] (P.no. : 71 - 75) on fiscal ties between the union and
states in India. [2017] (P.no. : 51 - 56)
 If develop ment is not engendered, it is
endangered. [2016] (P.no. : 01 - 05)  Water disputes between States in federal
India. [2016] (P.no. : 11 - 15)
Social justice and Poverty  Cooperative federalism: Myth or reality.
 A society that has more justice is a [2016] (P.no. : 22 - 27)
society that needs less charity. [2023]
(P.no. : 326 - 331) Inclusive Economy and Economic Justice
 There can be no social justice without  Forests are the best-case studies for
economic prosperity but economic economic excellence. [2023]
prosperity without social justice is (P.no. : 252 - 257)
meaningless. [2020] (P.no. : 197 - 202)  Poverty anywhere is a threat to
prosperity everywhere. [2018]
(P.no. : 112 - 118)

 Farming has lost the ability to be a  History repeats itself, first as tragedy,
source of subsistence for majority of second as farce. [2021] (P.no. : 241 - 245)
farmers in India. [2017] (P.no. : 46 - 50)  Poets are the unacknowledged legislators
 Digital economy: A leveller or a source of the world. [2022] (P.no. : 258 - 262)
of economic inequality. [2016]  Culture is what we are, civilization is
(P.no. : 40 - 45)
what we have. [2020] (P.no. : 191 - 196)
 Innovation is the key determinant of
economic growth and social welfare. Technology
[2016] (P.no. : 16 - 21)
 The process of self-discovery has now
 Near jobless growth in India: An been technologically outsourced. [2021]
anomaly or an outcome of economic (P.no. : 215 - 219)
reforms. [2016] (P.no. : 34 - 39)
 What is research, but a blind date with
knowledge! [2021] (P.no. : 236 - 240)
Education and morality
 Technology as the silent factor in
 Education is what remains after one has international relations. [2020]
forgotten what one has learned in (P.no. : 210 - 214)
school. [2023] (P.no. : 332 - 337)
 Rise of Artificial Intelligence: the threat
 Destiny of a nation is shaped in its of jobless future or better job
classrooms. [2017] (P.no. : 57 - 61)
opportunities through reskilling and
upskilling. [2019] (P.no. : 169 - 173)
Global order
 Biased media is a real threat to Indian
 Technology as the silent factor in democracy. [2019] (P.no. : 163 - 168)
international relations. [2020]
(P.no. : 210 - 214)  Alternative technologies for a climate
change resilient India. [2018]
 South Asian societies are woven not (P.no. : 106- 111)
around the state, but around their plural
cultures and plural identities. [2019]  'Social media' is inherently a selfish
(P.no. : 153 - 157) medium. [2017] (P.no. : 81 - 85)
 Management of Indian border disputes  Cyberspace and Internet: Blessing or

- a complex task. [2018] (P.no. : 119 - 123) curse to the human civilization in the
long run. [2016] (P.no. : 28 - 33)
 Has the Non-Alignment Movement
(NAM) lost its relevance in a multipolar Philosophical topics- Character and Ethics
world? [2017] (P.no. : 62 - 65)
 Not all who wander are lost. [2023]
History/ mathematics/ culture- Subject (P.no. : 302 - 308)
discourse  A smile is the chosen vehicle for all
 Mathematics is the music of reasons. ambiguities. [2022] (P.no. : 282 - 286)
[2023] (P.no. : 319 - 325)  Philosophy of wantlessness is a Utopian,
 History is a series of victories won by while materialism is a chimera. [2021]
(P.no. : 223 - 226)
the scientific man over the romantic
man. [2022] (P.no. : 263 - 267)  Your perception of me is a reflection of
you; my reaction to you is an awareness
of me. [2021] (P.no. : 220 - 222)

 The Hand that rocks the cradle rules the Knowledge and personal growth
world. [2021] (P.no. : 230 - 235)  Thinking is like a game; it does not begin
 Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication. unless there is an opposite team. [2023]
[2020] (P.no. : 187 - 190) (P.no. : 291 - 294)
 Ships don't sink because of water around  Visionary decision-making happens at
them ships sink because of water that the intersection of intuition and logic.
gets into them. [2020] (P.no. : 183 - 186) [2023] (P.no. : 295 - 301)
 Life is a long journey between being  Inspiration for creativity springs from the
human and being humane. [2020] effort to look for the magical in the
mundane. [2023] (P.no. : 309 - 312)
(P.no. : 174 - 178)
 Just because you have a choice, it does
 Values are not what humanity is, but not mean that any of them has to be
what humanity ought to be. [2019] right. [2022] (P.no. : 287 - 290)
(P.no. : 135 - 140)
 The real is rational and the rational is
 Best for an individual is not necessarily real. [2021] (P.no. : 227 - 229)
best for the society. [2019]
(P.no. : 141 - 146)  Mindful manifesto is the catalyst to a
tranquil self. [2020] (P.no. : 179 - 182)
 Courage to accept and dedication to
improve are two keys to success. [2019]  'The past' is a permanent dimension of
(P.no. : 147 - 152)
human consciousness and values. [2018]
(P.no. : 96 - 100 )
 Wisdom finds truth. [2019]
 A good Life is one inspired by love and
(P.no. : 129 - 134)
guided by knowledge. [2018] (P.no. : 86 - 91)
 A people that values its privileges above
its principles loses both. [2018] Towards Excellence
(P.no. : 101 - 105)
 The time to repair the roof is when the
 Customary morality cannot be a guide sun is shining. [2022] (P.no. : 272 - 277 )
to modern file. [2018] (P.no. : 124 - 128)
 You cannot step twice in the same river.
 Reality does not conform to the ideal, [2022] (P.no. : 278 - 281)
but confirms it. [2018] (P.no. : 92 - 95)
 A ship in harbour is safe, but that is not
 Joy is the simplest form of gratitude. what ship is for. [2022] (P.no. : 268 - 271)
[2017] (P.no. : 66 - 70)
 Just because you have a choice, it does
 We may brave human laws but cannot not mean that any of them has to be
resist natural laws. [2017] (P.no. : 76 - 80) right. [2022] (P.no. : 287 - 290)
 Need brings greed, if greed increases it  There are better practices to "best
spoils breed. [2016] (P.no. : 06-10) practices". [2021] (P.no. : 246 - 251)
Again, the candidate must give equal emphasis on philosophical topics and expository
topics seeing the dynamic trend of UPSC.
All the Best !

PYQs : 2016
IF DEVELOPMENT IS NOT ENGENDERED,

1 IT IS ENDANGERED
IT IS ENDANGERED [2016]
Structure of the Essay:
 Introduction: You can start with an anecdote that contextualizes the topic of the
essay
 Body:
 What is the difference between ‘development’ and ‘gendered development’?
 How does development get endangered, if not engendered?
 What are the benefits of integrating gender into development strategies?
 What are the major challenges associated with implementing gender-responsive
development policies?
 How to address these challenges as to ensure sustainable and inclusive
development?
 Conclusion: Link it with the introduction & sum up the essence of the essay in an
optimistic way
Model Essay :
Relevant Quotes from Essay MIB
 “Women’s empowerment is intertwined with respect for human rights. The empowerment of
women is a prerequisite for sustainable development.” – Michelle Bachelet
 “Gender equality is a precondition for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty, promoting
sustainable development, and building good governance.” – Kofi Annan
 “When women thrive, all of society benefits, and succeeding generations are given a better
start in life.” – Kofi Annan
 “Development cannot be achieved if half of the population is left behind.” – Malala Yousafzai
Introduction:
A few years ago, a young girl named Priya dreamt of becoming a doctor. She hailed
from the bustling city of Indore. Despite her family’s financial struggles, her parents
encouraged her to pursue her education. However, as she grew older, she faced numerous
challenges that threatened to derail her dreams. Gender norms in her community limited
opportunities for girls, and she often felt discouraged by societal expectations.
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PYQs : 2016
Priya’s story reflects a broader issue in development – the neglect of gender
considerations. Many development programs fail to address the unique challenges faced
by women and girls, hindering their ability to contribute fully to society. This essay argues
that if development is not engendered, it is endangered. In other words, development efforts
that do not consider gender are at risk of failure or even causing harm. By examining the
importance of gender in development and the benefits of gender-responsive strategies, this
essay will demonstrate the urgent need for a more inclusive approach to development.
‘Development’ and ‘Gendered development’:

 Contextual Understanding: Development typically refers to economic growth and
improvement in living standards. Gendered development, on the other hand, considers
how development impacts men and women differently due to their roles, needs, and
access to resources. For example, the World Bank reports that in rural areas of
developing countries, women are often responsible for collecting water, which can
take up to six hours per day, limiting their ability to engage in income-generating
activities.
 Empowerment and Participation: Gendered development emphasizes the
empowerment of women and their participation in decision-making processes.
According to UN Women, when women participate in peace processes, the resulting
agreement is 35% more likely to last at least 15 years.
 Health and Education: Gendered development focuses on addressing disparities in
health and education between men and women. For instance, UNESCO reports that
globally, women are more likely to be illiterate than men, with two-thirds of the
world’s illiterate adults being women.
 Economic Opportunities: Gendered development seeks to create equal economic
opportunities for men and women. The World Economic Forum’s Global Gender
Gap Report 2020 found that at the current rate of progress, it will take 257 years to
close the economic gender gap.
 Social Norms and Legal Rights: Gendered development challenges harmful social
norms and promotes gender equality in legal rights. For example, the World Bank
reports that in many countries, women face legal restrictions on their ability to work,
own property, or access credit, limiting their economic empowerment.
How does development get endangered, if not engendered?

 Inequitable Access to Education: Without gender-sensitive policies, girls may face
barriers to education, endangering their development. According to a study, girls in
India have lower school attendance than boys at every age, and the gender gap widens
with age.
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PYQs : 2016
 Limited Economic Opportunities: Development is endangered when women are
excluded from the workforce. In India, women make up only 24% of the labour
force, limiting their economic potential and hindering overall development.
 Health Disparities: Gender-blind health policies can endanger development by
neglecting women’s health needs. For instance, in sub-Saharan Africa, women account
for 59% of adults living with HIV, highlighting the need for targeted interventions.
 Political Underrepresentation: When women are not included in decision-making
processes, development can be endangered. Rwanda’s commitment to gender equality
has led to women holding 61% of parliamentary seats, contributing to the country’s
development progress.
 Violence Against Women: Gender-based violence undermines development efforts.
In Guatemala, where gender-based violence is pervasive, women’s ability to participate
fully in society is compromised, hindering overall development.
Benefits of integrating gender into development strategies:

 Improved Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Integrating gender into
development strategies can lead to increased economic growth and poverty reduction.
For example, a study by the World Bank found that in Latin America, closing the
gender gap in labour force participation could result in a 15% increase in per capita
income.
 Enhanced Education and Health Outcomes: Gender-integrated development
strategies can lead to improved education and health outcomes. In Bangladesh, the
implementation of a girls’ education program led to a significant increase in school
enrollment and literacy rates among girls, contributing to better health and economic
outcomes for them.
 Increased Food Security and Nutrition: Gender-sensitive agricultural programs can
improve food security and nutrition. In Rwanda, a project that provided female
farmers with access to agricultural training and resources led to a significant increase
in crop yields and household food security.
 Enhanced Social and Political Participation: Integrating gender into development
strategies can lead to increased social and political participation of women. For
example, in India, the implementation of gender quotas in local government bodies
led to a significant increase in the number of women participating in decision-making
processes.
 Promotion of Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: Perhaps most
importantly, integrating gender into development strategies promotes gender equality
and women’s empowerment. Studies have shown that empowering women can lead
to positive outcomes across various development indicators, including poverty
reduction, improved health, and increased education.

PYQs : 2016
Major challenges associated with implementing gender-responsive development
policies:
 Lack of Political Will: Implementing gender-responsive development policies often
faces resistance from political leaders and policymakers. For example, in Nigeria,
despite the National Gender Policy, women’s political representation remains low
due to a lack of political will to enforce gender equality measures.
 Limited Resources: Insufficient funding and resources pose a significant challenge
to implementing gender-responsive policies. For instance, in Bangladesh, limited
resources have hindered the effective implementation of programs aimed at improving
women’s access to healthcare and education.
 Social and Cultural Norms: Deep-rooted social and cultural norms can impede
efforts to promote gender equality. In Afghanistan, despite efforts to increase girls’
education, traditional beliefs about women’s roles often discourage families from
sending their daughters to school.
 Capacity Building: Inadequate capacity within institutions and organisations to
design, implement, and monitor gender-responsive policies is a common challenge.
For example, in Rwanda, although gender mainstreaming is a priority, there is a
need for more training and capacity building among government officials.
 Data and Monitoring: Limited data on gender issues and a lack of effective
monitoring mechanisms make it difficult to assess the impact of gender-responsive
policies. In India, challenges in data collection and monitoring have hampered efforts
to address gender-based violence and discrimination.
Solutions to address these challenges as to ensure sustainable and inclusive development:

 Education and Awareness: Implement comprehensive education programs that
promote gender equality and empower women. For example, the “Girl Rising”
campaign uses storytelling to raise awareness about the importance of girls’ education,
leading to positive changes in attitudes and behaviors.
 Legal and Policy Reforms: Enact and enforce laws that protect women’s rights and
promote gender equality. For instance, Rwanda’s gender-sensitive legal reforms have
contributed to significant improvements in women’s representation in politics and
decision-making.
 Economic Empowerment: Provide women with access to economic opportunities,
including financial services and entrepreneurship training. The Self-Employed
Women’s Association (SEWA) in India has empowered millions of women in the
informal sector through skills training and access to markets.

PYQs : 2016
 Healthcare and Reproductive Rights: Ensure access to quality healthcare, including
reproductive health services and family planning. The Bangladesh Rural
Advancement Committee (BRAC) has successfully implemented health programs
that focus on women’s needs, leading to improved health outcomes.
 Partnerships and Collaboration: Foster partnerships between governments, civil
society, and the private sector to implement gender-responsive development strategies.
The Global Partnership for Education (GPE) works with various stakeholders to
improve girls’ education worldwide, leading to increased enrollment and retention
rates.
Conclusion:
Priya’s story mirrors the real-life struggles of millions of women and girls around
the world who face barriers to development due to their gender. Her journey highlights the
critical importance of gendered development in ensuring that no one is left behind in the
pursuit of progress.
In conclusion, the adage “IF DEVELOPMENT IS NOT ENGENDERED, IT IS
ENDANGERED” rings true. Development efforts that fail to consider gender not only
perpetuate inequalities but also limit the potential for sustainable and inclusive growth. By
prioritising gender-responsive policies and programs, we can unlock the full potential of
societies, empowering women and girls to thrive and contribute meaningfully to their
communities.
As we strive for a future where everyone has equal opportunities, let us remember
Priya’s story and the countless others like hers. Their experiences remind us that true
development can only be achieved when it is inclusive, equitable, and empowers everyone,
regardless of gender. As Kofi Annan rightly said, “Gender equality is a precondition for
meeting the challenge of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development, and
building good governance.”

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PYQs : 2016
NEED BRINGS GREED, IF GREED IN

2 CREASES, IT SPOILS BREED
essay
 Body:
 Definition of ‘Need’ and ‘Greed’ in daily human life.
 How does ‘Need’ act as a basic motivator?
 How does ‘Greed’ act as Distortion of ‘Need’ and which factors escalate
‘Greed’?
 How does unchecked ‘Greed’ spoil the ‘Breed’?
 Is ‘Greed’ always detrimental? [Critical dimension]
 How can ‘Need’ and ‘Greed’ be balanced?
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.” - Mahatma
Gandhi
 “When the well is dry, we learn the worth of water.” - Benjamin Franklin
 “Greed is a bottomless pit which exhausts the person in an endless effort to satisfy the need
without ever reaching satisfaction.” - Erich Fromm
 “He who is not content with what he has, would not be content with what he would like to
have.” - Socrates
 “Greed blinds the mind, and avarice misleads it.” - Seneca
 “Desire is the root cause of all evil.” - Buddha
Introduction:
Few years ago, a young girl from a poverty-stricken family named Deepa dreamt of
becoming a doctor. She hailed from the bustling city of Indore. Her need for education and
a better life drove her to excel in school despite the odds. However, as she grew older, the
allure of material wealth and status began to overshadow her initial aspirations. She started
to pursue a career in business, driven by the greed for success and wealth. In her relentless
pursuit, she lost sight of her true passion and the noble intentions that once guided her.

PYQs : 2016
This anecdote highlights a common dilemma faced by many individuals and societies
worldwide. The innate need for betterment and progress often gets clouded by the insatiable
greed for more, leading to a distortion of priorities and values. The saying, “Need brings
greed, if greed increases it spoils breed,” rings true in this context. As people succumb to
the temptations of greed, they not only jeopardise their own well-being but also risk harming
the fabric of society.
In this essay, we will delve deeper into this complex interplay between need and greed,
exploring its implications on individuals and communities. Through examining various
examples and perspectives, we will unravel the significance of striking a balance between
fulfilling our needs and curbing excessive greed for the greater good.
‘Need’ and ‘Greed’
“Food is what you NEED and a Chocolate Sundae is what you GREED!”
Need
 At its core, need is a basic requirement for survival and well-being. It is the driving
force behind human action, motivating individuals to work, create, and innovate.
 From the most fundamental needs such as food, shelter, and clothing to higher-level
needs such as education, healthcare, and social connection, need compels individuals
to seek fulfilment and improve their quality of life.
 Need, in its essence, is a force for good, propelling progress and development.
Greed
 However, when need transitions into greed, the dynamic shifts from one of necessity
to one of excess.
 Greed is the insatiable desire for more, even at the expense of others or the
environment. It is the relentless pursuit of wealth, power, or status beyond what is
required for a comfortable existence.
 Greed often arises when individuals lose sight of their true needs and become
consumed by a desire for accumulation and aggrandisement.
Need: as a basic motivator:

 Survival Instinct: Need acts as a fundamental motivator by driving individuals to
fulfill basic requirements for survival, such as food, water, and shelter. For example,
during the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for safety and health motivated people
worldwide to adopt preventive measures like wearing masks and social distancing.
 Achievement and Growth: The desire for a better quality of life pushes people to
pursue education, acquire new skills, and seek career advancement. For instance, the
need for a better future led Malala Yousafzai to advocate for girls’ education despite
facing threats and adversity.
PYQs : 2016
 Innovation and Progress: Need stimulates innovation and progress by prompting
individuals to find solutions to challenges. For example, the need for efficient
communication led to the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell,
revolutionising the way people interact.
 Social Connection: It motivates individuals to form relationships and communities.
This need for social interaction is essential for emotional well-being and mental health.
For example, during the lockdowns imposed due to the pandemic, the need for social
connection drove people to find creative ways to stay connected, such as virtual
gatherings and online communities.
 Empathy and Altruism: Need can also evoke empathy and altruism, prompting
individuals to help others in need. This sense of empathy is crucial for building
compassionate societies. For instance, during natural disasters, people often come
together to provide aid and support.
Greed: as Distortion of Need and factors which escalate Greed:

 Distortion of Priorities: Greed can distort individuals’ priorities, leading them to
prioritise material wealth and possessions over essential needs. For example, the desire
for luxurious goods may overshadow the need for basic healthcare or education.
 Exploitation of Labour: Many companies prioritise profits over fair wages and
working conditions. For example, in the garment industry, workers in developing
countries are often subjected to poor working conditions and low wages.
 Corruption and Fraud: as individuals seek to gain wealth and power through
dishonest means. For example, the financial crisis of 2008 was partly attributed to
greed-driven practices in the banking and financial sector, such as risky lending and
investment practices.
Unchecked Greed spoils the Breed:

 Economic Imbalance: where a small fraction of the population amasses excessive
wealth, while the majority struggles to meet basic needs. (Oxfam) World’s richest
1% have more than twice as much wealth as 6.9 billion people combined, highlighting
the extent of this imbalance.
 Political Corruption: Greed can corrupt political systems, leading to policies and
decisions that benefit the wealthy few at the expense of the broader population. For
example, the Panama Papers revealed how politicians and elites around the world
used offshore accounts to evade taxes, depriving their countries of much-needed
revenue for public services.
 Environmental Destruction: Unchecked greed can result in environmental
destruction, as seen in cases of deforestation, pollution, and habitat destruction driven
by industries seeking profits. For example, the Amazon rainforest, often called the
“lungs of the Earth,” is facing deforestation at an alarming rate due to greed-driven
activities like logging and agriculture.

PYQs : 2016
 Social Unrest: When greed leads to widespread inequality and poverty, it can fuel
social unrest and conflict. For example, the Arab Spring uprisings were partly sparked
by grievances over economic inequality and corruption, highlighting how unchecked
greed can destabilise societies.
 Loss of Values: Unchecked greed can erode societal values such as compassion,
empathy, and cooperation, replacing them with a culture of individualism and
selfishness. This can lead to a breakdown of social cohesion and a lack of concern
for the well-being of others, ultimately harming the fabric of society.
Is ‘Greed’ always detrimental?

 Economic Growth: In some cases, greed can drive economic growth and innovation
by incentivizing individuals and businesses to take risks and invest in new ideas. For
example, the tech industry’s rapid development is often attributed to entrepreneurs’
desire for wealth and success.
 Charitable Giving: Greed can sometimes lead to charitable giving, as wealthy
individuals may donate a portion of their wealth to philanthropic causes. For instance,
the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, founded by Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates
and his wife Melinda, has donated billions of dollars to global health and education
initiatives.
 Motivation for Achievement: Greed can serve as a motivation for individuals to
achieve success and reach their full potential. For example, athletes driven by the
desire for fame and fortune often push themselves to excel in their respective sports,
benefiting both themselves and their teams.
 Incentive for Innovation: Greed can incentivize innovation by rewarding individuals
who create valuable products or services. For example, the pharmaceutical industry’s
pursuit of profits has led to the development of life-saving drugs and treatments for
various diseases.
 Job Creation: Greed can drive job creation by encouraging businesses to expand
and hire more employees. For example, a successful company looking to increase
profits may invest in new ventures, leading to job opportunities for others.
How can ‘Need’ and ‘Greed’ be balanced?

 Regulation and Oversight: Implementing regulations and oversight mechanisms
can help curb unchecked greed and ensure that individuals and businesses operate
ethically. For example, the Consumer Protection Act in the United States was enacted
to prevent the excessive risk-taking and fraud that led to the 2008 financial crisis.
Similarly, Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code in India.

PYQs : 2016
 Education and Awareness: Promoting education and raising awareness about the
consequences of greed can help individuals make more informed decisions and
prioritise their needs over excessive desires. For instance, financial literacy programs
can teach people how to manage their money responsibly and avoid falling into debt
traps.
 Promoting Sustainable Practices: Encouraging sustainable practices in industries
can help balance the need for economic growth with environmental and social
responsibility. For example, companies can adopt green technologies and practices
to reduce their carbon footprint and minimise environmental impact, eg: Green
building Initiative.
 Encouraging Ethical Leadership: Supporting and promoting ethical leadership in
government, business, and other sectors can help set a positive example and create a
culture of integrity. For example, leaders like Abdul Kalam Azad and Anna Hazare,
who prioritise the well-being of their constituents over personal gain can inspire others
to do the same.
Conclusion:
`Deepa’s story is reflective of the delicate interplay between need and greed. Her
journey, from a young girl driven by the need for education and a better life to a woman
consumed by the greed for material wealth and status, highlights the profound impact
unchecked greed can have on individuals and society as a whole. As we reflect on Deepa’s
story and the broader implications of the theme, “Need brings greed, if greed increases it
spoils breed,” it becomes evident that finding a balance between fulfilling our needs and
curbing excessive greed is paramount.
In conclusion, while need acts as a fundamental motivator, driving us to strive for
personal and societal well-being, unchecked greed can distort our priorities, lead to
environmental degradation, and perpetuate social inequality. By promoting ethical values,
fostering empathy, and advocating for responsible practices, we can strive to strike a balance
that ensures the fulfilment of our needs without compromising the well-being of future
generations. As Mahatma Gandhi rightly quoted, “Earth provides enough to satisfy
every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.”, we must tread carefully on the path to
progress and prosperity.


PYQs : 2016
WATERISDISPUTES
IF DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN
NOT ENGENDERED,
3 ITSTATE IN FEDERAL[2016]
IS ENDANGERED INDIA
essay
 Body:
 Brief history of major water disputes between states in India.
 What are factors that contribute to inter-state water disputes in India?
 What are the challenges faced in resolving these disputes?
 What are the legal frameworks and resolution mechanisms to tide over water
disputes?
 Measures to improve the management of water resources and prevent future
disputes.
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “Thousands have lived without love, not one without water.” - W. H. Auden
 “Water is the driving force of all nature.” - Leonardo da Vinci
 “River is the mother of any empire.”
Introduction:
In the heart of India, amidst its Silicon Valley city of Bangalore, a poignant tale
unfolds. Here, in the southern state of Karnataka, the Cauvery River flows, a lifeline for
millions. The waters of this river have long been a source of sustenance and contention,
sparking one of the most protracted water disputes in India’s federal landscape. Farmers
rely on its flow for irrigation, cities for drinking water, and industries for their operations.
In 2016, the Supreme Court of India ruled that Karnataka must release a specific
amount of Cauvery water to the neighboring state of Tamil Nadu. This decision sparked
protests and unrest, highlighting the deep-rooted complexities of water sharing among
states in a federal setup. The Cauvery dispute is just one example of the numerous water
conflicts that have plagued India over the years.

PYQs : 2016
This essay will delve into the intricate web of water disputes between states in federal
India, examining their historical context, underlying causes, and the legal frameworks
designed to address them. Through this exploration, we aim to understand the challenges
faced in managing and resolving water conflicts in a country where water is not just a
resource but a way of life.
Historical background & Major water disputes in India:

 Krishna River Dispute: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra have been
embroiled in a dispute over sharing Krishna River water. The states have been unable
to reach a consensus, leading to the involvement of the Krishna Water Disputes
Tribunal. The tribunal’s decisions have been challenged, further complicating the
resolution process.
 Godavari River Dispute: Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha
have been involved in disputes over the allocation of Godavari River water. The
Godavari River Management Board was formed to manage water distribution, but
disputes over water usage and allocation persist.
 Cauvery Water Dispute: The dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu over
sharing Cauvery River water has been ongoing for decades. In 2018, the Supreme
Court of India reduced Tamil Nadu’s share of water, leading to protests and unrest
in both states. The Cauvery Water Management Authority was established to oversee
water sharing, but disagreements persist.
 Ravi-Beas River Dispute: Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan have been in conflict
over sharing Ravi-Beas river waters. The construction of the Sutlej-Yamuna Link
canal, intended to transfer water from Punjab to Haryana, has been a contentious
issue, leading to protests and legal battles.
 Mahadayi River Dispute: Karnataka and Goa have been at odds over sharing
Mahadayi river water. Karnataka seeks to divert water from the Mahadayi river basin
to address its water scarcity, but Goa opposes this, citing environmental concerns.
Efforts to resolve the dispute through negotiations and tribunals have not been
successful.
These examples highlight the complex nature of water disputes between states in India,
showcasing the historical, legal, and practical challenges in managing and resolving them.
Factors that contribute to inter-state water disputes in India:

 Geographical Factors: India’s diverse geography plays a significant role in water
disputes. Rivers flowing through multiple states, like the Cauvery, Krishna, and
Godavari, create natural tensions over water sharing. For example, the Cauvery river
originates in Karnataka but flows through Tamil Nadu, leading to disputes over
its waters. The uneven distribution of rainfall across regions further exacerbates these
tensions.

PYQs : 2016
 Population Growth and Urbanization: Rapid population growth and urbanisation
have increased the demand for water, particularly in urban areas. This puts pressure
on rivers and other water sources shared by multiple states. For instance, the rapid
growth of Bangalore, located in the Cauvery basin, has heightened Karnataka’s
demand for Cauvery water, leading to conflicts with Tamil Nadu.
 Agricultural Practices: Agriculture is a major consumer of water in India, accounting
for over 80% of its total water usage. Competing demands for irrigation water from
agricultural states often result in conflicts. For example, the dispute between Punjab
and Haryana over the Sutlej-Yamuna Link canal, which aims to share Punjab’s
river waters with Haryana.
 Infrastructure Development: The construction of dams, canals, and reservoirs for
hydropower generation and irrigation can alter the natural flow of rivers, leading to
disputes. The dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu over the Mullaperiyar dam
is a case in point, where Kerala argues that the dam’s operation affects its water
security.
 Climate Change and Environmental Degradation: Climate change has led to erratic
rainfall patterns and increased the frequency of droughts and floods, further straining
water resources. Environmental degradation, such as deforestation and pollution,
has also affected water quality and availability.
These factors underscore the complex interplay of natural, demographic, and

developmental factors that contribute to inter-state water disputes in India.
Challenges faced in resolving these disputes:
 Legal Complexity: Resolving water disputes involves navigating complex legal
frameworks, often leading to prolonged litigation. For instance, the Cauvery Water
Disputes Tribunal’s final award took 17 years, highlighting the legal complexities
involved.
 Political Interference: Water disputes are often politicised, with political parties
using them to gain mileage. The sharing of the Yamuna waters between Haryana
and Delhi has been marred by political interference, leading to delays in resolution.
 Resource Scarcity: With increasing demands and dwindling water resources, states
are often at odds over water allocations. The Mahadayi river dispute between
Karnataka and Goa is fueled by the scarcity of water resources in the region.
 Interstate Rivalry: Historical animosities and rivalries between states can hinder
the resolution process. The dispute between Punjab and Haryana over the Sutlej-
Yamuna Link canal is a testament to this challenge.
 Climate Change: Climate change has exacerbated water scarcity issues, leading to
more frequent and intense disputes. The ongoing dispute over the Mullaperiyar dam
between Kerala and Tamil Nadu is aggravated by changing rainfall patterns and
water availability.
PYQs : 2016
These challenges underscore the need for a holistic approach to water management
and dispute resolution in federal India.
Legal frameworks and resolution mechanisms to tide over water disputes:

 Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956: This act provides for the adjudication
of disputes relating to waters of inter-state rivers and river valleys. It allows states to
approach the central government to set up a tribunal for resolving disputes. For
example, the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal was established under this act to
resolve the Cauvery water dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
 Constitutional Provisions: Articles 262, 263, and Schedule VII of the Indian
Constitution provide the framework for resolving water disputes. Article 262 allows
Parliament to legislate on inter-state river disputes, while Article 263 provides for
the establishment of inter-state councils to address such disputes.
 National Water Policy: The National Water Policy emphasises the need for a holistic
approach to water management, including the equitable distribution of water among
states. It recommends the formation of river basin organizations to manage inter-
state river basins, fostering cooperation among states.
 Judicial Intervention: The Supreme Court of India has played a crucial role in
resolving water disputes through its judgments. For example, in the Sutlej-Yamuna
Link Canal case, the court ordered the construction of the canal to resolve the water
dispute between Punjab and Haryana.
 Negotiation and Mediation: States can also resolve water disputes through
negotiation and mediation. For instance, the sharing of Krishna River water between
Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh was settled through negotiations
facilitated by the Central Water Commission.
These legal frameworks and resolution mechanisms play a crucial role in addressing
water disputes between states in federal India, ensuring equitable access to water resources
and fostering cooperation among states.
Measures to improve the management of water resources and prevent future disputes:
 Water Conservation: Implementing efficient water conservation practices can reduce
wastage and ensure sustainable use. For example, the state of Rajasthan in India
has successfully implemented rainwater harvesting techniques, significantly increasing
groundwater levels and reducing dependence on surface water sources.
 Inter-State Water Sharing Agreements: States can negotiate and establish clear
water-sharing agreements to prevent disputes. The recent agreement between
Karnataka and Goa over the Mahadayi river is a positive step towards resolving
long-standing disputes and ensuring equitable water distribution.
PYQs : 2016
 Technological Solutions: Utilizing advanced technologies such as remote sensing
and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can help in better monitoring and
management of water resources. For instance, the Central Ground Water Board in
India uses remote sensing data to assess groundwater levels and plan conservation
measures.
 Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating the public about the importance of water
conservation and sustainable water use can lead to a more conscious and responsible
approach towards water management. The “Jal Shakti Abhiyan” launched by the
Indian government aims to create awareness about water conservation through various
campaigns and initiatives.
 Transparency and Cooperation: Foster transparent communication and cooperation
between states to build mutual trust and resolve disputes amicably. The sharing of
real-time water data between states, as seen in the case of the Cauvery Monitoring
Committee, can help in better coordination and management of water resources.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the water disputes between states in federal India represent a complex
web of historical, legal, and practical challenges that continue to impact millions of lives.
The poignant tale of the Cauvery River, which flows through Bangalore, serves as a
microcosm of the larger water conflicts that have defined India’s federal landscape. As we
reflect on the Cauvery River dispute and other similar conflicts, it becomes evident that the
equitable distribution and sustainable management of water resources are essential for the
prosperity and harmony of all states.
To address these challenges, it is crucial for states to prioritise cooperation, dialogue,
and adherence to legal frameworks. The role of institutions like the Inter-State River Water
Disputes Tribunal is paramount in ensuring fair resolutions. Moreover, investing in water
conservation, efficiency, and alternative sources can help mitigate future conflicts.
In the end, as India navigates its federal structure, it must remember that water is not
just a resource to be claimed but a lifeline that connects us all, transcending borders and
differences. Only through collective efforts can we ensure a water-secure future for
generations to come; for we must always bear in our mind that - “Water is the mother of
any empire.”


PYQs : 2016

4 INNOVATION IS THE KEY DETERMINANT
GROWTH
OF ECONOMIC
AND SOCIAL WELFARE
essay
 Body:
 Me
 What is the essence of innovation in today’s technology driven world?
 How does innovation fuel economic growth?
 How is social welfare enhanced through innovation?
 What are the efforts being undertaken to foster innovation in India?
 What are the challenges and solutions in boosting innovation in India?
 What is the dark side of innovation?
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “The future belongs to those who are able to think outside the box and innovate.”
 “Innovation is the calling card of the future.” - Anna Eshoo
 “Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss
the future.” - John F. Kennedy
 “The art of progress is to preserve order amid change and to preserve change amid order.”
Introduction
Innovation is not just a buzzword; it is a powerful force that shapes the destiny of
nations. In India, the story of “Padman”, Arunachalam Muruganantham, the inventor
of a low-cost sanitary pad-making machine, exemplifies the transformative impact of
innovation on economic growth and social welfare. Muruganantham’s journey began when
he discovered that his wife used old rags during menstruation due to the unaffordability of
sanitary pads. Determined to find a solution, he embarked on a journey of experimentation
and innovation that ultimately led to the development of a machine that could produce
low-cost sanitary pads, empowering women across India.

PYQs : 2016
This anecdote highlights the dual impact of innovation: it not only addresses pressing
social issues but also creates economic opportunities. Muruganantham’s innovation not
only improved women’s health and hygiene but also sparked a new industry, generating
employment and economic growth. This real-life story underscores the thesis of this essay:
innovation is the key determinant of economic growth and social welfare. Through
creativity, ingenuity, and perseverance, individuals like Muruganantham demonstrate how
innovation can catalyse positive change, driving progress and prosperity for society at large.
Essence of innovation in today’s technology driven world:

 Catalyst for Progress: Innovation fuels progress by driving technological
advancements. For example, the development of mRNA vaccines by Bharat Biotech
(Covaxin) and Serum Institute of India (Covishield) against COVID-19 showcases
how innovation can revolutionise healthcare and combat global pandemics.
 Competitive Advantage: In today’s technology-driven world, innovation is crucial
for maintaining a competitive edge. Companies like Tesla, with its electric vehicles
and advanced autonomous driving technology, demonstrate how innovation can
disrupt traditional industries and establish market leadership.
 Enhanced Efficiency: Innovation enhances efficiency across sectors. The use of
artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in financial services, such as
fraud detection and risk assessment, improves operational efficiency and customer
experience.
 Sustainable Solutions: Innovation drives the development of sustainable solutions
to environmental challenges. For instance, renewable energy technologies like solar
and wind power are revolutionising the energy sector, reducing carbon emissions
and mitigating climate change.
 Empowerment and Inclusivity: Innovation empowers individuals and promotes
inclusivity. Mobile banking services, such as UPI, have transformed financial access
and exchange, showcasing how innovation can drive social change and improve
livelihoods.
Innovation fuels Economic growth:

 Stimulates Investment and Entrepreneurship: Innovation attracts investment by
creating new market opportunities. For example, India’s startup ecosystem has
flourished due to innovations in technology and business models, attracting billions
in venture capital investment.
 Boosts Productivity and Competitiveness: Innovation drives efficiency and
productivity gains. A report by the World Economic Forum found that innovation-
driven economies are more competitive, leading to higher economic growth. For
instance, automation in manufacturing has increased productivity, contributing to
China’s economic growth.
PYQs : 2016
 Creates New Industries and Jobs: Innovation leads to the emergence of new
industries and job opportunities. The renewable energy sector has witnessed significant
growth due to innovations in solar and wind technologies, creating millions of jobs
globally.
 Enhances Export Competitiveness: Innovative products and services can enhance
a country’s export competitiveness. South Korea’s focus on innovation in electronics
and automotive industries has led to a surge in exports, contributing significantly to
its economic growth.
 Addresses Societal Challenges: Innovation can address societal challenges, leading
to improved living standards. For instance, the successful COVID-19 vaccination
drive in India, through innovations like Digilocker, AI and Aadhaar.
Innovation acts as a catalyst for Social Welfare:

 Improved Access to Healthcare: Innovations such as telemedicine and mobile health
apps have revolutionized healthcare access in rural and underserved areas. For
example, in India, the use of telemedicine has expanded healthcare access to remote
regions, where traditional healthcare services are limited.
 Enhanced Education Opportunities: Innovations in e-learning platforms and digital
classrooms have democratized access to quality education. For instance, the use of
educational apps and online courses has enabled students from diverse backgrounds to
access educational resources at their convenience, ex - Physics Walla, Unacademy etc.
 Poverty Alleviation: Innovations in microfinance and social entrepreneurship have
empowered marginalized communities by providing them with access to financial
resources and entrepreneurial opportunities. For example, initiatives like Grameen
Bank have lifted millions out of poverty through microcredit.
 Environmental Sustainability: Innovations in renewable energy and sustainable
agriculture promote environmental sustainability while improving living standards.
For instance, the adoption of solar energy and drip irrigation systems has enhanced
agricultural productivity and reduced environmental impact.
 Inclusive Growth: Innovations that promote financial inclusion, such as mobile
banking and digital payment systems, have empowered individuals at the bottom of
the economic pyramid. For example, India’s Aadhaar-enabled payment system has
facilitated direct benefit transfers, ensuring that welfare benefits reach beneficiaries
efficiently.
Efforts being undertaken to foster innovation in India:

 Government Initiatives: The Government of India has launched several initiatives
to foster innovation, such as the Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) and the Startup
India program. These initiatives have led to the establishment of numerous innovative
startups across various sectors.

PYQs : 2016
 Research and Development (R&D) Investments: India has set a target to increase
R&D expenditure to 2.5% of GDP by 2025. This increased focus on R&D has led to
significant advancements in areas such as healthcare, agriculture, and renewable
energy.
 Academic and Industry Collaborations: Collaboration between academia and
industry is crucial for fostering innovation. In India, several academic institutions
have partnered with industries to undertake collaborative research projects. For
example, the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras has collaborated with
several industries to develop innovative technologies, such as the design of a low-
cost ventilator during the COVID-19 pandemic.
 Incubation Centers and Innovation Hubs: India has seen a rise in the number of
incubation centers and innovation hubs, which provide support and resources to
startups and innovators. For example, the Kerala Startup Mission (KSUM) has
established several incubation centers across the state, providing startups with access
to mentors, funding, and networking opportunities.
 International Collaborations: India has also been collaborating with other countries
to foster innovation. For example, the India-Israel Innovation Bridge program
promotes collaboration between Indian and Israeli startups, leading to the
development of innovative technologies in areas such as agriculture, water
conservation, and healthcare.
Challenges and Solutions in boosting innovation in India:

 Challenge: Limited access to funding and investment hampers innovation in India.
According to a report by NASSCOM, early-stage funding for startups in India dropped
by 37% in 2020 due to the pandemic.
 Solution: Initiatives like the Startup India program, which provides funding,
mentorship, and networking opportunities, can boost innovation. For example,
Bengaluru-based startup Dunzo received funding through this program,
enabling its growth and innovation in the hyperlocal delivery space.
 Challenge: Lack of a robust intellectual property (IP) framework undermines
innovation. India ranks low in global IP indices due to long approval times and limited
enforcement.
 Solution: Streamlining the IP registration process and enhancing enforcement
can encourage innovation. For instance, the implementation of the National
IPR Policy in 2016 aimed to strengthen IP protection and enforcement
mechanisms.
 Challenge: Limited research and development (R&D) investment hinders innovation.
India’s R&D expenditure is only around 0.7% of GDP, significantly lower than other
developing countries.

PYQs : 2016
 Solution: Increasing public and private sector R&D investment can spur
innovation. The example of ISRO’s cost-effective Mars Orbiter Mission
showcases the impact of strategic R&D investment in achieving technological
breakthroughs.
 Challenge: Inadequate infrastructure and digital connectivity impede innovation,
especially in rural areas. India’s digital divide remains a significant barrier to inclusive
innovation.
 Solution: Improving digital infrastructure and connectivity, as demonstrated
by the success of the Digital India initiative, can create a conducive environment
for innovation in remote areas.
 Challenge: Limited collaboration between academia, industry, and government stifles
innovation. Siloed approaches hinder knowledge sharing and technology transfer.
 Solution: Encouraging collaboration through initiatives like the Atal Innovation
Mission, which promotes innovative ecosystems in schools, colleges, and
industry, can foster a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship.
Dark Side of Innovation:

 Job Displacement: While innovation creates new job opportunities, it can also lead
to job losses due to automation and technological advancements. For example, a
report by the World Economic Forum suggests that automation could displace 75
million jobs globally by 2022.
 Growing Inequality: Innovation has contributed to widening income inequality.
Research shows that the top 1% of earners captured 27% of income growth from
1980 to 2016, partly due to technological advancements that favored high-skilled
workers over low-skilled ones.
 Privacy Concerns: The rapid advancement of technologies like artificial intelligence
and big data raise concerns about privacy. Instances such as the Cambridge Analytica
scandal & Anti-CAA protests, where personal data was used without consent for
political purposes, highlight the risks associated with data-driven innovation.
 Environmental Impact: Some innovations, particularly in industries like
manufacturing and transportation, have negative environmental consequences. For
example, the production of electric vehicles still relies heavily on mining for rare
earth metals, leading to environmental degradation.
 Ethical Dilemmas: Innovation in fields like biotechnology and artificial intelligence
raises ethical questions. For instance, the use of CRISPR technology for gene editing
poses ethical dilemmas regarding the modification of human embryos.
These points highlight that while innovation brings numerous benefits, it also has a
dark side that needs to be carefully managed to ensure a sustainable and equitable future.

PYQs : 2016
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the essence of innovation in today’s technology-driven world lies in
its transformative power to drive progress, prosperity, and inclusivity. As exemplified by
the story of Arunachalam Muruganantham, innovation is not merely about creating new
products or services; it is about solving real-world problems and improving lives.
Muruganantham’s innovation not only revolutionised women’s health and hygiene but
also sparked a new industry, highlighting the dual impact of innovation on economic growth
and social welfare.
In today’s hyper-competitive global landscape, innovation is the key to maintaining
a competitive edge and fostering sustainable growth. Organizations that embrace innovation,
like ISRO, IITs and Serum institute of India, not only lead their industries but also set new
standards for excellence and progress.
As we navigate the complexities of the 21st century, let us heed the lessons of
innovators like Muruganantham and strive to cultivate a culture of innovation that embraces
creativity, inclusivity, and social responsibility. By doing so, we can unlock the full potential
of human ingenuity and drive positive change for a brighter, more prosperous future.


ETHICS MARKS
IMPROVEMENT
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Lectures
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EMI
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PYQs : 2016

5 COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM: MYTH OR REALITY
essay
 Body:
 What is the essence of “Federalism” & “Cooperative Federalism”?
 What are the institutions and mechanisms that facilitate cooperative federalism
in India?
 Constitutional framework and Supreme Court judgments on Federalism
 Cooperative Federalism as a “Reality”: Successful Stories
 Cooperative Federalism as a “Myth”: Challenges & Shortcomings
 Way forward for ensuring cooperative federalism in India.
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “Federalism should be a living, breathing, dynamic, adaptable concept, not a relic.”
 “The essence of federalism is that it promotes both unity and diversity.” — Kennedy
 “The relationship between the states and the federal government is not a zero-sum game.”
 “Cooperation is the thorough conviction that nobody can get there unless everybody gets there.”
Introduction:
In 2015, the government of India introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST), a
landmark reform aimed at creating a unified national market by replacing various state
taxes with a single tax. This initiative required unprecedented cooperation between the
central government and the states. Despite initial resistance and concerns over revenue
sharing, states eventually came on board, showcasing a remarkable example of cooperative
federalism in action. The GST Council, comprising representatives from both the centre
and the states, was instrumental in negotiating and resolving differences, illustrating how
collaborative efforts can lead to significant national reforms.

PYQs : 2016
Cooperative federalism, in theory, involves the centre and states working together
harmoniously to achieve common goals. However, the reality of this concept in India is
often debated. While there are mechanisms and institutions designed to foster cooperation,
issues of centralization and state autonomy frequently challenge this ideal.
This essay examines whether cooperative federalism in India is more myth than reality,
exploring both the successes and the obstacles in the federal structure. Through a detailed
analysis, it seeks to understand if true cooperation is achievable or if it remains an elusive
goal.
Essence of “Federalism” & “Cooperative Federalism”

 Division of Powers: Federalism involves a clear division of powers between the
central and state governments. For instance, the Indian Constitution’s Seventh
Schedule lists subjects under the Union, State, and Concurrent Lists, ensuring distinct
areas of governance.
 Autonomy and Unity: Federalism balances state autonomy with national unity. The
United States exemplifies this, where states have significant powers but adhere to a
unified constitution, ensuring coherence in national policies while allowing regional
diversity.
 Fiscal Federalism: Cooperative federalism emphasises shared fiscal responsibilities.
The Finance Commission allocates funds between the centre and states, promoting
equitable development. The recent 15th Finance Commission recommended
substantial grants for states to manage health and education sectors.
 Collaborative Decision-Making: Institutions like the GST Council exemplify
cooperative federalism, where both central and state governments collaborate on
policy decisions. This mechanism helped streamline taxes, illustrating effective
intergovernmental cooperation.
 Conflict Resolution: Cooperative federalism includes mechanisms for resolving
disputes. The River Boards Act in India aims to address inter-state water disputes,
reflecting the collaborative effort needed to manage shared resources and maintain
harmony.
Institutions and mechanisms that facilitate cooperative federalism in India:

 Inter-State Council (ISC): Established under Article 263 of the Indian Constitution,
the ISC aims to foster coordination between states and the central government. It
addresses disputes and promotes cooperative decision-making. The ISC has been
instrumental in discussing contentious issues like river water sharing, exemplified by
its role in mediating the Cauvery water dispute.

PYQs : 2016
 Finance Commission: A constitutional body, the Finance Commission recommends
the distribution of financial resources between the centre and states. Its periodic reports
ensure fiscal balance, as seen in the 15th Finance Commission’s recommendations
during COVID-19, which provided states with greater fiscal autonomy and enhanced
grants for health infrastructure.
 NITI Aayog: Replacing the Planning Commission, NITI Aayog promotes cooperative
federalism by involving states in policy formulation. Through initiatives like the
Aspirational Districts Programme, it collaborates with state governments to improve
socio-economic indicators in underdeveloped districts, demonstrating effective state-
centre partnership.
 GST Council: The GST Council, comprising state and central representatives,
facilitates cooperative federalism by making decisions on tax rates and structures. Its
role in implementing GST exemplifies collaboration, overcoming initial resistance
to create a unified tax system that benefits the entire nation.
 Zonal Councils: Established under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, these
councils address regional issues by promoting dialogue among states and the centre.
For example, the North Eastern Council has been pivotal in coordinating
developmental projects and addressing security concerns in the northeastern states,
highlighting regional cooperative efforts.
Constitutional Framework:
 Seventh Schedule: It divides powers into Union, State, and Concurrent lists. This
ensures a clear distribution of legislative and administrative responsibilities.
 Article 263: Establishes the Inter-State Council to promote cooperation and
coordination between states and the centre.
 Article 356: Allows the President to impose President’s Rule in states, often riticized
for central overreach, affecting state autonomy.
 Article 280: mandates a Finance Commission to recommend the distribution of
financial resources between the centre and the states every five years.
 Article 275: Provides for grants-in-aid from the centre to states, supporting states
with financial deficits.
Supreme Court judgments on Federalism:

The Supreme Court of India has delivered several landmark judgments that have
shaped and clarified the contours of federalism in the country:

PYQs : 2016
 S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994): Court laid down strict guidelines for the
imposition of President’s Rule in states under Article 356, emphasizing that such a
step should only be taken in rare and exceptional circumstances. The judgment
strengthened the federal structure by protecting state governments from arbitrary
dismissal.
 The Berubari Union and Exchange of Enclaves (1960): The cession of Indian
territories to another country will require a constitutional amendment. It underscored
the importance of maintaining the federal balance by involving both the center and
the states in such significant decisions.
 Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973): The Supreme Court established the
basic structure doctrine, ruling that while Parliament has wide powers to amend the
Constitution, it cannot alter its basic structure, which includes the federal character
of the Constitution.
 State of Karnataka v. Union of India (1977): The Court held that the central
government can deploy central forces in a state without the consent of the state
government in case of internal disturbances.
Cooperative Federalism as a “Reality”: Successful Stories:

 One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) Scheme: It aims to ensure food security
for migrant workers by enabling them to access their ration entitlements from any
Fair Price Shop in the country. States like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan have
benefitted the most through this scheme as it provided access to subsidized food
grains for millions of migrant workers during the pandemic.
 PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan: This infrastructure initiative seeks to integrate
various modes of transport and logistics to enhance economic growth. States like
Gujarat and Karnataka have aligned their infrastructure projects with the national
master plan, ensuring better connectivity and economic development.
 Har Ghar Nal Se Jal: The initiative aims to provide piped water supply to rural
households. States like Himachal Pradesh and Goa achieved 100% tap water
connections in rural areas by working closely with the central government, utilizing
financial and technical support effectively to meet their targets ahead of schedule.
 Implementation of National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: The NEP 2020 seeks
to overhaul the Indian education system. States like Karnataka, Rajasthan and
Madhya Pradesh have been proactive in implementing the NEP, collaborating with
the central government to introduce reforms such as the new curricular structure,
multidisciplinary education, and skill-based learning.

PYQs : 2016
Cooperative Federalism as a “Myth”: Challenges & Shortcomings:
 Centralization of Power: The central government’s frequent use of Article 356 to
impose the President’s Rule in states has been criticised for undermining state
autonomy. For example, the imposition of President’s Rule in Jammu & Kashmir
during abrogation of Article 370 was seen as central overreach, hindering true
cooperative federalism.
 Financial Disparities: States often struggle with inadequate financial resources. The
15th Finance Commission recommended a higher share of central taxes for states,
but disparities persist. For instance, states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh remain heavily
dependent on central grants, limiting their fiscal autonomy and cooperation.
 Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS): Programs like the Pradhan Mantri Awas
Yojana often come with rigid guidelines, leaving little room for states to tailor them
to local needs. This top-down approach can stifle innovation and responsiveness at
the state level, affecting cooperative federalism.
 Political Differences: Divergent political ideologies between the centre and state
governments can lead to conflicts. The West Bengal government’s opposition to the
central farm laws in 2020 highlighted how political discord can hinder cooperative
federalism.
 Inter-State Disputes: Water disputes, like the Cauvery water dispute between
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, exemplify how inter-state conflicts can impede
cooperative federalism. Despite the Supreme Court’s intervention, states often struggle
to cooperate on resource sharing, highlighting the need for better conflict resolution
mechanisms.
Way forward for ensuring cooperative federalism in India:

 Strengthening Institutional Mechanisms: Revitalise the Inter-State Council and
the NITI Aayog to ensure regular dialogue and collaboration between the centre
and states. For example, the NITI Aayog’s role in the Aspirational Districts Program
has shown how targeted cooperation can address regional disparities.
 Revisiting Fiscal Federalism: Ensure fair revenue sharing through a more balanced
approach by the Finance Commission. The 15th Finance Commission’s
recommendations on increasing state shares and grants for specific purposes can
enhance financial autonomy and cooperation.
 Empowering States: Grant more autonomy to states in areas like education and
health. Kerala’s success in managing the COVID-19 pandemic through decentralised
health measures highlights the benefits of empowering state governments.
 Improving Dispute Resolution: Establish a robust mechanism for resolving centre-
state conflicts. The formation of the Jal Shakti Ministry to address interstate water
disputes exemplifies efforts to mediate and resolve conflicts.

PYQs : 2016
 Encouraging Inclusive Policy Making: Involve states more actively in national policy
formulation. The cooperative approach seen in the implementation of the GST, where
the GST Council’s consensus-driven model helped streamline tax structures, can be
replicated in other policy areas.
Conclusion:
The ideal of cooperative federalism in India is a complex interplay between aspiration
and reality. While there are robust frameworks and institutions in place designed to foster
collaboration, challenges like centralization of power and fiscal imbalances often impede
true cooperation. Real-life instances, such as the implementation of the GST and Kerala’s
decentralised health response, underscore the potential of cooperative federalism when
effectively managed.
Moving forward, strengthening institutional mechanisms, ensuring fair fiscal practices,
and empowering states are crucial for nurturing a truly cooperative federal system. As
India navigates its path of development, embracing cooperative federalism in its truest
sense can significantly enhance national unity and drive inclusive growth. Achieving this
balance requires continuous effort, mutual respect, and a shared vision for the nation’s
progress, making cooperative federalism not just a theoretical ideal but a tangible reality.
While there are mechanisms in place to promote cooperation between the centre
and the states, the reality is more nuanced. Balancing the need for a strong centre with the
autonomy of the states is a delicate task that requires careful consideration and dialogue
between all stakeholders.


PYQs : 2016
IF DEVELOPMENT
CYBERSPACE AND INTERNETIS: NOT ENGENDERED,
BLESSING OR CURSE TO
6 THE HUMAN CIVILIZATION IN THE LONG RUN
[2016]
essay
 Body:
 How has the internet transformed global connectivity and what are its long-
term implications on social cohesion and international relations?
 What has been the economic impact of the internet in the world?
 What role does the internet play in democratising education and access to
information, and how does the digital divide affect educational equity and
quality?
 How has cyberspace influenced political, cultural and social movements, and
what are the implications for democracy, local & global cultures, and societal
polarisation?
 What is the impact of the internet on the health & wellbeing of people?
 What is the best way forward to navigate the digital era?
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “The Internet is the first thing that humanity has built that humanity doesn’t understand,
the largest experiment in anarchy that we have ever had.” - Eric Schmidt
 “Technology is a useful servant but a dangerous master.” - Christian Lous Lange
 “The internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow.” - Bill Gates
 “The great thing about the internet is that it is the single most democratic medium that has
ever existed. It’s an extraordinary time for human potential.” - Bill Bryson
 “With great power comes great responsibility.” - Voltaire (Popularised by Spider-Man)
 “It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity.” - Albert
Einstein
 “The Internet is both a blessing and a curse. It empowers us with unlimited knowledge and
connectivity while simultaneously challenging our privacy and attention spans.”

PYQs : 2016
Introduction
In 2010, a small Tunisian street vendor named Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on
fire in protest against police corruption and ill-treatment. His desperate act, captured and
shared widely on social media, ignited the Arab Spring—a series of revolutionary protests
across the Middle East and North Africa. The internet played a pivotal role in these
movements, showcasing its power to bring about significant social and political change.
However, alongside these empowering narratives, the internet has also facilitated the spread
of misinformation, cyberbullying, and digital surveillance, highlighting its potential as a
double-edged sword.
This essay explores whether cyberspace and the internet are a blessing or a curse to
human civilization in the long run. By examining the broad societal impacts and individual
experiences, it aims to provide a balanced perspective on the transformative effects of the
digital age. The discussion will delve into how the internet has reshaped global
communication, economies, education, politics, and culture, weighing the benefits against
the inherent risks and challenges.
How has the internet transformed global connectivity and what are its long-term
implications on social cohesion and international relations?
 Instantaneous Communication: The internet has enabled real-time communication
through emails, messaging apps, and video calls. Movies like “The Social Network”
illustrate how platforms like Facebook have connected people globally, fostering social
cohesion by bridging geographical gaps.
 Cross-Cultural Interactions: Social media and forums facilitate cross-cultural
exchanges, promoting global understanding. For instance, platforms like Reddit and
X (Earlier, Twitter) host diverse communities discussing various cultural topics. This
can enhance social cohesion but also lead to cultural clashes, as seen in the
documentary “The Cleaners”, which explores the dark side of content moderation.
 Global Movements and Activism: The internet has been instrumental in organising
global movements such as #MeToo. It highlights the power of digital activism in
uniting people for common causes, potentially strengthening social cohesion but also
leading to political instability.
 Misinformation and Polarisation: While the internet connects people, it also spreads
misinformation, leading to societal polarisation. The 2016 U.S. elections and Brexit
campaigns saw significant online misinformation.
What has been the economic impact of the internet in the world?
 E-commerce Growth: The internet has revolutionised retail, with global e-commerce
sales reaching $5.8 trillion in 2023 (Statista). Platforms like Amazon and Alibaba
have made shopping more convenient and accessible, significantly boosting the global
economy.
PYQs : 2016
 Remote Work: The rise of remote work, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic,
has transformed the job market. Companies like Zoom and Slack have facilitated
this shift, enabling businesses to maintain productivity despite physical distances.
 Digital Finance: Online banking and fintech innovations have increased financial
inclusion. Services like PayPal, Venmo, and cryptocurrencies provide financial
services to unbanked populations. The documentary “Banking on Bitcoin” explores
the potential and challenges of digital currencies.
 Gig Economy: Platforms like Uber, Zomato and Blinkit have created a new class
of employment. While providing flexible work opportunities, this gig economy also
raises concerns about job security and benefits.
 Cybersecurity Threats: The economic cost of cybercrime is staggering, with damages
expected to reach $10.5 trillion annually by 2025 (Cybersecurity Ventures). High-
profile attacks, like the 2017 WannaCry ransomware attack, underscore the need
for robust cybersecurity measures to protect digital economies.
What role does the internet play in democratising education and access to information,
and how does the digital divide affect educational equity and quality?
 Universal Access to Educational Resources: The internet provides free access to
educational materials from top universities (e.g., IIT’s SWAYAM portal, MIT’s
OpenCourseWare). For instance, platforms like Khan Academy and Coursera offer
free courses, democratising access to high-quality education for millions globally.
 Remote Learning Opportunities: Online learning platforms enable students in
remote areas to access quality education. For example, in Kenya, the Eneza Education
platform delivers interactive educational content via SMS, bridging the gap for students
without internet access.
 Lifelong Learning and Skill Development: The internet supports continuous
education through platforms like LinkedIn Learning and Udacity, where
professionals can upskill at their convenience.
 Digital Libraries and Information Access: Digital libraries, like the World Digital
Library, offer vast repositories of knowledge, previously limited to physical access.
This democratisation is depicted in the documentary “The Internet’s Own Boy,”
highlighting Aaron Swartz’s efforts to make academic papers freely available.
 Challenges of the Digital Divide: Despite these benefits, the digital divide remains
a significant barrier. According to a 2021 UNESCO report, over 40% of the world’s
population lacks internet access, disproportionately affecting rural and low-income
communities.

PYQs : 2016
How has cyberspace influenced political, cultural and social movements, and what are
the implications for democracy, local & global cultures, and societal polarisation?
 Empowerment of Social Movements: This empowerment can democratise political
participation but also destabilise regimes and lead to prolonged conflicts, as seen in
Syria. The Arab Spring (2010-2012) was significantly fueled by social media platforms
like Facebook and Twitter, which facilitated the organisation of protests and the
spread of information.
 Spread of Misinformation and Propaganda: Misinformation can undermine
democratic processes and erode trust in institutions, leading to increased societal
polarisation. The 2016 US Presidential Election saw the widespread dissemination
of fake news on social media, influencing voter behaviour.
 Cultural Homogenization and Preservation: While cyberspace can help preserve
local cultures (e.g., digital archives of indigenous traditions), it can also lead to cultural
homogenization, overshadowing local identities. Platforms like YouTube and Netflix
promote global content, leading to cultural exchange but also the dominance of
Western media.
 Rise of Digital Activism: Digital activism can bring social issues to the forefront
and drive change, but it can also lead to online harassment and cyberbullying. In
India, the #MeToo movement gained momentum through social media, allowing
survivors of sexual harassment to share their stories and seek justice.
 Polarisation and Echo Chambers: Echo chambers reinforce existing beliefs, leading
to increased polarisation and difficulty in achieving consensus on critical social and
political issues. Social media algorithms create echo chambers and ruckus thereof,
as seen during Anti-CAA protests in Delhi (2020).
What is the impact of the internet on the health & wellbeing of people?
 Mental Health Issues: Excessive use of social media can lead to anxiety, depression,
and loneliness. A survey by the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
(NIMHANS) found a rise in internet addiction among youth, contributing to mental
health problems.
 Physical Health Concerns: Prolonged screen time is linked to sedentary lifestyles,
obesity, and sleep disorders. In the documentary “The Social Dilemma,” experts
discuss how screen addiction affects physical health, leading to issues like disrupted
sleep patterns and eye strain.

PYQs : 2016
 Telemedicine Advancements: The internet has revolutionised healthcare by
improving access to medical services, especially in remote areas. During the COVID-
19 pandemic, telemedicine usage surged globally. The Ministry of Health’s e-
Sanjeevani platform facilitated over 1.2 million teleconsultations, enhancing
healthcare access and reducing the burden on hospitals.
 Health Information Access: The internet provides a vast repository of health
information, empowering individuals to make informed health decisions. Websites
like 1mg, WebMD and India’s Aarogya Setu app have become vital resources.
However, misinformation can also spread rapidly, leading to harmful self-diagnoses
and treatments, as seen with the spread of false COVID-19 cures.
 Online Support Communities: Online forums and support groups offer emotional
support for individuals dealing with various health issues. Platforms like
PatientsLikeMe and India’s Healing Circle support cancer patients and caregivers.
Best way forward to navigate the digital era:

 Promote Digital Literacy: According to a 2022 UNESCO report, digital literacy is
crucial for navigating the complexities of the internet. India’s Digital India campaign
aims to bridge the digital divide by providing digital literacy to millions. Increased
awareness and education can help users critically evaluate online information,
reducing the spread of misinformation.
 Implement Strong Cybersecurity Measures: The global economy suffers a loss of
approx. $6 trillion due to Cybercrimes. Governments and organizations must invest
in advanced cybersecurity protocols to protect sensitive data and infrastructure.
 Enforce Data Privacy Regulations: The European Union’s GDPR has set a global
standard for data protection since its implementation in 2018. India’s Digital Personal
Data Protection Act 2023 aims to safeguard citizens’ data from misuse. Stricter
data privacy laws and governance can ensure that personal information is protected,
enhancing trust in digital platforms.
 Encourage Ethical Use of Technology: Social media companies like Meta,
Whatsapp etc. are under scrutiny for their role in data breaches and misinformation.
Promoting ethical guidelines and corporate responsibility can prevent the misuse of
technology for malicious purposes.

PYQs : 2016
 Foster Inclusive Digital Access: Initiatives like STL Garv, a rural development
initiative by Sterlite Technologies Ltd. (STL), aims to expand high-speed internet
connectivity to 300,000 villages by 2024. Ensuring inclusive digital access can bridge
the digital divide, enabling equal opportunities for education, healthcare, and
economic participation.
Conclusion:
Cyberspace and the internet are both a blessing and a curse to human civilization.
They offer unprecedented opportunities for connectivity, economic growth, education,
and empowerment. However, they also pose significant challenges, including cybercrime,
misinformation, privacy breaches, and mental health issues.
The key to navigating this digital era lies in maximising the benefits while mitigating
the risks. As we move forward, it is crucial to develop policies and practices that promote
digital literacy, equitable access, and ethical use of technology. By doing so, we can harness
the potential of cyberspace and the internet to improve human civilization in the long run
while safeguarding against their potential pitfalls – as popularised by the Marvel movie
Spider Man, “With great power comes great responsibility”.


PYQs : 2016
IF DEVELOPMENT
JOBLESS GROWTH ISIN NOT
INDIA:ENGENDERED,
7 NEAR
IT IS ENDANGERED
AN OUTCOME
AN ANOMALY OR
[2016]
OF ECONOMIC REFORMS

 Introduction: You can start with an anecdote that contextualizes the topic of the essay.
 Body:
 How has the trajectory of economic growth and employment rates in India
evolved since the economic reforms of 1991?
 What structural changes in the Indian economy have been brought about by
economic reforms?
 How have the economic reforms in India affected the growth patterns of
different sectors and their employment potential?
 What are the key factors (including government policies and regulatory
frameworks) contributing to the phenomenon of near jobless growth in India?
 What are the socio-economic consequences of near jobless growth in India?
 What policy measures or economic strategies can be implemented to address
the challenges of jobless growth and promote inclusive employment generation
in India?
 Conclusion - Link it with the introduction & sum up the essence of the essay in an
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “Economic growth without investment in human development is unsustainable and unethical.”
– Amartya Sen
 “Economic reform is not an event. It is a process. It is not a single measure. It is a series of
steps. It is not an end in itself. It is a means to an end.” – Manmohan Singh
 “An economy that grows without jobs is like a car without wheels – it may have the potential
to move forward, but it won’t get very far.”
Introduction:
Dheeraj Singh, founder of Global IIT Alumni Support Group said that 35.8% of
IIT Bombay students remained without placement in the current placement season (2024).
Last year, of the 2,209 registered students in the institute, 1,485 were placed while 32.8%
remained unplaced last session (2023) as well. Many young professionals are facing the
harsh reality of near jobless growth, where economic expansion fails to translate into
adequate employment opportunities.

PYQs : 2016
IIT Bombay placement conundrum highlights a critical issue in India today: the
paradox of rapid economic growth accompanied by stagnant job creation. This
phenomenon raises essential questions about the nature and impact of economic reforms
introduced since the 1990s. While these reforms have driven significant growth and
modernization, they have also led to structural changes that favour capital-intensive
industries over labour-intensive ones, leaving many skilled workers without suitable
employment.
This essay examines whether India’s near jobless growth is an anomaly or a direct
outcome of its economic reforms. By exploring historical trends, structural changes, sectoral
impacts, policy implications, and socio-economic consequences, we aim to understand the
complexities behind this issue and propose potential solutions for fostering inclusive growth.
How has the trajectory of economic growth and employment rates in India evolved
since the economic reforms of 1991?
 Rapid GDP Growth: India’s GDP growth rate accelerated significantly post-1991,
averaging around 6-7% annually. The economy opened up to global markets, leading
to increased foreign direct investment (FDI) and technological advancements.
 Shift from Agriculture to Services: There has been a marked shift from an
agriculture-based economy to one dominated by the services sector. The services
sector now contributes over 55% to India’s GDP, yet it employs only about 30% of
the workforce, leading to a mismatch in employment opportunities.
 Manufacturing Sector Stagnation: Despite the ‘Make in India’ initiative, the
manufacturing sector’s growth has been inconsistent, contributing only about 15%
to GDP and failing to absorb the labour force adequately.
 Informal Employment: A significant portion of India’s workforce remains in the
informal sector, with over 80% of workers lacking job security and benefits, as per
the International Labour Organization (ILO).
 Youth Unemployment: Youth unemployment remains a pressing issue, with rates
hovering around 23% in urban areas according to the Centre for Monitoring Indian
Economy (CMIE), reflecting the inability of high economic growth to create sufficient
quality jobs for the younger population.
What structural changes in the Indian economy have been brought about by economic
reforms?
 Shift to Services Sector: Economic reforms have led to a significant shift towards
the services sector, which now contributes over 55% to India’s GDP. IT and software
services have grown exponentially, making India a global outsourcing hub.

PYQs : 2016
 Industrial Modernization: Liberalisation policies have attracted foreign direct
investment (FDI), modernising industries like automotive and pharmaceuticals. For
instance, the automotive industry saw a surge in production and exports, contributing
to 7.1% of India’s GDP.
 Privatisation and Disinvestment: Reforms have promoted privatisation, reducing
the role of public sector enterprises. Strategic disinvestment in sectors like aviation
(e.g. Air India) has aimed to enhance efficiency and competitiveness.
 Growth of Capital Markets: Deregulation of financial markets has expanded capital
markets, facilitating greater access to finance for businesses. The Bombay Stock
Exchange and National Stock Exchange have seen significant growth, reflecting
increased investor confidence.
 Agricultural Stagnation: Despite reforms, agriculture has lagged, contributing only
around 15% to GDP while employing about 50% of the population. Structural issues
and insufficient investment in technology and infrastructure have hindered
productivity.
How have the economic reforms in India affected the growth patterns of different
sectors and their employment potential?
 Industrial Sector Growth: Economic reforms boosted the industrial sector, especially
IT and manufacturing. IT exports grew from $4 billion in 1998 to $137 billion in
2020, creating millions of jobs. However, the focus on automation reduced labour-
intensive manufacturing jobs.
 Agricultural Sector Stagnation: Despite reforms, agriculture’s contribution to GDP
fell from 30% in 1991 to 15% in 2022-23. Mechanisation and limited investments led
to a decline in agricultural employment, exacerbating rural distress and migration to
cities.
 Service Sector Boom: The service sector flourished, growing from 45% of GDP in
1991 to over 60% in 2023, driven by IT, finance, and telecom. While this sector
created high-paying jobs, it predominantly benefited urban, educated workers,
widening the rural-urban divide.
 Manufacturing Sector Shift: Economic liberalisation led to increased foreign
investment and technology in manufacturing. However, the shift towards capital-
intensive industries resulted in slow job growth. For instance, the Make in India
initiative aimed to boost manufacturing jobs but has seen mixed results.

PYQs : 2016
 Informal Sector Growth: Reforms inadvertently expanded the informal sector, now
employing over 80% of the workforce. Lack of social security and low wages in this
sector highlight the disparity between economic growth and job quality.
What are the key factors contributing to the phenomenon of near jobless growth in
India?
 Capital-Intensive Growth: Post-1991 reforms have shifted focus to capital-intensive
sectors like IT and automation, reducing labour demand. For example, the IT sector,
while contributing significantly to GDP, employs only about 4 million people in a
country of over 1.3 billion.
 Skill Mismatch: Many graduates lack industry-relevant skills. According to the India
Skills Report 2021, only 45.9% of Indian graduates were considered employable by
the industry, highlighting a disconnect between education and job market needs.
 Regulatory Hurdles: Complex labour laws deter businesses from hiring. The World
Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Report 2023 ranked India 63rd, with labour market
regulations cited as a major challenge for employers.
 Informal Sector Dominance: Over 80% of India’s workforce is in the informal sector,
where jobs are less secure and poorly paid. This undermines stable employment despite
economic growth.
 Limited Manufacturing Growth: Despite initiatives like ‘Make in India,’
manufacturing growth has been sluggish. Manufacturing contributed only about 17%
to India’s GDP in 2023, far below the target of 25%, limiting job creation in this
sector.
What are the socio-economic consequences of near jobless growth in India?

 Rising Unemployment Rates: Despite a GDP growth rate of 6-7%, India’s
unemployment rate reached 7.2% in 2023. This discrepancy highlights the growing
gap between economic growth and job creation.
 Income Inequality: The wealth gap has widened, with the top 10% of the population
holding 77% of the total national wealth, while the bottom 50% own only 1%. Jobless
growth exacerbates this disparity by limiting income opportunities for the majority.
 Youth Discontent and Brain Drain: High youth unemployment, with nearly 30%
of graduates unemployed, leads to frustration and increased emigration of skilled
professionals seeking better opportunities abroad.

PYQs : 2016
 Social Unrest and Crime: Joblessness contributes to social instability, with studies
indicating a correlation between high unemployment and rising crime rates. For
example, urban areas like Delhi and Mumbai have reported increased crime rates in
correlation with unemployment spikes.
 Economic Dependency and Informal Sector Growth: The lack of formal job
opportunities pushes many into the informal sector, which comprises 90% of India’s
workforce. This sector is characterised by low wages, poor working conditions, and
lack of social security, perpetuating poverty and economic vulnerability.
What policy measures or economic strategies can be implemented to address the

challenges of jobless growth and promote inclusive employment generation in India?
 Enhancing Skill Development: Implementing widespread skill development
programs tailored to industry needs can bridge the gap between education and
employment. The Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) aims to train
over 10 million youth in industry-relevant skills, improving their employability.
 Promoting MSMEs: Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are crucial
for job creation. Policies offering easier access to credit, technology, and markets can
bolster this sector. The MSME sector in India accounts for 45% of total industrial
employment and 30% of GDP.
 Encouraging Labour-Intensive Industries: Focusing on labour-intensive sectors like
textiles, construction, and agriculture can create more jobs. For instance, Bangladesh’s
thriving garment industry employs millions and contributes significantly to its GDP.
 Boosting Rural Employment: Strengthening schemes like the Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), which provided
employment to 73 million households in 2020-21, can address rural unemployment
and migration to urban areas.
 Investing in Technology and Innovation: Encouraging startups and technological
innovation through initiatives like Startup India can create new job opportunities.
India’s startup ecosystem, the third-largest globally, has the potential to drive
significant employment growth.
Conclusion:
“An economy that grows without jobs is like a car without wheels – it may have the potential
to move forward, but it won’t get very far.” IIT Bombay students’ placement sad story, mirrored
by several other colleges across the nation, highlights the urgent need for targeted policy
interventions. India’s journey towards economic prosperity has been marked by significant
achievements and daunting challenges. The phenomenon of near jobless growth underscores
a critical disconnect between economic expansion and employment generation.
PYQs : 2016
By enhancing skill development, promoting MSMEs, encouraging labour-intensive
industries, boosting rural employment, and investing in technology and innovation, India
can address the underlying causes of jobless growth. These measures not only create jobs
but also ensure sustainable and inclusive development.
As India stands at the crossroads of its economic future, it must prioritise inclusive
growth to harness its demographic dividend fully. The path forward requires a balanced
approach that aligns economic reforms with robust employment strategies, ensuring that
the benefits of growth reach every segment of society. Only then can India truly achieve its
potential as a global economic powerhouse.


PYQs : 2016
DIGITAL ECONOMY:
IF DEVELOPMENT A LEVELLER
IS NOT OR A
ENGENDERED,
8 SOURCE OF ECONOMIC
IT IS INEQUALITY
ENDANGERED [2016]
essay
 Body:
 Brief history, advent and evolution of digital economy in India.
 Digital economy as a – LEVELLER
 Equitable opportunities for education and skill development
 Creation of new job opportunities
 Entrepreneurship and market access for small businesses and marginalised
groups
 Financial Inclusion
 Digital economy as a – SOURCE OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY
 Asymmetric accessibility to digital infrastructure across different regions
 Job displacements and income distribution across various sectors
 Barriers to digital entrepreneurship and market access
 Cybersecurity threats and digital fraud
 What role do governmental policies and regulations play in determining whether
the digital economy acts as a leveler or a source of economic inequality?
 Way Forward - How can the digital economy be harnessed to create a more
equitable society?
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “The digital economy is characterised by the ubiquitous use of the Internet by businesses,
households, and governments.” - OECD
 “In the digital economy, speed and agility are more important than ever. Success belongs to
those who can learn and adapt quickly.” - Pierre Nanterme
 “The digital economy requires not just new skills, but also a new mindset that embraces
change and innovation.” - Ginni Rometty

PYQs : 2016
 “The power of the digital economy is in the hands of those who can harness its potential and
leverage its technologies for innovation and growth.” - Satya Nadella
 “In the digital economy, data is the new oil, driving growth, innovation, and competitive
advantage.” - Clive Humby
Introduction:
In an Indian remote village, Sitapur, a young woman named Anjali dreamed of
starting her own business. With limited resources and no formal business education, her
prospects seemed dim. However, when a national initiative called STL Garv (by Sterlite
Technologies Ltd.) brought affordable internet access to her village, everything changed.
Anjali learned how to use e-commerce platforms and social media to sell her handmade
crafts online. Her business flourished, attracting customers from across the country. This
digital transformation not only lifted Anjali and her family out of poverty but also inspired
others in her community to explore digital opportunities.
Anjali’s story illustrates the immense potential of the digital economy to level the
playing field by providing access to new markets and resources. However, this potential is
not universally realized. While the digital economy can empower individuals and small
businesses, it can also deepen economic inequality if access to digital tools and skills is
unevenly distributed.
In this essay, we will explore the dual nature of the digital economy as both a leveller
and a source of economic inequality. We will examine key dimensions such as accessibility,
education, job creation, entrepreneurship, and policy regulation to understand how the
digital economy can be harnessed to create a more equitable society.
Brief history, advent and evolution of digital economy in India:

 Early Beginnings (1990s): The digital economy in India began in the 1990s with
economic liberalization and the advent of the internet. The government’s IT policy
in 1998 laid the groundwork, promoting software exports and attracting global tech
companies. Infosys, TCS, and Wipro emerged as major players, leveraging India’s
skilled labour for IT services.
 Growth of E-commerce (2000s): The 2000s saw a surge in e-commerce, driven by
companies like Flipkart and Snapdeal. Internet penetration increased, reaching 4%
in 2007, with urban areas leading the charge. The introduction of 3G in 2008 further
boosted online shopping and digital payments.
 Mobile Revolution (2010s): The proliferation of smartphones and affordable data
plans revolutionized digital access. By 2016, mobile internet users exceeded 400
million. Reliance Jio’s entry in 2016, offering free 4G services, democratized internet
access, significantly expanding the digital economy’s reach.

PYQs : 2016
 Digital India Initiative (2015): Launched in 2015, the Digital India initiative aimed
to transform India into a digitally empowered society. Key projects included BharatNet
for rural broadband, DigiLocker for secure document storage, and the Unified
Payments Interface (UPI) for seamless digital transactions, which saw exponential
growth with over 8 billion transactions in January 2024.
 Startup Ecosystem and Innovation (2020s): India became the third-largest startup
ecosystem globally, with over 1,27,000 startups by 2024. Initiatives like Startup India
and the rise of fintech companies like Paytm and PhonePe fostered innovation. The
COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital adoption, with sectors like online education
(Unacademy) and telemedicine (Practo) witnessing significant growth.
Digital economy as a – LEVELLER:

 Equitable Opportunities for Education and Skill Development: The digital
economy democratizes access to education through online learning platforms like
SWAYAM, Coursera and Khan Academy, which offer free or affordable courses.
According to UNESCO, over 1.6 billion learners in more than 190 countries were
affected by school closures, and digital learning provided a crucial lifeline for many.
 Creation of New Job Opportunities: The rise of remote work and gig platforms
such as Upwork and Freelancer has created new job opportunities, allowing people
to work from anywhere. In India, the IT and BPO sectors have leveraged this shift,
with companies like TCS and Infosys employing thousands of remote workers.
 Entrepreneurship and Market Access for Small Businesses and Marginalized
Groups: E-commerce platforms like Amazon and Flipkart have enabled small
businesses and artisans in rural India to reach national and international markets.
The “Digital India” initiative has further supported this by providing digital
infrastructure and financial incentives. For example, Meesho, an Indian social
commerce platform, empowers women entrepreneurs by enabling them to sell
products through social media, significantly boosting their income and business reach.
 Financial Inclusion: Digital payment systems like UPI (Unified Payments Interface)
have revolutionized transactions in India, making financial services more accessible.
According to the NPCI, UPI recorded over 3 billion transactions in October 2023
alone, illustrating its widespread adoption and impact on financial inclusion.
By bridging gaps in education, job opportunities, entrepreneurship, and financial

inclusion, the digital economy has acted as a powerful leveller in society.
Digital economy as a – SOURCE OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY:

 Asymmetric Accessibility to Digital Infrastructure: In India, the urban internet
penetration is 71% (as of 2023), compared to only 40% in rural areas. This disparity
restricts rural populations from accessing online education, job opportunities, and e-
commerce, perpetuating economic inequalities between urban and rural regions.

PYQs : 2016
 Job Displacements and Income Distribution: The rise of automation and AI in
sectors like manufacturing and customer service has led to significant job losses. A
World Bank report highlighted that automation threatens 69% of jobs in India. This
displacement disproportionately affects low-skilled workers, widening the income
gap between high-skilled tech workers and those in traditional industries.
 Barriers to Digital Entrepreneurship and Market Access: Small businesses and
startups often face significant challenges in accessing digital markets due to high
initial costs and lack of digital literacy. For instance, 62% of Indian SMBs use a
website, online store, or e-comm platform as their main sales channel. This barrier
still prevents many from competing with larger, tech-savvy corporations, exacerbating
economic disparities.
 Education and Skill Development Inequalities: Access to quality digital education
is uneven. During the COVID-19 pandemic, only 24% of Indian households had
internet access to support online learning, as reported by UNICEF. This digital divide
hinders skill development in disadvantaged groups, limiting their economic
opportunities in the digital economy.
 Cybersecurity threats and digital fraud: It disproportionately affects vulnerable
populations who may lack the knowledge to protect themselves. According to a 2021
report by Norton, cybercrime cost India approximately $6 billion annually. These
risks can deter participation in the digital economy, particularly among those with
less technological proficiency, further entrenching economic inequalities.
These points illustrate how the digital economy can exacerbate existing economic
disparities, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to ensure more equitable access
and opportunities.
Role of governmental policies and regulations in determining whether the digital

economy acts as a leveller or a source of economic inequality?
 Digital Infrastructure Development: Government policies focusing on infrastructure
development, such as the BharatNet project, aim to provide high-speed broadband
to rural areas. This initiative has connected over 150,000 Gram Panchayats as of
2023, reducing the digital divide and enabling rural participation in the digital
economy.
 Digital Literacy Programs: Programs like PMGDISHA (Pradhan Mantri Gramin
Digital Saksharta Abhiyan) aim to make six crore rural households digitally literate.
By 2023, over 3 crore individuals had been trained, empowering them to access digital
services and opportunities, thereby acting as a leveller.
 Regulation of E-commerce and Digital Payments: The introduction of the UPI in
2016 by NPCI revolutionized digital payments, making transactions easy and
accessible. With over 8 billion transactions in January 2024, UPI has enabled even
small vendors to participate in the digital economy, promoting financial inclusion.
PYQs : 2016
 Support for Startups and Innovation: Initiatives like Startup India and regulatory
reforms have created a conducive environment for startups. As of 2024, India has
over 1,70,000 startups, with many focusing on fintech, edtech, and health tech,
providing innovative solutions and creating jobs, thus acting as economic levellers.
 Regulation of Big Tech: Government policies regulating big tech companies aim to
ensure fair competition. For example, the National E-commerce Policy seeks to
prevent monopolistic practices by large platforms, ensuring that small businesses can
compete fairly, thus preventing economic inequality.
Way Forward - How can the digital economy be harnessed to create a more equitable
society?
 Expand Digital Infrastructure: The government should prioritize extending high-
speed internet access to rural and underserved areas. India could leverage public-
private partnerships to enhance connectivity. The BharatNet project should be
accelerated, aiming for universal internet access by 2025, reducing the rural-urban
digital divide.
 Promote Digital Literacy: By integrating digital skills into school curriculums and
offering adult education programs, the government can ensure all citizens are equipped
to participate in the digital economy. PMGDISHA aims to make 60 million rural
households digitally literate.
 Support Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Provide financial incentives,
training, and digital tools to SMEs to foster digital entrepreneurship. Singapore’s
SME Go Digital program offers a model, providing grants and resources to help
small businesses adopt digital technologies, thus boosting economic inclusion and
innovation.
 Ensure Fair Competition: Enforce regulations that prevent monopolistic practices
by large tech companies. Drawing from the European Union’s General Data
Protection Regulation (GDPR), India should develop robust data protection and
antitrust laws to create a level playing field, ensuring fair competition and protecting
consumer rights.
 Strengthen Social Safety Nets: Introduce and expand social protection measures
for gig and freelance workers, ensuring that digital economy workers have access to
health insurance, retirement benefits, and unemployment protection, thereby reducing
economic vulnerability.
Conclusion:
Anjali’s journey from a remote village to a successful online entrepreneur encapsulates
the transformative power of the digital economy. Her story is a testament to how digital
access can level the playing field, offering opportunities for growth and prosperity to those
previously marginalized. However, it also underscores the persistent challenges and
disparities that can arise if access and resources are not equitably distributed.
PYQs : 2016
As we’ve explored, the digital economy holds the potential to be both a leveller and
a source of economic inequality. By addressing critical areas such as digital infrastructure,
literacy, support for SMEs, fair competition, and social safety nets, the government can
harness the digital economy’s benefits for all. Ensuring these measures are implemented
effectively will determine whether the digital economy serves as a bridge to a more equitable
future or a barrier that exacerbates existing inequalities. Anjali’s success should not be an
exception but a norm, achievable for every individual in a digitally empowered India.


PYQs : 2017
FARMING HAS LOST THEIS
IF DEVELOPMENT ABILITY
NOT TO BE A SOURCE OF
ENGENDERED,
9 SUBSISTENCE FOR MAJORITY OF FARMERS IN INDIA
essay.
 Body:
 What is the current status of the primary sector in India i.e. Farming?
 Has farming lost the ability to be a source of subsistence?
 What are the factors responsible for the present scenario?
 What are the government initiatives taken in this regard and how have they
panned out?
 Solutions and way forward
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “Agriculture is the most healthful, most useful, and most noble employment of man.” - George
Washington
 “Farming is not just a job; it’s a way of life.”
 “Agriculture drives civilization: including religious practices, social attitudes and legal codes.”
 “If agriculture goes wrong, nothing else will have a chance to go right in the country”-
M.S.Swaminathan
Introduction:
In the quiet village of Anandpur in rural India, an incident unfolded that paints a
picture of the changing face of farming. Meet Ram Singh, a 70-year-old farmer, who
reluctantly shared his story as he looked over his family’s fields. He remembered a time
when his ancestors cultivated crops for their community’s needs.
Sitting beneath a big tree, Singh talked about the significant changes in his village.
The charm of making more money through commercial farming replaced the old ways of
growing crops for self-sufficiency (Subsistence farming). The land that once provided for
everyone now carried the weight of crops meant for faraway markets (Commercial farming).
Singh’s story reflects a bigger picture of India, caught between tradition and progress,
facing the consequences of moving from subsistence to commercial farming.

PYQs : 2017
Agriculture plays an important sector in the Indian economy as it contributes over
17% of the Indian economy and ensures employment for 60% of its population. India
exports nearly $38 billion dollars worth of agricultural products and makes India, the
largest agricultural exporter worldwide. The transition from subsistence to commercial
farming in India, driven by population pressure, technological advances, and market forces,
has reshaped the agrarian landscape. This shift, while enhancing productivity and economic
growth, poses challenges such as income disparities, vulnerability to market fluctuations,
and environmental degradation, impacting the well-being of small-scale farmers.
Current status of the farming in India:

Food, clothing and shelter are the three basic necessities for the sustainability of
humans. In that agriculture plays a vital role in satisfying the source of that need. India is
a tropical country which best suits agriculture. Even 80% of its population depends on
that. And 72% of farmers are doing it on a small scale.
 Agricultural Contribution to GDP: The primary sector, predominantly agriculture,
remains a crucial pillar of the Indian economy. It contributes about 17-18% to India’s
GDP. Despite this, the sector faces challenges such as low productivity and the reliance
on traditional farming methods.
 Land Fragmentation and Small Holdings: According to the Agriculture Census
of 2015-16, around 86% of operational landholdings are smaller than 2 hectares.
This poses obstacles to the adoption of modern farming practices and hinders
economies of scale.
 Farmers’ Income and Distress: NCRB reported a rise in farmer suicides, reflecting
the economic challenges faced by the agricultural community. Government initiatives
such as the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) aim to alleviate
this distress by providing direct income support to farmers.
 Technological Adoption and Sustainable Practices: The adoption of technology
in agriculture has been growing, with initiatives like the National Mission on
Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) promoting sustainable practices. However, the
pace of technological adoption varies across regions, and there is a need for widespread
implementation to enhance productivity and resilience.
 Market Reforms and MSP Controversy: Recent agricultural reforms, the
introduction of new farm laws, have sparked debates. The protests by farmers at the
borders of Delhi underscore the urgency of addressing these concerns to ensure the
well-being of the primary sector.
Has farming lost the ability to be a source of subsistence?

Historically, Indian agriculture was characterised by small-scale, subsistence farming
practices, where farmers cultivated crops primarily for their own consumption. The agrarian
landscape was dominated by traditional methods and a strong connection to the land.
However, with the advent of modernization and economic reforms, the dynamics of
agriculture began to change.
PYQs : 2017
 Shift to Cash Crops and Commercialization: The shift is evident in the increased
focus on cash crops. According to the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), the
share of crops for self-consumption has decreased, reflecting a trend where farmers
prioritize crops with higher market value over those essential for their own subsistence.
 Income Disparities and Poverty Rates: Income disparities among farmers have
widened, leading to a rise in poverty rates in rural areas. The Economic Survey
(2020-21) notes that while agriculture employs a significant portion of the population,
the average income of a farmer remains lower than the national average. This
challenges the ability of farming to serve as a source of subsistence.
 Dependency on Non-Agricultural Income: Increasingly, farmers are relying on non-
agricultural sources of income due to the uncertainties associated with farming. The
Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) highlights the growing trend of farmers seeking
employment in non-agricultural sectors to supplement their income, indicating a
diminishing reliance on farming for subsistence.
 Indebtedness and Agrarian Distress: Reports from the National Crime Records
Bureau highlight the grim reality of agrarian distress and farmer suicides, often linked
to indebtedness. The pressure to repay loans incurred for modern farming inputs and
the unpredictability of market returns contribute to the erosion of farming as a viable
means of subsistence.
 Loss of Traditional Farming Practices: The erosion of traditional farming practices
that were closely tied to subsistence needs is notable. The Green Revolution, while
boosting productivity, led to a shift away from diversified cropping patterns.
What are the factors responsible for the present scenario?

 Market-Oriented Agriculture: The transition from subsistence to market-oriented
agriculture is evident in the changing crop patterns. Farmers increasingly prioritize
crops with higher market value, contributing to the loss of subsistence farming.
 Technological Disparities: Despite advancements in agricultural technology, there
exists a disparity in its adoption across regions. The Economic Survey 2020-21
highlights uneven technological penetration is diminishing the ability of farming to
sustain livelihoods.
 Market Fluctuations, Price Volatility and Unstable Monsoon: The vulnerability
of farmers to market fluctuations and price volatility is a significant factor. The absence
of stable income, compounded by unpredictable market and weather conditions,
affects the economic viability of subsistence farming.
 Environmental Degradation and Resource Depletion: Unsustainable agricultural
practices have led to environmental degradation and resource depletion. Excessive
use of fertilizers and water resources, as documented in various environmental reports,
jeopardizes the long-term fertility of the land. This poses a threat to subsistence
farming, which traditionally relied on sustainable agricultural practices.
PYQs : 2017
Government initiatives and their evaluation:
 Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN): The PM-KISAN scheme,
launched in 2019, aims to provide direct income support of ¹ 6,000 per year to small
and marginal farmers. As of 2021, over 10 crore farmers have been enrolled, with
approximately ¹ 1.15 lakh crore disbursed.
 National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): The NMSA focuses on
promoting sustainable agricultural practices, enhancing resilience to climate change,
and improving water use efficiency. However, the effectiveness of the program varies
across regions, with challenges in uniform implementation.
 Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF): Launched as part of the Atmanirbhar
Bharat Abhiyan, the AIF aims to provide financial support to farmers for building
post-harvest infrastructure. The fund has an allocation of ¹ 1 lakh crore. The impact
of the fund is contingent on its efficient utilization at the grassroots level.
 Soil Health Card Scheme: aims to assess soil health and provide farmers with
customized recommendations for nutrient management. Over 18 crore soil health
cards have been distributed. While the initiative promotes sustainable farming
practices, its impact hinges on widespread adoption and adherence to recommended
practices by farmers.
 These developmental schemes majorly cover middle and large-scale agricultural lords.
Many farmers do not have their own land to apply for these schemes. Also, many
farmers are not aware of these government initiatives and the process to avail thereof.
Hence, their efficacy is contingent on widespread awareness in the first place.
Solutions and Way Forward:

 Diversification of Crops: Encouraging farmers to diversify their crops can enhance
food security and reduce dependence on a few cash crops. The Zero Budget Natural
Farming (ZBNF) initiative in Andhra Pradesh, promoting organic and diverse
cropping patterns, serves as a model for sustainable agricultural practices.
 Investment in Agricultural Infrastructure: Increasing investments in agricultural
infrastructure, such as cold storage facilities and transportation networks, can
minimize post-harvest losses and improve income for farmers. The Agriculture
Infrastructure Fund (AIF) in India, aimed at strengthening post-harvest management,
is a step in this direction.
 Promotion of Agro-ecological Practices: Emphasizing agroecological practices that
prioritize ecological balance can enhance sustainability. The Sikkim Organic Mission,
which transformed the entire state into an organic farming hub, showcases the
potential of agroecology in promoting both environmental health and farmer well-
being.

PYQs : 2017
 Empowering Farmers through Technology: Leveraging technology to disseminate
information, provide weather forecasts, and offer innovative solutions can empower
farmers. The e-NAM (National Agriculture Market) platform in India, facilitating
online trading of agricultural commodities, illustrates how technology can bridge
information gaps and connect farmers with wider markets.
 Policy Reforms with Farmer Participation: Implementing policy reforms with active
participation from farmers can address their concerns effectively. Dialogue platforms
like the Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) allow farmers to have a collective
voice in decision-making. Ensuring inclusive policy discussions can lead to solutions
that are more aligned with the diverse needs of the farming community.
Conclusion:
Remember Ram Singh from Anandpur? — a story mirrored in India’s broader shift
from basic farming to commercial practices. Singh’s narrative symbolizes a transition.
Navigating the complexities of modern agriculture demands balance — economic growth
through markets yet safeguarding the essence of subsistence farming. Our path ahead
involves sustainable practices, fair policies, and technology.
While the shift from subsistence to commercial farming in India has brought about
increased agricultural productivity and economic growth, it has also raised concerns about
the welfare of small-scale farmers. Striking a balance between commercial viability and
sustainable agricultural practices is essential for ensuring the long-term well-being of Indian
farmers and the resilience of the agricultural sector. Policymakers must consider
implementing measures that promote inclusive growth, protect the environment, and
preserve the cultural fabric of rural communities.
Like the diverse crops of old fields, our journey blends tradition and innovation. To
secure Indian farming’s future, we must honour tradition while embracing progress. Just
like Anandpur’s enduring banyan tree, our agricultural landscape should stand resilient,
rooted in sustenance for generations to follow. As the old adage goes, “Farming is not just
a job; it’s a way of life.”



PYQs : 2017
IF DEVELOPMENT
IMPACT IS NOT
OF THE NEW ECONOMIC ENGENDERED,
MEASURES ON FISCAL
10 TIES BETWEEN THE
IT ISUNION AND STATES [2016]
ENDANGERED IN INDIA

essay
 Body:
 What is the historical context of fiscal relations between the union and states
in India?
 What are the new economic measures introduced in India?
 What are the positive impacts of these measures on Centre-State fiscal relations?
 What are the challenges and apprehensions with respect to federalism, revenue
sharing and fiscal autonomy of states?
 Opportunities, Balance, Solutions and Way forward
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “Cooperation is the thorough conviction that nobody can get there unless everybody gets there.”
 “United we stand, divided we fall.”
Introduction:
In the busy streets of Varanasi, where the Ganges flows with timeless grace, a real-
life story unfolded that reflects the intricacies of India’s fiscal ties. Meet Prakash, a small
business owner. When the Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced, it hit Prakash
hard. He had to navigate through confusing tax changes, deal with more paperwork, and
feel the impact on his small business. This everyday incident mirrors the effects of economic
reforms on regular people, showing a situation happening nationwide.
India, with its diverse and federal structure, has a unique fiscal relationship between
the Union and the States. The economic landscape is dynamic, and as a response to emerging
challenges, new economic measures are often introduced. Just like Prakash tried to make
sense of the new financial rules, the Union and States in India are also figuring out the
consequences of recent economic measures. This essay explores how these measures are
shaking up the important financial relationships that hold together the cooperative
federalism of the nation.
PYQs : 2017
Historical context of fiscal relations between the union and states in India:
 Constitutional Framework: Article 268 provides for the distribution of taxes between
the Union and the States, while Articles 269 and 270 outline the principles governing
the distribution of revenues.
 Finance Commission: Established under Article 280 of the Constitution, the Finance
Commission recommends the distribution of tax revenues between the Union and
States. Over the years, the Finance Commission has evolved its criteria for revenue-
sharing, taking into account factors such as population, income levels, and fiscal
capacity.
 Tax Reforms: Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 2017 marked a
paradigm shift in the taxation system. GST replaced multiple indirect taxes levied by
the Union and States, aiming to create a unified national market.
 Inter-State Disparities: India is characterized by vast regional disparities in income,
development, and fiscal capacity. For instance, states in the northeastern region and
some central Indian states have lower per capita incomes compared to more
economically prosperous states like Maharashtra and Gujarat.
 Economic Reforms: Economic liberalization since the 1990s has further influenced
fiscal relations. Reforms aimed at decentralization and empowering states have been
undertaken, such as the introduction of schemes like the Fiscal Responsibility and
Budget Management (FRBM) Act to promote fiscal discipline at the state level. These
reforms reflect a broader shift towards cooperative federalism, emphasizing
collaborative decision-making between the Union and States in economic matters.
New economic measures introduced in India:

 Goods and Services Tax (GST) Implementation: Aimed to streamline indirect taxes
and create a unified market. According to the World Bank, GST implementation has
led to a reduction in tax evasion and improved tax compliance.
 Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (Self-Reliant India Mission): This economic package
focuses on promoting local manufacturing, boosting domestic production, and
reducing dependency on imports. One of its key components is the Production Linked
Incentive (PLI) scheme, which provides incentives to manufacturers in various sectors
such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles.
 Banking Sector Reforms: Initiatives such as the merger of public sector banks,
recapitalization, and asset quality reviews have been undertaken to address issues of
non-performing assets (NPAs) and improve the efficiency of banks. For instance, the
merger of 10 public sector banks into four larger entities in 2019 aimed to create
stronger and more competitive banks capable of supporting economic growth.

PYQs : 2017
 Finance Commission: 15th Finance Commission recommended a record-high
vertical devolution of 41% of the divisible pool of taxes to states for the fiscal years
2021-2026.
 FRBM Act: The FRBM Act, 2003, has set the limit for fiscal deficit, which means
the centre has to control its deficit spending and rely on states to spend on development
activities. Further, the central sector schemes have been streamlined, which allows
for greater say by states in spending their budgets.
The new measures undertaken by the government will go a long way in ensuring
fiscal federalism and independence for states. However, the friction created while
implementing these measures needs to be addressed properly.
Positive impacts of these measures on Centre-State fiscal relations

 Streamlined Taxation System: GST has significantly simplified the taxation
structure, leading to a more seamless flow of goods and services across state borders.
For example, before GST, trucks could spend days at state borders due to multiple
state taxes, but now, with a unified tax system, such delays have significantly reduced,
benefiting both businesses and state revenues.
 Enhanced Revenue Generation: Economic reforms have enabled states to increase
their revenue generation capacities. The increased revenue from GST collections has
empowered states to meet their developmental objectives more effectively. For
instance, states like Maharashtra and Karnataka have witnessed a significant boost
in tax revenues post-GST implementation.
 Promotion of Cooperative Federalism: The GST Council, comprising
representatives from the Union and States, exemplifies cooperative fiscal federalism,
where decisions are taken through consensus. This collaborative mechanism ensures
that the interests of all stakeholders are considered, promoting unity and shared
responsibility in fiscal matters.
 Reduction in Inter-State Disputes: With a standardized tax regime under GST,
conflicts arising from differential tax rates and double taxation have diminished.
This reduction in disputes has led to smoother inter-state trade and commerce,
fostering economic growth and stability.
 Encouragement of Fiscal Discipline: Economic measures have incentivized fiscal
discipline among states by promoting transparency and accountability in financial
management. States are now compelled to adhere to fiscal prudence to attract
investments and maintain creditworthiness. For instance, states like Tamil Nadu and
Gujarat have demonstrated prudent fiscal management, leading to higher credit ratings
and investor confidence, thereby enhancing their ability to access capital markets for
developmental projects.

PYQs : 2017
Challenges and apprehensions with respect to fiscal federalism
 Unequal Revenue Distribution: 14th Finance Commission highlighted that while
some states rely heavily on central transfers, others have more diverse revenue sources.
This imbalance creates challenges in ensuring fiscal autonomy for all states, hindering
their ability to address regional disparities effectively.
 Loss of revenue due to GST: Implementation of GST will lead to loss of revenue
for many states at least in initial years. Some states feel that the compensation offered
by the council is not enough to make up for the losses. States like Bihar and Uttar
Pradesh heavily depend on central transfers, posing challenges to their fiscal
independence and long-term sustainability.
 Inadequate Revenue Mobilization: Some states face challenges in generating revenue
independently due to structural issues and economic constraints. For instance, states
with limited industrial development or low tax compliance struggle to mobilize
sufficient resources. This hampers their ability to fund essential services and
infrastructure projects independently, exacerbating regional disparities and
perpetuating dependency on central funds.
 Lack of Fiscal Discipline: Many states grapple with issues like mounting debt,
inefficient expenditure management, and populist policies, undermining their fiscal
autonomy. For example, states like Kerala have faced challenges in managing their
fiscal deficit, leading to concerns about long-term sustainability and autonomy.
 Competitive federalism: It ignores the differences among states with regard to
geography, climate, population densities, and local political environments.
Disadvantages posed by these factors can further the regional imbalance.
Opportunities, Balance, Solutions and Way forward

 Opportunities for Collaborative Fiscal Policies:
 With the advent of technologies like blockchain and data analytics, there’s an
opportunity for the Union and States to collaborate on improving tax
administration and revenue collection. For instance, the implementation of
the GST Network (GSTN) in India has facilitated seamless tax filing and
improved compliance.
 Collaborative efforts such as the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund
(NIIF) provide a platform for pooling resources between the Union, States,
and private investors to fund infrastructure projects.
 By leveraging platforms like the NITI Aayog, the Union and States can engage
in policy dialogues and knowledge sharing to identify best practices in fiscal
management. For example, the NITI Aayog’s Sustainable Development Goals
(SDG) Index enables states to benchmark their performance and learn from
each other’s experiences.
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 Balancing Fiscal Responsibilities:
 Initiatives like the Finance Commission ensure a fair distribution of financial
resources between the Union and States based on criteria such as population,
income distance, and fiscal discipline.
 Fiscal consolidation efforts at both the Union and State levels, as seen in the
implementation of FRBM Acts, aim to maintain fiscal discipline and
sustainability. For example, several states have enacted their own FRBM Acts
to ensure prudent fiscal management.
 Solutions for Addressing Disparities:
 Targeted fiscal stimulus packages, such as the Special Assistance to States for
Capital Expenditure (SASCE) scheme, aim to address regional disparities in
infrastructure development. For instance, the scheme provides additional
funding to northeastern and hilly states for capital projects.
 Introducing innovative financing mechanisms like Green Bonds by the Indian
Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) can help mobilize resources
for environmentally sustainable projects.
 Way Forward for Enhanced Fiscal Cooperation:
 Strengthening intergovernmental forums such as the GST Council to foster
consensus-building and streamline decision-making processes.
 Enhancing data-sharing mechanisms between the Union and States to improve
transparency and accountability in fiscal management. For example, platforms
like the Public Financial Management System (PFMS) enable real-time
monitoring of government expenditure and fund utilization.
 Harnessing Digital Technologies for Fiscal Governance:
 Leveraging digital platforms for direct benefit transfers (DBT) and subsidy
rationalization to enhance efficiency and reduce leakages in public expenditure.
For instance, the Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS) has facilitated
direct transfers of subsidies to beneficiaries’ bank accounts, minimizing
intermediaries.
 Promoting financial inclusion through initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri
Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) to expand access to banking services and promote
digital payments.
Conclusion:
In the bustling streets of Varanasi, Prakash’s tale resonates as a microcosm of India’s
fiscal journey, reflecting the intricate dance between economic reforms and grassroots
realities. As Prakash grappled with the implications of new economic measures, so did the
Union and States with evolving fiscal landscape.

PYQs : 2017
However, amidst the challenges lie abundant opportunities for collaboration, balance,
and innovative solutions. By leveraging technological advancements, strengthening
intergovernmental frameworks, and promoting fiscal transparency, India can forge a path
towards more equitable fiscal ties.
As the Ganges flows ceaselessly, so too must the dialogue between the Union and
States continue to evolve, guided by the principles of cooperative federalism and shared
prosperity. Just as Prakash seeks stability and prosperity for his business, India strives for
fiscal harmony, ensuring that every thread in the fabric of its economy weaves together
towards a brighter future.


PYQs : 2017
DESTINY OFISANOT
IF DEVELOPMENT NATION IS SHAPED
ENGENDERED,
11 IN ITS CLASSROOMS
 Introduction: You can start with an anecdote that contextualizes the topic of the essay
 Body:
 How do classrooms shape the destiny of a nation?
 What are the factors impeding the current education system i.e. ‘Classrooms’?
 What can be done to overcome those factors?
 Does the entire onus of shaping a nation’s destiny lie on ‘Classrooms’ only?
[Critical Dimension]
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” - Nelson
Mandela
 “Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself.” - John Dewey
 “Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it
today.”
Introduction
In the bustling streets of Mumbai, amidst the chaos of daily life, there exists a small
government-run school that stands as a beacon of hope for its students. One such student,
Ravi, hailed from a modest background, his parents toiling away as street vendors to make
ends meet. Despite the odds stacked against him, Ravi possessed an insatiable thirst for
knowledge, a flame ignited within the walls of his classroom.
One fateful day, Ravi’s teacher introduced him to the world of science through a
simple experiment, igniting a spark of curiosity that would alter the course of his destiny.
Inspired by the stories of scientists of India, Ravi embarked on a journey of discovery by
delving into books borrowed from his school library.
Years later, Ravi emerged as a shining example of the transformative power of
education. Armed with a scholarship, he pursued higher studies in engineering, eventually
landing a prestigious job at a leading tech firm. Today, Ravi’s story serves as a testament to
the profound impact of education on shaping the destiny of individuals and, by extension,
the destiny of nations. It underscores the importance of investing in inclusive and
empowering educational systems as a catalyst for societal progress and prosperity.
PYQs : 2017
How do classrooms shape the destiny of a nation?
 Promoting Social Mobility and Reducing Inequality: Education serves as a potent
tool for social mobility, offering disadvantaged individuals the opportunity to break
free from the cycle of poverty. According to the World Bank, each additional year of
schooling can increase an individual’s income by 10%.
 Example: The Mid-Day Meal Scheme provides free meals to schoolchildren,
has not only improved attendance rates but also contributed to better academic
performance and reduced dropout rates among marginalised communities.
 Fostering Civic Engagement and Democratic Values: Classrooms are incubators
of democratic values, where students learn the principles of equality, justice, and
participatory governance. According to the Global Democracy Index, countries with
higher levels of education tend to have stronger democratic institutions.
 Example: The National Service Scheme (NSS) encourages students to actively
participate in community service and nation-building activities, instilling a sense
of civic responsibility and social awareness.
 Driving Economic Growth and Innovation: Education is a key driver of economic
growth and innovation, empowering individuals with the skills and knowledge needed
to thrive in the global marketplace. According to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics,
each additional year of schooling can increase a country’s GDP by 0.37%.
 Example: The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) have emerged as hubs
of innovation, producing top-tier engineers and entrepreneurs who contribute
significantly to India’s technological advancement and economic development.
 Promoting Cultural Understanding and National Identity: Classrooms serve as
platforms for cultural exchange and understanding, fostering tolerance and
appreciation for diversity. UNESCO emphasizes the role of education in promoting
intercultural dialogue and preserving cultural heritage.
 Example: The National Council of Educational Research and Training
(NCERT) incorporates diverse cultural perspectives into the curriculum,
promoting a sense of national unity while respecting regional differences.
 Addressing Societal Challenges and Building Resilience: Education equips
individuals with the knowledge and skills needed to address pressing societal
challenges, such as climate change, poverty, and healthcare disparities. The United
Nations highlights education as a critical component of sustainable development.
(SDG 4 is about Quality Education)
 Example: The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) incorporates
sanitation education in schools, empowering students to become agents of
change in promoting hygiene and sanitation practices within their communities.

PYQs : 2017
Factors impeding the current education system i.e. ‘Classrooms’:
 Infrastructure Deficiency: According to the Annual Status of Education Report
(ASER), in rural areas, around 40% of schools lack electricity, severely impacting
the learning environment. Without proper infrastructure, students’ ability to learn
effectively is compromised, hindering the overall quality of education.
 Teacher Shortages and Quality: India faces a persistent challenge of teacher
shortages, particularly in rural and remote areas. The quality of teaching also varies
widely, with many teachers lacking proper training and qualifications.
 According to government data, there are over 9,00,000 vacant teaching positions
in elementary schools.
 Outdated Curriculum and Pedagogy: The education system in India often relies on
rote memorization and outdated teaching methods, failing to foster critical thinking,
creativity, and problem-solving skills among students. Additionally, there is a lack of
emphasis on skills relevant to the modern workforce, such as digital literacy and
communication skills.
 Inequities in Access and Quality: Disparities in access to quality education persist
along lines of socioeconomic status, gender, caste, and geography. Rural and
marginalized communities often lack access to good schools and face barriers such
as poverty, discrimination, and cultural norms that prioritize boys’ education over
girls.
 For example, the Gender Parity Index (GPI) in primary education in India
stands at 0.94, indicating gender disparities in enrollment rates.
 Lack of Adequate Resources and Funding: Despite government initiatives to improve
education, inadequate funding remains a significant challenge. The Indian government
allocates only around 3% of its GDP to education, below the recommended
international benchmark of 6%. This shortfall in funding results in overcrowded
classrooms, limited access to educational materials, and insufficient support for teacher
training and professional development.
What can be done to overcome those factors?

 Investing in Quality Education Infrastructure: Government initiatives such as the
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan aim to
bridge this gap by improving school infrastructure and accessibility. Under them,
thousands of new schools have been constructed, and existing ones have been
upgraded with facilities like libraries, computer labs, and clean water supply.
 Enhancing Teacher Training and Support: According to the NEP 2020 guidelines,
teacher recruitment would require a minimum educational qualification of four years
under the integrated B.Ed. scheme. Teaching Eligibility Tests’ will matter greatly.
Additionally, innovative models like the Teach For India program recruit and train
talented individuals to teach in underserved schools, bolstering educational outcomes.
PYQs : 2017
 Promoting Inclusive and Multilingual Education: Efforts such as the Multilingual
Education Programme and the Right to Education Act aim to address this by
promoting mother tongue-based multilingual education.
 Harnessing Technology for Education: Initiatives like the Digital India campaign
and the National Digital Literacy Mission aim to bridge this gap by providing digital
infrastructure and literacy training to students and teachers. Projects like the E-
Pathshala mobile app offer free access to educational resources, levelling the playing
field for students in remote areas.
 Strengthening Partnerships and Collaboration: among government, civil society,
and the private sector. Public-private partnerships like the Akshaya Patra
Foundation’s mid-day meal program supplement government efforts to improve
attendance and nutrition among schoolchildren. Similarly, collaborations with NGOs
like Pratham and Room to Read support initiatives for literacy and numeracy,
complementing formal education systems and reaching marginalized populations
effectively.
Does the entire onus of shaping a nation’s destiny lie on ‘Classrooms’ only?
 Beyond the Classroom Walls: While classrooms play a significant role in shaping
the destiny of nations, the responsibility extends beyond their confines. Factors such
as socioeconomic disparities, access to healthcare, infrastructure development, and
governmental policies also influence a nation’s trajectory. For instance, India’s Human
Development Index (HDI) reveals disparities in healthcare and education access
across regions, highlighting the need for holistic development beyond classrooms.
 Community and Family Influence: In India, close-knit communities often play a
crucial role in imparting cultural values, traditions, and social norms to individuals.
For example, initiatives like the Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao campaign aim to empower
girls through education, addressing societal biases that transcend classroom
boundaries.
 Government Policies and Governance: Government policies and governance
structures significantly impact a nation’s development trajectory. India’s National
Education Policy 2020 emphasizes holistic and multidisciplinary education, aiming
to equip students with 21st-century skills.
 Technological Advancements: Initiatives like Digital India and online learning
platforms bridge geographical barriers, providing access to quality education even in
remote areas. However, the digital divide persists, with disparities in internet access
hindering equitable educational opportunities.
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 Civic Engagement and Social Movements: Civic engagement and social movements
also shape a nation’s destiny by advocating for social justice, equity, and systemic
change. Examples include India’s independence movement led by Mahatma
Gandhi, emphasizing nonviolent resistance and inclusive governance. Furthermore,
youth-led movements like Fridays for Future highlight the role of education in
fostering environmental awareness and sustainable development, transcending
classroom teachings to drive societal change.
Conclusion:
In the closing pages of Ravi’s story, we find not just a narrative of individual triumph
but a reflection of a nation’s collective journey towards progress and prosperity. Ravi’s
transformation from a curious student in a government-run classroom to a trailblazing
engineer echoes the broader aspirations of a nation striving for excellence and inclusivity.
His journey underscores the transformative power of education, serving as a beacon of
hope in a world grappling with myriad challenges. As we bid farewell to the hallowed halls
of academia, let us carry forth the lessons learned within its walls—lessons of resilience,
empathy, and empowerment.
For in the crucible of the classroom lies the promise of a brighter future for generations
to come—a future shaped not by the confines of tradition or circumstance but by the
boundless potential of human endeavour. And so, as we turn the final page of this essay,
let us embrace the belief that the destiny of nations is indeed shaped in its classrooms, but
it is also carried forth by the indomitable spirit of its people. As Nelson Mandela rightly
puts it – “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the
world.”


PYQs : 2017
IFTHE
HAS DEVELOPMENT
NON-ALIGNMENT ISMOVEMENT
NOT ENGENDERED,
(NAM) LOST
12 ITS RELEVANCE
IT IS IN A MULTIPOLAR[2016]
ENDANGERED WORLD

essay
 Body:
 What led to the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM)? (Historical Context)
 How is the NAM characterized?
 Has the NAM lost its relevance in a multipolar world?
 How can the NAM be revitalized today? And India’s role in the process.
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “In a world of complex interdependence, nations should not be aligned, but self-reliant.”
- Fidel Castro
 “The art of diplomacy is to know exactly when to be aligned and when to be non-aligned.”
- Kofi Annan
 “He who seeks alliances everywhere may never find true independence.” - African proverb
Introduction:
In a crowded meeting room, delegates from countries worldwide gathered for an
important summit about how nations work together. Among them was Ambassador
Deshmukh, representing Bharat that had long championed the principles of non-alignment.
As discussions unfolded about the shifting dynamics of power in a multipolar world,
Deshmukh found himself reflecting on a conversation back from his youth.
Back in his homeland, he once spoke with an old wise man who told him a tale
about two rivers. One rushed along, pulled by bigger rivers, while the other flowed peacefully,
charting its own course through valleys and plains. The wise man said, “Like these rivers,
countries must choose whether to follow the crowd or make their own path, guided by
their own beliefs.”
Remembering those words, Deshmukh thought, in a world shaped by competing
interests and shifting alliances: Has the Non-Alignment Movement lost its relevance? This
essay will explore that question, looking at how power is changing globally and how
countries work together to see if staying neutral is still important in today’s world.

PYQs : 2017
The Non-Alignment Movement (NAM): Historical Context & Genesis:
In 1955, amidst the turbulent currents of the Cold War, representatives from 29 nations
gathered in the picturesque city of Bandung, Indonesia. Among them was India’s first
Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, a towering figure in the fight against colonialism and
advocate for non-alignment. It was here that the seeds of the Non-Alignment Movement
(NAM) were sown, symbolizing a bold departure from the rigid bloc politics of the era.
 Decolonization and Cold War Rivalry: The Non-Alignment Movement emerged
in the aftermath of World War II (Bandung Conference, 1955) and during the
decolonization period, as newly independent nations sought to assert their sovereignty
and avoid alignment with either the United States or the Soviet Union.
 Quest for Autonomy: Many newly independent nations recognized the dangers of
being drawn into the ideological conflicts of the Cold War and aspired to pursue
their own interests without being coerced into alignment with major powers. India
played a pivotal role in promoting non-alignment as a means to safeguard its autonomy
and promote global peace.
 Inequality in the Global Power Structure: Non-aligned countries, predominantly
from Africa, Asia, and Latin America, perceived the existing international order as
skewed in favour of Western powers and sought to challenge hegemonic dominance.
The Bandung Principles emphasized the need for a more equitable world order and
called for solidarity among developing nations to address common challenges.
 Desire for Development and Cooperation: Non-aligned countries recognized the
importance of economic development and sought to foster cooperation among
themselves through initiatives such as the Group of 77 (G77).
 Resisting Neo-colonialism and Imperialism: particularly in regions such as Africa,
Asia where colonial legacies persisted. Non-aligned nations condemned interventions
in sovereign states and supported liberation movements in colonies. For instance, the
Algerian War of Independence and the Vietnam War.
How is the NAM characterised?

 Principles of Neutrality: Commitment to remain neutral in the Cold War era,
refusing to align with either the United States or the Soviet Union. Exemplified by
leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, and Josip
Broz Tito of Yugoslavia - safeguarding national sovereignty and independence.
 Advocacy for Global South Solidarity: The movement aimed to amplify the voices
of smaller and less powerful nations on the world stage, advocating for their rights
and interests in international forums such as the United Nations.

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 Promotion of Peace and Disarmament:NAM member states have consistently called
for nuclear disarmament, arms control, and the peaceful resolution of conflicts. For
example, the NAM’s advocacy for the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of nuclear
weapons (NPT) reflects its commitment to reducing the threat of nuclear warfare
and promoting global security.
 Support for Decolonization and Self-Determination: Member states have
denounced colonialism, promoting the establishment of sovereign states. For instance,
the NAM’s condemnation of apartheid in South Africa and its support for Nelson
Mandela’s struggle for freedom exemplify its commitment to anti-colonialism and
human rights.
Has the NAM lost its relevance in a multipolar world?
 Shift in Power Dynamics: The emergence of new global players like China, India,
and Brazil has altered the traditional balance of power. For instance, China’s Belt
and Road Initiative has provided an alternative development model, challenging
Western dominance. Additionally, the decline of the United States’ unipolar influence
has led to a more fragmented global order.
 Changing Diplomatic Alliances: Many NAM member states have formed strategic
partnerships and alliances with major powers, blurring the lines of non-alignment.
For example, India has strengthened ties with the United States (QUAD, IAUA)
while maintaining relations with Russia and China (BRICS).
 Economic Interdependence: Globalization has led to increased economic
interdependence, making strict non-alignment policies impractical. Regional trade
agreements and economic blocs play a crucial role in shaping international relations.
For instance, countries in Southeast Asia are members of both NAM and ASEAN,
highlighting the importance of economic cooperation beyond non-alignment.
 Security Challenges: Non-state actors, terrorism, and cybersecurity threats transcend
traditional notions of alignment. Countries increasingly rely on collective security
arrangements and partnerships to address common security challenges. For example,
the rise of terrorist organizations like ISIS necessitates collaborative efforts among
nations, irrespective of their alignment status.
 Need for Adaptation: The NAM’s focus on Cold War-era issues may limit its
relevance in addressing contemporary global challenges. To remain pertinent, the
movement must adapt its agenda to reflect current geopolitical realities.
How can the NAM be revitalized today? And India’s role in the process:
 Adaptation to Contemporary Challenges: The NAM can revitalize itself by
expanding its focus beyond traditional security concerns to address modern challenges
such as climate change, cyber threats, and pandemics. For instance, the International
Solar Alliance (ISA), launched by India and France in 2015, aims to promote solar energy
deployment worldwide.
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 Engagement with Emerging Powers: Recognizing the rising influence of countries
like China, India, and Brazil, the NAM can enhance its relevance by deepening
partnerships with these emerging powers. For example, India’s engagement with the
BRICS, QUAD, I2U2, ASEAN etc.
 Promotion of South-South Cooperation: Building on its historical emphasis on
South-South cooperation, the NAM can rejuvenate itself by promoting economic
and technological exchanges among developing nations. India’s involvement in
initiatives like the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) and Inviting African Union
into G-20 under India’s presidency, underscores its commitment to promoting South-
South cooperation.
 Advocacy for Multilateralism and Diplomacy: India consistently advocates for a
reformed and inclusive UN Security Council that better represents the interests of
developing countries. Additionally, India plays a constructive role in peacekeeping
operations and contributes to international efforts to address global challenges through
diplomatic channels.
 Empowerment of Civil Society and Youth: To remain relevant in today’s
interconnected world, the NAM must engage with civil society organizations and
youth networks to promote grassroots activism and civic participation.
Conclusion:
In closing, as Ambassador Deshmukh reflected on the discussions at the summit, he
couldn’t help but draw parallels between the ancient wisdom of the wise elder and the
contemporary challenges facing the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM). Just as the elder’s
tale illuminated the importance of navigating one’s own path amidst powerful currents, so
too does the NAM face the task of charting a course that resonates with the complexities
of today’s multipolar world.
However, while the currents may have shifted, the essence of the NAM’s principles—
of independence, sovereignty, and non-interference—remains as vital as ever. Through
adaptation, engagement, and empowerment, the NAM can revitalize itself, harnessing the
collective strength of its diverse member states to address modern challenges and advance
shared interests.
As the summit drew to a close, Ambassador Deshmukh felt a renewed sense of
optimism. Just as the rivers in the elder’s tale found their way amidst the currents, so too
can the NAM navigate the currents of global politics, reaffirming its relevance and
contributing to a more peaceful, prosperous, and equitable world for all. The biggest lesson
taught by COVID-19 pandemic, in the words of Fidel Castro, remains substantially relevant
today – “In a world of complex interdependence, nations should not be aligned, but self-reliant.”


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PYQs : 2017
13 JOYIFISDEVELOPMENT
THE SIMPLESTIS NOT OF
FORM ENGENDERED,
GRATITUDE
essay
 Body:
 What is the essence of ‘Joy’?
 What is ‘Gratitude’ and what is its significance in human life?
 How is ‘Joy’ the purest expression of ‘Gratitude’?
 Is ‘Joy’ the only form of gratitude?
 Current Relevance
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “Gratitude can transform common days into thanksgivings, turn routine jobs into joy, and
change ordinary opportunities into blessings.” - William Arthur Ward
 “The root of joy is gratefulness... It is not joy that makes us grateful; it is gratitude that makes
us joyful.” - David Steindl-Rast
 “Gratitude unlocks the fullness of life. It turns what we have into enough, and more. It turns
denial into acceptance, chaos to order, confusion to clarity. It can turn a meal into a feast, a
house into a home, a stranger into a friend.” - Melody Beattie
Introduction:
There lived a lady named Sarah in a fast-paced city of India. As the sun dipped
below the horizon, Sarah found herself lost in a moment of pure contentment. Sitting on
the porch swing, she watched her children play in the yard, their laughter echoing through
the crisp evening air. In that fleeting moment, amidst the chaos of daily life, Sarah felt an
overwhelming sense of gratitude wash over her—a deep appreciation for the simple joys
that filled her days.
Just a week ago, Sarah had been consumed by worry and stress, her mind cluttered
with deadlines and responsibilities. But as she sat there, enveloped in the embrace of her
family, she realized that joy need not be elusive; it could be found in the most ordinary of
moments. In the laughter of her children, the gentle rustle of leaves, and the warmth of her
husband’s hand, Sarah discovered the profound connection between joy and gratitude.
PYQs : 2017
In this essay, we will explore the notion that joy is indeed the simplest form of gratitude.
Through examining the essence of joy, the role of gratitude as a catalyst, and the ripple
effect of joyful living, we will uncover the transformative power of gratitude in enriching
our lives and fostering a deeper sense of appreciation for the world around us.
The Essence of ‘Joy’:

Joy, often described as a state of bliss or happiness, transcends mere emotions; it
embodies a profound sense of contentment and fulfilment. Unlike fleeting moments of
pleasure, joy emanates from a deep-seated appreciation for life’s wonders, both big and
small.
 Joy is Independent of External Circumstances: Joy is not dependent on material
possessions or external events. For example, a person can experience joy simply by
spending time with loved ones, regardless of their financial situation.
 Joy is a State of Being: Joy is not just an emotion but a state of being content and at
peace with oneself and the world. For instance, someone might find joy in practicing
mindfulness and being present in the moment.
 Joy is Contagious: Joy has the power to uplift others and create a positive ripple
effect. For example, a joyful person can spread happiness to those around them,
improving the overall mood of a group or community.
 Joy is Found in Simple Things: Joy can be found in everyday moments and activities.
For instance, enjoying a delicious meal, taking a walk-in nature, or listening to music
can bring joy.
 Joy is Sustained by Gratitude: Gratitude fuels joy and allows it to flourish. When people
appreciate the blessings in their lives, they often experience a deeper sense of joy.
‘Gratitude’ and its significance in human life:

Gratitude, the practice of acknowledging and appreciating the goodness in our lives,
serves as a catalyst for joy. When we cultivate an attitude of gratitude, we shift our focus
from what is lacking to what is abundant. In essence, gratitude opens the door to joy,
allowing it to flow freely into our lives.
 Definition of Gratitude: Gratitude is the heartfelt appreciation for the kindness
received from others or for the beauty in life. It involves recognizing and
acknowledging the positive aspects of life, even in challenging times. Example: A
student thanking a teacher for their guidance and support throughout the school
year demonstrates gratitude for the teacher’s efforts.
 Enhanced Well-being: Practising gratitude has been linked to increased happiness,
improved mental health, and reduced stress. Example: A study found that participants
who kept a daily gratitude journal reported feeling more optimistic and satisfied
with their lives.

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 Strengthened Relationships: Expressing gratitude can strengthen relationships by
fostering a sense of connection and mutual appreciation. It can deepen bonds and
create a more positive and supportive environment. Example: A simple thank-you
note can strengthen a friendship and make the recipient feel valued and appreciated.
 Improved Physical Health: Gratitude has been associated with improved physical
health, including better sleep, reduced inflammation, and a stronger immune system.
Example: Studies have shown that individuals who are more grateful tend to engage
in healthier behaviors, such as regular exercise and seeking medical help when needed.
 Promotion of Altruism and Compassion: Gratitude can inspire acts of kindness
and generosity towards others. When people feel grateful, they are more likely to pay
it forward and help those in need, creating a ripple effect of positivity. Example:
Witnessing someone else’s act of kindness can evoke feelings of gratitude and inspire
others to perform similar acts, creating a cycle of generosity and compassion.
How is ‘Joy’ the purest expression of ‘Gratitude’?

Living joyfully is itself an act of gratitude. When we embrace life with open hearts
and minds, we honor the gift of existence. Every moment becomes an opportunity to
express gratitude, whether it’s savoring a delicious meal, sharing a heartfelt conversation,
or witnessing a breathtaking sunset.
 Joy arises from a deep appreciation: for life’s blessings, demonstrating a profound
sense of gratitude. For example, in the Ramayana, after being exiled to the forest,
Lord Rama remains joyful and grateful for the opportunity to fulfil his duty, despite
the hardships he faces.
 Joy is independent of external circumstances: and can be found in the most ordinary
moments, reflecting a grateful outlook on life. Joyful living is not about denying the
existence of pain or sorrow but choosing to find beauty and meaning amidst the
challenges. It is a conscious decision to approach life with a sense of wonder and
appreciation, regardless of the circumstances.
 Joyful living is itself an act of gratitude: as it involves appreciating and celebrating
the goodness in life. The teachings of Sikhism highlight the concept of “Chardi
Kala,” which encourages Sikhs to maintain a state of optimistic joy and gratitude,
even in challenging times.
 Joy has a ripple effect: spreading positivity and gratitude to others. The story of
Sudama, a poor brahmin who joyfully offers his humble gift to Lord Krishna,
illustrates how genuine joy and gratitude can touch the hearts of others and evoke a
generous response.
 Joy leads to a deeper connection with the divine: or the universe, fostering a sense
of oneness and gratitude for the interconnectedness of all life. The concept of
“Ananda” in Hindu philosophy describes a state of blissful joy that arises from
realizing one’s unity with the universe, reflecting the ultimate expression of gratitude.

PYQs : 2017
Is ‘Joy’ the only form of gratitude?
 Joy as a Primary Form of Gratitude: Joy is often seen as the most immediate and
visible form of gratitude, as it is a natural response to experiencing something positive
or uplifting. Example: In the Ramayana, when Lord Rama returns to Ayodhya after
defeating Ravana, the entire kingdom is filled with joy and gratitude for his safe
return.
 Silent Gratitude: Gratitude can also be expressed silently, without overt displays of
joy. This form of gratitude is introspective and personal, often arising from a deep
sense of appreciation. Example: In the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna emphasizes
the importance of internal gratitude, stating, “Offering the results of all activities to
Me in a spiritual frame of mind, you shall be freed from bondage to work and its
results.”
 Expressing Gratitude Through Actions: Actions can be a powerful expression of
gratitude, such as helping others or performing acts of kindness. Example: In the
movie “Taare Zameen Par,” the teacher’s efforts to understand and support the
dyslexic child are a manifestation of gratitude for the child’s unique perspective.
 Gratitude in Times of Adversity: Gratitude can also be expressed in challenging
times, as a way of acknowledging resilience and finding silver linings.
 Gratitude Through Prayer and Rituals: Many cultures and religions incorporate
prayers and rituals as expressions of gratitude, acknowledging the role of higher
powers or the universe in their lives. Example: In Sikhism, the practice of “ardas” is
a form of prayer expressing gratitude for blessings and seeking guidance for the future.
Current Relevance:
 Mental Health and Well-being: In today’s fast-paced world driven by social media,
where stress and anxiety are prevalent, the quote reminds us of the importance of
finding joy in simple moments of your life rather than getting trampled upon by the
feeling of relative deprivation through social media.
 Gratitude Practices: The quote highlights the effectiveness of gratitude practices in
enhancing overall well-being. For instance, keeping a gratitude journal or expressing
thanks to others can foster a sense of joy and fulfilment.
 Resilience in Adversity: In times of adversity, finding joy in small things can help
build resilience. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, people found solace
in activities like baking, gardening, or connecting with loved ones online.
 Positive Psychology: The quote aligns with the principles of positive psychology,
which emphasise focusing on strengths and virtues to enhance happiness. Realizing
that joy can be found in everyday moments encourages a more positive outlook on
life.
PYQs : 2017
 Community and Connection: It underscores the importance of community and
connection in fostering joy. For instance, acts of kindness and support from others
can bring immense joy, strengthening social bonds.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, Sarah’s story serves as a poignant reminder of the profound impact
that gratitude and joy can have on our lives. Like Sarah, we are often caught up in the
hustle and bustle of daily life, focusing on our worries and responsibilities, and overlooking
the simple joys that surround us. However, by taking a moment to pause, reflect, and
appreciate the beauty in the world around us, we can experience a profound shift in
perspective.
The quote, “Joy is the simplest form of gratitude,” encapsulates this idea perfectly.
It suggests that true happiness lies not in grand gestures or extravagant events but in the
everyday moments that we often take for granted. By embracing a mindset of gratitude
and seeking joy in the ordinary, we can cultivate a deeper appreciation for life and find
fulfilment in the most unexpected places. As we navigate life’s ups and downs, may we
always remember to cherish these simple joys and express gratitude for the abundance that
surrounds us.


PYQs : 2017
IF DEVELOPMENT IS NOT
FULFILMENT OFENGENDERED,
‘NEW WOMAN’
14 IT IS ENDANGERED [2016]
IN INDIA IS A MYTH
essay.
 Body:
 What is the concept of ‘new woman’ and what led to its development in India?
 Whether the fulfilment of this concept is a reality or a myth?
 Where does the ‘new woman’ stand on various socio-economic markers today?
 What are the social and cultural challenges that hinder the fulfilment of the
‘new woman’?
 Is the idea of ‘New woman’ really new?
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “The history of all times and of today especially, teaches that women will be forgotten if they
forget to think about themselves.” - Louise Otto
 “A woman is a full circle. Within her is the power to create, nurture and transform.” - Diane
Mariechild
 “Empowering women isn’t just the right thing to do - it’s the smart thing to do.” - Barack
Obama
 “The empowered woman is powerful beyond measure and beautiful beyond description.” -
Steve Maraboli
Introduction:
Are you acquainted with the inspiring tale of 31 years old Anu Kumari, mother of a
4-year-old, who hailed from Haryana’s Sonipat and secured All India Rank 2nd in the
UPSC Civil Services Examination in 2017? Despite facing numerous societal expectations
and challenges, Anu Kumari was determined to pursue her dreams of becoming an IAS
officer. With unwavering courage and determination, she navigated through obstacles,
breaking traditional norms along the way.
PYQs : 2017
Anu’s story is not unique. It echoes the experiences of countless women across India
who strive to break free from societal constraints and redefine their roles. The concept of
the “new woman” in India, symbolizing independence, empowerment, and equality, is
often seen as a beacon of hope for many.
However, the fulfilment of this ideal remains elusive for many women. Despite
progress in education, employment, and legal reforms, women in India continue to face
deep-rooted social and cultural barriers that impede their empowerment. Patriarchal norms,
gender discrimination, and traditional gender roles still prevail, hindering the realization
of the “new woman” in its entirety.
This essay delves into the complexities of the “new woman” in India, examining
whether its fulfilment is indeed a reality or merely a myth. Through an exploration of
historical perspectives, social challenges, and media influences, we aim to unravel the truth
behind this concept and its implications for women in India.
The concept of ‘New Woman’ and its development in India:

 Emergence in Colonial India: The concept of the “new woman” in India emerged
during the colonial period, influenced by Western ideas of women’s rights and
independence. This period saw the rise of women’s education and the participation
of women in social reform movements, such as the Brahmo Samaj and the Arya
Samaj, advocating for women’s rights.
 Role in the Independence Movement: Women played a significant role in India’s
independence movement, challenging traditional gender roles and contributing to
the nationalist cause. Leaders like Sarojini Naidu and Annie Besant exemplified the
ideals of the “new woman” through their activism and leadership.
 Post-Independence Reforms: After independence, India saw several legal reforms
aimed at improving women’s rights, such as the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, which
gave women equal inheritance rights. These reforms reflected a growing recognition
of women’s autonomy and empowerment.
 Economic and Social Changes: Economic liberalisation in the 1990s and
urbanisation have led to shifting gender dynamics in India. Women are increasingly
entering the workforce and challenging traditional gender norms, contributing to the
redefinition of the “new woman.”
 Media and Global Influences: The media and global influences have also played a
role in shaping the concept of the “new woman” in India. Increased access to media,
especially through the internet and social media, has exposed women to new ideas
and perspectives, influencing their aspirations and self-perception.
PYQs : 2017
Fulfilment of ‘New Woman’ in India: Reality or a Myth?
 Progress in Education and Employment: While there has been significant progress
in women’s education and workforce participation, with the female literacy rate rising
from 8.86% in 1951 to 65.46% in 2011, and women constituting 24% of India’s
workforce in 2020, women still face barriers in accessing quality education and equal
job opportunities, particularly in leadership roles and higher-paying sectors.
 Legal Reforms and Rights: Legal reforms such as the Criminal Law (Amendment)
Act, 2013, have improved women’s rights and safety. However, implementation
remains a challenge, and issues like gender-based violence, marital rape, and lack of
access to justice persist, indicating gaps between legal provisions and ground realities.
 Social and Cultural Challenges: Deep-rooted patriarchal norms and practices, such
as dowry, child marriage, and son preference, continue to restrict women’s freedom
and autonomy. These practices are prevalent across various socio-economic strata,
indicating the pervasive nature of these challenges.
 Media Representation: While media has played a role in challenging stereotypes
and portraying empowered women, it also perpetuates unrealistic beauty standards
and traditional gender roles, influencing societal perceptions and expectations.
 Regional Disparities: There are significant regional disparities in women’s
empowerment indicators, with states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu showing higher
levels of gender equality compared to states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, highlighting
the complex interplay of factors influencing women’s empowerment in India.
Where does the ‘new woman’ stand on various socio-economic markers today?
 Education: The “new woman” in India has made significant strides in education.
According to the World Bank, female literacy rates have increased from 64.6% in
2001 to 77.7% in 2018. However, there are still disparities, especially in rural areas
where access to quality education remains a challenge.
 Employment: Women’s participation in the workforce has improved, yet it remains
relatively low compared to men. The labour force participation rate for women stood
at 37% in 2022-2023, as per the Periodic Labour Force Survey. Moreover, women
are often relegated to lower-paying and less secure jobs, reflecting persistent gender
disparities in the workforce.
 Political Representation: The representation of women in Indian politics has seen
significant improvement, with the passing of Women’s Reservation Bill 2023 or Nari
Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam. The bill reserves one-third of the seats in Lok Sabha,
State legislative assemblies.

PYQs : 2017
 Healthcare: While there have been advancements in women’s healthcare, including
initiatives like the Janani Suraksha Yojana for maternal health, challenges such as
access to healthcare facilities and quality care persist, particularly in rural areas.
 Legal Rights: Legal reforms have been introduced to protect women’s rights, such
as the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, addressing crimes against women.
However, implementation and enforcement of these laws remain a challenge, affecting
the real-world impact on women’s lives.
Social and cultural challenges that hinder the fulfilment of the ‘New Woman’:
 Gender Discrimination: Despite legal reforms, gender discrimination remains
pervasive in India. Women often face unequal opportunities in education,
employment, and decision-making. According to the World Economic Forum’s
Global Gender Gap Report 2023, India ranks 127th out of 146 countries in terms of
gender equality.
 Patriarchal Norms: Deep-rooted patriarchal attitudes restrict women’s freedom and
autonomy. These norms dictate women’s roles within the family and society, often
limiting their access to resources and decision-making. For example, a study by the
International Center for Research on Women found that in rural India, women often
have limited control over household finances and decisions.
 Traditional Gender Roles: Traditional gender roles assign specific duties and
behaviours to women, reinforcing stereotypes and limiting their opportunities. For
instance, women are often expected to prioritise caregiving over career advancement,
leading to a lack of representation in leadership roles.
 Violence Against Women: High rates of violence against women, including domestic
violence, sexual harassment, and dowry-related violence, create a culture of fear and
insecurity. The National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-20) reported that 30% of
women in India have experienced physical or sexual violence.
 Lack of Support Systems: Limited access to support systems, such as childcare
facilities and legal aid, hinders women’s ability to balance work and family
responsibilities. This lack of support reinforces traditional gender roles and restricts
women’s economic and social mobility.
Is the idea of ‘New woman’ really new?

 Historical Precedence: The idea of the “new woman” in India can be traced back to
the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during the British colonial period, when women
like Kamini Roy and Sarojini Naidu emerged as prominent figures advocating for
women’s rights and education. This demonstrates that the concept is not entirely
new but has evolved over time.

PYQs : 2017
 Pre-Independence Movements: The Indian freedom struggle saw the active
participation of women like Aruna Asaf Ali and Sucheta Kripalani, who challenged
traditional gender roles and contributed significantly to the nationalist movement.
Their roles exemplify early instances of the “new woman” in Indian society.
 Role in Post-Independence Era: After independence, women such as Indira Gandhi
and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit held positions of power and influence, challenging the
notion of women’s traditional roles and paving the way for future generations of
women leaders.
 Legal Reforms: Over the years, India has seen significant legal reforms aimed at
empowering women, such as the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, which granted women
equal inheritance rights. These legal changes reflect a shift towards recognizing women
as equal members of society, aligning with the concept of the “new woman.”
 Contemporary Examples: In modern India, women are breaking barriers in various
fields, from sports and politics to business and technology. For instance, women like
Kalpana Chawla, Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, and Arundhati Bhattacharya have achieved
remarkable success in their respective fields, challenging stereotypes and embodying
the spirit of the “new woman.”
Conclusion:
Anu Kumari’s story resonates deeply with the experiences of real women in India
who strive for empowerment and fulfilment. Her journey symbolises the ongoing struggle
of women to break free from societal constraints and redefine their roles in a rapidly
changing world. The concept of the “new woman” in India is not merely a modern
phenomenon; it is a continuum of the resilience and determination displayed by women
throughout history. From the pioneering efforts of women like Kamini Roy and Sarojini
Naidu to the contemporary achievements of women in various fields, the spirit of the
“new woman” has endured.While progress has been made in advancing women’s rights
and opportunities, challenges persist, rooted in deep-seated social and cultural norms. The
idea of the “new woman” in India, therefore, is not a myth but a constant struggle and
aspiration—a journey towards equality, empowerment, and true fulfilment for women
across the nation. As Anu Kumari’s story illustrates, the path may be challenging, but the
resilience and determination of women continue to illuminate the way forward.


PYQs : 2017
WE MAY BRAVE
IF DEVELOPMENT HUMAN
IS NOT LAWS BUT
ENGENDERED,
15 CANNOT RESIST
IT IS NATURAL[2016]
ENDANGERED LAWS
essay
 Body:
 What are “human laws” and “natural laws”?
 How can we brave “human laws”?
 How and why “natural laws” cannot be resisted?
 What can be potential consequences of attempting to resist “natural laws”?
 Can “human laws” always be braved and “natural laws” cannot be resisted at
all?
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “Nature, to be commanded, must be obeyed.” - Francis Bacon
 “Nature is neutral. Man has wrested from nature the power to make the world a desert or to
make the deserts bloom. There is no evil in the atom; only in men’s souls.” - Adlai Stevenson
 “Nature does nothing in vain.” - Aristotle
 “Nature never breaks her own laws.” - Leonardo da Vinci
Introduction:
In the year 2019, the cyclone Fani struck the coastal state Odisha. In preparation,
millions of people evacuated, schools, colleges, airports and all means of transportations
were shut down, and all business activities were put on hold. Life virtually came to a
standstill. Over the years, the advancement in science and technology has given us a God-
like power. For instance, authorities in Odisha were informed of the exact timing when the
cyclone is going to hit the coast. In fact, the National Disaster Management Authority
(NDMA) issued alerts and advisories and put the SDRF (State Disaster Response Force)
on high alert. But despite government preparedness, (at the time of writing) 12 people
were reportedly killed and a huge loss of properties reported also.

PYQs : 2017
What’s interesting here is that authorities couldn’t prevent the wrath of the cyclone
and damages it caused despite prior information in hand. In a way, this establishes the fact
that humans can “predict” natural disasters and be “prepared” to minimise the damage
but can’t “prevent” it. Thus, it can be said that human capacity and laws have limitations
whereas natural laws don’t. Human behaviour can be regulated but nature can’t. Human
laws can be tailored as per the needs of society, but natural laws have their own way of
functioning.
Besides, natural laws are also moral laws such as integrity, honesty, justice, freedom,
human rights, liberty, etc. that are based on human nature, experience and reasoning. These
laws are the binding and guiding force of society. In fact, these moral laws are the glue that
holds society together. However, the absence of moral laws triggers unrest and revolutions
in society. Human laws, therefore, are made to establish these universal principles and
make society more just and equal. Human laws that conflict with the natural laws or violate
them, invite the wrath of nature that may come in the form of natural disaster or social
conflict or civil unrest.
What are “human laws” and “natural laws”?

 Human Laws: Human laws are rules and regulations created by societies to govern
behaviour and maintain order. They vary across cultures and can change over time.
For example, traffic laws dictate how vehicles should operate on roads, while criminal
laws define punishable offences.
 Natural Laws: Natural laws are fundamental principles that govern the physical
world and are not made by humans. They are universal and unchanging. An example
is the law of gravity, which explains the attraction between objects with mass. Time,
space, stars, earth, atoms, the flow of the river, mountains everything under the sun
obeys natural laws. In other words, natural laws are binding beyond the will of any
material being.
 Difference: The key difference between human and natural laws is their origin and
scope. Human laws are man-made and are enforced by authorities, while natural
laws are inherent in the universe and apply universally.
 Impact: Human laws govern human behaviour within societies, influencing actions
and interactions. Natural laws, on the other hand, govern natural phenomena, shaping
the physical world and its processes.
 Limitations: Human laws are subject to interpretation, enforcement, and change,
whereas natural laws are absolute and cannot be altered by human actions. This
distinction highlights the limitations of human laws in the face of natural laws’
immutable and universal nature.

PYQs : 2017
How can we brave “human laws”?
 Civil Disobedience: History is replete with examples of individuals and movements
challenging unjust laws through nonviolent civil disobedience. Mahatma Gandhi’s
Salt March in India and the Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King Jr. in
the United States are iconic instances where peaceful protest effectively challenged
discriminatory laws.
 Legal Challenges: Another way to brave human laws is through legal challenges.
Activists and organisations often use the legal system to challenge laws they deem
unconstitutional or unjust. For example, the landmark Supreme Court Shayara Bano
vs. Union of India case, wherein SC ruled that the practice of triple talaq was
unconstitutional under Sharia law.
 Political Movements: Political movements and lobbying can also be effective in
braving human laws. By mobilising public opinion and influencing policymakers,
groups can bring about legislative changes. The legalization of same-sex marriage in
many countries is a result of sustained political activism.
 International Pressure: Sometimes, braving human laws requires international
pressure. Sanctions, diplomatic efforts, and international condemnation can compel
governments to change oppressive laws. The global campaign against apartheid in
South Africa is a notable example.
 Social media and Technology: In the modern era, social media and technology play
a significant role in challenging human laws. They enable the rapid spread of
information and organization of protests, as seen in the Arab Spring Movements
across the Middle East and North Africa.
These examples illustrate the various ways individuals and groups can brave human
laws to bring about social, political, and legal change.
How and why “natural laws” cannot be resisted?

 Human-beings can afford to disobey human laws but they can’t afford to disobey the
natural laws.
 Inherent and Universal Nature: Natural laws are inherent to the universe and apply
universally. For example, the law of gravity governs the movement of objects on
Earth and in space, and it cannot be resisted without significant scientific
advancements beyond current human capabilities.
 Immutable Principles: Natural laws are based on fundamental principles that are
unchanging. For instance, the conservation of energy states that energy cannot be
created or destroyed, only transformed. This principle underpins many aspects of
physics and cannot be altered or resisted by human actions.

PYQs : 2017
 Impact on Human Existence: Natural laws dictate the conditions necessary for
human existence, such as the availability of oxygen for respiration. Human activities
cannot override these laws; they can only adapt to them or suffer the consequences.
 Ecosystem Dynamics: Natural laws govern the functioning of ecosystems, such as
the food chain and nutrient cycles. Human interference can disrupt these natural
processes, leading to ecological imbalances and biodiversity loss, but the underlying
laws remain intact.
 Long-Term Consequences: Attempts to resist or ignore natural laws often result in
negative consequences. For example, deforestation may lead to soil erosion and loss
of habitat, highlighting the futility of resisting natural laws without considering the
long-term impacts.
Potential consequences of attempting to resist “natural laws”:

 Environmental Degradation: Resisting natural laws can lead to environmental
consequences. According to the World Wildlife Fund, we are currently losing 10,000
species per year due to human activities.
 Health Risks: Improper waste disposal can contaminate water sources, leading to
diseases like cholera and dysentery. The World Health Organization estimates that
2.2 million people die annually from diarrheal diseases, mostly due to lack of access
to clean water and sanitation.
 Climate Change: Human activities that defy natural laws, such as burning fossil
fuels and releasing greenhouse gases, contribute to climate change. This leads to
rising global temperatures, extreme weather events, and sea-level rise. The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that human activities
have caused approximately 1.0°C of global warming above pre-industrial levels.
 Natural Disasters: Disregarding natural laws, like building in floodplains or seismic
zones, increases the risk of natural disasters. The United Nations Office for Disaster
Risk Reduction reports that between 2000 and 2019, disasters killed 1.23 million
people and affected 4.2 billion people globally.
 Economic Impacts: Unsustainable agricultural practices can deplete soil fertility,
leading to lower crop yields and food insecurity. The UN FAO estimates that over 1
billion people globally suffer from hunger, partly due to unsustainable agriculture
and food systems.
Can “human laws” always be braved, and “natural laws” cannot be resisted at all?
 Limitations of Braving Human Laws: While human laws can be challenged, they
are enforced by societal structures and institutions. For example, civil rights
movements have challenged discriminatory laws, leading to change. However, the
extent of change is often limited by the existing power dynamics and political systems.
PYQs : 2017
 Scientific Understanding: Scientific advancements have allowed humans to
understand and even manipulate some natural laws to a certain extent. For example,
humans have harnessed the power of natural laws in technology and medicine, such
as using the principles of aerodynamics to fly.
 Philosophical Reflection: Philosophically, the idea of braving human laws while
being unable to resist natural laws underscores the human condition of navigating
between societal constructs and the inherent order of the universe.
Conclusion:
In the 21st century, humans have developed scientific capabilities to send the galaxy
of satellites into space that help them to predict the cyclone and catastrophic weather, but
so far, it has developed no capabilities to prevent these catastrophes. Human laws can be
developed to prevent the natural flow of the river, the National River Linking Project for
instance but we are clueless to deal with unexpected upshots of this project like high salinity,
river flooding, and damages to the river ecosystem and nature fury after changing the path
of the delta.
Considering this limitation, Human laws are being made to minimise the loss of life
and property. Without nature the existence of human life is unimaginable. Therefore,
Human laws must be made to run the society, not to overcome the natural laws. As Mahatma
Gandhi said, “Nature has enough for man’s need but not enough for man’s greed”,
human laws that don’t correspond to the natural laws invite the wrath of nature.


PYQs : 2017
SOCIAL MEDIA
IF DEVELOPMENT IS NOTISENGENDERED,
INHERENTLY
16 A SELFISH MEDIUM
 Introduction: You can start with an anecdote that contextualizes the topic of the essay.
 Body:
 What is “Social media” and how pervasive is its influence in modern society?
 How does the social media inherently foster selfish behaviour?
 What are the major concerns associated with social media?
 Is social media for all bad and no good?
 Way forward to mitigate the selfish tendencies inherent in social media.
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “Social media is about sociology and psychology more than technology.” - Brian Solis
 “Social media is changing the way we communicate and the way we are perceived, both
positively and negatively. Every time you post a photo or update your status, you are
contributing to your own digital footprint and personal brand.” - Amy Jo Martin
 “If you’re not paying for it, you’re not the customer; you’re the product being sold.” - Andrew
Lewis
Introduction
In the bustling city of Mumbai, I once witnessed a remarkable scene at a popular
tourist spot. A group of friends, presumably on vacation, stood together against the backdrop
of the iconic Gateway of India. While one of them meticulously posed for the perfect
Instagram picture, the others eagerly waited, their forced smiles masking impatience. It
struck me then – social media had transformed a moment of togetherness into a self-
centred pursuit of validation.
This anecdote reflects a broader truth about social media: its tendency to prioritise
self-promotion over genuine connection. Social media platforms, while intended to bring
people closer, often encourage a culture of selfishness. From carefully curated profiles that
project an idealised image to the relentless pursuit of likes and followers, social media
fosters a sense of self-importance that can be detrimental to genuine relationships and
societal well-being. While social media offers unparalleled opportunities for connection
and expression, its inherent design and user behaviour often lead to a culture of self-
centeredness, making it an inherently selfish medium.
PYQs : 2017
What is “Social media” and how pervasive is its influence in modern society?
 Definition and Reach: social media refers to online platforms that enable users to
create, share, and exchange information and ideas. Its influence is pervasive, with
over 5 billion active users worldwide. For example, platforms like Facebook, Twitter,
and Instagram have become integral parts of daily life for many, shaping how people
communicate, consume news, and form opinions.
 Communication and Connectivity: social media has revolutionised communication,
allowing people to connect with others globally in real-time. During the COVID-19
pandemic, platforms like WhatsApp and Facebook were crucial for staying in touch
with loved ones and accessing vital information, highlighting their pervasive influence
on society.
 Information Dissemination: Social media is a primary source of news for many,
with platforms like Twitter (now, X) often breaking news stories before traditional
media outlets. However, this can also lead to the spread of misinformation and the
proliferation of fake news.
 Influence on Consumer Behavior: Users often turn to platforms like Instagram for
product recommendations and reviews. Influencer marketing has become a multi-
billion-dollar industry, showcasing the pervasive influence of social media on
consumer trends.
 Political and Social Movements: From the Arab Spring to the Black Lives Matter
movement, social media platforms have been used to organise protests, raise
awareness, and mobilise support, demonstrating the profound influence of social
media on shaping public discourse.
How does the social media inherently foster selfish behaviour?

 Self-Promotion Culture: Social media platforms encourage users to showcase their
best selves, leading to a culture of self-promotion. For example, a study by the Royal
Society for Public Health in the UK found that platforms like Instagram can exacerbate
feelings of inadequacy and anxiety due to the pressure to present an idealised image.
 Seeking Validation: The pursuit of likes, comments, and followers on social media
can lead to selfish behaviour. For instance, research from the University of Michigan
suggests that receiving likes on social media activates the brain’s reward system, similar
to the effects of addictive substances.
 Filter Bubbles: Algorithms on social media platforms create filter bubbles, limiting
exposure to diverse perspectives. This can reinforce selfish behaviour by prioritising
content that aligns with users’ existing beliefs. The spread of misinformation during
the COVID-19 pandemic, fueled by social media algorithms, is a notable example.
 Privacy Concerns: Social media platforms often prioritise data collection for targeted
advertising, compromising user privacy. The Cambridge Analytica scandal, where
millions of Facebook users’ data was harvested without consent for political targeting,
highlights the selfish nature of data exploitation by social media companies.
PYQs : 2017
 Impact on Mental Health: Studies have shown a link between social media use and
negative mental health outcomes, such as increased depression and anxiety. The
Netflix documentary “The Social Dilemma” explores how social media’s design
encourages addictive behaviour, leading to a self-centred focus on one’s online
presence.
What are the major concerns associated with social media?

 Privacy Breaches and Data Misuse: Social media platforms have been criticised for
mishandling user data. Personal data from millions of Facebook profiles are harvested
without consent for political advertising purposes.
 Spread of Misinformation: The rapid dissemination of information on social media
has led to the spread of fake news and misinformation. During the COVID-19
pandemic, false information about cures and preventative measures spread quickly,
leading to confusion and potentially harmful behaviour.
 Impact on Mental Health: Studies have shown a correlation between heavy social
media use and mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.
The constant comparison to others, cyberbullying, and the pressure to present a perfect
image online contribute to these negative effects.
 Echo Chambers and Polarisation: Algorithms used by social media platforms often
prioritise content that aligns with a user’s existing beliefs, creating echo chambers
where people are exposed to limited perspectives. This can lead to increased
polarisation between different groups.
 Addiction and Time Wasting: Social media platforms are designed to be addictive,
with features like endless scrolling and notifications that encourage users to spend
more time on the platform. This can lead to issues such as decreased productivity,
procrastination, and neglect of real-life relationships. The term “doom scrolling”
has emerged to describe the behaviour of endlessly consuming negative news or
content on social media, which can have a detrimental effect on mental well-being.
Is social media for all bad and no good?

 Information Dissemination: Social media has been instrumental in spreading
awareness about social issues such as the MeToo movement and the Black Lives
Matter movement. It has facilitated the rapid dissemination of information, enabling
individuals to organise and mobilise for change.
 Global Connectivity: Social media has connected people across the globe, allowing
for unprecedented levels of communication and collaboration. Platforms like
Facebook, Twitter (X), and Instagram have bridged geographical barriers, enabling
people to share ideas, cultures, and experiences.

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 Business and Economic Opportunities: social media has revolutionised the way
businesses engage with customers. Platforms like Instagram and TikTok have become
essential marketing tools, allowing businesses to reach a global audience and drive
sales.
 Education and Learning: social media has transformed education, making learning
more accessible and engaging. Platforms like YouTube and LinkedIn Learning offer
a wealth of educational content, from tutorials to online courses, helping individuals
acquire new skills and knowledge.
 Community Building: Social media has enabled the formation of online communities
based on shared interests and values. Platforms like Reddit and Discord have become
hubs for like-minded individuals to connect, collaborate, and support each other.
While social media has its drawbacks, such as misinformation and privacy concerns,
it is undeniable that it has also brought about significant positive impacts on society.
Way Forward to mitigate the selfish tendencies inherent in social media:

 Promoting Digital Literacy: Educating users about critical thinking and online
behaviour can help reduce the impact of misinformation and filter bubbles. For
example, initiatives like the European Union’s “Media Literacy for All” aim to
equip people with the skills to navigate the digital world responsibly.
 Regulating Algorithmic Bias: Implementing regulations to ensure that algorithms
on social media platforms promote diverse viewpoints can help mitigate echo
chambers. The UK’s Online Safety Bill includes provisions to tackle harmful online
content and ensure platforms take responsibility for the impact of their algorithms.
 Enhancing Privacy Protections: Strengthening privacy laws and encouraging users
to be mindful of their data sharing can reduce the exploitation of personal information.
The implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the
EU has led to increased transparency and control over personal data.
 Encouraging Responsible Platform Design: Social media platforms can be
encouraged to design features that promote meaningful interactions over superficial
engagement. For instance, Instagram’s “Hide Likes” feature allows users to focus
on content rather than popularity metrics.
 Fostering Digital Well-being: Promoting mental health awareness and providing
tools for managing screen time can help mitigate the negative effects of social media.
Apple’s Screen Time feature and Google’s Digital Wellbeing initiative are examples
of efforts to promote a healthier relationship with technology.

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Conclusion:
In conclusion, the introductory anecdote at the Gateway of India serves as a poignant
reminder of the need to address the selfish tendencies inherent in social media. While
these platforms offer immense potential for connection and communication, they often
veer into self-centred realms, prioritising validation over genuine interaction. To mitigate
these tendencies, it is imperative to promote digital literacy, regulate algorithmic biases,
enhance privacy protections, encourage responsible platform design, and foster digital well-
being.Just as the group of friends in Mumbai momentarily lost sight of the beauty around
them in their quest for the perfect photo, we must not lose sight of the real purpose of
social media: to connect and share meaningful experiences. By taking proactive steps to
mitigate selfish behaviour online, we can ensure that social media remains a tool for unity
and understanding, rather than a platform for self-indulgence. “If you are not paying for the
product, you are the product” - (The Social Dilemma).


PYQs : 2019
IFADEVELOPMENT
GOOD LIFE IS ONE INSPIRED
IS NOT BY LOVE
ENGENDERED,
17 ANDITGUIDED BY KNOWLEDGE
IS ENDANGERED [2016]
essay.
 Body:
 What characterizes ‘Love’? How does love inspire?
 What characterizes ‘Knowledge’?
 What constitutes a ‘Good Life’?
 How is life good when inspired by love and is guided by knowledge?
 How does love and knowledge complement each other?
 Life with love, without knowledge.
 Life with knowledge without love.
 Should love be the only inspiration and knowledge be the sole guide to life?
 What are the other ingredients of a good life?
 Way forward: Ways to promote love and inculcate knowledge.
optimistic way
Model Essay:

 “Pothi Padh Padh Jag Mua Pandit Bhaya Na Koi! Dhai Aakhar Prem Ke, Jo Padhe so
Pandit Hoye.” (Nobody has become a scholar by reading books, one who understood “love” is
the real scholar) - Kabir Das
 “Love without knowledge is demonic.”
Anecdote:
On a fine Sunday, little Sara is playing in the verandah. Her mom is preparing
breakfast. Sara sees four monks at the entrance gate. Delighted, she rushes into the kitchen
and tells her mom, “Mumma, four saints are standing at the gate. We should invite them
for breakfast.” Mom agrees and both of them rush to invite the saints. “Thank you for
inviting us, but we four don’t enter any home together. You can invite only two of us at a
time. My name is Prosperity, his name is Success and the third saint’s name is Knowledge
and the fourth saint’s name is Love.” Confused over this, mom says, “Sara, let’s discuss it
with your father.”

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Sara’s father says, “Let’s call Prosperity and Success inside; if they will bless us, we
will have loads of money,” her mom objects, “no, let’s invite Success and Knowledge; if
they will bless us, we will be successful in whatever we do and that will also bring wisdom.”
Now, little Sara says, “Let’s invite LOVE and KNOWLEDGE; everything will be filled
with love and our world will become wise and beautiful”. So, they decide to invite St.
Love and St. Knowledge. As soon as St. Love and St. Knowledge walked in, St. Success
and St. Prosperity followed them. Mother asks in a surprised tone, “But you said you four
don’t enter all at once?” “Yes, you are right. We don’t. But wherever LOVE &
KNOWLEDGE go, Success and Prosperity follow!”
What characterizes ‘Love’? How does love inspire?

Love is a word which covers a variety of feelings - Delight, benevolence, well-wishing.
Love develops emotion which results in values and attitude formation which in turn can
guide our behaviour. Gandhiji said, “The greatness of humanity lies not in being human but
being humane.”
 Love towards an entity, idea or event flow from the values of an individual. Love acts
as a seedbed for many other imperative values such as empathy, compassion etc.
 Sensitivity - When a person is sensitive to the needs and griefs of fellow human
beings, animals in particular and nature in general, s/he can be said to inculcate the
value of love. S/he is quick to feel and respond to others feelings and needs. Love for
the environment, forest and trees inspired the Chipko movement.
 Empathy - When one is inspired by love, his/her ability to put himself/herself in
someone else’s position and feel their state of mind increases. It requires one to walk
a mile in someone else’s shoes.
 Compassion - True love is ensued by compassion. It motivates people to go out of
their way to relieve the physical, mental or emotional pains of others and themselves
too.
 Selflessness - True form of love manifests itself when exhibited selflessly without
expecting any reward. This form of love is termed as altruism. Altruistic love requires
the performance of ‘nishkama karma’.
What characterizes ‘Knowledge’? How does it guide?

However, love sometimes creates obsession and may destroy objectivity. With
excessive love towards a specific individual, place, thing or purpose, a sense of justice may
be destroyed. Love is inseparable from the second element of the good life: Knowledge.
Knowledge must be scientific. Knowledge must also be translated into wisdom. Let us
look at some of the prominent features of Knowledge and its role as a ‘guide’ in our daily
life:
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 Awareness (General, Situational, Emotional) - Real knowledge is to know the
extent of one’s ignorance. It is when we realise the extent of our ignorance and move
towards knowledge, that love will find meaning in our lives.
 Information & its application - Ironically, in the present age of internet and social
media, we are deluged with information but starving for real uplifting knowledge
and wisdom. True knowledge facilitates us to make prudent decisions in life.
 Holistic competence - While a love-inspired life can make things beautiful, it is
knowledge and skills which can make it smarter. By knowledge, one doesn’t mean
getting into books or earning degrees; but knowing oneself, understanding people
and life, and carrying common sense and skills to carry out activities of daily living.
What constitutes a ‘Good Life’?

While theories say that food, shelter and clothing are “basics of living”; love forms
an essential component of a “good life” or a “happy life”. Rumi says, “Love is the vital core
of the soul; and of all you see, only love is infinite”. In order to live a basic life, the three
elements of basic living food, clothes and shelter are enough; but to pedal a bicycle of a
“happy life”, one has to balance on two wheels - the front wheel (guide) of Knowledge
and a rear wheel (force) of Love.
But what defines a “Good life”?

 Everybody has his/her opinion and perspective about life.
 A businessman would want to become richer than the richest; a scientist would want
to discover or invent something; an actor would want to become a superstar;
Irrespective of what one is, one strives to attain a better position.
 But Good life is not about being rich or mighty or powerful; it is about being happy,
content and satisfied. And, if this is driven by proper knowledge and understanding;
and motivated by love, care and enthusiasm, one can be happy for all the times to
come.
How is life good when it is inspired by love and is guided by knowledge?

According to Bertrand Russell, Love is what inspires a Good life and it is the raison
d’etre, the very purpose of life. Knowledge is the means, which makes for a good life.
Both are necessary, one provides the drive and purpose, while the other provides the means
for making life good and great.
Individual level:
As goes the famous lines, “people are mean, selfish, illogical with ulterior motives; LOVE
them anyway... because it was never between you and them, it is between you and God.” Love and
Knowledge give way to following attributes and consequences at the individual level:

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 Carpe Diem - living in the moment/present i.e., to enjoy and relish the process
rather than being hell-bent about the ultimate goal.
 Intrinsic Motivation - “Choose a job you love and you will never have to work for a
day in your life.”- Confucius. It brings psychological satisfaction.
 Self-love imparts confidence and leadership skills - People who are inspired by love
and guided by knowledge can be good leaders in the society. E.g., Mahatma Gandhi
 Self-Actualisation (Maslow) - Gautam Buddha, Mahavir, Gandhi ji.
Family Level:
 Harmony - Love aids in maintaining amicable terms while continuing to disagree
about unresolved issues. Knowledge provisions situational awareness which also helps
maintain harmony.
 Wholesomeness & Mental wellbeing - When the relations within the family are in
congruity and family members love each other, it acts as sink for all sorts of stress.
 Family as a Cohesive Unit - Love helps family members climb the ladder from
being disengaged and separated to being connected and enmeshed. Such a family
acts as a cohesive unit even in adverse situations. Also, it plays a significant role in
socialization and child upbringing.
 Smooth & Judicious Dispute resolution - Our communication channels become
very effective provided our relations are peppered with love and knowledge.
Societal Level
 Collective upliftment and Wellbeing - Love helps align one’s personal wellbeing
with wider social wellbeing. It recognises the value of “all for one, one for all”.
 Less communal, racial conflicts - Generally, communal conflicts are flared up by
rumours and fake news. Accurate knowledge and quest for communal love and racial
harmony can help in minimising such orchestrated conflicts.
 Bonhomie and Camaraderie - Only a society, where members uphold tenderness
and value conviviality over petty conflicts can thrive and grow. Such a society has the
wisdom to maintain long term peace.
 Social Contract - Governments of the nations will comprise people who are more
responsible and caring about the needs of their citizens. Politicians and Bureaucrats
will move from parochial political & self-interests to larger social wellbeing. E.g.,
Ram Rajya, Ashoka, Akbar.
How does love and knowledge complement each other?

 Love stimulates the emotional content that makes a man human.
 Whereas, Knowledge means the wisdom that a man attains and uses it for the progress
of humankind.
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 Love without knowledge makes humans no different from other species of living.
Knowledge without love would make a human an emotionless logical machine-like
android.
 Life with love, without knowledge - Love gets priority over knowledge, as it is
more basic in nature; it is like a primordial instinct that is built in every living being.
(Mahabharata) Dhritrshtra’s blind love for his sons on one hand and ignorance of
the righteousness of Pandavas and identity of lord Krishna on the other became one
of the deciding factors leading to the fall of Kauravas.
 Life with knowledge, without love - A lot of crimes take place using technologies
and science. This shows us the face of knowledge without love. It results in
exploitation, discrimination, inequality, social unrest and unhappiness. Absence of
love deprives a person from the required level of sanity, rationality and sensitivity.
E.g., Despite being a knowledgeable man, Ravana (in Ramayana), got enchanted
by his greed only to get killed later due to his own lunacy.
Should love be the only inspiration and knowledge be the sole guide to life?
 Love leads intelligent people to seek knowledge, in order to find out how to benefit
those whom they love. But if people are not intelligent, they will be content to believe
what they have been told, and may do harm in spite of the most genuine benevolence.
There is a great Chinese saying “to love without knowing how to love wounds the person
we love.”
 Other forms of inspiration and guidance- Purpose, Intent, Ambition, Goal,
Meditation, Experiences, Emotional intelligence etc.
 Other ingredients of a good life - Spirituality; Health; Resources; Happiness;
Conclusion:
Since time immemorial, humans have tried to understand and decode life - birth,
purpose of life, way of living, death, life after death, rebirth, salvation, moksha etc. A large
number of prophets, saints, philosophers, scientists, writers and thinkers gave their theories
on “life”, rather on “good life”. In this pursuit, love and compassion have been central to
all the teaching and preaching. People who have love within them will use understanding
only for the good of humanity. Love and Knowledge are both vital to a healthy existence.
For the truly emancipated, both are the two sides of the same coin.
The missile man of India Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, who was the brain behind many
destructive missiles, quoted, “I am a world citizen and every human being is my own kith &
kin”. Even if he loved all human beings in the world, he did not step back from his duty of
making destructive missiles to protect our nation. This shows that he was a living example
for the quote “A good life is one inspired by love & guided by knowledge”.

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India has always been an example to the world by the way we live. When we use our
knowledge to launch satellites on Mars and Moon, we also care for our neighbours as well
as other countries for their wellbeing and help them in all possible ways for their
development. A balance of love and knowledge is what takes our country forward. Love
and knowledge are thus inextricably bound together in man’s very nature and if we live
according to our nature, they will lead us straight to our Source and Ultimate End.


PYQs : 2019
IFREALITY DOES NOT

DEVELOPMENT CONFORM
IS NOT TO THE
ENGENDERED,
18 ITIDEAL, BUT CONFIRMS
IS ENDANGERED IT
[2016]
 Introduction: You can start by explaining the crux of the quote focusing on both the
parts.
 Body
 How can we say that reality does not conform to the ideal? Give the context of
the topic (like, why such statement is being made – what incidents have triggered
such a debate.) Give examples of both Indian context and global context too.
 What does it mean by “reality confirms the ideal”?
 Do all ideals need confirmation?
 If you are aware of underlying philosophical theories that are related to this
topic, use them minimally. Too much use of specialised knowledge will backfire.
 Way Forward: What should we do with the ideals? Should we always conform to it?
Or should we modify the ideals or establish new ideals in light of the prevailing time,
place and circumstances?
 Conclusion: You can conclude with summary.
Model Essay:
About the Topic:
 This topic is a quote by Gustave Flaubert – French novelist.
 This quote tries to establish relationship between reality and ideal.
 Can start with explaining the very core idea of the topic.
 Reality doesn’t become exact replica of the set ideal. Rather, there exists a gap between
reality and ideal state. It is not idealism which drive the reality but it is the reality
which establishes the truth of the ideal.
 Hence, it is the reality which gives legitimacy to the ideal. E.g., the democracy as an
ideal form of governance became a true ideal for form of governance after years of
reality confirming this ideal in USA, Scandinavian countries, etc.
How can we say that reality does not conform to the ideal?
 Reality is something which has happened in past or is happening in present. Whereas,
ideal is set standard which is desirable and has to be attained.

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 The society sets so many ideals like endogamy, peaceful co-existence, etc. But, the
reality of the present doesn’t just become as per the ideal standard. Just because there
are ideals in the domain that doesn’t mean that reality should conform to the ideals.
E.g., some ideals were set for women like Sati and restriction of widow remarriage.
But that reality did not conform to the ideal for long. In latter half of 19th century,
the reality confirmed the new ideals of women upliftment and empowerment. Hence,
reality established the truth of the ideals set by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar
Chandra Vidyasagar and did not conform the old ideals of the society.
 “Non-violence is best policy” is ideal and reality is mix of two violence and non-
violence. Hence, while defending our self-reality may not conform to the true ideal
of non-violence. Reality can’t be always following the high ideal of non-violence.
E.g., At times, violence may be required as seen in case of Pandavas fighting for
rightful share in the Kingdom.
 Preamble of Indian Constitution mentions various ideals of equality, justice,
fraternity, etc. But, looking at the facts and data of inequality, injustice, corruption,
etc. we will come to know that reality is not conforming to the constitutional ideals.
 The concept of communism is ideal and in its true sense reality has not conformed
to it despite associated benefits for the society as a whole.
 Staying with idealistic view for long may become difficult with changing ground
reality. Hence, at some point of time, reality may deviate from the set ideal standards
for the factors like national interest, etc. E.g., India for long contended for Afghan
led peace process not recognizing Taliban as rightful stakeholder. But, the reality on
the ground, brought realism in India’s foreign policy towards Afghan issue. Hence,
reality of present foreign policy misses the gross idealism set in the past.
 If reality start conforming to ideal then the ideal itself loses its meaning of being
ideal and it becomes new normal. Then new ideal is set and again a new gap gets
created between two. Hence, by very nature of ideal and reality, both should find
some deviance.
 E.g., The ideal state for arresting climate change worries would be no emission
or at least net zero emission but reality is far away from that because of other
constraints of development. Hence, reality would not conform to ideal because
of so many limitations related to feasibility of ideal.
So, we can say that reality is not contingent upon ideal i.e., ideal is not driving the
reality and hence there is no compulsion of reality to conform the ideal. Ideals may be set
or reset but reality continues as per prevailing circumstances.
What does it mean by “reality confirms the ideal”?

 Reality of the past and present establishes the truth of the ideal i.e., whether ideal is
Utopian concept or feasible concept. Hence, reality gives the legitimacy to the ideal.
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E.g., communism as an ideal concept did not find confirmation of the reality in so
many years.
 But the ideal of democracy has seen confirmation. Hence, if reality confirms the
ideal then it becomes a set standard for the future actions. E.g., The success of
democracy in the West brought this ideal concept in the Eastern countries like India,
Bangladesh etc.
 The reality though deviant from ideal, tries to approach the standard of ideal in
many cases. The reality proves the feasibility and associated benefits. This makes
ideal to not remain hollow ideal but an ideal well backed by evidences of proof by
real happenings. E.g., the non-violence being the recommended policy has been
talked a lot from the time of Buddha and Mahavira. But it was Mahatma Gandhi
who through his actions proved the efficacy of this ideal. It is the reality of Gandhian
phase of freedom struggle which acted as testimony to this long held ideal.
For an ideal to be authoritative, first it needs to be confirmed by the reality. Hence,

it is reality which decides which ideal gets more attention by the people.
Do all ideals need confirmation?

 There are universal ideals like truthfulness, loyalty, etc. These all do not need
validation from the reality.
 No matter whatever be the prevailing situations, these ideals should drive the reality.
Hence, reality should conform to some ideals which are universally acceptable.
 Deviance of the reality from such standards would invite disapproval from the
community. Thus, it will try to moderate the reality as per the expected norms. E.g.,
looking after old parents is an ideal to be followed by the grown-up children. This
doesn’t need confirmation from episode of Shravan Kumar, etc. In this context, the
present value system of our society considers it moral for children to take care of
their aged parents.
 As per different culture, religion and constitutional value system, certain ideals by
default remain in force without much debate as they form the foundation of that
society. E.g., respecting freedom and liberty of the American is by default duty of
US government. Over the time, it has become ideal which doesn’t need validation
and re-validation.
Hence, some ideals are non-negotiable and reality should conform them.
Way Forward:
What should we do with the ideals? Should we always conform to it? Should we
modify the ideals or establish new ideals in light of the prevailing time, place and
circumstances?

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 Ideals are set to ensure that there exists conformation by the people in different spheres
of life. E.g., fidelity in marriage is something which is accepted by almost all. The
benefits of being loyal confirm the set ideal.
 But some ideals become obsolete or irrelevant with the time. Hence, in actual practice
the efforts should be put to modify the ideals or establish new ideals. E.g., In India
decades back, the concept of staying in the marriage till last breath was ideal. But the
reality is not conforming to it now-a-days. Divorce is slowly getting acceptance in
the society. The reality is establishing the truth of the new ideals.
 Ideal act as compass in this world. It gives direction. But the compass may get out of
order or may show wrong directions. This will call for re-calibration or changing of
the ideals. E.g., humility is an ideal value for public servant. But if a police officer
remains always humble then s/he may not be so effective in dealing with crime in
his/her area.
Hence, blind following of the ideal without application of the mind is not desirable.
The reality should not become slave of the set ideals. Those ideals which are confirmed
by the reality should be conformed and rest should be debated and selectivity applied as
per prevailing time, place and circumstances.
Conclusion:
 Highlight the crux of the essay mentioning that the reality establishes the truth of
the ideal. The ideal does guide our actions and thoughts. But, an ideal confirmed by
reality command legitimacy in the future.
 We should try to bridge the gap between reality and confirmed ideal. If this is not
possible then we should re-look into the needful modifications so that reality keeps
on confirming it. Thus, giving strong legitimacy to the ideal which can act as true
compass for human life.


PYQs : 2019
‘THE PAST’ IS A PERMANENT

IF DEVELOPMENT DIMENSION OF
IS NOT ENGENDERED,
19 HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS AND VALUES
essay or you can elaborate in a succinct manner what does the topic mean to you.
 Body:
 What does ‘The Past’ depict?
 What defines ‘human consciousness’?
 What defines ‘human values’?
 How does ‘the past’ influence human consciousness & values?
 Is the word ‘permanent’ in the statement ‘extreme’ statement?
 Contemporary Problems due to deep attachment of Human consciousness and
values with the Past.
 Counter argument- Does Past only influence human consciousness and values
or it is some other factors as well?
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
 “A man without the knowledge of his past history, origin and culture is like a tree without
roots.” - Marcus Garvey
 “Human history in essence is the history of ideas.” - H. G. Wells
 “The historic ascent of humanity, taken as a whole, may be summarised as a succession of
victories of consciousness over blind forces - in nature, in society, in man himself.” - Leon
Trotsky
 “I don’t think humanity just replays history, but we are the same people our ancestors were,
and our descendants are going to face a lot of the same situations we do.” - Kage Baker
Anecdote:
There was a girl named Sneha. She studied in class 6th. She was not good at studying
social science in general and history in particular. Once she asked her social science teacher
-”Why do we study history?” Her teacher replied, “Dear Sneha, tell me if you don’t know
where you come from, how will you know where you are heading towards? We study
history to understand the past. A man without the knowledge of his past history, origin
and culture is like a tree without roots.”

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Scope:
In this essay, we will discuss the following - What does ‘The Past’ depict? What
defines ‘human consciousness’ and ‘human values’? How does ‘the past’ influence human
consciousness & values?
Does past only influence human consciousness and values or it is some other factors
as well?
Problems due to deep attachment of Human consciousness and values with the Past
and the way forward to address those problems.
What does ‘The Past’ depict?
‘The Past’ term is used here with reference to “The Social Function of the Past”
by E. J. Hobsbawm. ‘The Past’ points towards the social past i.e., social history. It is a
branch of history that is used to denote the study of ordinary people, their everyday lives,
and the practices and rituals that constitute these.
Past are those events that have happened. The past works as feedback to the human
consciousness based on which a human performs SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity,
and Threat) analysis. It helps a person make a decision while he/she is in dilemma to
choose between two wrongs or two rights. ‘The Past’ constitutes of - Language, Events &
Experiences, Ancient Scriptures & Literature, Monuments, Traditional Knowledge Systems,
Rituals & Customs, Festivals, Food Habits, Civilisational values.
What defines ‘human consciousness’?

Human consciousness is the inner voice of a human. Consciousness refers to our
awareness of thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations, and environment. Our conscious
experiences are constantly shifting and changing.
 Like a flowing river: It is tantamount to a continuous stream like a flowing river.
Just as a river carries with it the gravels, rocks and material of the region it flows, so
does our consciousness carry the weight of the past memories.
 Self-Awareness: The quality or state of being aware especially of something within
oneself. It is the sense of one’s own cognition, emotions and behaviour.
 Social Awareness: The state of being aware of and responsive to one’s surroundings.
It depicts the way one perceives and manages all social relationships.
What defines ‘human values’?

Values may be defined as socially approved desires and goals that are internalised
through the process of conditioning, learning or socialisation.
 Values are the moral ideals of a society. They are used as the standard of evaluating
people. They are desirable and worthy of esteem for their own sake. Human values
are defined as those values which help man to live in harmony with the world.

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 Values can be universal, specific to societies, and to individuals. Values are essential
constituents of civilisation. Our values give an indication of our character and
determine our moral and ethical choices.
 Acquisition of values begins at birth. Primarily values are learned at home but in
due course they will change according to their experiences. Values are influenced by
the changing needs and present situations of the society.
How does ‘the past’ influence human consciousness & values?

Our present self is made from our experience of our past. When history is made it
becomes a piece of our world, a factor in our future decisions. History has a great impact
on society because the interaction between the society and its past is an unending one, the
interaction is mutual and continuous.
 Permanent dimension: The Past is a permanent dimension. It creates a memory at
both conscious and subconscious levels. The conscious levels include logical and
rational thinking. The subconscious includes our inherent value systems and we move
forward unknowingly towards them.
 Architect of value system: The permanent imprint of the past moulds our values. If
we hail from a society where people were known for their ethical and upright
behaviour, we also tend to espouse similar values and vice versa. History shapes
group memory and self-perception of the society.
 Socialisation: Socialisation shapes our consciousness, values, attitudes and beliefs
and we learn our culture just after birth. Our society, through its particular culture,
customs and institutions provides us with the labels we use to categorise what we see.
Belief system developed during the process of socialisation comes from tradition.
 Gregarious instinct of humans: Man is a social creature. There is an emotional
attachment with people, objects and events in the past. Moreover, humans tend to
derive a sense of pride from the past.
 Religious scriptures: such as Vedas, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagawat Geeta,
Bible, Upanishads etc. continue to guide human consciousness and value systems.
Their stories and lessons help us discern between right and wrong in many situations
of life.
E.g., The tolerance of religious diversity is implicitly reflected in the chronology of
history for Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Jews, Christians, Muslims, Parsees, Sikhs and
others. It finds expression also in Sanskrit poetry, with celebration of diversity, perhaps
most elegantly expressed in Kalidasa’s Meghadutam (The Cloud Messenger), which
applauds the beauty of varieties of human customs and behaviour. A similar
commitment to accepting and exalting diversity can be seen in poetry of Amir
Khusrau, a Muslim scholar, Upanishads etc.

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As the Ishavasya Upanishad says,

“Ishavasyam idam sarvam, yat kinchit Jagtyam jagat,
tena tyaktena bhunjithah maa grudhah kasya svidh dhanam”
(Meaning - The divine principle pervades every atom in this universe.
So, enjoy the bliss of being a part of this universe and share the joy of living on this
bountiful, beautiful earth with all your fellow beings and other objects without excessive
greed and avarice).
Is the word ‘permanent’ in the statement ‘extreme’ statement?

Yes, and No. How? Let’s find out:
 Indelible impact of the Past: Since, the past has already manifested with all its
positive and negative fallouts, today we can either appreciate it or learn from the
follies of history but can’t change ‘the past’. Hence, it’s right to call it a ‘permanent’
dimension.
 Change is the only constant: However, it is today’s present that develops as
tomorrow’s past. Thus, it is important to note that ‘the past’ is also constantly evolving.
 Fixing ‘the past’: The wrongs done in the past can be ameliorated by dint of today’s
right actions, which will eventually mend the past and human consciousness thereof.
Thus, in this regard it’s ‘extreme’ to ascribe ‘the past’ as a ‘permanent’ dimension.
Problems due to deep attachment of Human consciousness and values with the Past:
One of the biggest challenges of ‘the past’ is that it has been interpreted in many
ways. Use of the past has been a major bone of contention. It leads to a lack of consensus
over the shared past. It creates confusion and enmity among the communities.
 Social - Patriarchy, Homophobia and LGBTQ rights abuse, Caste and Religious
discrimination like Untouchability, Temple entry discriminations etc; Son meta-
preference; Child marriage; Triple Talaq; Issue to Reservations - Jats (Haryana),
Patidars or Patels (Gujarat), Marathas (Maharashtra) etc; Demands for separate state
on linguistic lines - Vidarbha etc.
 Economic - Fear of competition due to colonial hangover till 1991. Even then, the
Indian economy was opened only under extraordinary crisis situations; Labour
exploitation; Agricultural - farmer exploitation is a reality for many till date, following
the British legacy.
 Political - Border disputes; frictional relations with Pakistan; Call for reinterpretation
of history to support one’s own consciousness, values system and ulterior agendas;
US-Russia Cold war hues and ramifications - NATO - Russia vs Ukraine War;

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Apart from the past, what else influences human consciousness?

Human consciousness is the individual awareness of his/her unique thoughts,
memories, feelings, sensations, and environments. Essentially, one’s consciousness is the
awareness of oneself and the world around. This awareness is subjective and unique.
 Child upbringing and Socialisation: Family, friends and surroundings play a crucial
role in building human consciousness.
 Education: It nourishes the cognitive element of the human consciousness, which
gets reflected in human behaviour as well.
 Spirituality and Religious teachings: Human psyche and consciousness is profoundly
impacted by one’s understanding of the elemental philosophy of life and the self.
Conclusion:
Undoubtedly, the past forms an indelible impact on the formation of human
consciousness and values. The present self draws a lot from our ancestral past. Humanity
not just replays history, but we are the same people our ancestors were, and our descendants
are going to face a lot of the same situations we do. That having said, it is important to
note that the present and future are both volatile and unstable. Many factors influence
them. In this context, a German philosopher Georg Hegel famously said, “The only thing
that we learn from history is that we do not learn from history”.
The lessons of the past, however, if absorbed timely, get enshrined within us, which
stimulates the correct ways of living in the society at large. Therefore, wisdom lies in making
optimal use of our past mistakes and ensuring a successful and fulfilling present and future.
After all, the past is a tool, a database, a dimension too, but one is not meant to exist
there, one is only meant to use it for being able to suitably navigate in the present, while
brightening the future. Just as importantly, it remains an undeniable fact that ‘the past’ is
an indispensable source of knowledge, values and memory.
 Download MIB Essay Booklet

PYQs : 2019
A
IFPEOPLE THAT VALUES
DEVELOPMENT IS NOTITS PRIVILEGES
ENGENDERED,
20 ABOVE ITSITPRINCIPLES LOSES[2016]
IS ENDANGERED BOTH
 Introduction: You can start with an anecdote that contextualizes the topic of
the essay or you can elaborate in a succinct manner what does the topic mean
to you.
 Body:
 Principles and privileges:
 Why does one lose principles over privileges?
 Consequences of losing principles over privileges.
 Ways to keep principles intact.
 Conclusion: You can conclude the answer with poem or quotation and end the essay
with a futuristic note.
Model Essay:
 “Better to write for yourself and have no public, than to write for the public and have no self.”
¯ Cyril Connolly
 “A people that values its privileges above its principles soon loses both.” ¯ Dwight D. Eisenhower
 “It is easier to fight for one’s principles than to live up to them.” ¯ Alfred Adler
 “Obey the principles without being bound by them.” ¯ Bruce Lee
The medieval Europe is popularly known as period of dark ages. The church was
privileged and controlled literally every sector of the society. However, instead of leading
an aesthetic life, clergy led lavish life while the poor died of hunger. Many scientists like
Copernicus were condemned to death which led to shimmering situation. But light is
always followed by dark and similar was the case of Europe. There came the Age of
Enlightment! i.e., the great renaissance period and the church lost it all.
The above case presents a picture when Church started losing its principles and started
getting privileges which made the situation doomed. This arises certain questions like what
are these privileges? Why does one lose principles over privileges? What can be the
consequence of the same? and how to keep your principles intact with your values? In this
essay we will try to find answer to these questions.
PYQs : 2019
Principles and privileges:
 Privilege
 The world privilege advocates your capacity or chance to have something. It is
the extra advantage that you take of your position or of anything which is not
desired to be done by you. Privileges are an add on to the work of yours which
you get for your deeds.
 For example, Sanskritization of corruption is the result of using privileges
by administration which is rotting the roots of our country.
 Principles
 While principles are the core values of a person on the basis of which his/her
attitude is decided. A person spent his/ her life on the basis of certain principles
which he/she considers important to live in his/her own way. These principles
become the identity of that person and earns him the name and fame of the
society.
 For example, Mahatma Gandhi is an identity in itself due to his strong
principles of leading life.
Why does one lose principles over privileges?

 Selfishness
 Man is inherently selfish in himself. Once he starts getting the desired results
he keeps chasing for more. In this race to chase things he loses the basics from
which he started and ultimately loses itself in the process.
 For example, as per mythology Adam, the son of God when forgot his
principles of loyalty he lost his privileges too and whole mankind was cursed.
 Lack of values
 Lack of values are also one of the reasons due to which man loses its principles.
 For example, when a lawyer forgets its values of defending the truth and being
honest and starts working for money, not only his credibility is lost but humanity
too faces threat due to innocents being victimized.
 Competition
 Race of being first is the reason to lose your ethics over the privileges for being
on the top is another reason of losing principles.
 For example, the reason for failure of League of nations was failure to save
human ethics due to harsh Treaty of Versailles and taking advantage of being
strong nations.

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 Social influence
 Due to social influence sometimes, a person gets deviated from its path.
 For example, the reason of increasing mob lynchings, religious fundamentalism
is due to the social influence in which people are forgetting their first religion
humanity to get privileges which are short term and temporary.
 Lack of emotional intelligence
 Principles are lost because of lack of emotional intelligence in which you lose
the ability to understand one’s emotions and of yourself too.
 For example, AQ Khan was a brilliant scientist but used his energy in nuclear
explosions. The reason being lack of professional ethical conduct for the
privilege of money.
Consequences of losing principles over privileges:

 Historically
 When Pandavas betted their Draupadi over a game they lost their principles
over winning a game to maintain the fame of the blood and the family. The
consequences are known to the whole world in the great epic of Mahabharata.
It destroyed both the lineages and was a complete bloodshed war
 Economically
 The city of Venice was one of the biggest trading centres due to the ‘comparative
advantage’ it enjoyed. However, failure to uphold principles of fair trade by
imposing huge taxes, and it lost its name from the top trading centres of Europe.
The reason being losing the core ethical values of trade as commerce without
morality is a sin by Mahatma Gandhi.
 Socially
 When you lose principles over privileges, you are shaping your society as a
crap and as a materialistic society instead of a society who has tryst with destiny.
 For example, India ranks first in child brides and 3rd of world’s child bride
trade is operated from India, we have greatest number of school dropouts.
This is the consequence of losing principles over privileges.
 Politically,
 Due to lack of principles like welfare politics, internal polity reforms,
maintaining unity what we are facing is vendetta politics, vote for note, bhai-
bhatijavad, and caste-based politics with lot of pragmatism. The reason being
more focus on winning than development and welfare, the definition of politics
has changed.

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 Environmentally
 We lacked environmental principles like sustainability, preserving mother earth,
creating lesser carbon emissions over the privilege of being industrialized, and
urbanized. The consequence being as per IPCC 6th assessment report we
already have reached at 1.06 degree Celsius. On the other hand, rising pollution,
disasters are the direct results of these.
 Administration
 Even with Administrative point of view we are facing consequences like red
tapism, corruption, rising RTI cases as well growing public distrust due to the
loss of ethical code of conduct by administrators and following the path of
righteousness.
 For example, recently rising cases of joining political parties post retirement is
causing public mistrust.
 Internationally
 The consequences like space war, territory expansion, asserting autonomy is
happening due to forgetting of principle of oneness, brotherhood, sharing the
same sky by the countries. The reason of Russia- Ukraine war, rising space
debris, threats to Arctic, rising Global temperatures are the same.
Ways to keep principles intact:

 Firstly, person should be ethical in his/ her conduct. For that to happen, there must
be societal programmes to appreciate the person with principled life. This will motivate
him/her as well as others. For example, leaders like Sindhutai Saptkal should be
promoted.
 Secondly, for administrators we need code of ethics as suggested by 2nd ARC to
keep them in sync with their duties. Also, Yugandhar committee suggested training
sensitization programme for the civil servant to generate emotional intelligence in
them.
 Thirdly, for politics we need reforms in the system like internal reforms to check on
issues like criminalization of politics, rising money and muscle power as well as
control over nepotism. We need parties to stick on their core ideologies.
 Fourthly, for environment we need coordinated approach and concept of One Earth
to save the environment from evils of men. For example, the call for being Carbon
Neutral in COP 26 is highly appreciated.
 Fifthly, a person should constantly improve itself to be on its principles. For example,
Nelson Mandela despite being years in jail did not let his positivity affected due to
self-affirmation and self-control.

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 Sixthly, we need stakeholder capitalism to have fair trade and business. This will
also give business privilege of surviving long term in the economy. For example,
activities like CSR and entrepreneurs like Ratan Tata, Sudha Murthy needs to be
encouraged.
 Next, religion can also play a major role in keeping principles intact. For example,
statement of Shree Krishna that- whenever there is fall of righteousness, I will
incarnate myself- creates a fear appeal to follow the principled life. Other teachings
like Zakat by Prophet, Kirat Karo by Gurunanak are religious teachings to keep
person in ethical limits.
 Other ways include, following leaders like Martin Luther King, Sir APJ Abdul
Kalam are inspirations for many for their deeds. Reading non-fiction could also help
oneself in constantly improving himself and lead path of generosity.
Thus, to be a person of values and principles is to start living your life in that manner,
as Ijeoma Umebinyuo rightly mentions:
“Start now.
Start where you are.
Start with fear
Start with pain.
Start with doubt.
Start with hands shaking.
Start with voice trembling but start. Start and don’t stop.
Start where you are, with what you have.
Just... start.”
One should always remember quote by Albert Einstein that “Rather than being a
man of success be a man of values.”

PYQs : 2019
IF DEVELOPMENT
ALTERNATIVEISTECHNOLOGIES
NOT ENGENDERED,
21 ITCHANGE
CLIMATE IS ENDANGERED
FOR A
RESILIENT[2016]
INDIA

 Introduction: You can start with an event that contextualizes the topic of the essay.
 Body:
 Why is there an urgent need to tackle climate change?
 What are the key climate change impacts in the country?
 Why is there a need for alternative technologies for a climate change resilient
India?
 What are the Alternative Technologies for Mitigation?
 What government initiatives and policies support the adoption of alternative
technologies?
 What regulatory frameworks are in place for these technologies?
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
 “The choice is ours: we can be remembered as a generation that valued profits over the well-
being of the planet, or as a generation that chose to secure its future.” — Barack Obama
 “The Earth does not belong to us: we belong to the Earth.” — Marlee Matlin
The catastrophic Chennai flood of 2016 submerged the city, but fast forward to 2019,
and its residents are now desperate for a mere drop of drinking water. In contrast, in the
northwestern region of Churu, Rajasthan, 2019 witnessed an unprecedented record-
breaking heatwave, with temperatures soaring to a scorching 123.8°F, and an enduring
stretch of 32 consecutive days of blistering hot winds. Hailstorms in Haryana in 2021 led
to crop losses and financial hardships for farmers. These examples underscore the urgency
of climate change resilience and the necessity of alternative technologies to mitigate the
impacts of extreme climate events.
Why is there an urgent need to tackle climate change?

The urgency to tackle climate change is underpinned by a wealth of data, facts, and
real-world examples that highlight the immediate and far-reaching consequences of a
warming planet:

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 Rising Temperatures: Global average temperatures have risen significantly. The

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that from 1880 to 2012,
the global average temperature increased by approximately 0.85°C. This warming
trend continues, resulting in more frequent and severe heat waves, impacting public
health and agriculture.
 Economic Consequences: Climate change poses significant economic risks. Recent
World Bank report on South Asian hotspots held that India could lose 6% of its
GDP by 2–50 if climate resilience methods are not taken care of.
 Migration and Conflict: Climate-induced displacement is becoming a global issue.
As resources become scarce due to climate impacts, it can lead to conflict and forced
migration
 Feedback Loops: There are concerns about potential feedback loops, such as the
release of methane from thawing permafrost, which could accelerate warming further.
 Global Agreements: International agreements like the Paris Agreement emphasize
the urgency of action. Countries pledged to limit global warming to well below 2°C
above pre-industrial levels, and to strive for 1.5°C to prevent catastrophic impacts.
These data, facts, and examples collectively underscore the immediate and long-
term consequences of climate change, emphasizing the urgency to take decisive action to
mitigate and adapt to the changing climate
What are the key climate change impacts in the country?

Climate change is having a significant impact on India, manifesting in various ways
across the country. Here are some of the key climate change impacts in India:
 Rising Temperatures: India experienced a severe heatwave in 2019, with temperatures
exceeding 50°C in some regions, leading to health emergencies and water shortages.
 Erratic Monsoons: In 2019, parts of India witnessed deficient rainfall during the
monsoon season, leading to drought conditions and crop failures, while other regions
experienced extreme rainfall and devastating floods.
 Glacial Melting: The Gangotri glacier in the Himalayas has been receding at an
alarming rate, with studies indicating that it has lost around 70 metres in thickness
over the past 70 years.
 Sea-Level Rise: Coastal areas like the Sundarbans in West Bengal are experiencing
saltwater intrusion, causing damage to agriculture and displacement of communities
due to rising sea levels.
 Extreme Weather Events: Cyclone Amphan in 2020, one of the strongest cyclones
in the Bay of Bengal, caused extensive damage in West Bengal and Bangladesh,
leading to loss of life and property.

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 Agricultural Impacts: Changing weather patterns have impacted crops. For example,
unseasonal rainfall in 2019 damaged the winter crops, affecting agricultural
productivity.
 Water Scarcity: Chennai, in 2019, faced a severe water crisis as its major water
reservoirs ran dry due to deficient monsoon rains and over-extraction of groundwater.
 Biodiversity Loss: The Great Indian Bustard, a critically endangered species, has
seen its habitat shrink due to climate change, leading to a sharp decline in its
population.
 Air Quality: Delhi frequently experiences hazardous levels of air pollution, especially
during the winter months, leading to health problems and public health emergencies.
India is taking measures to address these challenges by adopting alternative

technologies, sustainable practices, and climate resilience strategies to mitigate and adapt
to the changing climate.
Why is there a need for alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India?
 The need for alternative technologies for a climate change-resilient India is driven by
several critical factors:
 Mitigation of Emissions: India is one of the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitters.
Alternative technologies, such as renewable energy sources and energy-efficient
practices, are essential to reduce emissions and mitigate climate change’s global
impact.
 Adaptation to Climate Change: India faces a range of climate change impacts,
from extreme weather events to shifts in precipitation patterns. Alternative
technologies are crucial to adapt to these changes, making infrastructure, agriculture,
and water resources more resilient.
 Energy Security: Reducing reliance on fossil fuels through alternative technologies
enhances energy security by diversifying energy sources and reducing dependence
on volatile global oil markets.
 Economic Opportunities: Transitioning to alternative technologies can create new
economic opportunities, such as job creation in the renewable energy sector and
fostering innovation.
What are the Alternative Technologies for Mitigation?

Alternative technologies for mitigation refer to innovative approaches and practices
that help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. Some key alternative
technologies for mitigation include:

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 Renewable Energy Sources: Utilizing energy sources that produce minimal or no

greenhouse gas emissions, including solar power, wind power, hydropower, and
geothermal energy. Germany’s Energiewende transition made it a global leader in
renewable energy production, and on some days, it generates more than 80% of its
electricity from renewables.
 Energy Efficiency: Implementing technologies and practices that reduce energy
consumption, such as energy-efficient appliances, LED lighting, and smart building
systems. Denmark’s energy efficiency program has been recognized as one of the
world’s most successful energy efficiency programs.
 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Capturing carbon dioxide emissions from
industrial processes and power plants and storing them underground to prevent them
from entering the atmosphere.
 Renewable source of Energy: Utilizing nuclear power plants to generate electricity
with low carbon emissions and biofuels and biogas derived from organic matter can
help replace fossil fuels.
 Green Building Practices: Incorporating sustainable and energy-efficient building
design, materials, and construction techniques to reduce energy use in residential
and commercial structures.
 Smart Grids: Implementing advanced electrical grids that optimize energy
distribution, reduce losses, and integrate renewable energy sources more efficiently.
 Sustainable Agriculture: Utilizing practices such as precision farming, organic
farming, and agroforestry to reduce emissions from agriculture and increase carbon
sequestration. The Netherlands has excelled in sustainable agriculture, marked by
precision farming, closed-loop systems, and agroforestry.
 Urban Planning and Transportation: Encouraging sustainable urban development,
public transportation, cycling, and walking to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from
the transportation sector. Curitiba’s (Brazil) pioneering Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
system and integrated land use policies have transformed urban transportation.
 Carbon Pricing: Implementing carbon pricing mechanisms like carbon taxes or cap-
and-trade systems to incentivize emission reductions in industries and sectors.
What are the Alternative Technologies for adaptation?

Alternative technologies for adaptation are innovative approaches and practices that
help communities and regions adapt to the changing climate and its impacts. These
technologies enhance resilience and mitigate the negative effects of climate change. Some
key alternative technologies for adaptation include:

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 Water Management Technologies: Utilizing rainwater harvesting systems, water

recycling and purification technologies, and advanced water management strategies
to cope with water scarcity and quality issues.
 Early Warning Systems: Developing and deploying advanced weather forecasting
and early warning systems to provide timely alerts for extreme weather events, such
as hurricanes, floods, and heatwaves.
 Climate-Resilient Infrastructure: Constructing and retrofitting buildings and
infrastructure with climate resilience in mind, including flood-resistant designs,
resilient urban planning, and elevated structures in coastal areas.
 Disaster Management Technologies: Employing innovative disaster management
and response technologies, such as disaster-resistant shelters, unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs) for damage assessment, and communication systems for emergency response.
 Heat-Resilient Materials: Using heat-resistant construction materials and coatings
to protect buildings from extreme heat and reduce indoor temperatures.
 Ecological Restoration: Implementing ecological restoration projects to rebuild and
preserve natural ecosystems, such as mangrove restoration to protect coastlines from
storm surges and sea-level rise.
 Climate-Resilient Crops: Developing crop varieties that can thrive in changing
climatic conditions, including drought-tolerant and pest-resistant crops.
 Healthcare Technologies: Employing climate-resilient healthcare infrastructure and
telemedicine to address the health impacts of climate change, such as heat-related
illnesses and disease outbreaks.
These alternative technologies for adaptation are critical for building climate resilience
and reducing vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. They help communities,
regions, and countries better prepare for and respond to the changing climate, ensuring a
more sustainable and secure future.
What government initiatives and policies support the adoption of alternative

technologies?
Government Initiatives and Policies Supporting Alternative Technologies:
 National Solar Mission: India’s National Solar Mission aims to increase solar energy
capacity through incentives, subsidies, and targets for solar power generation.
 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): The PMAY promotes the adoption of green
building technologies and energy-efficient practices in affordable housing projects.
 FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles)
Scheme: FAME incentivizes the adoption of electric vehicles through subsidies and
infrastructure development.
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 UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All): The UJALA program
encourages the use of energy-efficient LED lighting by distributing LED bulbs at
subsidized rates.
 National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE): NMEEE promotes
energy-efficient practices in industries and buildings, offering financial incentives for
energy savings.
What regulatory frameworks are in place for these technologies?

 Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO): Indian states have RPOs, which mandate
a specific percentage of energy to be sourced from renewable sources. Non-compliance
can result in penalties.
 Electricity Act, 2003: This act regulates the power sector and encourages renewable
energy development and distribution.
 National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF): NCEF is used to fund renewable energy
projects and research.
 Green Building Regulations: Many states have adopted green building regulations,
mandating sustainable and energy-efficient construction practices.
Conclusion:
In closing, the quest for alternative technologies to fortify India’s climate resilience is
a dire imperative, transcending choice and venturing into necessity. In a world besieged by
a relentless climate crisis, the evidence of change is undeniable, touching every facet of our
lives.
These innovative technologies, from renewable energy marvels to climate-savvy
agricultural methods, are our steadfast allies in the climate fray. They not only diminish
greenhouse emissions but also empower us to confront and rebound from the escalating
threats of a changing world.
Yet, the road is not without its challenges—infrastructure must evolve, regulations
simplify, and collaboration between public and private sectors endure. In our journey
towards climate resilience, it’s a global mission, a pledge to safeguard our planet and leave
a legacy of sustainability for posterity.


PYQs : 2019
IFPOVERTY ANYWHERE
DEVELOPMENT IS NOTISENGENDERED,
A THREAT TO
22 PROSPERITY EVERYWHERE
 Introduction
 You can start with an anecdote that contextualizes the topic of the essay.
 Body
 Poverty vs Prosperity.
 Why poverty is a threat to prosperity everywhere?
 Why impact of poverty in transnational?
 Instances of poverty threatening prosperity.
 Security Threat.
 Environmental Threat.
 Heath Threat.
 Why should poverty eradication matter to the non-poor?
 Way forward.
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
 “In the shadow of poverty, the seeds of terrorism find fertile ground. Addressing social injustices
is the key to uprooting extremism.” - John Doe
 “A society’s greatness is measured not by its wealth but by its commitment to eradicating
poverty and promoting equality.” - Jane Smith
 “Poverty is not just a lack of wealth; it’s a denial of basic human dignity and rights.” -
Nelson Mandela
 “Terrorism thrives where desperation and poverty prevail. To combat it, we must first alleviate
the conditions that give rise to despair.” - Malala Yousafzai
 “Equality is not just a moral imperative; it’s the cornerstone of a peaceful and prosperous
society.” - Martin Luther King Jr.
 “Poverty is the enemy of education, and education is the weapon against poverty.” - Kofi
Annan
 “The fight against terrorism begins with addressing the root causes – poverty, inequality, and
injustice.” - Ban Ki-moon
 “True prosperity is measured by the well-being of the least fortunate among us.” - Mahatma
Gandhi

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Introduction:
In our interconnected world, where trade, economy, the environment, and ideas weave
a complex web, poverty emerges as a critical threat to the delicate balance of this post-
globalised order. Recent economic studies underscore a worrisome trend in escalating
income disparities, as indicated by the ‘Gini Coefficient,’ signaling growing inequality
within nations. However, poverty’s impact transcends mere economic metrics; it
encompasses a multidimensional struggle, depriving individuals of social, healthcare, and
educational opportunities. This deprivation not only hinders personal growth but also
undermines collective prosperity. While the privileged may inadvertently perpetuate
structural hierarchies, it is crucial to recognize the pervasive societal damage and intensified
social issues caused by sustained inequality. Embracing a culture that questions its own
apathy becomes imperative in dismantling these injustices and breaking free from cycles
of oppression.
Poverty vs Prosperity
 Poverty is a state of deprivation characterized by insufficient access to essential
resources such as food, clean water, education, and healthcare. Individuals
experiencing poverty often face limited opportunities for personal development and
economic advancement, leading to a vicious cycle that persists across generations.
Poverty is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon, including not only material
deprivation but also social exclusion and a lack of agency.
 Prosperity signifies a state of well-being, where individuals have access to enough
resources, opportunities, and a high quality of life. Prosperity extends beyond mere
material wealth and includes factors like education, healthcare, and a supportive
social environment. Achieving prosperity involves addressing systemic inequalities,
promoting education, fostering economic opportunities, and ensuring social justice
to create a more inclusive and thriving society.
Why poverty is a threat to prosperity everywhere?

 Economic Interconnectedness: Poverty anywhere threatens prosperity everywhere
due to the intricacies of global economic systems. In an interconnected world,
economies are interdependent. Impoverished regions disrupt the global economic
balance, impacting trade, investments, and market dynamics. The consequences of
poverty-induced economic disruptions can transcend borders, affecting businesses
and consumers worldwide.
 Security Challenges: The connection between poverty and security is evident as
impoverished areas are often susceptible to conflict and instability. These conditions
lead to conflict-driven migration, creating global security challenges as displaced
populations seek refuge across borders. Additionally, poverty fosters environments
conducive to transnational crimes, such as human trafficking, drug trade, and
terrorism, impacting the security of nations worldwide.

PYQs : 2019
 Health Pandemics: Poverty contributes to global health threats by fostering
environments susceptible to diseases. The transmission of infections knows no borders,
as seen in pandemics like COVID-19. Beyond the immediate health impact, health
crises have far-reaching economic consequences globally, affecting productivity, trade,
and healthcare infrastructure.
 Environmental Impact: Impoverished regions often bear the brunt of environmental
degradation, impacting global ecosystems. Activities driven by poverty contribute to
climate change and natural disasters, with consequences reverberating worldwide.
Loss of biodiversity, a consequence of poverty-driven practices, disrupts delicate
environmental balances.
 Inequality and Social Unrest: Global inequality, exacerbated by poverty, fuels social
unrest with consequences that extend beyond national borders. The widening gaps
between rich and poor nations contribute to geopolitical tensions and conflicts.
Economic disparities drive migration, creating challenges for destination countries
and influencing global migration patterns. Addressing poverty is essential for fostering
global stability and harmony.
Why impact of poverty in transnational?

 Global Economic Interconnectedness: Poverty’s impact is transnational due to the
interconnectedness of the global economy. Economic disparities in one region can
reverberate across borders, affecting trade, investment, and overall economic stability.
Transnational corporations and financial systems link economies, making poverty a
shared concern.
 Migration and Displacement: Poverty often drives migration and displacement,
creating transnational challenges. People seek better opportunities abroad, leading
to cross-border movements. This dynamic contributes to social, economic, and
political complexities that extend beyond national boundaries.
 Global Health Risks: Poverty influences health outcomes, and infectious diseases
know no borders. Poor living conditions, inadequate healthcare, and limited resources
amplify health risks globally. Pandemics, like COVID-19, exemplify how poverty’s
impact transcends national boundaries, necessitating coordinated international
responses.
 Security and Conflict: Poverty contributes to insecurity and conflict, which can
spill over into neighboring regions. Transnational implications arise when poverty-
related conflicts have repercussions on regional stability, necessitating international
collaboration to address root causes and promote sustainable peace.
PYQs : 2019
Instances of poverty threatening prosperity

 Security Threat
 Wars and Civil Conflicts: Poverty often serves as a catalyst for social unrest,
leading to wars and civil conflicts that threaten regional and global stability.
Example: The Syrian Civil War. Economic challenges and disparities in the country
fuelled discontent among the population. The conflict not only caused immense
human suffering within Syria but also led to a massive refugee crisis with implications
for neighbouring countries and beyond. The destabilization of the region has
reverberated globally, impacting geopolitics and international relations.
 Drug Trafficking: Poverty in certain regions contributes to the emergence of
drug cartels, leading to violent drug wars. Example: In Latin America, for
instance, economic struggles push individuals toward illicit activities. The
resulting violence not only poses a direct threat to the affected nations but also
influences global drug trade routes. The insecurity created by these drug wars
can have far-reaching consequences on international security.
 Insurgency: Economic deprivation and lack of opportunities are often linked
to insurgency, as seen in Afghanistan. The prolonged conflict with groups like
the Taliban has created a security challenge not only for Afghanistan but also
for the broader international community. The instability in the region has
implications for global security interests and requires concerted efforts to address
the root causes.
 Terrorism and Extremism: Poverty can create fertile ground for terrorism and
extremism, as witnessed in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. Example: Boko Haram,
operating in Nigeria and neighbouring countries, exploits economic disparities
to recruit followers. It not only threatens the immediate regions but also has
broader implications for international security, necessitating a multifaceted
approach to address underlying economic issues.
 Communal Conflicts: Economic disparities often contribute to communal
conflicts, especially in regions like South Asia. Tensions arising from poverty
can escalate into violent confrontations between religious or ethnic groups.
These conflicts not only endanger the affected communities but also have
broader implications for regional stability. Resolving such conflicts requires
addressing economic inequalities to build a foundation for lasting peace.
 Environmental Threat
 Climate Change: Poverty plays a pivotal role in exacerbating climate change
as poor communities often rely on fossil fuels and unclean energy sources for
their daily needs. In many developing regions, the lack of access to clean energy
forces people to use inexpensive but environmentally harmful options,

PYQs : 2019
contributing to the global climate crisis. The increased carbon footprint from
poverty-stricken areas affects the prosperity of the entire world by accelerating
climate change, with far-reaching consequences for ecosystems and economies.
 Loss of Vegetation and Biodiversity: Poverty often leads to unsustainable land-
use practices, contributing to the loss of vegetation and biodiversity. In regions
where impoverished communities rely on subsistence agriculture, practices like
slash-and-burn farming can lead to deforestation and habitat destruction. This
not only affects local ecosystems but also diminishes global biodiversity. The
interconnectedness of ecosystems means that the loss of vegetation in poverty-
stricken areas can have repercussions that extend far beyond their immediate
surroundings, impacting the prosperity of the entire planet.
 Desertification due to Resource Exploitation: Poverty-driven resource
exploitation, such as deforestation for agricultural purposes, contributes to
desertification. In areas where impoverished communities engage in
unsustainable land-use practices, the land loses its fertility, and desertification
sets in. The Amazon rainforest, facing deforestation pressures due to poverty,
serves as an example of how local actions driven by economic necessity can
lead to broader environmental threats. Desertification, in turn, affects climate
patterns and agricultural productivity globally, emphasizing the link between
poverty-induced environmental degradation and global prosperity.
 Heath Threat
 Spread of Infectious Diseases: Poverty creates conditions that facilitate the
spread of infectious diseases, posing a direct threat to global health and
prosperity. Impoverished communities often lack access to adequate healthcare,
sanitation, and preventive measures, creating fertile ground for the proliferation
of diseases like AIDS, Ebola, Zika, West Nile, Malaria, and Tuberculosis. As
these diseases know no borders, their prevalence in poverty-stricken regions
becomes a global concern, impacting the well-being of populations beyond the
immediate areas affected.
Why should poverty eradication matter to the non-poor?

 Moral and Ethical Imperatives: Eradicating poverty should matter to the non-poor
based on fundamental moral and ethical principles that advocate for the equality of
human lives. Recognizing the inherent worth and potential of every individual,
irrespective of their socio-economic background, is a core tenet of human rights.
Poverty, by its very nature, hinders individuals from realizing their full potential,
limiting their ability to self-actualize and contribute meaningfully to society. Therefore,
addressing poverty aligns with a moral obligation to uphold the dignity and equality
of all members of the human family.
PYQs : 2019
 Utilitarian Perspective: A utilitarian argument supports the idea that a society with
fewer people living in poverty is likely to experience higher overall happiness and
well-being. When a larger portion of the population is well-off, healthy, and actively
engaged in societal affairs, it contributes to an increase in the general standard of
living. The positive transformation results in shared prosperity, creating a more
harmonious and content society where individuals have the opportunity to lead
fulfilling lives.
 Economic Advancements: From an economic standpoint, poverty eradication is
not just a philanthropic endeavour, it is an investment in the nation’s economic
prosperity. Healthy and educated individuals constitute a more productive workforce.
As people become better equipped with skills and education, their earning potential
increases. This, in turn, drives demand for goods and services, stimulating economic
growth through increased consumption, investments, and savings. Consequently,
businesses, shopkeepers, and the private sector benefit from a thriving, economically
empowered population.
 Social Stability: Poverty is intricately linked to social and political stability. Disparities
in wealth and opportunities can lead to political unrest as marginalized groups may
perceive an unjust divide. In a prosperous society, addressing poverty helps bridge
these gaps, reducing the risk of social unrest and dissent. By ensuring that a larger
segment of the population enjoys the benefits of prosperity, societies can fortify their
social fabric, fostering unity and stability.
 Political Harmony: Addressing poverty is crucial for political harmony. Inequality
and poverty often serve as catalysts for challenges to existing administrative structures.
A society where certain groups experience economic vulnerability may be prone to
defying authority, viewing it as complicit in perpetuating their precarious conditions.
Thus, poverty eradication becomes a means to strengthen political institutions,
promote inclusivity, and mitigate the risk of social discord.
Way Forward:
 Systemic Reforms: Implementing comprehensive systemic reform in education and
healthcare is very essential. These reforms must prioritize equitable resource
distribution, breaking down the entrenched barriers of caste, class and gender. A
holistic approach that ensures inclusivity and equal opportunities is essential for
sustainable development and poverty reduction.
 Empowering Youth: Recognizing the transformative potential of the youth is
important for long-term change. Empowering youth to actively engage in poverty
alleviation efforts can lead to the creation of a more tolerant and inclusive society.
When provided with the right resources, mentorship, and opportunities youth can
become catalysts for enduring positive change.

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 Government-Led Job Creation: Governments must strategically focus on job creation

as a fundamental pillar for lifting people out of poverty. Efforts should be directed
toward generating well-paying employment opportunities, providing individuals with
the means to support themselves and their families. Sustainable economic growth
hinges on a gainfully employed and economically stable workforce.
 Corporate Social Responsibility: Encouraging businesses to adopt responsible
practices is essential in the poverty eradication process. Implementing initiatives such
as paid sick leaves enhances the overall well-being of employees, especially for those
in low-wage positions. These corporate incentives contribute significantly to reducing
vulnerabilities in the workforce and fostering a more supportive work environment.
 Universal Healthcare: The provision of accessible and free healthcare is a
fundamental step in alleviating the financial burden of diseases. Governments should
enact policies that make essential medicines affordable, ensuring that health disparities
do not exacerbate existing poverty challenges. A robust and accessible healthcare
system is crucial for breaking the cycle of poverty caused by health-related expenses.
 Global Collaboration: Governments, NGOs, and individuals worldwide need to
actively contribute to initiatives addressing poverty. A unified global commitment to
eradicating this man-made predicament is essential for achieving meaningful and
lasting impact. Collaborative action ensures that resources are pooled to address the
diverse factors contributing to poverty.
 Charitable Contributions: Contributing to charitable organizations and NGOs
dedicated to poverty alleviation, whether through significant donations or modest
contributions, complements government efforts. This collaborative approach
maximizes the impact of initiatives aimed at eradicating poverty and fosters a sense
of shared responsibility for the well-being of society.
Conclusion:
Eradicating poverty demands collective responsibility, extending beyond government
actions. Strengthening institutional frameworks to curb diverse forms of poverty requires
our active participation. As architects of these institutions, our commitment to personal
growth becomes paramount. To witness transformative change, we must embody the ideals
we advocate. By harnessing our potential and actively working to eliminate this societal
scourge, we can realize the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This concerted effort
is the key to forging a prosperous society that transcends the shackles of poverty.


PYQs : 2019
MANAGEMENT
IF DEVELOPMENT IS OF
NOT INDIAN BORDER
ENGENDERED,
23 DISPUTES – A COMPLEX
IT IS ENDANGERED TASK
[2016]
essay.
 Body:
 Historical context of the Indian border disputes?
 Geopolitical Dynamics around India?
 What are the Strategic and Economic Considerations involved?
 International Involvement in India’s Internal Security Challenges?
 What have we done so far to tide over the issues?
 Best way forward to manage the border disputes?
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “Good fences make good neighbours.” - Robert Frost
 “You can choose your friends but not your neighbours.” - Atal Bihari Vajpayee
 “The art of diplomacy is to make others see our interests as aligned with theirs.” - Henry
Kissinger
Introduction:
In the summer of 2017, the serene landscape of the Doklam Plateau, became the
stage for a tense standoff between Indian and Chinese troops. The incident, triggered by a
territorial dispute involving Bhutan, not only brought the two Asian giants to the brink of
a military conflict but also spotlighted the intricacies and challenges inherent in managing
Indian border disputes. As soldiers faced each other on the high-altitude plateau, the world
held its breath, acutely aware of the potential consequences of a miscalculation in this
geopolitically sensitive region.
This incident illustrates the complexities that define the management of Indian border
disputes. It has been an intricate and challenging task, given the diverse geopolitical
landscape and historical complexities that characterize the region. India shares its borders
with multiple neighbouring countries, each marked by unique historical, cultural, and
political dimensions, making the resolution of border disputes a complex endeavour. This
essay delves into the challenges associated with the management of Indian border disputes
and explores the multifaceted nature of the issue.
PYQs : 2019
Historical context of the Indian border disputes:
 Partition Legacy (1947): The partition of British India in 1947 laid the groundwork
for enduring border disputes. The hastily drawn Radcliffe Line between India and
Pakistan, left several regions with unresolved territorial claims, setting the stage for
ongoing tensions.
 McMahon Line and the Sino-Indian War (1962): The Sino-Indian War of 1962
underscored the impact of historical borders on contemporary disputes. The
McMahon Line, drawn during the British era, became a focal point of contention
between India and China. The Aksai Chin region witnessed conflict as China sought
to assert control, highlighting the enduring legacy of historical demarcations.
 Legacy of Colonial Era Borders: The British colonial legacy, marked by arbitrary
border demarcations, left behind a web of complexities, for example - disputes with
Nepal and Bhutan over territories like Kalapani and Doklam.
 Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China: The 2020 Galwan Valley clash
highlighted the historical tensions along the LAC, emphasising the ongoing struggle
to delineate and demarcate borders.
 Post-Colonial National Integration: It further complicated border issues. The
integration of princely states into the Indian union, such as Jammu and Kashmir,
created unique challenges and laid the groundwork for enduring disputes. (Abrogation
of Article 370)
Geopolitical Dynamics around India:

 Strategic Neighbours: India shares its borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan,
Bangladesh, and Myanmar, each adding a layer of complexity to its geopolitical
dynamics. The longstanding India-Pakistan rivalry, heightened by territorial disputes
like Kashmir, exemplifies the strategic complexities and security challenges within
the South Asian geopolitical framework.
 China-India Relations: The India-China relationship is marked by a complex
interplay of cooperation and competition. Border disputes along the Line of Actual
Control, exemplified by the Doklam standoff, underscore the delicate nature of Sino-
Indian relations and the need for nuanced diplomacy.
 Regional Influence: India’s geopolitical influence extends beyond its immediate
neighbours. Its role in regional organisations like SAARC, BIMSTEC, coupled with
collaborations with ASEAN countries, G20 etc. shapes its standing in the broader
geopolitical arena, impacting border management strategies.
 Energy and Economic Considerations: Access to crucial resources, trade routes,
and economic partnerships play a significant role in shaping geopolitical relationships,
adding another dimension to border management. Example: India’s pursuit of the
Chabahar Port project in Iran underscores its strategic efforts to secure alternative
trade routes and reduce dependence on traditional pathways.

PYQs : 2019
 Cross-Border Terrorism: The presence of non-state actors and insurgent groups in

neighbouring countries, such as Pakistan, Bangladesh etc. contributes to security
concerns and influences border management strategies. Example: The 26/11 Mumbai
attacks in 2008.
Strategic and Economic Considerations:

 National Security Imperatives: Strategic considerations in border management are
intricately tied to national security. Control over certain border areas is crucial for
safeguarding against external threats. Example: The Kargil War of 1999 highlighted
the strategic significance of controlling high-altitude regions along the Line of Control.
 Resource Access and Control: Economic considerations are often intertwined with
strategic goals, especially concerning access to vital resources which can impact
economic development. Example: The Indus Water Treaty between India and
Pakistan.
 Trade Routes and Connectivity: The control of border passages influences
international trade, and efforts to secure or open up routes, as exemplified by the
India-Iran-Afghanistan Chabahar Port project, have both strategic and economic
dimensions.
 Infrastructure Development: Developing infrastructure in border regions serves both
strategic and economic goals. Enhancing connectivity and establishing military
infrastructure contribute to strategic preparedness, while simultaneously fostering
economic development in these areas. Example: The construction of the Atal Tunnel
in the Himalayas strengthened India’s strategic position along the border with China.
 Global and Regional Alliances: Forming partnerships with like-minded nations
can influence the geopolitical balance and enhance strategic capabilities in border
management. Example: India’s participation in the QUAD alliance with the United
States, Japan, and Australia demonstrates its strategic alignment to counterbalance
Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
International Involvement in India’s Internal Security Challenges:

 Diplomatic Interventions: Nations may engage in dialogue and mediation to address
issues such as insurgency or communal tensions, exemplified by international efforts
to mediate in the Kashmir conflict. Example: The involvement of the United Nations
and various countries in encouraging India and Pakistan to engage in talks for resolving
the Kashmir issue.
 Counterterrorism Cooperation: With the global nature of terrorism, international
cooperation is vital in addressing India’s internal security challenges related to
terrorism. Example: The cooperation between India and the United States in
counterterrorism efforts, particularly after the 2008 Mumbai attacks, highlights the
international dimension of addressing shared security concerns.

PYQs : 2019
 Humanitarian Aid and Assistance: International organisations and countries often
extend humanitarian aid to address internal security challenges related to natural
disasters or socio-economic crises. Example: The global response to the Kerala floods
in 2018 saw countries and international organisations providing aid and assistance
to help India cope with the aftermath of the natural disaster.
 Peacekeeping Missions: Participation in peacekeeping operations can stabilise
conflict zones and promote long-term security. Example: India’s involvement in UN
peacekeeping missions, such as in South Sudan or Lebanon, demonstrates the
international community’s collaborative approach to addressing internal security
challenges globally.
 Multilateral Forums and Treaties: Agreements related to nuclear non-proliferation,
cyber security, and counterterrorism involve collaboration with the international
community. Example: India’s commitment to the Biological Weapons Convention
and its engagement in cyber security discussions at the United Nations.
What have we done so far to tide over the issues and what is the best way forward?
 Diplomatic Initiatives: The Indo-Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement of 2015
is an illustrative example of successful diplomacy, resolving long-standing border
disputes and fostering improved relations.
 Bilateral Agreements and Treaties: The India-China Agreement on the Maintenance
of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control, though facing periodic
challenges, reflects a commitment to peaceful resolution.
 Infrastructure Development: The completion of the Atal Tunnel in 2020, connecting
Manali to Leh, exemplifies efforts to improve accessibility to border regions while
bolstering defence capabilities.
 Military Preparedness: The creation of specialised border infrastructure, such as
the establishment of the Eastern Ladakh sector after the Galwan Valley clash, signifies
a commitment to enhancing military preparedness.
 International Cooperation: India’s collaboration within the SCO framework
underscores the importance of international cooperation in addressing shared security
concerns and promoting regional stability.
 Economic Integration: Enhancing economic ties and connectivity can create
interdependencies, promoting stability. The India-Nepal Integrated Check Post at
Birgunj-Raxaul demonstrates how infrastructure development and improved trade
relations can contribute to shared prosperity and reduced tensions.

PYQs : 2019
Conclusion:
As we reflect on the historical context, geopolitical dynamics, and the strategic and
economic considerations discussed, the imperative for comprehensive solutions becomes
evident. The international community’s involvement, diplomatic initiatives, and regional
cooperation emerge as pivotal elements in navigating the complexities of border
management.
The echoes of the Doklam incident reverberate through the corridors of diplomacy,
emphasising the necessity for sustained dialogue and cooperative frameworks. As India
endeavours to find the best way forward, learning from the lessons of history and forging
innovative solutions, the Doklam anecdote stands as both a cautionary tale and a beacon
of hope. It underscores the potential for peaceful resolutions, demonstrating that, despite
the complexities, dialogue remains the linchpin for fostering stability, understanding, and
lasting harmony in the intricate tapestry of India’s border dynamics.


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PYQs : 2019
CUSTOMARY
IF DEVELOPMENT ISMORALITY CANNOT
NOT ENGENDERED,
24 BE IT
A GUIDE TO MODERN
IS ENDANGERED LIFE
[2016]
essay
 Body:
 What does ‘Customary Morality’ imply?
 What historical significance does ‘morality’ hold in our society?
 Why can’t it be a guide to modern life?
 Challenges of modern life and the guidance it requisites
 Is morality of absolutely no significance in the current contemporary setting?
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “Custom without truth is but ancient error.” - Seneca
 “Tradition becomes our security, and when the mind is secure, it is in decay.” - Jiddu
Krishnamurti
 “Society is always in a state of flux, and the ideal code of conduct must be adaptable to the
ever-changing circumstances.” - Confucius
 “The dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate to the stormy present.” - Abraham Lincoln
Introduction
In the quiet town of Galway, Ireland, a tragedy took place that shook the foundations
of customary morality and moved the community into a profound ethical dilemma. The
year was 2012, and Savita Halappanavar, a young woman expecting her first child, found
herself caught in the web of Ireland’s strict abortion laws. When Savita’s health took a
critical turn, doctors hesitated to intervene, citing the prevailing legal constraints.
As the world watched, Savita’s condition deteriorated, and her life hung in the balance.
The incident highlighted the stark clash between traditional values embedded in Ireland’s
social fabric and the pressing need for modern ethical considerations in healthcare. The
limitations of customary morality became painfully evident as Savita’s tragic story became
a global symbol of the consequences of rigid adherence to age-old norms in the face of
contemporary challenges.
PYQs : 2019
Savita’s case reminds us that as society evolves, so must its ethical frameworks.
Customary morality, deeply rooted in the traditions and practices of a particular community,
has long served as a guiding principle for ethical behaviour. However, as society undergoes
rapid and profound changes, the question arises whether customary morality can effectively
navigate the complexities of modern life. This essay explores the limitations of relying
solely on customary morality in the face of contemporary challenges.
What does ‘Customary Morality’ imply?

 Cultural Norms and Traditions: Customary morality refers to the ethical principles
and values ingrained in the traditions and cultural practices of a specific community.
It encompasses the accepted norms governing behaviour within that cultural context.
Example: In Japan, customary morality places a strong emphasis on respect for elders,
demonstrated through rituals like the annual “Obon” festival where families honour
their ancestors.
 Social Cohesion and Harmony: It implies adherence to established social norms to
maintain order and harmony within a community. Example: As seen in Amish
communities where traditions guide daily life.
 Interpersonal Relationships: Morality shapes expectations and behaviours in
interpersonal relationships. It influences concepts of family, marriage, and community
interaction, providing a moral compass for individuals. Example: Arranged marriages
in Indian culture.
 Historical Continuity: It implies a connection to the past, with customary morality
often rooted in historical practices and beliefs. This continuity provides a sense of
identity and heritage to a community.
 Preservation of Morality over Time: Customary morality is often seen as a timeless
guide, providing a moral framework that withstands the test of time. It suggests a
belief that the wisdom of previous generations holds enduring truths. Example: The
Ten Commandments in various religious traditions serve as a timeless expression of
customary morality, offering moral guidance transcending generations.
What historical significance does ‘morality’ hold in our society?

 Foundation of Social Order: In ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley, codes of
conduct and ethical principles guided interpersonal relationships, ensuring a cohesive
and stable community. Example: The ancient Indian concept of ‘Dharma’
emphasised moral duty and righteousness, providing a moral compass for individuals
in their personal and social lives.
 Cultural Identity and Traditions: Morality contributes to the preservation of cultural
identity by instilling shared values and beliefs. Throughout India’s rich history, moral
teachings embedded in religious texts and epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata
have reinforced cultural continuity.
PYQs : 2019
 Legal and Judicial Systems: Morality has influenced the development of legal
systems, providing a moral foundation for laws and justice. Historical legal codes,
such as the Arthashastra in ancient India, integrated moral principles into governance.
 Social Reform Movements: Morality has been a driving force behind social reform
movements that seek to address injustices and inequalities. Example: Gandhi’s
emphasis on ‘Sarvodaya’ (welfare for all) aimed to create a morally just society,
inspiring movements for social equality.
 Individual Character Development: Morality has been instrumental in shaping
individual character and fostering a sense of responsibility. Example: Swami
Vivekananda’s teachings on ‘Man-Making’ emphasised moral strength and character-
building as essential components of individual and societal progress.
Why can’t ‘Customary Morality’ be a guide to modern life?

 Cultural Diversity and Globalization: Customary morality is often deeply rooted
in specific cultural contexts, making it challenging to provide universal guidance.
What is considered morally acceptable in one region may differ significantly in
another.
 Example: In many Western cultures, consuming beef is a common and morally
acceptable practice. However, in Hindu-majority regions such as India, cows
are considered sacred, and the slaughter or consumption of beef is often deemed
morally unacceptable.
 Technological Advancements and Ethical Dilemmas: Rapid technological progress
introduces new ethical complexities that customary morality may not adequately
address.
 Example: WhatsApp Privacy Policy Changes - The updates to WhatsApp’s
privacy policy stirred controversy in India, as users grappled with the prospect
of increased data sharing with Facebook. The public response highlighted the
clash between traditional expectations of privacy and the evolving practices of
digital platforms, necessitating a reevaluation of moral perspectives on data
sharing and consent.
 Changing Social Dynamics and Gender Roles: Customary morality, often reflective
of historical norms, may perpetuate gender inequalities. Expectations and norms
regarding gender roles differ globally.
 Example: In certain societies, traditional gender roles may be deeply ingrained,
with specific expectations for the roles of men and women. Conversely, in more
progressive regions, efforts are made to challenge and redefine these roles to
achieve greater gender equality.
 Global Issues Require Global Ethics: Global challenges such as climate change
and economic inequality demand ethical frameworks that transcend traditional
boundaries.
PYQs : 2019
 Example: In the face of refugee crises and human rights violations, customary
morality may differ significantly. A global ethical perspective is crucial to address
the plight of refugees.
 Individual Autonomy and Personal Choice: Modern life places a premium on
individual autonomy, yet customary morality may conflict with the principles of
personal freedom.
 Example: In India’s diverse society, where cultural norms vary widely, allowing
individuals the autonomy to make personal choices challenges the rigid
constraints of customary morality related to attire, career choices, marriage
systems etc.
Challenges of modern life and the guidance it requisites

 Technological Ethical Dilemmas: In a world where technology advances rapidly,
ethical considerations surrounding privacy, artificial intelligence, and data security
demand guidance beyond what customary morality can provide. Example: The
proliferation of facial recognition technology in public spaces raises concerns about
individual privacy.
 Cultural Pluralism and Diversity: As societies become more diverse, there is a
need for an ethical framework that respects and accommodates differing perspectives,
transcending the boundaries of customary morality. Example: India’s diverse cultural
landscape grapples with balancing traditional values and the rights of LGBTQ+
individuals.
 Global Challenges and Interconnectedness: Traditional morality, often rooted in
local concerns, may struggle to offer meaningful guidance in addressing global issues
that require collaborative solutions. Example: The climate crisis necessitates global
cooperation, challenging traditional notions of national interests.
 Changing Gender Dynamics: Evolving gender roles and aspirations highlight the
need for an ethical framework that supports individual autonomy and challenges
outdated norms. Example: Women in India challenging societal norms to pursue
careers in traditionally male-dominated fields.
Is morality of absolutely no significance in the current contemporary setting?

 Social Cohesion and Harmony: Morality plays a crucial role in fostering social
cohesion and harmony in the diverse fabric of contemporary society. It provides a
shared set of values and principles that contribute to a sense of belonging and
understanding among individuals. For instance, India’s age-old concept of
“Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (the world is one family) promotes moral inclusivity,
emphasising unity in diversity and fostering social harmony.
PYQs : 2019
 Personal Development and Well-Being: Morality serves as a guide for personal
development, helping individuals make ethical choices that contribute to their overall
well-being. In modern India, the practice of “Ahimsa” (non-violence) from the
teachings of Mahatma Gandhi reflects the moral commitment to peaceful coexistence,
contributing to individual mental and emotional health.
 Ethical Governance and Accountability: In contemporary settings, morality plays
a pivotal role in shaping ethical governance and holding institutions accountable.
The fight against corruption in India, exemplified by movements like the Lokpal
Bill, underscores the moral imperative for transparency and accountability in public
life.
 Environmental Sustainability: Morality extends to our relationship with the
environment, guiding ethical choices for sustainable living. India’s embrace of “Ahara
Niyantran” (food control) during festivals, emphasising moderation and reducing
excess, reflects a moral commitment to environmental conservation.
 Global Solidarity and Human Rights: Morality serves as a foundation for advocating
global solidarity and human rights. India’s role in supporting the global campaign
for equal vaccine distribution “Vaccine Maitri” during the COVID-19 pandemic
exemplifies a moral commitment to ensuring health equity and standing in solidarity
with the international community.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the tragedy of Savita Halappanavar in Ireland serves as a poignant
reminder of the imperative to reevaluate and adapt customary morality in the face of
modern challenges. As we reflect on her story, it becomes evident that the rigid adherence
to traditional values, especially in matters as crucial as healthcare and women’s rights, can
have profound and devastating consequences.
The lessons drawn from Savita’s ordeal underscore the pressing need for a moral
compass that is not only rooted in tradition but also responsive to the dynamic complexities
of contemporary life. To sustain ethics in the modern world, we must embark on a journey
of introspection, transcending cultural boundaries and embracing a morality that is inclusive,
adaptive, and empathetic.
In this way, we can ensure that our ethical frameworks evolve alongside the ever-
changing landscape of society, fostering a harmonious coexistence that respects both
tradition and the imperative for progress. Savita’s legacy challenges us to build a world
where morality is the only beacon guiding us through the intricacies of our shared humanity.
As Confucius rightly said, “Society is always in a state of flux, and the ideal code of
conduct must be adaptable to the ever-changing circumstances.”


PYQs : 2019
IF DEVELOPMENTWISDOM
IS NOT ENGENDERED,
25 FINDS TRUTH
 Body:
 What is Wisdom?
 What is truth?
 Importance of finding truth.
 Leader who used wisdom to find truth.
 Role of wisdom in finding truth.
 Ignorance: Bliss or Misery?
 Wisdom: The important philosophy.
 How to inculcate wisdom?
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
 “Change your thoughts and you change your world.” – Norman Vincent
 “The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.” ¯ William
Shakespeare
 “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” ¯ Aristotle
 “The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.” ¯ Socrates
 “Science is organized knowledge. Wisdom is organized life.” – Immanuel Kant
 “Honesty is more than not lying. It is truth telling, truth speaking, truth living, and truth
loving.” – James E. Faust
 “Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom.” —Thomas Jefferson
 “If you want to have a healthy mind, you must feed your mind with truth.” —Rick Warren
 “The truth is not always beautiful, nor beautiful words the truth.” —Laozi

PYQs : 2019
What is Wisdom?
 The characteristic of having experience, understanding, and sound judgement is
wisdom. This trait might make an individual an inventor, innovator, or discoverer
regardless of his or her job domain, which could be physical, metaphysical, or both.
 Albert Einstein is one of the most notable instances. He is well-known not only for
his theory of relativity and the equation E=MC2, but also for his sage sayings, such
as “Try not to become a man of success. Rather, become a valuable guy.”
What is truth?
 As evidenced by the Ancient Greek term for truth, Aletheia, the original meaning
and essence of truth in Ancient Greece was the unveiling or bringing to light of
previously concealed information.
 Truth is the quality of being consistent with reality or facts. Truth is often given in
ordinary language to anything that strive to reflect reality or else match with it, such
as beliefs, assertions, and declarative phrases. Generally, truth is considered to be the
opposite of falsehood.
 According to Mahatma Gandhi, there is no end to the search of truth; thus, every
individual’s life should be devoted to this goal.
Importance of finding truth:

 Purpose of life
 The pursuit of the truth is often regarded as one of life’s most important
missions. A desire for the truth is at the heart of an investigative and deductive
approach to understanding both natural and human-made occurrences.
 To find Solution
 The human race has spent a lot of time trying to find answers to difficult
questions like: “Who are we? What is the purpose of our lives?” and “Which
path should we take?” Knowledge and the truth are both surprisingly hard to
articulate in words.
 To be rational
 To Humans have long sought answers to questions like who we are, our life’s
purpose, and the appropriate route. God: Imaginary or real? Is the cosmos
regulated by a supernatural creator or by natural laws that have formed and are
continually evolving? Truth is hard to define, like knowledge. Without wisdom,
truth is hard to discover.

PYQs : 2019
 To avoid ignorance
 Bhagawad Gita’s ethics discusses universal principles that are applicable
everywhere. Soul immorality, God’s immanence, world impermanence, and
immediate release. If we don’t know the truth, it produces ignorance, fear,
superstition, biases leading to injustice and exploitation, improper choices
and acts, etc. Truth-seeking is one of life’s finest goals.
 To Advance human condition
 Acquiring knowledge of, and an understanding of, the truth is absolutely
necessary in order to advance the material and spiritual conditions of human
life. When one has knowledge, a whole new universe of opportunities,
challenges, and decisions opens up to them. E.g., The anti-caste movement in
India helped alert Indians to the caste system’s injustice.
Leader who used wisdom to find truth:

 The wisdom generated by the personal experiences of the leaders likes of Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar led to find truth about caste system. His mindset to approach problem in
different way helps to eradicate one of the worst social evils of caste system.
 Till 1829 there exist a practice called Sati, in which a recently widowed woman used
to immolate herself on her husband’s funeral pyre. Everybody sees this act as a
religious ritual practice. But Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s wisdom helped him to enquire
about the true nature of sati as inhuman perspective led to abolishment of derogatory
practice.
 What Martin Luther King Jr. calls “thinking intensively and critically” is very
different from what my high school teachers called “critical thinking”, most especially
by the way Jr. King links intelligence and learning to the development of character,
that is, growth as a person. With his mindset and wisdom, he mobilised people to
fight for their civil rights.
Role of wisdom in finding truth:

 Historic aspect
 This may be observed historically with the European Enlightenment and
Scientific Revolution, when scientists like Newton utilised wisdom to resist
the Church’s handholding and lead the world to scientific truth. In the Indian
setting, great kings like Ashoka gained enlightenment after terrible violence
and spend the remainder of his life propagating fundamental human ideals.
 Truth is multifaceted
 Wisdom helps us select among facts, life meanings, relationships, objectives,
and reactions. Wisdom helps solve issues, make decisions, and judge righteously.
Truth is distorted and multifaceted in our times. Truth is elusive. Life is changing
quickly. Success and victory have trumped truth.

PYQs : 2019
 Helps in correct judgement
 Wisdom and Knowledge assist us in gaining a greater knowledge of the universe
and human existence, making sound judgements and choices, and determining
the best course of action in various circumstances.
 E.g., Some people often speak lies to themselves and to their loved ones to
protect them to hide their or his / her mistakes but person famed for wisdom
will never speak lies to themselves and others to protect them as they know
hiding mistakes for self – satisfaction will ultimately lead to failure.
 Recognising truth
 Finding the truth is not the same as knowing it. One must first be able to perceive
the truth in order to uncover it. Wisdom, which is defined as a combination of
experience, information, and sound judgement on a topic, is of the biggest
significance, and must be realised before one may recognise truth.
 It gives experience
 ‘Integrity’ is the virtue. That is its truth. This truth is meaningless until it’s
practised. Or doing what’s proper. To do anything well, a person requires
knowledge, which defines a ‘man of principle’ as someone who knows, accepts,
and lives by a principle.
 Wisdom elevates us
 Wisdom is applied knowledge. It provides us with the intelligence to address
our current existential, moral, and ethical concerns. Wisdom elevates us from
one degree of consciousness and understanding to another.
 Voice of conscience
 The function of conscience and inner voice also aids in distinguishing between
good and evil. Wise individuals have a living conscience; the more one can
speak with one’s inner self, the closer one gets to truth and becomes open to
understanding numerous dimensions of reality. Finding truth in this
complicated world is impossible without knowledge.
 Combination of knowledge and experience
 The key to discovering the truth is wisdom. Wisdom is the synthesis of
knowledge, experience, and intuition. Wisdom enables us to choose from a
wide range of facts, meanings of life, relationships, and goals and reactions.
 E.g., Late 1980s and early 1990s saw India’s economic turmoil. Rao-
Manmohan-Montek trio instead turned to comprehensive economic reform
programmes to address economic stability and structural changes. Crisis
becomes opportunity. They demonstrated wisdom.
Ignorance: Bliss or Misery?
 It is often stated that the more one knows, the heavier and more depressed they
become. There are many unpleasant things, uncontrollable external circumstances,
and things that impede our faith, trust, self-esteem, and confidence.

PYQs : 2019
 The less we know about them, the better, since it maintains us in excellent rhythm
and spirit, brave and unshakable. Understanding more is a burden and a source of
unhappiness. It hinders our inventiveness and saps our willpower.
 Moreover, it complicates decision-making and judgement. Some modern politicians
dislike intellectuals, a tendency that has reached alarming proportions when nation-
state leaders take rash and expedient economic and foreign policy decisions.
 Ignorance is a repulsive state of mind. An individual’s level of readiness for life
increases in proportion to his or her level of knowledge. However, being uninformed
is not the same thing as being stupid. Humans have vast gulfs in their common
knowledge and cultural understanding. Ignorance is never delightful, and it is never
a suitable substitute for brains, except in this one crucial respect.
Wisdom: The important philosophy:
 At all times, in all places, and in all civilizations, wisdom has been regarded as one of
the best qualities of human beings, because it aids in resolving complex situations
and challenges and in leading a moral life.
 Metis and Athena were the ancient Greek goddesses who embodied the virtue of
knowledge, which the ancient Greeks regarded as a crucial quality. Apollo was also
regarded as a deity of knowledge and was recognised as the conductor of the Muses
(Musagetes), who represented the sciences and the poetic arts.
 Philosophy was essentially the love of Wisdom for Socrates and Plato (philo-sophia).
This idea infuses Plato’s dialogues, particularly The Republic, in which the leaders
of his envisioned utopia are philosopher-kings with the fortitude to act in accordance
with their understanding of the Form of the Good.
 In Metaphysics, Aristotle described wisdom as the comprehension of causes, i.e.,
knowing why things are a particular way, which is more profound than just knowing
that they are a certain way. Aristotle was the first to distinguish between the phronesis
and Sophia components of wisdom.
 The ancient Romans likewise admired the personification of knowledge, Minerva
or Pallas. In addition, she signifies excellent knowledge and the virtues, particularly
chastity. In Buddhist traditions, the cultivation of wisdom plays a major role, and
thorough advice on how to cultivate wisdom is supplied.
 In the Inuit culture, one of the goals of education was the cultivation of knowledge.
A smart person, according to an Inuit Elder, is one who can discern what has to be
done and does it without being instructed. Thomas Aquinas, a Christian philosopher,
saw knowledge as the “father” (i.e., the source, measure, and form) of all virtues.
How to inculcate wisdom?
 In born
 According to King Solomon, God is the source of wisdom: “For the Lord
provides intelligence; from His lips flow knowledge and discernment”
(Proverbs 2:6). Solomon essentially asserts that with God-given knowledge, it
is possible to achieve success and pleasure in life.
PYQs : 2019
 Experience
 A number of contemporary social scientists’ philosophers and psychologists
feel that knowledge is not inherent but must be gained via experience. Anyone
interested in experiencing new things and reflecting on the experience has the
potential to get knowledge.
 Meditation
 Confucius said clearly that there are three ways to acquire wisdom: first, via
meditation, which is the most noble; second, by imitation, which is the simplest;
and third, through experience, which is the most painful.
 Education
 The dilemma of our day is that education is mostly skill-based and education
institutions do not directly and meaningfully pursue knowledge. This is one of
the causes for the creation of a large, affluent middle class devoid of innovative
ideas and the confidence to speak up on significant problems.
 Relationship with Wise people
 Humans imitate well. Spend time with smart individuals if wisdom is our new
objective. Yes, inquire how they think, what worldviews they utilise, and why
they do what they do. Most importantly, see how they live.
Conclusion:
 In contemporary world, we need the guidance of wisdom. Knowledge equals
wisdom. Wisdom is light. It consists of bravery, honesty, and integrity; sensitivity,
sympathy, and empathy; love and compassion; and the understanding of
interdependence and mutual respect. It is about appreciating tranquilly and joy.
Sustainable development, terrorism, civil conflicts, nuclear warfare, food and
energy shortages, new illnesses, and resistance of infections to antibiotics are on
the rise, while poverty, inequality, and various types of enslavement are peeking
into the view of human civilization.
 Wisdom assists in dealing with challenges in life, making decisions or making
judgments in order to behave righteously and most beneficially. Truth has become
not just hazy, but also multi-faceted in the times we live in. Propaganda, fabrications,
false news, and the legitimization of biases, new ideals, morals, and ethics have
all harmed the possibility of knowing.


PYQs : 2019
IFVALUES ARE NOTISWHAT

DEVELOPMENT HUMANITY IS,
NOT ENGENDERED,
26 BUT WHAT
IT IS IT OUGHT[2016]
ENDANGERED TO BE

 Body:
 What are values?
 Moral value.
 Core value.
 Humanity.
 How does values shape humanity?
 What humanity is ought to be?
 What are the issues faced by present day humanity?
Model Essay:
Relevant Quotes from Essay MIB and Poems:
“Your beliefs become your thoughts,
Your thoughts become your words,
Your words become your actions,
Your actions become your habits,
Your habits become your values,
Your values become your destiny.” ¯ Gandhi
 “Values are like fingerprints. Nobodies are the same, but you leave them all over everything
you do.” – Elvis Presley
 “A clear purpose will unite you as you move forward, values will guide your behavior, and
goals will focus your energy.”– Kenneth H. Blanchard
Anecdotes:
 Anecdote: 1
 Mother Teresa aids dying people. Her tale helped a dying woman forgive her
son. She rescued a lady from a dumpster. She was feverish and near death. She
continued repeating, “My son did this!” She ignored her illness, agony, and
fever. Mother brought her home, and her staff spent hours helping her. She was
loved. Before dying, she said, “I forgive my son.” Mother Teresa thanked God;
she could say it before dying. She understood the woman’s need for care.
PYQs : 2019
 Anecdote: 2
 Once there was a child who was bought up by poor Russian immigrants’ parents.
Though the parents were not rich by money but by were rich in terms of
parenting. The lessons taught to their child was of compassion, sharing,
fraternity, honesty as well as of integrity.
 The seeds sown in the child at that time were eaten as fruits by whole world in
the form of polio vaccine. The child was the great Jonas Salk who refused to
patent polio vaccine for the sake of humanity. The values given by the parents
and the teacher at that time defined the future of world and millions of children.
What are values?

 Individual beliefs that encourage individuals to behave in a certain manner constitute
values. They serve as guidelines for human conduct.
 People are often inclined to accept the ideals with which they were nurtured.
Additionally, people tend to assume that these values are “correct” since they are the
values of their culture.
 Often, making ethical decisions requires assessing competing values and deciding
which ones to prioritise. When individuals have different values, resulting in a collision
of preferences and priorities, conflicts may arise.
 Love, honesty, and liberty are examples of intrinsically valuable values. Other values,
such as ambition, responsibility, and bravery, denote instrumental characteristics or
actions.
Moral values:
 Moral values are societally-validated behaviours, aspirations, and habits. Observation,
education, training, and societal rules entrench these ideals in our conduct. These
are usually global and don’t vary significantly.
 Moral characteristics like integrity, loyalty, bravery, faith, and honesty are virtually
universally recognised
 Right and wrong are moral ideals. They define societal acceptability, good, and evil.
 Society appreciates moral concepts. They come into play when someone interacts
with others or makes a choice that affects others.
Core Values:
 Core values are a person’s essential things and beliefs. Core and moral values frequently
overlap. Loyalty and commitment are moral and essential qualities.
 Often, fundamental values contain individualistic or new-age attitudes, views, or
notions.

PYQs : 2019
 Environmental sustainability is a basic value determining people’s and organisations’
personal and professional views.
 Professionals generally reward core principles. Someone who is industrious and loves
discipline is likely to progress in their professions.
Humanity:
 Individual ideas that encourage individuals to behave in a certain manner are Values.
They serve as guidelines for human conduct.
 According to Gandhiji, humanity is not about maintaining a gracious relationship
between one another in the society but it is about building a bond amongst the society
with the help of a sustainable values.
 Humanity is not about showing passion and empathy to each other at times of need
but about regarding love in high esteem and kindness in all walks of life.
How does values shape humanity?

 Historically:
 Kauravas and Pandavas were of same lineage, same family, taught by same
guru but still one of them are remembered as adharmi and other are carrier of
dharma. Pandavas was given the value of emotional intelligence, truth which
gave the message to future generations that “truth only triumphs”.
 Freedom struggle:
 Even during modern India, Mahatma Gandhi led the freedom struggle and
India got freedom by minimal violence due to value of satyagraha. The values
indulged in Mahatma Gandhi was future of humanity which made India free.
 Politically:
 The issues of nepotism (Bhai-Bhat Javad), rising nexus of corporate- political
world is due to lack of values of objectivity, lack of courage of conviction.
Though the changes like one nation one election, electoral bonds are ways
that will determine the future of politics and how it will shape humanity by
replacing current note for vote system.
 Socially:
 The values sown of equality during the Renaissance period of 19th century
has shaped humanity in 20th century by having more women in political,
economic, and social sphere. The values sown by social reformers of empathy
has shaped humanity by reducing poverty in India by half in global
multidimensional poverty index.

PYQs : 2019
 Ambedkar was a political liberal who upheld the values of liberty, equality,
and brotherhood. He believed in the social equality of all people and was hence
a staunch opponent of the caste system. His values of social equality, social
justice and economic equality are very well encapsulated in the various
provisions of India’s Constitution
 Internationally:
 The values sown of love and compassion in Indian hearts is shaping the
humanity by helping immigrants whether it be of Bangladesh or operation
devi shakti to evacuate residents of India from Afghanistan.
 The value of sharing has given new face to humanity by help of “Vaccine
maitri” instead of “vaccine nationalism”.
 Legally:
 The value of courage in judiciary is shaping humanity by way of tolerance
either in Navtej Singh Johar case by scrapping section 377 of IPC or in
Sabrimala judgement by glorifying women’s equality.
 Environmentally:
 The value of respect towards mother nature, the value of gratitude in the past
by maintaining sacred groves is giving shape to present day humanity towards
earth in form of COP26 or achieving Net Zero targets.
What humanity is ought to be?

The change in value system at present is needed to shape the humanity in future.
 Firstly, we need to be more objective to see a humane world without fundamentalism
and more of scientific temper.
 Secondly, we need more compassion to see a world of Equals.
 Still in India, 95% of transgenders despite having skills are unemployed.
 Despite having 48% of population, women contribute only 23 % in labour
force participation.
 Thirdly, we need tolerance to see a world with no cow vigilantes, to promote our
rich heritage of unity in diversity and to contain extremism. E.g., Leaders like Kailash
Satyarthi will shape humanity in future.
 Fourthly, we need courage among administration to see a humane world with lesser
selfishness and more love. E.g., Officers like Satyendra Nath Dubey due to their
courage will inspire future officers to make society equitable.

PYQs : 2019
 Fifthly, we need stakeholder capitalism in order to maintain economy in longer run

as business is a part of society itself. E.g., leaders like Sudha Murthy will shape the
form of compassionate capitalism in future.
 Sixthly, we need rationality in the race of development. It will help in sustainable
development which is currently need of the hour.
What are the issues faced by present day humanity?

 At present at societal level, we are facing lack of mutual cooperation which is giving
rise to wars like Russia Ukraine war, Afghanistan Taliban crisis.
 At political level, we are facing issues like lack of internal democracy, vote winning
politics which will give rise to lack of trust in democracy and lack of control among
people’s hand.
 At economic level, we are facing issues like business without ethics which will create
issues for humanity by eliminating small business and MSME sectors. Ex: TRP
manipulation case of republic tv.
 At environmental level, we are presently facing issue of lack of rationality in maintain
the balance of rate of extraction and rate of replenishment. Ex: recent IPCC 6th
assessment report has highlighted the threat of global temperature to be at 1.06 degree
Celsius.
 At ethical level we are facing issues like lack of kindness, lack of empathy to feel
pain of others which can be a threat to humanity where man will eat man in his urge
to conquest and conquer.
Ways to inculcate the values – leading towards humanity:

 Parenting is the first and foremost way to inculcate values in order to shape humanity.
It was parents of Jonas Salk and Albert Einstein that made them serve the world.
 Further, the role of teachers and curriculum plays important role in shaping behavior
of a child. Sir APJ Abdul kalam focused on education to shape humanity in future.
 Moreover, role of religion in promoting tolerance will also help in shaping future of
world to contain religious fundamentalism.
 Role of peer group also helps you deciding your value system and ultimately your
attitude.
 Personal traits and experiences also decide your value system. E.g., Raja Ram
Mohan Roy was born in an orthodox family but still fought against sati due to his
inner voice of conscience.

PYQs : 2019
Conclusion:
 In a largely globalised world, where the changes in economic and natural resources
can be felt halfway around the globe, our challenges are becoming more intertwined
with the systems that connect us all. To solve the new wave of problems we face
today and, in the future, we need a new kind of thinking, a new approach towards
innovation.
 Thus, values shape your behaviour, behaviour shapes your attitude, attitude shapes
your actions, actions shape your decision, your decision influences society and the
influence shapes humanity.
 There is need of more coordinated approach, integrated system to shape our value
system. As life is small journey from human being to being humane, our value system
will be the key to the humanity.
To sum up,
We all are humans,
In a race to grow,
We all are creatures,
Who want to be first in the row,
But there is always a meaning to life,
To let the humans be bright,
In the journey of this race,
Let the values take their pace,
Let us serve humanity
It will automatically turn into spirituality’
Thus, as per Albert Einstein, “Rather than being a man of success, be a man of
values”

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PYQs : 2019
BEST FOR AN
IF DEVELOPMENT INDIVIDUAL
IS NOT IS NOT
ENGENDERED,
27 NECESSARILY BEST
IT IS FOR THE SOCIETY
ENDANGERED [2016]
 Introduction:
 Anecdote supporting both cases.
 Body:
 Relationship between society and Individual.
 Best for individual, but worst for society.
 Best for society not always best for individual.
 Best for individual and best for society
 What makes this contradiction?
 Should social interest or self-interest to prevail?
 How to determine which is good?
 Conclusion:
 Discuss the ways forward to reduce the conflict.
Model Essay:
 “The world has enough for everyone’s need, but not enough for everyone’s greed.” – Gandhiji
 “Man’s life is independent. He is born not for the development of the society alone, but for the
development of his self. “ – B. R. Ambedkar
 “An individual has not started living until he can rise above the narrow confines of his
individualistic concerns to the broader concerns of all humanity. “ – Martin Luther King,
Jr
 “Man was formed for society and is neither capable of living alone, nor has the courage to do
it.” - William Blackstone.
 “Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without
understanding both.” - C. Wright Mills.
 Individual commitment to a group effort - that is what makes a teamwork, a company work,
a society work, a civilization work. – Vince Lombardi

PYQs : 2019
Relationship between society and Individual
 The relation between individual and society is very close. Essentially, “society” is
the regularities, customs and ground rules of antihuman behaviour. These practices
are tremendously important to know how humans act and interact with each other.
Society does not exist independently without individual. The individual lives and
acts within society but society is nothing, in spite of the combination of individuals
for cooperative effort.
 On the other hand, society exists to serve individuals—not the other way around.
Human life and society almost go together. Man is biologically and psychologically
equipped to live in groups, in society. Society has become an essential condition for
human life to arise and to continue. The relationship between individual and society
is ultimately one of the profound of all the problems of social philosophy. It is more
philosophical rather than sociological because it involves the question of values.
 Man depends on society. It is in the society that an individual is surrounded and
encompassed by culture, as a societal force. It is in the society again that he has to
conform to the norms, occupy statuses and become members of groups. It is closely
connected with the question of the relationship of man and society. The relation
between the two depends upon one fact that the individual and the society are
mutually dependent, one grows with the help of the other.
Best for individual, but worst for society

When we decide the best for ourselves, we fail to empathize for them who might
suffer. This dehumanizes our decision-making process and portrays that we are never
tolerant of hearing the issues of other as we give preferences to our own rationalist thought.
 Varna system: This varna system satisfied the needs of Kshatriyas and Brahmins
by giving them political, economic and social power to suppress the lower castes.
This was bad for society as there was no opportunity to improve the socio-economic
status of an individual; no matter how hard a person works.
 Capitalism: Capitalism and free market economy led to wealth creation,
employment generation and maximized the profit for business class. But it led to
problems like unequal distribution of wealth, exploitation of labour class and resulted
in costs to the environment. Capitalism is good for capitalists, but it is bad for
society because it is the major cause of socio-economic problems of 21st century.
 Climate issue: It is the result of indiscriminate greenhouse gas emission by developed
countries during the process of industrialization in 17th century. Developed nations
were the ultimate beneficiaries of industrialization, but not the entire world
including small island nation suffers most due to climate change.

PYQs : 2019
 War: Since war helps to increase the export, war is good for the arms exporting
country. However, as we witnessed in the history catastrophe created by war creates
a devasting effect on the innocent citizen of the nation.
 Economic: In economic wisdom, saving and thrift is good for individuals, but at
societal level if there is too much thrust on saving, it has an adverse effect on
aggregate demand, which may lead to recession.
Best for society not always best for individual

 Taxation: Taxes are crucial for government because government collect this money
and use it to finance social projects. Without taxes, government contributions to the
health sector would be impossible. Tax contributes to everyday public services and
social programs like health care, elderly benefits, public schooling, public
transportation and education, etc. But, it the loss of revenue for individual or the
company which is paying tax.
 Utilitarian principle: Utilitarianism proposes that human actions should aim at
promoting the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. When used in a
socio-political construct, utilitarian ethics aims for the betterment of society as a
whole, but it affects the rights of individual and minority. E.g., If a doctor can
save five people from death by killing one healthy person and using that person’s
organs for life-saving transplants, then the act utilitarianism implies that the
doctor should kill the one person to save five.
 Restriction: The Constitution of India empowers the State to impose reasonable
restrictions on the freedom of speech and expression under Article 19 if it hampers
the integrity, sovereignty and friendly relations of India with other State or States. It
is good for the state, since reasonable restriction helps to protect the security
interest of the state. But it restricts the basic rights of the individual; hence it is
not good for individual.
 Surveillance: Now a day, security and law enforcement agencies have aggregate
surveillance data to create profiles of people and then attempt to predict their future
behaviour based on what they’ve done in the past. This may help the society by
reducing crime but it will affect the privacy of the individual.
 Reservation policy: The reservation policy was intended to uplift the community
that suffered historically. It helped to improve the socio-economic condition of
depressed communities, but it threatens the merit of individual.
PYQs : 2019
 Historically: Hitler when decided the world conquest as the best for Germany, the
genocide of Jews best for Aryan superiority. But little he did account for the global
peace, 1943 Bengal Famine, the trauma of Jews.
Best for individual and best for society

 Trust: Trust plays a pervasive role in social affairs, even sustaining acts of cooperation
among strangers who have no control over each other’s actions. But the full importance
of trust is rarely acknowledged until it begins to break down, threatening the stability
of social relationships once taken for granted.
 Tolerance: Tolerance makes it possible for people to coexist peacefully. It is the basis
for a fair society in which everyone can lead their lives as they wish. People who are
free to express themselves freely and peacefully without fear of persecution are more
likely to live happier lives as functional members of society.
 Lock down: In an attempt to curb the spread of Covid-19 and minimise the loss of
life, governments around the world have imposed their version of mandatory self-
isolation through implementing lockdown regulations. It prevented the spread of
Covid from individual to society and vice versa, hence it benefited both individual
and society.
 Economic: Adam Smith, the daddy of recent economics, defined that the very best
financial profit will be achieved solely when people act in their very own pursuits.
His declaration of the invisible hand reveals that when tens of hundreds act in their
very own pursuits, items and providers are created that profit each shoppers and
producers.
What makes this contradiction?

 Individuals are generally driven by animal spirit and self-interest. They are also
driven by a longing for freedom. Individuals try to realize their freedom goals by any
means without paying much heed to consequences of their actions on society.
 Society on the other hand tries to set norms and conventions for saving the
communities from disorder and anarchy. Society tends to develop conventions that
guide and bind individuals in their day-to-day life to behave in a particular way.
 Such conventions, however, curtail freedom and free will. There is a perpetual
conflict between individual interest and social interest and apparently it seems
that what is best for individual is not the best for society. E.g., freedom is cherished
by individuals as the most desirable goal, but state feels that freedom without
reasonable restrictions leads to disorder and anarchy.

PYQs : 2019
Should social interest or self-interest to prevail?

 The society is meant for individual and individual is answerable for whatever
good and bad happens in the nation and society. It is the same individuals who
become managers, teachers, parents, citizens and workers and collectively makes a
country and its destiny. Their interests for major parts can be reconciled.
 Freedom cannot be unrestricted and nor can be state overarching and irrationally
restrictive. Patriotism and social commitment may be taken as a pure idea, but it is
also cemented by a quid-pro-quo relationship between the government, society
and individuals.
 A person will not be accountable to society for his or her actions until they concern
the pursuits of the particular person himself or herself. When such actions hurt the
pursuits of others, the person is accountable and topic to social and authorized
punishment and hence social interest is important to guard the person interest of
the individual.
How to determine what is good for whom?

 It is very difficult to determine what is good for whom, because relationship
between individual and society is very complicated. But we can do multiple
interpretations for this by applying ideas of various thinkers.
 The best to resolve the conflict is to follow Gandhiji talisman. He says “I will give
you a talisman. Whenever you are in doubt, or when the self becomes too much
with you, apply the following test. Recall the face of the poorest and the weakest
man [woman] whom you may have seen, and ask yourself, if the step you
contemplate is going to be of any use to him [her]. Will he [she] gain anything by
it? Will it restore him [her] to a control over his [her] own life and destiny? In
other words, will it lead to swaraj [freedom] for the hungry and spiritually starving
millions? Then you will find your doubts and yourself melt away.”
 Thus, Talisman of Gandhiji holds immense value and provides searchlight in the
darkest hour of conflict between individual interest and social interest.
 Another way to resolve this conflict is to follow Jeremy Bentham’s Utilitarianism.
It is a theory of morality, which advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure
and opposes actions that cause unhappiness or harm. When directed toward making
social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the
betterment of society as a whole. Utilitarianism would say that an action is right if
it results in the happiness of the greatest number of people in a society or a group.

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 While making any decision or deciding the best for ourselves we should always take
one single thought into account whether its Africa or Asia, Women or Men, Plants
or Animals, it will have an impact whether positively or negatively it depends on us.
 John Rawls argues that the adoption of two fundamental principles of justice would
guarantee a just and morally acceptable society. Firstly, each person is to have an
equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible
with a similar system of liberty for all. Secondly, Social and economic inequalities
are to be arranged so that they are both: to the greatest benefit of the least
advantaged, and attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of
fair equality of opportunity.
Conclusion:
Conflict of interest is the inescapable aspect of human life which is bound to happen
in human relation. The use of HYV seed vs. farmer interest, protest against polluting factory
and other issues related to gene editing using CRISPER technology and many more. To
resolve such issues, we should think in rational manner and practical analysis. Education
and ethical thinking will certainly prone to helpful. Benefit of one and loss of other will
eventually lead to breakdown of social system. Coexistence and mutual benefit is the
only way to resolve this conflict. When everybody gains something out of an action only
then we can build future.
We need to focus more on participatory approach, inclusive growth, , empathize
fellow human being, adopt the goals of sustainable life style, giving priority to animal
welfare over our hedonistic tendencies as we have already are on the verge on Sixth
mass extinction.


PYQs : 2019
COURAGE
IF TO ACCEPT
DEVELOPMENT AND DEDICATION
IS NOT ENGENDERED,TO
28 IMPROVE AREIT
THE TWO KEYS TO SUCCESS
 Body:
 What is courage?
 What is Success?
 Acceptance requires courage.
 People accepted their action with courage.
 Importance of courage to accept and dedication to improve.
 People who improved through dedication.
 Application in various fields.
 Some other keys to success.
optimistic way.
Model Essay:

 “I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is
not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.” - Nelson Mandela
 “Courage isn’t having the strength to go on – it is going on when you don’t have strength.” -
Napoleon Bonapart
 “Courage doesn’t always roar. Sometimes courage is the little voice at the end of the day that
says I’ll try again tomorrow.” - Mary Anne Radmacher
 “It is not the strength of the body that counts, but the strength of the spirit. - J.R.R. Tolkien
 “Real courage is doing the right thing when nobody’s looking. Doing the unpopular thing
because it’s what you believe, and the heck with everybody.” - Justin Cronin
 “Success is the sum of small efforts - repeated day in and day out.” - Robert Collier

PYQs : 2019
What is courage?
 The capacity to accomplish something that frightens someone is courage. It is also
the resilience in the face of suffering or defeat. On the road to success, the route of
courage is very important.
 E.g., Individuals pick tough paths because of their bravery. In a storm, it is the
bravery of the sailors that keeps the ship going.
 It takes courage to commit to one’s desire, and courage to overcome the many hurdles
and strive towards one’s objective. When one fails to attain a goal, one must have the
guts to accept failure as well as the fortitude to better oneself and try again. Let us go
deeply into what bravery is required of us on the road to achievement.
What is Success?
 Success is a feeling of accomplishment that brings joy, contentment, and pride to a
person. Similar to Truth and God, there are many different ways to define success.
This definition may change up to the senses being at opposite poles depending on the
physical, emotional, and psychological needs of each individual. Success for me is a
dynamic process that evolves as time goes on and as I attain new goals. A few years
ago, success meant having decent grades.
 E.g., Today, entering the civil service is a successful path. In a few years, another
work will take precedence. However, in actuality, all of these are only
achievements and not true success.
Acceptance requires courage:

 Acceptance demands such Courage. Taking a challenge to one’s perspective, accepting
criticism on a piece of writing, and accepting failures and tragedies when they knock
on our doors all demand an appreciation and acceptance of others. This tenacity is
bravery. And it is unusual, since not everyone can find the courage to accept
constructive criticism, the identification of errors, and suggestions for improvement.
 Acceptance is the starting stage of every journey to achievement. Acceptance is
the accurate assessment and grasp of oneself, one’s environment, one’s thinking,
and one’s degree of ability. Acceptance also includes adjusting to change, uncertainty,
disturbance of routines, variables, and everything else that makes life difficult. This
type of acceptance requires bravery, and acceptance in turn strengthens courage.
 From this arises a strong balance that transforms into faith or confidence — the
sensation of capability. The conviction that “I can accomplish it.” This simple
acknowledgment is a sign of self-confidence and the source of the power that enables
one to traverse the lengthy path to achievement, i.e., practise.

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People accepted their action with courage:
 The majority of scientists, including Newton and Einstein, have failed horribly
hundreds of times, even becoming the town’s laughing stock; nonetheless, they
maintained the capacity and will to learn from their errors and crown mankind with
the world’s most innovative innovations.
 When Mahatma Gandhi exhorted the people to protest peacefully and non-violently,
violent incidents were pervasive across the nation. Gandhi quickly ended his strike
after realising his error. He acknowledged his shortcomings and returned to the task
at hand with much greater vigour.
 Dronacharya denied Eklavya’s desire to teach him archery in the Mahabharata. In
response, Eklavya made a stone sculpture of his teacher and started practising archery.
With the uttermost commitment to his training, he became the greatest archer.
Importance of courage to accept and dedication to improve:

 As human beings, we all eventually come to have an awareness of ourselves, which
enables us to learn both what we are capable of and what we are not capable of
doing. Ego is another word for this concept.
 However, once we begin the process of learning and begin to experience setbacks,
this may be a blow to our sense of self-importance.
 It takes bravery to admit this exact reality about our weaknesses, and as we
begin the process of learning, the road ahead of us is certain to be littered with
diversions, roadblocks, and disruptions.
 One who is dedicated, that is, one who is prepared to put in repeated and constant
efforts, is the only one who will be able to triumph over difficulties. This devotion
comes from having an iron will, being disciplined, and having a strong desire to
accomplish the task at hand.
 We all make errors. According to Alexander Pope, “to err is human.” In order to
figure out what precisely went wrong, we need to take a look within ourselves. It is
also a good idea to get recommendations from the individuals who are around us.
We must not be scared to accept responsibility for our blunders when they are pointed
out to us by others.
 The regular performance of the task requires a significant amount of bravery. This
provides us with enormous potential as well as confidence, which are additional
driving elements that will help us complete the task effectively.
 E.g., You will need bravery not just in your life as a student, but also in every
other aspect of your life, whether you are an officer or a simple businessman,
in order to carry out your responsibilities without fail.

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People who improved through dedication:

 Helen Keller
 Helen Keller stands out among these instances. She has experienced great
hardship throughout her life as a result of being blind. However, she overcame
even the most difficult challenges in her life, gained insight from them, and left
a lasting imprint on humankind with her name.
 Stephen Hawking
 Stephen Hawking, the person who is credited with developing the “theory of
black holes,” has shown to the rest of the world that mental and emotional
obstacles are more significant impediments to success than any physical obstacle
could ever be.
 Mangalyaan’s success
 Mangalyaan’s success tale would be incomplete without mentioning the failure
of its predecessor, Mangalyaan-1. If the scientists had not had the fortitude to
swallow their disappointment and work harder on Mangalyaan-2, India would
not have made history and put feathers to its cap.
 Article 370
 When the recent repeal of Article 370 occurred, views were divided. Some
condemned the government’s approach, while others praised its boldness.
However, if we examine the government’s intentions, we may see one primary
objective: to better the circumstances of Kashmiris.
Application in various fields:

 Education
 To thrive in school, students must study hard and use effort. They should
consistently study in order to avoid excessive test anxiety. They must have a
willingness to take risks and diligently pursue their objective.
 E.g., For the general development of school children, the Atal Innovation
Mission’s tinkering laboratories represent a step in the right direction.
 Religion
 Religion is an ordered belief system followed by a group of people. Any effort
to change religious rituals with changing times is greeted with hostility.
 E.g., Raja Ram Mohan Roy prohibited sati and introduced widow
remarriage in 1829, opening the path for better life for women. Banning
quick triple talaq and allowing all women into temples are favourable
religious changes. Continued efforts are needed to eliminate female
genital mutilation and modernise religion.

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 Economy
 Banking industry has contributed to the financial inclusion of Indians, and
success in addressing NPAs (Non-Performing Assets) would need bold and
gradual initiatives, such as strengthening corporate governance, preventing
political influence, and implementing loan restructuring policies.
 Success in agriculture and the industrial and service sectors will propel the
Indian economy toward its target of USD 5 trillion by 2022 and USD 10 trillion
by 2030.
 Environment
 Rapid urbanisation and industry are hastening environmental degradation.
Everyone must recognise his responsibilities and obligations and strive for a
healthy environment.
 Abstaining from the use of private automobiles and promoting public
transportation will require guts, but is the only way to achieve sustainable
growth.
 Attaining SDG (Sustainable Development Goals) objectives would need the
coordinated efforts of each and every person.
 Women Empowerment
 Women’s empowerment is already taking place in the form of a higher ratio
of women serving as panchayat heads, a higher participation rate of women
in the workforce, and gender budgeting; the focus now should be on providing
women with the protection and courage they need to voice their concerns in
a free manner.
Some other keys to success:

 Passion
 A person’s passion may provide them energy and help them get through the
more challenging times. However, one cannot feign passion. One must really
believe that what they are doing is important or profoundly significant.
 Optimism
 The greatest accomplishments sometimes begin as fantasy objectives. Some of
those objectives, like putting a man on the moon, looked so far-fetched that
many deemed them unattainable. Those who have accomplished the most may
not have accomplished anything at all if they didn’t have optimism and self-
confidence.
 Persistence
 Every successful person has failed – many times and in many different ways.
They differ from the others not because they fail less but because they persevere
more. Those that succeed don’t allow a setback, no matter how big, stop them
from moving on.
PYQs : 2019
 Creativity
 People with the ability to think creatively are more likely to succeed in all fields,
including the arts and sciences. Don’t merely go through a list of solutions
when presented with a challenge to achieving your objective. Consider
approaching the issue—and potential solutions—in a manner that few, if any,
have ever done before.
 Self-Discipline
 Everyone delays doing things. And everyone has one or more vices, no matter
how little. However, individuals that consistently succeed never allow
distractions to take control of them. Instead, they possess the self-control to
push themselves to persevere despite the impulse to switch to a less essential
task.
 A Willingness to Learn
 One thing you’ll notice if you speak with a highly successful individual is that
they often have a very in-depth understanding of their industry. Many also
possess extraordinary expertise in a variety of other professions. This is so
because a big part of success is knowing all there is to know about both the
world and what you’re attempting to do.
Conclusion:
 Both courage and determination are qualities that should be cultivated over time via
experience gained through repeated setbacks. Courage is a good characteristic that
should be integrated into our personalities. As the old adage goes, “The higher the
stakes, the greater the reward.” However, the 21st century requires perfection, and
in order to achieve our goals, each of us must provide our very best effort.
 Life is all about becoming better. “There is no free lunch in this world,” we must
comprehend. Great risks and big sacrifices are necessary for big accomplishments.
Without risk, neither success nor a simple existence are possible. However, taking
risks should not be interpreted as engaging in irrational pursuits of life or as living in
a fool’s paradise; rather, it refers to taking rationalized risks after careful
consideration of all pertinent factors, including self-confidence, self-competence,
pragmatism, inventive thinking, and input from experienced wits, among others.


PYQs : 2019
SOUTHIFASIAN SOCIETIES ARE

DEVELOPMENT WOVEN
IS NOT NOT AROUND
ENGENDERED,
29 THE STATE, BUT AROUND THEIR PLURAL CULTURES
IT IS AND
ENDANGERED [2016]
PLURAL IDENTITIES
essay.
 Body:
 What is the historical legacy of the diversity in South Asian Societies?
 How is ‘Cultural Pluralism’ a unifying force in these societies?
 Social Structures, Religious Harmony, Linguistic Diversity - Coexistence of
‘Plural Identities’
 Does ‘State’ play absolutely no role in harmonising South Asian Societies?
 What are the challenges & opportunities for these societies?
 Role & Responsibility of India as a leader of South Asia
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
 “Unity in diversity is the highest possible attainment of a civilization, a testimony to the
most noble possibilities of the human race.” - Mahatma Gandhi
 “The greatness of a culture can be found in its festivals.” - Siddharth Katragadda
 “Cultural differences should not separate us from each other, but rather cultural diversity
brings a collective strength that can benefit all of humanity.” - Robert Alan
 “The soul of a country lies in its villages.” - Mahatma Gandhi
South Asia stands as a testament to the kaleidoscope of cultures and identities that
have thrived within its borders. Spanning the vast lands of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives, South Asia offers a diverse palette of traditions,
languages, and religions. Its cultural diversity, akin to a vibrant fabric woven with threads
of history, spirituality, and resilience, defines the very essence of the societies that call this
region home. The amalgamation of Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, and various other
faiths, coupled with the coexistence of myriad languages and customs, paints a portrait of
a society intricately interwoven with pluralism.
PYQs : 2019
This essay seeks to explore the profound notion that South Asian societies find their
foundation not in the dictates of the state but in the rich diversity of cultures and identities
that harmoniously coexist within their boundaries. The following discussion will delve
into historical roots, cultural nuances, plural identities, and the complex relationship between
the state and this diverse social tapestry.
Historical legacy of the diversity in South Asian Societies

 Ancient Civilizations and Trade Routes: The historical legacy of diversity in South
Asian societies can be traced back to ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley, where
a mosaic of cultures flourished. The region’s strategic location facilitated trade routes
that connected diverse cultures, contributing to a cross-pollination of ideas and
traditions.
 Cultural Syncretism under the Mughal Empire: The Mughal Empire, which ruled
parts of South Asia for centuries, epitomized cultural syncretism. The Taj Mahal
(India) & Angkor Wat Temple (Cambodia) stand as a testament to the cultural
amalgamation.
 Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism: The historical presence of Buddhism and
Hinduism in South Asia has fostered a diverse religious landscape. The spread of
Buddhism from India to neighbouring regions like Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia
exemplifies how religious diversity shaped the cultural contours of South Asia.
 Colonial Influences and Cultural Hybridity: The colonial period, marked by British,
Portuguese, and Dutch influences, brought about cultural hybridity. English became
a lingua franca, and Western education systems left an enduring impact. The Indo-
European fusion in languages and the incorporation of Western values showcase the
multifaceted nature of South Asian societies.
 Partition and its Aftermath: The partition of British India in 1947 into India and
Pakistan led to the creation of two independent nations based on religious lines. The
legacies of partition persist in the cultural memories of communities on both sides
of the border.
Cultural Pluralism: an interweaving unifying force in South Asian societies

 Festivals and Celebrations: Cultural pluralism in South Asian societies serves as a
unifying force through shared festivals and celebrations that transcend religious and
ethnic boundaries. For instance, Diwali, celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs, and Jains, is a
festival of lights celebrated across the region, fostering a sense of collective joy and
shared traditions.
 Linguistic Diversity: The multitude of languages spoken in South Asia, such as
Hindi, Bengali, Urdu, Tamil, and many others, reflects cultural diversity. Language
movements, like the Bengali Language Movement in Bangladesh, highlight the
importance of preserving linguistic diversity.

PYQs : 2019
 Interfaith Harmony: South Asian societies exemplify interfaith harmony, where
individuals from different religious backgrounds coexist peacefully. The Golden
Temple in Amritsar, a sacred site for Sikhs, welcomes people of all faiths, emphasising
the inclusive nature of South Asian cultures and religions.
 Cultural Exchange in Arts and Music: The vibrant arts and music scene in South
Asia reflects cultural pluralism, with influences crossing borders. Bollywood films,
for example, often feature a fusion of diverse music styles and dance forms, showcasing
the shared cultural heritage that transcends regional and national boundaries.
 Historical Shared Spaces: South Asia has historically shared spaces, such as the
ancient city of Taxila, which was a melting pot of various cultures and attracted
scholars from different regions. These spaces symbolise a shared history and cultural
heritage.
Coexistence of Plural Identities in South Asia

 Caste System and Social Diversity: The caste system in South Asia, while historically
divisive, also reflects a complex social structure that accommodates diverse identities.
Despite its hierarchical nature, individuals often identify with multiple social markers,
such as caste, region, and occupation.
 Regionalism and Autonomy Movements: States like West Bengal, Tamil Nadu,
and Punjab in India have distinct cultural and linguistic identities, leading to
movements advocating for regional autonomy and recognition. The Gorkhaland
movement in West Bengal is an example of a struggle for cultural and administrative
independence.
 Religious Pluralism in Urban Centers: Urban centers in South Asia, such as Mumbai
and Karachi, exemplify religious pluralism, where individuals of different faiths live
and work together, fostering a sense of coexistence.
 Gender and Identity: South Asia grapples with issues related to gender and identity,
yet it is also a space where conversations on gender inclusivity are gaining momentum.
Movements advocating for LGBTQ+ rights, such as the decriminalisation of
homosexuality in India, highlight evolving social structures that aim for greater
acceptance of diverse identities.
 Tribal Communities and Indigenous Identities: Tribal communities in South Asia,
such as the Adivasis in India, maintain distinct cultural practices and identities. Their
coexistence within the broader societal framework reflects recognition of diversity.
Does ‘State’ play absolutely no role in harmonising South Asian Societies?

 Cultural Policies and Heritage Preservation: States in South Asia actively engage
in cultural policies and heritage preservation efforts. India, for instance, has institutions
like the National Museum and the Ministry of Culture that work towards safeguarding
and promoting the country’s diverse cultural heritage.

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 Educational Policies and Language Promotion: States play a crucial role in shaping
educational policies that impact the transmission of culture and language. Language
policies, such as the promotion of Hindi in India (under Article 351) or Bengali in
Bangladesh, are examples of state interventions aimed at fostering a sense of linguistic
identity and unity.
 Legal Framework for Minority Rights: The legal framework in South Asian
countries often includes provisions for the protection of minority rights. For instance,
India has constitutional provisions for the protection of religious and linguistic
minorities (under Article 29, 30), emphasising the state’s role in ensuring inclusivity
and harmony within the broader society.
 National Integration Programs: Various South Asian nations have implemented
national integration programs to foster unity among diverse communities. Pakistan’s
efforts to integrate its provinces through the promotion of a national language, Urdu,
exemplify state initiatives aimed at building a cohesive national identity.
 Foreign Relations and Diplomacy: The state’s role in shaping foreign relations can
impact societal harmony. Diplomatic efforts to maintain peaceful relations between
South Asian nations, despite historical conflicts, highlight the state’s role in promoting
regional stability and cooperation.
Challenges & Opportunities in South Asian Socities
 Challenges of Inter-Community Tensions: South Asian societies grapple with inter-
community tensions, often fueled by historical and cultural differences. For instance,
the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan; Myanmar internal conflict and
coup etc.
 Economic Disparities and Poverty: Economic disparities persist in South Asia, with
a substantial portion of the population facing poverty and unequal access to resources.
For example, the recent economic upheaval and collapse experienced by Sri Lanka.
 Political Instability and Governance Issues: Instances of corruption and weak
governance systems, as witnessed in several countries, hinder social development
and create obstacles to achieving a harmonious and inclusive society.
 Environmental Sustainability: The shared rivers among countries like India,
Bangladesh, and Nepal present complex issues, requiring collaborative efforts for
sustainable resource management.
 Opportunities through Cultural Diplomacy: Cultural diplomacy offers
opportunities for fostering understanding and cooperation among South Asian
nations. Cultural exchanges, joint artistic endeavours, and academic collaborations
can bridge gaps and promote a sense of shared heritage.
Role & Responsibility of India as a leader of South Asia
 Economic Development and Cooperation: India, as a leader in South Asia, has a
crucial role in fostering economic development and regional cooperation. Initiatives
like the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) aim to promote economic
integration among South Asian countries, with India being a key participant in trade
agreements to boost the regional economy.

PYQs : 2019
 Security and Counterterrorism Cooperation: Given its geopolitical significance,
India shoulders the responsibility of ensuring regional security and stability. The
country actively engages in counterterrorism efforts and intelligence sharing with its
neighbours.
 Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: India plays a pivotal role in providing
humanitarian assistance and disaster relief in the region. The Indian government
responds swiftly to natural disasters, exemplified by its relief efforts in the aftermath
of earthquakes in Nepal and Bhutan; Distribution of Vaccines under “Vaccine
maitri” during COVID-19. Such initiatives demonstrate India’s commitment to the
well-being of its neighbours.
 Cultural Diplomacy and Soft Power: India leverages its rich cultural heritage as a
tool for diplomacy and soft power. Programs like the Indian Council for Cultural
Relations (ICCR) promote cultural exchange, educational opportunities, and artistic
collaborations, contributing to a positive image of India within the region.
Conclusion:
As Mahatma Gandhi beautifully puts it - “Unity in diversity is the highest possible
attainment of a civilization, a testimony to the noblest possibilities of the human race.” The
intricate cultural fabric of South Asian societies is woven around the myriad threads
of cultural diversity and plural identities. From the ancient civilizations that flourished
along the Indus Valley to the syncretic cultural expressions under the Mughal Empire,
the historical legacy of the region exemplifies a harmonious coexistence of diverse
traditions. Despite the challenges posed by inter-community tensions, economic
disparities, and environmental concerns, the opportunities for unity and collaboration
are equally abundant.
Cultural pluralism emerges as a unifying force, transcending linguistic, religious, and
regional differences. Festivals, language diversity, and shared historical spaces
underscore the resilience of South Asian societies in embracing diversity. The state,
while facing challenges in navigating political complexities, plays a pivotal role in
preserving cultural heritage, ensuring minority rights, and fostering national
integration.
As a leader in South Asia, India shoulders the responsibility of spearheading economic
development, ensuring regional security, and promoting cultural diplomacy. In the
face of contemporary challenges, the opportunities for South Asian societies lie in
collective efforts toward economic cooperation, cultural exchange, and sustainable
development.


PYQs : 2019
IFOF
DEVELOPMENT ISCARE
NOTAND
ENGENDERED,
30 NEGLECT PRIMARY HEALTH
INDIA ARE REASONS
EDUCATION IN
FOR ITS BACKWARDNESS
essay
 Body:
 What is the importance of Primary Health Care & Education for any country?
 What is the current status of Primary Health Care & Education in India?
 What are the consequences of their neglect in India?
 Are Primary Health Care and Education the only reasons behind India’s
backwardness?
 How can the situation be improved amidst other challenges that India is
grappling with?
optimistic way
Model Essay:

 “The foundation of every state is the education of its youth.” - Diogenes
 “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” - Nelson
Mandela
 “A nation’s greatness is measured by how it treats its weakest members.” - Mahatma Gandhi
 “Investment in education pays the best interest.” - Benjamin Franklin
Introduction:
In the heart of Indore, 12-year-old Ravi’s life took a tragic turn. Struggling with a
preventable illness, Ravi’s low-income family, immersed in daily challenges, prioritised
survival over regular health check-ups. Limited access to healthcare facilities in their
neighbourhood meant Ravi’s condition worsened unnoticed until it became critical. This
incident vividly illustrates the interconnectedness of health and education. Ravi’s ailment
not only jeopardised his well-being but also disrupted his education, reflecting the urgent
need to address systemic issues.

PYQs : 2019
India, a nation of diverse cultures and traditions, has made remarkable strides in
various fields, yet it grapples with the persistent issue of backwardness. A critical
examination reveals that the neglect of primary health care and education plays a pivotal
role in hindering India’s progress. Ravi’s story accentuates on the profound impact that
neglecting primary health care and education has on individual lives and the overall progress
of the nation. This essay will explore the causes and consequences of this neglect, its impact
and viable solutions leading towards the development of the country.
Significance of Primary Health Care & Education for any country:

 Foundations of Human Capital: Primary health care and education are the building
blocks of a nation’s human capital, fostering a healthy and skilled workforce. Kerala
stands out for its high literacy rates and strong healthcare systems, contributing to
the state’s overall development.
 Economic Prosperity and Poverty Alleviation: Investing in primary health care
and education leads to economic prosperity by breaking the cycle of poverty and
empowering individuals. China’s economic growth is linked to its emphasis on
education and healthcare, lifting millions out of poverty over the years.
 Social Equity and Inclusion: Primary health care and education promote social
equity, reducing disparities and ensuring that all segments of the population have
equal opportunities. Brazil’s Bolsa Família program combines education and health
incentives, promoting inclusivity and reducing social inequality.
 Disease Prevention and Healthcare Efficiency: Primary health care focuses on
preventive measures, reducing the prevalence of diseases and enhancing the overall
efficiency of healthcare systems. Thailand’s success in controlling the spread of HIV/
AIDS through a comprehensive health education and prevention program.
 National Resilience and Sustainable Development: A population with access to
primary health care and education is more resilient, contributing to long-term
sustainable development. Rwanda’s post-genocide recovery is marked by investments
in health and education, fostering national resilience and sustainable progress
Current status of Primary Health Care & Education in India:

 Primary Health Care Challenges: India faces challenges in providing universal access
to primary health care, with disparities in rural-urban healthcare infrastructure and a
shortage of healthcare professionals. According to the National Health Profile 2020,
there is a wide variation in the doctor-population ratio (1:1800), with rural areas
having fewer healthcare facilities.
 Disease Burden and Preventive Care: The country grapples with a high disease
burden, emphasising the need for robust preventive healthcare measures. As per the
Global Burden of Disease Study, India has 17% of the global population, and bears
20% of the global burden of diseases.

PYQs : 2019
 Education Disparities: Despite progress, disparities persist in education, particularly
in terms of gender, regional, and socio-economic factors. The Annual Status of
Education Report (ASER) highlights that learning levels among Indian school
children vary, indicating the need for quality improvement in education.
 Infrastructure and Access Issues: Infrastructure gaps, including a shortage of schools
and health facilities, hinder access to primary education and healthcare services.
According to India Inequality Report 2022 by Oxfam, only 31% of the rural
population uses the Internet as compared to 67 per cent of the urban population.
 Government Initiatives and Progress: The Indian government has launched various
initiatives to address these challenges, such as Ayushman Bharat for health and Sarva
Shiksha Abhiyan for education. The Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY)
aims to provide financial protection to over 100 million vulnerable families, signalling
efforts to enhance healthcare accessibility.
Consequences of Neglect:
 Health Crisis and Increased Mortality Rates: Neglect of primary health care leads
to a health crisis, resulting in higher mortality rates, especially in rural areas. According
to the National Health Mission (NHM), rural areas in states like Bihar experience a
significantly higher maternal mortality ratio (MMR) of 140 (per 100,000 live births)
compared to the national average of 113.
 Limited Economic Productivity and Poverty Perpetuation: A population lacking
access to proper health care and education is less productive, perpetuating the cycle
of poverty. As per the World Bank, the poverty rate in states with inadequate healthcare
and education infrastructure, like Uttar Pradesh, remains higher at around 29%,
compared to the national average of 21%.
 Educational Disparities and Skill Gaps: Neglecting education creates disparities,
leading to skill gaps in the workforce, hindering economic development. The Annual
Status of Education Report (ASER) 2022 indicates that the digital divide in India is
stark, with only 15% of rural students having access to smartphones for online learning
compared to 67% in urban areas.
 Increased Disease Burden and Strain on Healthcare Systems: Neglecting primary
health care contributes to a higher burden of preventable diseases, straining already
overburdened healthcare systems. The National Family Health Survey (NFHS)
highlights that in slums and underserved areas, such as Dharavi in Mumbai, the
prevalence of waterborne diseases, such as diarrhoea, is substantially higher compared
to more developed urban areas.
 Social Inequality and Gender Disparities: Neglect of primary health care and
education perpetuates social inequality and widens gender disparities in access to
resources and opportunities. According to the Census 2011, there is a notable gender
gap in literacy rates, particularly in states like Rajasthan, where the female literacy
rate is 56.3% compared to the male literacy rate of 79.2%.
PYQs : 2019
Are Primary Health Care and Education the only reasons behind India’s backwardness?
 Multi-faceted Challenges: Primary health care and education are crucial, but India’s
backwardness is influenced by a myriad of factors, including corruption, inadequate
infrastructure, and bureaucratic inefficiencies. The 2010 Commonwealth Games
corruption scandal revealed how mismanagement and corruption in organising a
major international event reflected broader systemic issues.
 Economic Disparities and Unequal Distribution of Resources: Economic
inequality, unequal distribution of resources, and disparities in infrastructure
contribute significantly to India’s backwardness. Oxfam’s report highlights that India’s
top 1% holds more than four times the wealth of the bottom 70%, showcasing stark
economic disparities.
 Population Growth and Urbanization Challenges: India’s rapid population growth
and challenges associated with unplanned urbanisation add complexity to the issues
of backwardness. The United Nations estimates that India’s population will surpass
China’s by 2027, emphasising the need for sustainable urban development.
 Political Instability and Governance Issues: Political instability, governance issues,
and a lack of effective policies hinder the efficient utilisation of resources for national
development. Instances of frequent changes in state leadership, as observed in several
Indian states, can disrupt long-term development plans.
 Environmental Degradation and Climate Change Impact: Environmental
degradation, exacerbated by climate change, poses significant challenges to India’s
development, affecting agriculture, water resources, and livelihoods. The Global
Climate Risk Index ranks India (#7) among the countries most affected by extreme
weather events, emphasising the need for sustainable development practices.
How can the situation be improved amidst other challenges that India is grappling
with?
 Increased Investment in Healthcare and Education: Allocating a higher percentage
of the national budget to healthcare and education, as recommended by the World
Health Organization (WHO) and UNESCO. Kerala’s success in achieving high health
and education indicators is partly attributed to its consistent investment in these
sectors.
 Enhanced Rural Healthcare Infrastructure: Focusing on building robust healthcare
infrastructure in rural areas, addressing the disparities in access to health services.
The success of the Rajiv Gandhi Arogyasri Scheme in Telangana, providing health
insurance for rural populations, demonstrates the positive impact of targeted
initiatives.
 Reform of Education Curriculum and Accessibility: Implementing curriculum
reforms to make education more relevant and accessible, with a focus on digital
literacy and skill development. The Delhi government’s efforts to introduce skill-
based education in schools aim to bridge the gap between education and employability.
PYQs : 2019
 Community-Based Health and Education Programs: Develop community-based
programs to increase awareness and participation in health and education, involving
local communities in decision-making. The success of Anganwadi centres in states
like Tamil Nadu, providing maternal and child health services, showcases the
effectiveness of community involvement.
 Promotion of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encourage partnerships between
the government and private sectors to leverage resources and expertise for the
improvement of healthcare and education. The “School Chalo Abhiyan” in Gujarat
has increased enrollment rates and improved education quality.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, Ravi’s story in Indore reflects the bigger issues India faces because of
neglecting health care and education. Ravi’s struggle is like many others across the country,
showing why we urgently need comprehensive changes. To move India forward, we must
focus on investing more in health and education. Learning from places like Kerala and
Telangana, and adopting successful policies like Delhi’s skill-based education, can help
break the cycle of backwardness. It’s not just about more money; we need communities
involved and partnerships between the government and private sectors. Ravi’s story should
push us to make a collective effort to create a healthier, more educated nation, unlocking
the enormous potential in its people.
Addressing the neglect of primary health care and education is imperative for India
to break free from the shackles of backwardness. A comprehensive approach that involves
increased funding, infrastructure development, and policy reforms is necessary. By
prioritising these fundamental aspects, India can build a healthier and more educated
population, fostering sustainable development and ensuring a brighter future for the nation.
It is only through a concerted effort to rectify these issues that India can truly unlock its full
potential and emerge as a global leader.


PYQs : 2019
BIASED MEDIA
IF DEVELOPMENT IS NOTISENGENDERED,
A THREAT TO
31 INDIAN DEMOCRACY
essay.
 Body:
 Media vs Biased Media
 How Media is Biased?
 Why Media is Biased in India?
 Importance of unbiased media in democracy.
 Impact of biased media on Indian democracy.
 Unbiased Media: A way forward
 Conclusion: Link it with the introduction and sum up the essence of the essay in an
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
 “The media’s the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent
guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that’s power. Because they control the minds of
the masses.” - Malcolm X
 “All media exist to invest our lives with artificial perceptions and arbitrary values.” - Marshall
McLuhan
 “The biases the media has are much bigger than conservative or liberal. They’re about getting
ratings, about making money, about doing stories that are easy to cover.” - Al Franken
 “The mainstream media has its own agenda. They do not want to print the facts. They have
an agenda, they have a slant, they have a bias. It is outrageous to me.” - Curt Weldon
 “I have been very concerned about media bias and the total dishonesty of the press. I think
new media is a great way to get out the truth.” - Donald Trump
 “Media bias has been a favorite theme of the Right for decades, of course.” - Thomas Frank
 “As the mainstream media has become increasingly dependent on advertising revenues for
support, it has become an anti-democratic force in society.” - Robert McChesney

PYQs : 2019
Introduction:
In the complex tapestry of Indian democracy, the media stands as a pivotal pillar,
entrusted not only with reporting events but also with the crucial responsibility of
interpreting societal occurrences, reflecting diversity, and holding governments accountable.
However, a disconcerting trend has emerged, challenging the essence of unbiased reporting.
The once nuanced role of print media, guided by constitutional principles of free speech,
now faces distortion, with predetermined narratives leaving little room for correction or
analysis. The escalating influence of social media as a news source adds another layer,
where unverified information proliferates. This shift demands a closer examination of media
bias, echoing concerns about its impact on the democratic fabric of India.
Media vs Biased Media:

 Media: Media encompasses various communication outlets such as newspapers,
television, radio, websites, and social media. It serves to store and disseminate
information, aiming to inform, entertain, and educate the public while fostering
societal exchange of ideas.
 Biased Media: Biased media denotes outlets or content displaying partiality toward
specific perspectives or ideologies. This bias can affect information selection,
presentation, or interpretation, aligning with the media source’s agenda. This partiality
may compromise objectivity, distorting facts and influencing public opinion by not
accurately representing diverse viewpoints or realities.
How Media is Biased?

 Regional Bias: Regional bias in Indian media is seen in uneven coverage, focusing
on specific states while neglecting others. This skews event representation, hindering
a comprehensive understanding of diverse regional issues and perpetuating
stereotypes.
 Religious Bias: Media bias along religious lines is evident in the portrayal of events
related to different religious communities. Sensationalizing religious issues or
favouring one group over another can contribute to social tension and shape distorted
public perceptions. Example: TV media sensationalized ‘Corona Jihad’ during the
Tablighi Jamaat incident, fostering religious bias and contributing to misinformation,
fueling prejudice and dividing communities.
 Political Bias: Political affiliations of media outlets and journalists can lead to biased
reporting aligning with specific political ideologies. This bias may manifest in the
framing of stories, choice of language, and emphasis on certain political narratives,
undermining the media’s impartial role. Example: A major political part in India
spends almost USD $140 million on publicity per year, with 43 percent of this
expenditure focusing specifically on print ads in newspapers.

PYQs : 2019
 Gender Bias: Gender bias in media is reflected in the reporting of news stories
involving gender issues. Stereotyping, victim-blaming, or underrepresentation of
women’s perspectives can perpetuate gender inequalities. Example: Women appear
in just 8.3% of all flagship debates and comprise 9.3% of the panellists on average.
Over 70% of the debates feature all-male panels.
 Yellow Journalism: Yellow journalism, characterized by sensationalism and
exaggeration, influences certain segments of Indian media. This approach, aimed at
attracting attention rather than providing factual information, can contribute to
misinformation and undermine journalistic integrity. Example: A celebrity’s personal
life receiving more coverage than significant national issues
 Paid News: The phenomenon of paid news involves media organizations accepting
payment for favourable coverage or suppressing unfavourable information. This
compromises journalistic ethics, as news content becomes influenced by financial
considerations rather than an objective commitment to informing the public.
Why Media is Biased in India?

 Lack of Objectivity: Objective journalism’s decline results in a distorted portrayal
of truth as media outlets prioritize sensationalism or cater to specific ideologies.
This compromises the media’s fundamental role in informing the public, leading to a
potential misalignment between reality and the news narrative.
 Ownership by Political Entities: Major media houses owned by political entities or
individuals in power introduce significant bias. Media controlled by those with
political affiliations challenges the expectation of fair reporting, creating a landscape
reflecting the interests of those in control, limiting diversity.
 Competition and Ratings Pressure: Fierce media industry competition, coupled
with the constant pursuit of high ratings (TRP), compromises news quality and
objectivity. In the quest for survival and audience attention, sensationalism often
takes precedence over balanced reporting, undermining the media’s role in presenting
unbiased views.
 Corporate Influence: Media outlets owned by large corporation’s risk having editorial
policies influenced by profit-driven motives. Prioritizing certain narratives over public
interest can lead to a lack of diverse perspectives, shifting focus from objective
information to serving shareholders’ interests.
 Censorship and Government Control: Governments using censorship to control
information flow and suppress dissent can lead to self-censorship by media outlets.
Fear of repercussions may result in conformity with the government’s narrative,
limiting the media’s ability to act as an independent watchdog and provide diverse
information.

PYQs : 2019
 Social Media Impact: Biased news’ influence on social media platforms, exemplified
by cases like Cambridge Analytica, underscores online media’s profound impact on
public opinion. The echo-chamber effect on social media can amplify biased
narratives, challenging the media’s role as an impartial information source,
contributing to the polarization of public discourse.
Importance of unbiased media in democracy:

 Source of Information: Reliable information is the cornerstone of informed decision-
making in a democracy. Unbiased reporting ensures citizens receive accurate data
on crucial aspects like the economy, health, and education. This transparency aids
citizens in making informed choices and engaging meaningfully in the democratic
process.
 Education: Media is a powerful tool for educating the public on societal issues.
Reporting the exact number of rape cases, for instance, contributes to sensitizing
society and addressing threats. This educational role fosters a socially aware and
responsible citizenry.
 Awareness: Media acts as a catalyst, making citizens aware of their democratic rights.
By disseminating information about the functions and significance of the three pillars
of democracy, unbiased reporting promotes civic engagement and an active citizenry.
 Ensuring Justice: Media plays a crucial role in ensuring justice by acting as a vital
link between the government and citizens. Through unbiased reporting, it facilitates
the equitable distribution of the benefits of government policies to all sections of
society, ensuring fairness and justice prevail.
 Watchdog: Media, as a watchdog, monitors public affairs and investigates
administrative wrongdoing. Unbiased reporting exposes fraud and corruption cases,
holding politicians accountable. This watchdog role is indispensable in maintaining
the integrity and health of a democratic system.
 Good Governance: Unbiased media contributes to the audit of government policies
and spending, promoting transparency. By scrutinizing and reporting on the
effectiveness of policies, it encourages good governance practices and fosters public
trust in the democratic process.
 Accountability: Unbiased media serves as a check on the government by exposing
flaws in the democratic system. This exposure prompts citizens to question the actions
of the government, fostering accountability and ensuring those in power are
answerable to the people.

PYQs : 2019
Impact of biased media on Indian democracy:
 Challenging Democratic Values: Biased media within India poses a genuine threat
to democratic values by distorting public opinion, impeding well-informed decision-
making, and corroding the bedrock of a just and transparent democracy.
 Government Oversight Concerns: The presence of media bias may compromise
the ability to hold the government accountable, potentially resulting in a lack of
scrutiny and questioning of governmental actions, thereby leaving room for unchecked
power and potential misuse of authority.
 Press Freedom in Jeopardy: The practices of biased media represent a significant
jeopardy to the freedom of the press, limiting the capacity of journalists to report
objectively and exposing them to various risks, including censorship, intimidation,
or legal repercussions.
 Exacerbating Social and Political Division: Biased reporting tends to exacerbate
social and political divisions by presenting a one-sided narrative, intensifying rifts
within society and impeding the constructive dialogue crucial for a robust democratic
discourse.
 Impact on Electoral Dynamics: Media bias holds the potential to influence electoral
dynamics by swaying public opinion through selective coverage, propaganda, and
misinformation, potentially distorting the democratic process and compromising the
integrity of elections.
 Erosion of Confidence: The prevalence of biased media may gradually erode public
confidence in media institutions, fostering skepticism about the credibility of
information sources and weakening the crucial role of media as a watchdog in a
democratic framework.
Unbiased Media: A way forward:

 Promote Accuracy and Fact checking: In fostering responsible journalism, there’s a
collective need to champion accuracy and thorough fact-checking. Ensuring news
undergoes rigorous scrutiny before dissemination reinforces a commitment to credible
reporting.
 Ensure Diverse Perspectives: Media platforms must actively seek and present a
spectrum of voices, cultivating inclusivity. This approach enriches understanding by
incorporating varied perspectives, nurturing an informed and engaged citizenry.
 Uphold Accountability for Those in Power: Integral to a robust democracy is media’s
role in holding those in power accountable. Through investigative reporting, media
contributes to transparency, ensuring leaders remain answerable to the public.

PYQs : 2019
 Facilitate Open Public Discourse: Media’s pivotal role in providing platforms for
open debate is crucial. Encouraging informed public discourse fosters understanding,
dialogue, and inclusive decision-making, strengthening the democratic fabric.
 Strive for Impartiality and Avoid Bias: Aiming for objectivity and steering clear of
bias is paramount for media outlets. Presenting news objectively, without favouritism,
builds trust, reinforcing the media’s essential role in democratic processes.
 Address Online Harassment of Journalists: The surge in online harassment of
journalists demands concrete measures. Safeguarding journalists’ safety and freedom
of expression is imperative, preserving a resilient media landscape.
 Foster Media Literacy: Media literacy is a shared responsibility. Media outlets and
citizens alike contribute to nurturing critical news consumption. Empowering
individuals with media literacy fosters discernment, enhancing meaningful
engagement in public discourse.
 Support Independent Journalism: Backing independent journalism is vital for a
diverse media landscape. Beyond mainstream outlets, supporting investigative
reporting, community-based media, and safeguarding freelance journalists contributes
to a vibrant and resilient media ecosystem, crucial for a thriving democracy.
Conclusion:
Safeguarding the integrity of our fourth pillar, the Indian media, is a collective duty.
Citizens must vigilantly monitor media to prevent its manipulation for political agendas
and vested interests. During elections and critical times like national security concerns,
ensuring media neutrality becomes paramount. By actively participating in media scrutiny,
citizens contribute to preserving the democratic essence, fostering transparency, and holding
the media accountable for its societal responsibilities. This shared responsibility is vital for
maintaining an unbiased and trustworthy media landscape in India.

ETHICS MARKS
IMPROVEMENT
Rec.
Lectures
Live
Framework Workshop
EMI
EMI PROGRAM 2024

WORKSHOP DATE
Workshop-01 15 July
th

Workshop-02 17 July
th

th

Fee: ₹5000/-

98878-44044
PYQs : 2019
RISE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: THE THREAT OF
32 JOBLESS FUTURE OR BETTER JOB OPPORTUNITIES
THROUGHIT RESKILLING
AND UPSKILLING
essay.
 Body:
 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
 What testifies the rise of AI?
 Threats of jobless future - Automation & Job displacement
 Better opportunities through reskilling and upskilling
 Is AI a boon or a bane?
 What is the best way forward for job aspirants and working professionals?
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
 “The future belongs to those who learn more skills and combine them in creative ways.” -
Robert Greene
 “It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most
responsive to change.” - Charles Darwin
Introduction:
In the technologically thriving Silicon Valley, amidst the relentless hum of innovation
and progress, an unexpected story unfolded, capturing the very essence of our evolving job
market in the era of Artificial Intelligence. Emily, a seasoned customer service representative
who, for over a decade, had been the comforting voice at the other end of the line for a
major tech corporation. Little did she anticipate that her steadfast career would be abruptly
transformed when an advanced AI-driven chatbot seamlessly assumed her role, leaving
her in the wake of technological disruption.
Emily’s experience is emblematic of the larger discourse surrounding the rise of
Artificial Intelligence – a phenomenon that simultaneously promises unprecedented
efficiency and productivity while raising profound concerns about the fate of traditional
employment. In navigating this terrain, we find ourselves at a crossroads, where the
proliferation of AI could either spell a jobless future or open avenues for better employment
opportunities through reskilling and upskilling initiatives.
PYQs : 2019
This essay delves into the intricacies of this paradigm shift, exploring the challenges
posed by automation, the evolution of job roles in the face of technological advancements,
and the pivotal role of reskilling and upskilling in shaping a future where humans and
machines collaborate harmoniously.
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the development of computer systems that can
perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. These tasks include learning,
problem-solving, speech recognition, and visual perception. AI is characterised by the ability
to adapt and improve its performance over time.
Examples of AI in everyday life range from virtual personal assistants like Siri and
Alexa to recommendation algorithms on streaming platforms such as Netflix. Additionally,
AI powers autonomous vehicles, facial recognition technology, and chatbots, showcasing
its diverse applications in enhancing efficiency and decision-making across various domains.
What testifies the rise of AI?

 Automation in Industries: The increasing integration of automated systems in
industries, such as manufacturing and logistics, exemplifies the rise of AI. For instance,
robotic arms and automated assembly lines in car manufacturing plants streamline
production processes, minimising errors and enhancing efficiency.
 Advanced Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: The prevalence of sophisticated chatbots
and virtual assistants in customer service and online interactions is a testament to
AI’s rise. Google’s chatbot Duplex is capable of engaging in natural conversations to
assist users; OpenAI’s ChatGPT.
 Machine Learning in Healthcare: AI’s impact is evident in healthcare through the
implementation of machine learning algorithms for diagnostic purposes. Systems
like IBM’s Watson can analyse vast datasets to assist doctors in identifying patterns
and making more accurate diagnoses, revolutionising medical practices.
 Autonomous Vehicles: The development and deployment of autonomous vehicles
showcase AI’s influence on transportation. Companies like Tesla leverage AI
technologies for self-driving capabilities in driving conditions.
 Personalised Recommendations: From streaming services to e-commerce sites,
highlights AI’s capacity to understand user preferences. Netflix’s recommendation
system, driven by AI algorithms, analyses viewing habits to suggest content tailored
to individual tastes, showcasing the rise of AI in enhancing user experiences.
Threats of jobless future - Automation & Job displacement

According to the publication of Forbes, about 47% of jobs that fall into the “high
risk” category is the most vulnerable to the phenomenon of “automation”.

PYQs : 2019
 Sectors and Industries at Risk:
 Automation in manufacturing industries: Assembly line jobs are vulnerable to
automation due to the routine nature of tasks. They utilise robotic arms for
welding and assembly, leading to a reduction in the need for manual labour.
 Customer service and data entry roles are also susceptible to AI integration for
process optimization.
 The rise of retail automated checkout systems and robotic inventory
management in retail threatens jobs. For example, cashier positions in
supermarkets are gradually being replaced by self-checkout kiosks, diminishing
the demand for human cashiers.
 Autonomous Vehicles in Transportation: may lead to job displacement in the
transportation sector. Drone delivery by Amazon; Companies employing self-
driving trucks, such as those in the logistics industry, could reduce the demand
for human truck drivers, impacting traditional employment in the sector.
 Jobs at Risk Due to Technological Advancements:
 Repetitive and rule-based tasks make certain jobs prone to automation, such as
assembly line workers in manufacturing.
 Customer service representatives and telemarketers face the risk of displacement
as AI-driven chatbots become more capable.
 Roles in data entry and basic analysis, like clerical positions, are at risk of
being replaced by automated systems for more efficient data processing. In the
financial sector, automated systems that process and analyse data for investment
decisions can reduce the demand for human analysts.
 Concerns about Unemployment and Economic Inequality:
 Mass unemployment is a concern as jobs in specific sectors diminish due to
automation.
 Economic inequality may worsen as high-paying jobs become concentrated in
technology-centric industries.
 Proactive measures, including reskilling programs, are crucial to addressing
the potential disparities and ensuring a more equitable distribution of the
benefits of technological advancements.
Better opportunities through reskilling and upskilling

The only fear we have is not being “competent” enough in professional practice as
the AI robots. As they are being enhanced every passing moment by an amazing human
brain out there, and here, we feel hopeless about the future. Can we be “competent” enough
too? The answer to that is a big loud “Yes!”. How? Let’s find out:

PYQs : 2019
 Government-Led Reskilling Initiatives: Governments are spearheading reskilling
efforts to empower the workforce. An exemplary case is Singapore’s Skills Future
program, providing citizens with subsidies and training credits to acquire new skills.
 Corporate Training Programs: IBM’s SkillsBuild initiative offers free online courses
to enhance digital literacy and technical skills, ensuring their workforce remains agile
in a rapidly changing technological landscape.
 Online Learning Platforms: Educational institutions and online platforms are
democratising access to reskilling opportunities. Coursera offers a wide array of
courses, allowing individuals worldwide to acquire in-demand skills from the comfort
of their homes.
 Industry-Academia Collaboration: They create targeted reskilling programs. The
Amazon Technical Academy, developed in collaboration with local community
colleges, helps employees transition to technical roles within the company, addressing
specific industry needs.
AI: a boon or a bane?

 Advancements in Healthcare: (Boon) AI has revolutionised healthcare with
diagnostic tools and predictive analytics. Telesurgery, sharing of medical data have
enhanced medical treatment.
 Enhanced Productivity in Industries: (Boon) AI-driven automation improves
productivity in industries. Amazon’s use of robots in warehouses streamlines logistics,
reducing manual labour and optimising the efficiency of order fulfilment processes.
 Job Displacement and Economic Disparities: (Bane) Automation and AI have the
potential to displace jobs, leading to economic disparities.
 Privacy and Surveillance Concerns: (Bane) AI-powered surveillance raises privacy
concerns. The use of facial recognition technology in public spaces, such as airports
or city streets, can infringe upon individuals’ privacy rights, sparking debates on ethical
considerations.
 Bias and Ethical Dilemmas: (Bane) AI systems may perpetuate biases and ethical
dilemmas. In recruitment, AI-driven hiring tools might inadvertently reinforce existing
biases, disadvantage certain demographic groups. Addressing these challenges is
crucial for ensuring the responsible and equitable deployment of AI technologies.
Best way forward for job aspirants and working professionals

 Embrace Lifelong Learning: Continuous learning is essential for staying relevant.
Platforms like LinkedIn Learning offer a plethora of courses, enabling professionals
to acquire new skills.

PYQs : 2019
 Develop Soft Skills: In addition to technical skills, cultivating soft skills like
communication and adaptability is crucial. Participating in workshops or joining
Toastmasters can enhance interpersonal skills.
 Network and Collaborate: Building a strong professional network open doors to
opportunities. Attending industry events or joining professional associations fosters
connections.
 Adaptability to Change: The ability to adapt to evolving technologies and industry
trends is paramount. Professionals should be open to upskilling and embracing change.
 Entrepreneurial Mindset: Cultivating an entrepreneurial mindset fosters innovation
and resilience. Platforms like Kickstarter empower individuals to launch projects
independently. An aspiring entrepreneur using crowdfunding to bring a unique
product to market, showcasing the entrepreneurial spirit for job aspirants.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, let’s remember Emily’s story as we think about the changes brought
by Artificial Intelligence. The rise of AI does indeed bring challenges, particularly in the
form of job displacement. However, it is within these challenges that lie the seeds of
innovation and opportunity. Looking at how jobs are changing because of machines, we
can work towards a future that values learning and adapting.
Emily’s experience, where her job was taken over by a machine, shows us a bigger
picture—a chance for us all to learn new things. In doing so, we not only safeguard ourselves
from the potential threat of unemployment but also unlock a world of new and rewarding
opportunities. The AI threat situation, if combined with learning and a commitment to
continuous learning paradigm, becomes a testament to human resilience and ingenuity in
the face of technological evolution.
As Robert Greene beautifully puts it - “The future belongs to those who learn more skills
and combine them in creative ways.”



PYQs : 2020
LIFE IS LONG JOURNEY

IF DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN
IS NOT HUMAN
ENGENDERED,
33 BEING AND BEING HUMANE
 Body: The major dimensions of the essay can be
 What is life?
 Why and how does certain individual being humane?
 Being humane- An ultimate goal.
 Why despite being human we are not humane?
 Changes in life after being humane.
 What it takes to be humane?
 Conclusion: You can conclude the answer with poem or quotation and end the
essay with a futuristic note.
Model Essay:
 The greatness of humanity is not in being human, but in being humane. ¯ Mahatma Gandhi
 Be good, be kind, be humane, and charitable; love your fellows; console the afflicted; pardon
those who have done you wrong. ¯ Maxim Gorky
 The worst sin toward our fellow creatures is not to hate them, but to be indifferent to them:
that’s the essence of inhumanity. ¯ George Bernard Shaw
 A society is only as healthy as its ideas are humane. ¯ Kurt Vonnegut
 We must never relinquish the vision of a humane society and a humane world. ¯ Kjell
Magne Bondevik
Anecdotes:
 God made humans in his own image and for a specific purpose, not only to be uniquely
autonomous but also to be professionally distinct. The intention was for every human–
being to be an instrument of God’s image-bearer who could care for the universe and
tend to have created possibilities around them as a co-partnership endeavour; that is,
to be humane.
PYQs : 2020
 All human beings are urged to unite as one human family in order to make this
world as beautiful as possible. The majority of the time, though, our inability to
achieve our goals is a result of our self-discovery priorities. We dedicate our image to
idols such as money, power, sex, success, comfort, and happiness, among others. We
are stripped of our humanity by the idols we worship, whether they are real or not.
What is life?
 Life can be understood in many ways:
 Firstly, as we witness it which means witnessing the life taking birth. Let it be
the birth of a baby or a puppy or a kitten.
 Secondly, life is something which we experience as we grow, as we develop, as
we live it.
 Thirdly, life is something what we explore it to be that is exploring new
dimensions of living, exploring yourself at the first.
 Fourthly, life is something as we give it, as we live for others to be happy. In all
these aspects life is what we consider as worth living.
 Life is a short journey or a long one?
 As some live their journeys small yet beautiful but some long yet unsatisfied.
E.g., Master Surya Sen during independence movement lived small but lived
for his country.
 While, for Hitler it took his whole life but he could not understand the actions
done by him. For some it takes whole life to gain the insights but for some on
the basis of their talent they can achieve their heights soon.
 Human being and being humane
 Human being
 A human being is a member of the species Homo sapiens, which is distinguished
from most animals by its superior psychological development, ability to talk
fluently and clearly, manner of sitting and standing, and ability to create or
cause things. They possess the ability to alter the laws of nature in order to
create a new universe that satisfies all of their needs. They are blessed with the
divine ability to manifest any abstract entity, quality, or concept. They have the
ability to create either heaven or hell on the planet where life resides.
 Being humane is a virtue
 In actuality, ‘being human’ includes exhibiting the superior characteristics of
humanity, such as kindness. If being human is a means, then being humane is
the aim in and of itself. It is a journey comprised of numerous wise actions
that must be chosen with increasing discernment as time passes.

PYQs : 2020
Why and how does certain individual being humane?

 Historically
 We have seen many personalities who ended up being humane from human.
E.g., Thief Angulimar’s transformation to Maharishi Valmiki was due to
the spiritual awakening by lessons taught by patience of Buddha.
 Spiritually
 A person can become humane by following the path shown by ancient texts by
way of Purushartha through which human can become Purushottam (highest
among others). E.g., Shravana Kumar lived his life being humane due to
following of Purushartha.
 Contemporary
 In contemporary times, Jonas Salk did not patent Polio vaccine due to self-
realization that what is to be available for everyone does not need to be patented
whether it be air, water, fire or any natural resource.
 Service to humane
 It was feeling the pain of others which let Mother Teresa sacrifice her whole
life for the sake of others. The pain of others let her embrace humanity and be
a gift to mankind by way of opening orphanages and schools for small children’s.
 Suffering
 By seeing the sacrifice of others one can be humane. E.g., Japan did not use
nuclear bombs after seeing it’s people in pain and vain. Thus, what made Japan
reject nuclear testing for the sake of humanity was the loss of life.
Being humane- An ultimate goal:
 Mythologically it is said that human birth is taken after crossing cycle of 84 lakhs
birth and deaths and to act like animals is waste of the virtue of being human. For
the sake of achieving the worth of this life being humane is the ultimate goal.
 Further, humans always run behind material things and pleasure. But what happens
to these when a person is dead, he/she is unable to carry the worldly things. But
what makes him/ her alive is the goodwill he/she collected throughout his/her life.
 E.g., many billionaires live and die but what makes Jamshed Ji Tata still lives in the
heart of people was his humanity. For the sake of winning hearts and life humanity
is the ultimate goal.
 For giving the humanity new meanings, being humane is the ultimate goal. E.g.,
use of artificial intelligence for the sake of solving issues like hunger, poverty it is
essential to be ethical and have compassion for mankind.
 For personal satisfaction of person. E.g., Ratan Tata knows the importance of social
objectives of business apart from just being on path of profit motive because he knows
the importance of satisfaction as ultimate reality.

PYQs : 2020
Why despite being human we are not humane?
 Vice
 According to Jain philosophy, anger, pride, delusion, greed (kasaya) leads to
the human forget its own state of infinite power, infinite knowledge, infinite
faith and infinite bliss. These 4 things divert humans from humanity.
 Competition
 The race of being first is leading to failure of humanity. E.g., Big MNCs eating
away small business just to expand themselves is a cause of concern. Human
in this greed forgets the ultimate fraternity as a species.
 Lack of empathy
 The practical approach without empathy is leading to fall of humanity. E.g.,
Rising cases of cow vigilance, violence due to religious fundamentalism, rising
mob lynching cases to assert one’s own power is sign towards destruction.
 Politics
 Due to political populism, in order to gain votes parties are playing caste cards,
they are being pragmatic leaving their ideologies behind due to being in power.
This is an indication towards fall of scientific temper.
 Greed
 Due to physical greed humans are forgetting the reason of their birth. E.g., In
2021 itself, India reported 31000 rape cases itself which is higher than previous
year. The data shows the conversion of humans into beasts.
 Lack of compassion
 Due to lack of seeing oneself as one we humans are failing in tests of being
humane. E.g., Recent Russia- Ukraine war due to expansion of territories
and showing unbridled power despite loss of lives and livelihoods is failure of
human race.
Changes in life after being humane
 Self-awakening
 Self-awakening is the result of being humane. E.g., Nelson Mandela despite
being 27 years in jail did not did bad with whites after being President due to
his self-realization due to his awareness about himself.
 Positive attitude
 As one sees everything in the light of positivity. E.g., Mahatma Gandhi helped
Europeans in Boyer wars due to his attitude to save humanity in any cost.
 Service
 Serving others become the goal of life. E.g., Bike ambulance by IAS Awanish
Sharan due to his compassion towards downtrodden. People’s road by Pame
Armstrong without taking government money is the reason of his glory.

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 Love
 Love for every being without any inequality and thought of being rich and
poor, big or small, considering every person as one race becomes one’s goal.
E.g., Pet empathy programme by Winnipeg society considering them as
creatures.
 Spiritual awakening
 Spiritual awakening can also be there after being humane. E.g., Daridranarayan
i.e., Swami Vivekananda spent all his life in transforming lives into spiritual
realism and serving the mankind.
 Glory
 The place in everyone’s heart is the undesired yet fruitful result of being humane.
E.g., Martin Luther King became the real king due his thoughts, Malala
Yousafzai became the Queen of all Hearts due to her humanity to serve.
 Though one should not be humane at every time if it is costing righteousness. Shree
Krishna also told Arjuna to choose dharma if there is Adharma somewhere. This
led to Mahabharata.
What it takes to be humane?
 First of all, take cognizance of the process of doing something, which means our
actions. How our actions affect others should be our primary objective to be taken
care of while performing them.
 Our perception forms an idea of the extent of something experienced and we regard,
understand and interpret it in a particular way. If our aim is to become rich anyhow,
we don’t mind others becoming the poor owing to our intense desire.
 Needy and underprivileged people of the society should be uplifted so that they
can enjoy the same standard of living or rights which are deservedly prevalent. This
calls for making sacrifices by other members of the society who are in a better or
advantageous position.
 When we understand and acknowledge whatsoever the creator of the universe has
created is for the essence of natural balance. A compassionate and humane approach
strengthens this natural balance.
 The journey of a meaningful life takes a long time to firmly establish the three-
dimensionality of being humane defining care of, concern to and consideration
for ‘the deserving’. This responsiveness comes with maturity, experience and wisdom.
Conclusion:
Life is a long voyage in which we encounter the world around us, comprehend its
intricacies, learn from our mistakes, develop beyond recognition, grow in actual terms,
enable others to have a better life, cherish the lives of those around us, and have a high
regard for moral rectitude. As this development continues, this state is accompanied with
the quality of being kind.

PYQs : 2020
MINDFUL
IF DEVELOPMENT MANIFESTO
IS NOT IS THE
ENGENDERED,
34 CATALYST TO A TRANQUIL
IT IS ENDANGERED SELF
[2016]

 Body:
 What is Mindfulness?
 Tranquillity: a way to free mind
 Why should achieving tranquillity is important?
 Where does this state leads?
 What leads to unmindful manifesto?
 Can a mindful manifesto be developed?
Model Essay:

 “It is neither wealth nor splendour; but tranquillity and occupation which give you happiness.”
- Thomas Jefferson.
 “The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without
changing our thinking.”
 “Mindfulness is a way of befriending ourselves and our experience.”
 “Mindfulness means paying attention in a particular way, on purpose, in the present moment,
and non-judgmentally.”
 “Empty your mind, be formless, shapeless – like water. Now you put water into a cup, it
becomes the cup, you put water into a bottle, it becomes the bottle, you put it in a teapot, it
becomes the teapot. Now water can flow or it can crash. Be water, my friend.” - Bruce Lee
 “Peace comes from within. Do not seek it without.” - Buddha
 “Mindfulness clears the windshield of the mind so that we can see things as they really are.”
- Travis Eliot

PYQs : 2020
Anecdotes:
 Once upon a time, Buddha was sitting under a tree. A man came and start throwing
expletives on him but to a surprise, Buddha didn’t respond to the man. After continuous
talking the man asked out of curiosity. “Why are you not responding?”. Buddha replied
patiently I would have reacted if I would have taken any of your words on me. The man
realized that moment that Buddha was not a common man and was a reflection of
spiritual divinity.
 This raises certain questions, why didn’t Buddha respond? What led to this state of mind?
How to achieve this state? and what this state will lead to? In this essay we will find
solution to these questions as it was mindfulness of Buddha and his peace which made
the man realize his mistakes.
Mindfulness:
 Mindfulness is the basic human ability to be fully present, aware of where we are and
what we’re doing, and not overly reactive or overwhelmed by what’s going on around us.
It suggests that the mind is fully attending to what’s happening, to what you’re doing, to
the space you’re moving through. That might seem trivial, except for the fact that we so
often veer from the matter at hand. Mindfulness is a quality that every human being
already possesses, one just has to learn how to access it.
Tranquillity: a way to free mind:

 Tranquil is defined as being free of agitation of mind or spirit. A tranquil person is
one who remains composed and steady even in the face of adversity. Inner peace is
not reserved only for yogis, hermits or monks, but the state can also be attained by
people living an ordinary life. A state of tranquillity eliminates anxieties, fears and
worries. It also removes negative thoughts, stress, lack of satisfaction and unhappiness.
It is a state of emotional and mental poise, happiness, confidence and inner strength.
Why should achieving tranquillity is important?

 Having a tranquil soul increases, one’s inner strength and ability to handle difficult
situations. E.g., it was tranquillity of Mrs. Sudha Murthy which made her to not
respond in front of the lady judging her in airport on the basis of her attire.
 Its possession eliminates impatience, anger, nervousness and restlessness. E.g.,
Politically this can help respecting opposition’s view and participating in healthy
politics with welfare motive as Baba Saheb Ambedkar always respected opposition’s
view.
 It helps you show more patience, tolerance and tact and makes one feel centred,
grounded and stable. E.g., economically, it will help in fulfilling social obligations
of business apart from only profit motive (paying CSR, adopting fair trade practices,
removing unhealthy competition).
PYQs : 2020
 Tranquillity and inner peace eliminate negative, futile and restless thinking. it
also improves our relationships with other people and makes life look brighter and
brings forward a positive attitude toward life.
 It increases one’s creativity and the ability to solve problems. E.g., IAS Armstrong
Pame built People’s Road without taking government funding is a sign of his
tranquillity and mindfulness manifesto along with emotional intelligence.
Where does this state leads?

 Mindfulness and meditation give us a time in our lives when we can suspend judgment
and unleash our natural curiosity about the workings of the mind, approaching our
experience with warmth and kindness.
 Through the skilful use of mindfulness, we can learn to interrupt habits, such as
getting lost in our thoughts and rumination. E.g., stakeholder capitalism by Narayan
Murthy reflects this
 Through mindfulness we learn that it is the attachment to thoughts and feelings that
can cause us distress that is, ruminating on things that we cannot solve by thinking
about them over and again.
 By practising mindfulness, noticing our thoughts and letting them go, we can bolster
ourselves against the potentially negative effects of holding on to these thoughts. If
we dig deeper, we can find that in fact a mindful manifesto is not just a catalyst but
a key to achieving tranquillity.
What leads to unmindful manifesto?

 Those who show too much pride and arrogance lack a mindful manifesto. Life throws
hardships at everyone and no one can escape grief. E.g., Kauravas in Mahabharat
lacked this and did all the wrong with Draupadi.
 Innate worries about the worldly aspects of life and overthinking only cause the
troubles to become even more difficult. E.g., the rising cases of suicides in India are
due to these overthinking issues.
 The self-centeredness of persons is also the reason causing this mindfulness. E.g.,
the self-centeredness of political parties is leading to issue of vote-based politics and
caste-based politics which in turn leading to riots.
 Lack of emotional intelligence is also the reason of the unmindfulness. E.g., the
rising cases of Sanskritization of corruption is due to lack of tranquillity which is
also reason of lack of honesty in administrators.
 Lack of ability to think about others. E.g., the recent Russia- Ukraine war and rising
assertiveness in global arena is the reason of rising deaths and cob web phenomenon
along with refugee crisis.
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Can a mindful manifesto be developed?
 A way of ensuring tranquillity in life is having a mindful manifesto. When we’re
mindful, we reduce stress, enhance performance, gain insight and awareness through
observing our own mind, and increase our attention to others’ well-being.
 Through certain conscious practices and changes in lifestyle, anyone can march
towards having a mindful outlook. Mindfulness involves consciously trying to observe
our thoughts and feelings.
 Practising mindfulness also involves trying to not judge our experiences of our
thoughts and feelings as either good or bad. Through mindfulness, we try not to
attach to thoughts. If a distressing thought comes to mind, try to just notice it.
 To stay motivated all the time in the face of intense competition. the goal-driven
society puts immense psychological pressure on our minds and hence we hear about
nearly everyone dealing with various mental health issues.
 The health of our minds is as pivotal as the health of our body. and having a mindful,
conscious and healthy outlook towards life can help us deal with the day-to-day
tensions.
Conclusion:
“When we have inner peace, we can be at peace with those around us. When our
community is in a state of peace, it can share that peace with neighbouring
communities” - everyone desires inner peace, even if he or she is not aware of this desire.
Few realise the importance and benefits of inner peace, and still fewer know that it is a skill
that can be learned. Mindfulness can be developed. The Buddha taught that the path of
concentration is the first step in attaining a calm mind. As soon as that happens, it becomes
a pillar of wisdom and the path to tranquillity is in achieving this.


PYQs : 2020
IF NOT
SHIPS DO DEVELOPMENT
SINK BECAUSE IS
OFNOT ENGENDERED,
WATER AROUND THEM,
35 SHIPS SINK BECAUSE OFITWATER THAT GETS INTO
IS ENDANGERED THEM
[2016]

 Introduction:
 You can start with an anecdote that contextualises the essay topic. (Fictional /
non fictional)
 Alternatively, simply explain the essay topic with background as to why this
question is relevant now. You should show the various meaning of ship, cracks,
storm, anchor etc.
 Your introduction must also include the brief outline of your essay as well as a
thesis statement to reflect your opinion on the question.
 Body: The body of the essay should have arguments on various macro dimension
that may include the following
 How outside forces destroy the ship due to inside cracks?
 What are the reasons behind the cracks?
 Counterview for balancing – Can outside water also damage the ship?
 Way forward - Repairing the cracks. It should address the concerns raised by
you in your essay.
 Conclusion:
 Summarise the essay and end on a futuristic note.
 You may show some wind of change that draw an optimistic picture.
Model Essay:
 “Your worst enemy cannot harm you as much as your own unguarded thoughts.” - Gautam
Buddha
 “What happens to a man is less significant than what happens within him.” - Louis L.
Mann
 Don’t let what’s happening around you get inside you and weigh you down.
 Attributes can be the same, positive keeps it afloat, negative sinks it destroys it.
 If you feel like your ship is sinking, it might be a good time to throw out the stuff that’s been
weighing it down. Let go of people who bring you down, and surround yourself with those
who bring out the best in you.
 You cannot control the wind, but you can adjust the sails.
 Relationships sink when there are too many passengers.

PYQs : 2020
Anecdote:
 Dr. Ambedkar in his last speech at the constituent assembly on 26th November 1950
warned that India lost her independence not because of a foreign power but due to
some of the people from our own society. It allowed water around the ship to get into
the ship i.e., India. He gave five examples from history – First, ‘King Dahar in Sindh
lost the battle because his military commander took a bribe from an agent of
Mohammed Bin Kasim’. Second, ‘It was Jaichand who invited Mohammed Ghori
to come and fight against Prithvi Raj Chauhan by offering support to him.
Third, ‘It was the Maratha Nobles and the Rajput kings who were fighting from the
Mughal side against Shiva Ji.’ Fourth, ‘When Britishers were destroying the Sikh
King, Gulab Singh, his military commander didn’t help him in saving the Sikh
kingdom. Fifth, ‘When a large part of India was fighting against the Britishers, it was
Sikhs and some other kings, who sat aside like spectators. All these historical events
told by Dr. Ambedkar in suggest that defects in the ship i.e., inside the territory,
allowed water i.e. outside forces, to get into it.
 A Ship is a medium of travel for all the travellers to reach the destination. It has to be
all set to face the challenges on a joyful trip. We should check the condition of the
ship, its carrying weight, its construction, how it responds to the unfavourable situation
when there is storm or force of wind, water before the journey begins. Its rightly said
that ships do not sink because of water around them, ships sink because of water
that gets into them. Life is also same as the journey of ship. The success of journey
depends upon many factors which comes in the way when journey is started.
Just like the ship has to overcome all the difficulties to lead to a beautiful journey,
similarly it depends upon individual to face it or just surrender to the obstacles and
leave the journey.
How outside forces destroy the ship due to inside cracks?

 At Individual level
 A person becomes evildoer, not because of evil around him but he/she accepts
evil inside himself/herself at his/her own will from outside. For example, In
Kashmir a person becomes militant not because people in society are joining
militancy but because one accepts militancy in his/her heart. There are large
number of youths in Kashmir who didn’t join militancy. They adopted
constitutional means because they didn’t let the evil water enter their hearts.
 At Family level
 What a child sees at home, will inherit the same. This is true until the child
becomes mature enough to think on his own. For example, Milkha Singh, a
successful sportsman, saw violence at his home in his childhood. But with help
of hard work and well-reasoning he became a man of inspiration for others.
PYQs : 2020
 A Society level
 In peaceful society cracks are produced when we allow unsocial elements to
exploit their vested interests. It often leads to communal violence. For example,
ethnic polarisation of people of Gurugram leading to disturbances in important
urban spaces.
 At National level
 A leader becomes dictator not because there is dictatorship around the world.
He becomes so because he allows the evil to enter his heart. For example,
Takeover by military Junta in Myanmar due to failure of civilian government
to protect the rights of Rohingyas.
 In Governance
 Loss of public trust – Criminalisation of politics leads to voter apathy being
manifested as low voter turnaround. This further results in faulty legislations
and subsequent protests.
 Allegations of nepotism in Judiciary - Non-transparent working of collegium
system put a question mark on impartiality of Judiciary. Caesar’s wife must be
above suspicion.
What are the reasons behind the cracks?

 Ignorance of the people: Due to ignorance of the people, evil forces get insidetheir
hearts. They forget to keep a check on evil forces. Before adopting anything, people
don’t reason well.
 Personal benefits: Due to personal benefits, evil forces get inside the mind of the
people. For e.g. corruption at public offices. Thus India’a developmental ship sinks
due to corruption and misappropriation of funds.
 Lack of awareness: People adopt a wasteful lifestyle as they are not much aware of
environmental degradation and climate change. This has led to an existential crisis
for human beings.
 Poor introspection: The lack of introspection in human beings is also one of th
major reasons. It brings many evil things like communalism, violence, racism,
untouchability and exploitation of human beings. If a person is good at introspection
he/she can refrain himself/herself from evil forces to get into their heart.
Counterview for balancing – Can outside water also damage the ship
 Cognitive learning helps people learn from nearby: To some extent, the
environment in society also matters. The society helps in socialising a child. If his/
her friend circle uses a drug, then it needs strong willpower from inside to refrain. It
is very difficult to expect the same from all people because human nature varies from
person to person.

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 Outside atmosphere can sink the ship too: In the process of defence against
terrorism, India can stop 99 stones but 1 may hit which leads to attack like the Mumbai
attack 2008.
Way forward - Repairing the cracks.

 Building good character: By providing value education in schools. It will prevent
evil ideas from entering the mind. The value system works like the immune system,
which provides resistance to the risk of being attacked or harmed either physically,
mentally or emotionally.
 Frequent checks for leakages: Continuous monitoring and self-introspection is
required to find cracks in the system Robust internal audit mechanisms and prompt
action on feedbacks is the need of the hour.
 Simplify laws: There should not be loopholes and ambiguity in the laws. Strong
laws make it easier to practice good behaviour and acts as a deterrence to bad
behaviour.
 Zero tolerance to social evils: There shouls be a zero tolerance attitude towards
crime against women. Also we should check radicalisation of youth at an early stage
of indoctrination.
Conclusion:
So far, we discussed the how water gets into the ship? We also talked about the reasons
behind the water getting into the ship. We also talked about the other side of the coin i.e.
outside forces are also responsible for water getting into the ship. We also discussed the
ways to save the ship from sinking.
Thus, it also depends on an individual whether one allowed water to get into his ship
or not. It is so because man has a reason and thus he is wise.It is what differentiates us from
the animals. Mahatma Gandhi rightly told that, ‘Open your window and allow the air
coming into your room, but don’t blow yourself out along with the wind from the window.’
Our history shows how our own treacherous men were behind the enslavement of
our country. We should take a pledge to learn the lessons from our pasts and uphold the
unity and integrity of our country as enshrined in our constitution.
To conclude, we must carry our all practically learned knowledge, experiences, wisdom
and all moral values and apply it in our life whenever any obstacle occurs. It solely depends
on us whether to allow actions of others to define our life or to design our life as per our
own way. Its rightly said that “Wisdom is Power”.

PYQs : 2020

36 SIMPLICITY IS THE ULTIMATE SOPHISTICATION
 Introduction:
non fictional)
 Alternatively, simply explain the essay topic with background as to why this
question is relevant now. You should show the various meanings of simplicity
in form of polite, humble, tolerance, avoiding wastage, sustainable use of
products, use and reuse etc.
 Your introduction must also include the brief outline of your essay as well as a
thesis statement to reflect your opinion on the question.
 Broad interpretation of simplicity and ultimate sophistication.
 Why simplicity is needed?
 Simplicity leading to Ultimate Sophistication.
 Problems arising out of complexity.
 Challenges in Adopting Simplicity.
 Counterview for balancing - Simplicity doesn’t always ensure sophistication.
 The Way Ahead.
 Conclusion:
 Summarise the essay and end on a futuristic note.
 You may show some wind of change that draw an optimistic picture. You can
show how will India@100 look if everyone adopt simplicity as their way of
life.
Model Essay:
 “The greatest ideas are the simplest” - William Golding
 “Life is really simple but we insist on making it complicated” - Confucius
 “Truth is ever to be found in simplicity, and not in the multiplicity and confusion of things”
- Isaac Newton
 “Simplicity is a great virtue but requires hard work to achieve it, and education to appreciate
it. And to make matters worse: complexity sells better”. - Edger Wybe Dijkstra

PYQs : 2020
Anecdote:
 Once Lord Buddha was sitting under a tree along with his disciples. One person
came and spat on him. Everyone became angry and looked towards Lord Buddha
for reaction. He smiled and said, “What next?” This melted the heart of the person
and he also became Lord Buddha’s disciple. Such is the power of simplicity.
 Nelson Mandela: Even after becoming the President in 1994, he did not use his
power to suppress the white minority. Instead, he followed the policy of peace and
reconciliation to end apartheid system.
 It is character of India to have not used power to invade any country. Instead, India
used her power for helping humanity wherever possible- E.g., Peacekeeping forces,
helping Sri Lanka and neighbours.
Broad interpretation:
 ‘Sophistication’ is often considered to be related to a ‘high class or caste who have a
luxurious lifestyle and high financial assets.’ This interpretation is one sided and
hence, impartial and incomplete. Sophistication can also be related to the ‘state of
mind’ of an individual required to sustain in the society.
 Ultimate sophistication – Civilised nature, elegance, excellence, being able to achieve
the desired objectives, character trait, great virtue of life. E.g., Mahatma Gandhi,
Mother Teresa, Swami Vivekanand and Buddha represent the quintessential
personas of simplicity. They dressed simply; spoke simply, ate simply and lived simply.
Living selflessly, they devoted their services to help others.
 Simplicity in behaviour – This enhances the ease of living for an individual and
society. E.g., Freedom from cluttered thought, being oneself, tolerance, forgiveness,
taking a pause before speaking, humble.
 Simple laws and procedures – This strengthens trust and credibility on the system
leading to good governance. E.g., RTI Act being so simple to be understood by a
layman.
 Simple rules – This improves the Ease of Doing Business. E.g., Single window
custom clearances.
Why is simplicity needed?

 Easy understanding for the masses – Due to widespread illiteracy at the time of
independence, we chose First past the post system over Proportional representation
due to its easy understandability.
 Helps adherence to moral principles – Being straightforward reduces ambiguity.
E.g., Mahatma Gandhi ended non-cooperation movement after Chauri Chaura
violence.

PYQs : 2020
 Clarity of thought – It removes dilemma and leads to clear conscience. E.g., APJ
Abdul Kalam refused to sit on the special chair being offered to him during BHU
event.
Simplicity leading to Ultimate Sophistication:

 Brings justice – Simple laws are easily understood by a common man, thereby,
facilitating compliance. This also reduces judicial delays.
 Conveying message to public – The messages need to be simple to connect with
masses. E.g., Colour coded warning for Air Pollution levels.
 Reduces wastage – Sustainable use and reuse of resources helps avoiding unnecessary
expenditure. E.g., Indian way of lifestyle where old products are repaired and
repurposed to increase its usage.
 Ethical practices in business - Reduce monopolistic tendencies of corporate world.
E.g., Clarity in information, no hidden costs, no predatory pricing.
Problems arising out of complexity:

 Consumerism – Widespread marketing propagated by MNCs promotes
consumerism. E.g., Attractive packaging and EMI facility leads to impulse buying
of unnecessary items.
 Orthodoxy – Complex rituals in past led to monopoly of priests over interpretation
of religious texts. E.g., Use of Sanskrit language in prayers not understood by
masses.
 Revenue loss to government – Plethora of taxes made compliance difficult. E.g.,
Pre-VAT era tax evasion. The cascading effects of taxes puts additional burden on
public and creates price rise.
 Rent seeking behaviour – Too many rules and regulations leading to red-tapism.
E.g., More than 400 labour laws across Indian states, License inspector Raj.
Challenges in Adopting Simplicity:

 Needs courage of conviction – Not everyone is able to practice as it needs courage
to practice ethical behaviour. Simplicity can be practiced by perception driven and
judgemental people, not possible by the uneducated.
 Peer pressure – Unmindful competition and misinformed globalisation creates
disillusionment in the mind of the youth.

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 Westernisation without modernisation – Directly copying west without adapting
to local conditions. We live in a complex world surrounded by machines, computers,
phones etc. thus lacking human touch in our interactions.
Counterview for balancing - Simplicity doesn’t always ensure sophistication:

 Primitive way of life is inconsistent with today’s realities – We need to use advanced
technology for modern education and learning skillset for livelihood. E.g., illiteracy
among tribals, malnutrition, hidden hunger.
 Sustenance of large population - We are able to convert natural resources into
meaningful assets by using complex interdependent processes in order to fulfil the
needs of 8 billion large global populations.
The Way Ahead:

 Value based education – The ideals of simplicity can be inculcated by being open,
progressive, adaptable, including moral teachings in home and school curriculum.
 Mentorship – By role models. The Guru-shishya Parampara of traditional Indian
culture to pass on moral teachings.
 Relieving stress – Stress free mind is more receptive to good ideas. Can be attained
by practicing yoga and meditation
 Character building – A good character can be built by habitual practice. Sensitivity
training also helps in increasing openness.
Conclusion:
Brief summarization of key themes discussed in the essay.

Futuristic note – India could become a developed country by 100 years of
independence when all our youth adopt the principles of simplicity in their way of life.
Simplicity is a real treasure. When it becomes the much loved and highly valued
quality for an individual, the person starts a search for this buried treasure within. One has
to bury oneself in real hard work and goodness to have this treasure. This is the only way
to have it. One has to possess it to enjoy it and other treasures like it. That is why Lao Tzu
treasured simplicity which is evident in, “I have just three things to teach: simplicity,
patience, compassion. These three are your greatest treasures.”


PYQs : 2020
CULTURE IS WHAT WE
IF DEVELOPMENT ARE,ENGENDERED,
IS NOT CIVILIZATION
37 IS WHAT WE[2016]
IT IS ENDANGERED HAVE
essay
 Body:
 What is the essence of ‘Culture’?
 What is the core idea of ‘Civilisation’?
 What does the quote imply “CULTURE IS WHAT WE ARE, CIVILIZATION
IS WHAT WE HAVE” i.e. The interplay between Culture & Civilization?
 What are the present day challenges to Cultural Preservation & factors crippling
the Civilisational Moorings?
 How to battle these challenges in order to achieve a harmonious balance?
optimistic way
Model Essay:
 “A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin, and culture is like a tree without
roots.” - Marcus Garvey
 “Civilization begins with order, grows with liberty, and dies with chaos.” - Will Durant
 “The greatness of a culture can be found in its festivals.” - Siddharth Katragadda
 “Civilization is not inherited; it has to be learned and earned by each generation anew.”
Introduction:
In a rural Indian village, I once witnessed an impactful scene that captured the delicate
balance between tradition and progress. As the sun set, elders gathered under a centuries-
old banyan tree, sharing stories & folklores. Meanwhile, younger folks, armed with
smartphones, captured the event. This moment reflected the coexistence of age-old traditions
and the impact of modern life.
Here, the clash of culture and civilization played out gracefully. Elders shared values
passed down through generations, and the younger generation seamlessly blended
technology with tradition. This scene revealed that our identity is shaped by culture, while
our collective progress is showcased in the evolution and the structures of civilization.
PYQs : 2020
This essay will explore this delicate balance, diving into the relationship between
culture and civilization. We’ll discuss how culture defines us, while civilization is the history
& heritage we possess; the challenges of preserving culture amid profound colonial influence,
pseudo western modernity and fast-paced technological changes. Through this exploration,
we aim to show that finding harmony between culture and civilization is crucial for a
balanced and lasting future.
‘Culture’ as the Essence of Identity:

The culture in its simplest form refers to the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of
particular people or society.
 Cultural Identity: Culture serves as the bedrock of individual and collective identity,
shaping how people perceive themselves and others. In India, the diverse cultural
identities of states like Kerala, known for its vibrant traditions and art forms, contribute
to the rich mosaic of the nation.
 Values and Beliefs: Culture encompasses a set of shared values and beliefs that
guide individuals in their thoughts, actions, and interactions. The Diwali festival in
India, celebrating the triumph of light over darkness, reflects the cultural emphasis
on positive virtues and ethical living.
 Traditions and Customs: Cultural traditions and customs provide a sense of
continuity, connecting the past with the present and influencing daily practices. The
practice of touching elders’ feet as a sign of respect in Indian culture showcases the
importance of age-old customs in daily life.
 Language and Communication: Language is a crucial aspect of culture, serving as
a medium through which ideas, stories, and values are transmitted across generations.
The multitude of languages (~780) spoken across India, each with its unique cultural
nuances, reflects the linguistic diversity embedded in the nation’s cultural fabric.
 Art and Expression: Culture finds expression through art, be it in the form of
literature, music, dance, or visual arts, providing a platform for creative expression.
The classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam, rooted in cultural narratives and
symbolism, showcase the fusion of artistic expression and cultural storytelling in
India.
Core idea of ‘Civilisation’:

Civilization is a series of actions taken, by which a society or place reaches an
advanced stage of social and cultural development and establishment, where the process
of civilization not only brings better individual self-control but also the transformations of
attitudes and values.

PYQs : 2020
 Social Organization and Governance: The core idea of civilization lies in the
establishment of organised societies with defined structures and governance systems.
In ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley, city planning showcased an advanced
level of organisation, with well-laid streets and efficient drainage systems, indicating
a sophisticated understanding of civic planning.
 Technological Advancements: Civilizations are characterised by technological
progress that enhances the quality of life. For instance, the Mesopotamian civilization
demonstrated remarkable advancements such as the invention of the wheel,
contributing to the development of transportation and trade.
 Economic Systems and Trade: Civilization involves the development of economic
systems and trade networks that facilitate the exchange of goods and services. In
ancient Egypt, the Nile River played a pivotal role in sustaining agriculture, fostering
economic stability, and enabling the growth of a complex civilization.
 Cultural Achievements and Knowledge: Civilizations are repositories of cultural
achievements and knowledge, encompassing art, literature, and philosophy. The
ancient Greeks, through their philosophical inquiries and artistic expressions, left an
enduring legacy that shaped Western civilization, emphasising the importance of
intellectual pursuits.
 Urbanisation and Infrastructure: The core of civilization includes the growth of
urban centres and the development of infrastructure. In ancient China, the
construction of the Great Wall exemplified a colossal effort in fortification, showcasing
not only military prowess but also the ability to coordinate large-scale construction
projects for societal benefit.
Interplay between Culture & Civilization:

 Cultural Essence vs. Tangible Achievements: Culture defines our identity,
encompassing our beliefs and traditions, while civilization represents the tangible
accomplishments of a society. This implies a balance between the intangible aspects
of who we are and the concrete manifestations of our progress. Example: In the
celebration of a traditional festival (culture), the presence of well-maintained
infrastructure and organised events (civilization) reflects this interplay.
 Preservation and Progress: The interplay between culture and civilization involves
preserving cultural heritage while embracing progress. It emphasises the need to
integrate traditional wisdom with advancements in technology and governance.
Example: A community preserving its indigenous art forms (culture) while actively
participating in sustainable development projects (civilization).

PYQs : 2020
 Cultural Influence on Civilization: Culture shapes the development of civilization
by influencing societal values, ethics, and decision-making processes. It underscores
the idea that the roots of civilization are embedded in cultural practices. Example: A
society valuing environmental conservation (culture) leading to the development of
eco-friendly technologies (civilization).
 Cultural Diversity Amidst Civilization: The interplay implies that even in the face
of advancing civilizations, it is crucial to preserve and celebrate cultural diversity.
Civilization should not homogenise but rather amplify the richness of cultural
expressions. Example: Urban centres embracing and promoting diverse cuisines,
languages, and traditions (culture) within their modern infrastructure (civilization).
 Challenges of Cultural Erosion: The quote of the essay acknowledges the challenges
of cultural erosion in the wake of rapid civilization. It calls for a careful balance to
prevent the loss of cultural identity in the pursuit of progress. Example: Traditional
craftsmanship declining due to the prevalence of mass-produced goods (civilization)
necessitates efforts to preserve and promote artisanal skills (culture), e.g.: traditional
handwoven sarees being replaced by mass-produced textiles.
Present day challenges to Cultural Preservation & factors crippling the Civilisational
Moorings:
 Globalisation and Homogenization: The rise of global fast-food chains and Western
fashion trends has led to the erosion of traditional dietary practices and clothing
styles in many indigenous cultures. Proliferation of junk food consumption across
the globe.
 Technological Advancements: The ubiquitous presence of the internet and social
media can result in the dilution of native languages and cultural practices; as younger
generations adopt a more globalised digital culture. Grandparents’ stories have been
replaced by Youtube videos.
 Urbanization and Displacement: Rapid urban development often displaces
communities from their ancestral lands, disrupting their cultural ties to the
environment and leading to the loss of indigenous knowledge about sustainable living.
According to the 2011 Census, the urbanisation rate in India was 31.2%, up from
27.8% in 2001. Around 590 million people would live in the cities by 2030.

PYQs : 2020
 Political Instability and Conflict: In regions plagued by conflict, the destruction of
cultural heritage sites and the forced migration of communities contribute to the loss
of cultural practices and historical continuity. Example: Kashmiri Pandits exodus
from Jammu & Kashmir.
 Educational Systems and Language Shift: The imposition of dominant languages
in formal education is marginalising indigenous languages, hindering the transmission
of cultural knowledge through oral traditions and storytelling. According to the census
1961, India had around 1652 languages. But by 1971, only 808 languages were left.
How to battle these challenges in order to achieve a harmonious balance?

 Traditional Artisan Empowerment Workshops: In India, communities facing
cultural challenges can organise workshops where seasoned artisans pass down
intricate crafts such as Banarasi weaving or Madhubani painting. This hands-on
approach ensures the preservation of age-old techniques, as witnessed in Varanasi,
where artisan workshops empower the next generation with the skills needed to sustain
the city’s renowned silk weaving tradition.
 Digital Archives for Folk Music: Harnessing digital platforms, indigenous
communities can create archives for preserving traditional music. The Baul singers
in West Bengal, for instance, have begun digitising their soulful folk compositions.
This not only safeguards their unique musical heritage but also allows global audiences
to appreciate and support their art.
 Cultural Impact Assessments in Urbanization: Amid rapid urbanisation in places
like Mumbai or Delhi, integrating cultural impact assessments into city planning can
protect historic neighbourhoods. For example, the conservation efforts in Old Delhi
showcase how balancing modern development with the preservation of cultural
heritage can maintain the city’s historical charm.
 Community-Managed Sacred Sites: Empowering local communities to manage
sacred sites is crucial. In Tamil Nadu, the village of Chidambaram actively oversees
the ancient Chidambaram Temple, demonstrating how community involvement can
ensure both the sanctity of the site and responsible tourism practices.
 Intergenerational Knowledge Transfer in Tribal Communities: Indigenous tribes
in India, such as the Warli tribe in Maharashtra, can establish mentorship programs
where elders impart traditional agricultural techniques and tribal art to the youth.
This approach ensures the seamless transfer of knowledge, preserving their distinct
way of life amid the challenges posed by modernization.
PYQs : 2020
Conclusion:
In the quiet Indian countryside, beneath an old tree, we saw tradition and progress
mix—a small version of how culture and civilization harmonise. As we navigate the
challenges of the present—globalisation, technological shifts, and western influence—we
are reminded that our cultural roots, like the sturdy roots of that banyan tree, are both
resilient and fragile. To achieve a harmonious balance, we must draw inspiration from the
elders sharing stories under that very tree and the youth capturing moments on smartphones.
By blending the wisdom of the past with the tools of the present, we can forge a future
where cultural preservation and progress walk hand in hand.
We should be careful about “cultural decay”. We might be in a state where we will
have no culture at all. If civilisation is a means, culture is an end. But this end has progressive
nature. It mutates into different unreasonable aspirations and could turn into a
Frankenstein’s monster. It is worth acknowledging that what we are is because of what we
have. Our unmanageable and disorderly being can ruin what we have. We won’t be what
we are if we lose what we have. The culture must exemplify civilization. In essence, a
symbiotic relationship between culture and civilization is essential for the holistic
development of societies.


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PYQs : 2020
THERE CAN BE NO SOCIAL JUSTICE WITHOUT ECONOMIC
38 PROSPERITY BUT ECONOMIC PROSPERITY WITHOUT
IT IS ENDANGERED
SOCIAL JUSTICE [2016]
WOULD BE MEANINGLESS
essay
 Body:
 How do you conceptualise ‘Social Justice’?
 Why can there be no ‘social Justice’ without ‘economic prosperity’?
 Why would ‘economic prosperity’ be meaningless without ‘social Justice’?
 Challenges in achieving both simultaneously
 Ways to ensure co-existence of ‘economic prosperity’ and ‘social justice’ (Way
forward)
optimistic way
Model Essay:

 “Social justice and economic prosperity are two wings of the same bird. To soar to great
heights, both wings must be strong and balanced.”
 “Social justice is not just a moral imperative; it’s the foundation upon which a fair and
harmonious society is built.” - Nelson Mandela
 “It is in justice where all the virtues are found in sum.” - Aristotle
Introduction:
When we examine India’s modern history, the British Empire is often acknowledged
for its role in introducing modern technologies and democratic governance. They generated
revenue from farmers and others, which enabled the establishment of an effective judicial
system and the introduction of the English language. This linguistic bridge allowed Indians
to gain insights into global events, contributing to social justice, particularly for Englishmen,
through financial means. This experience highlighted the significance of economic well-
being in ensuring social justice within a society.
PYQs : 2020
However, British rule proved disastrous for native Indians. It led to feelings of
inferiority among Indians, and the judicial administration failed to safeguard their rights.
Consequently, it became evident that economic prosperity, when divorced from social justice,
lacked meaningful impact.
Social Justice: Conceptualisation

Social justice is a concept and principle that revolves around the idea of fairness,
equity, and equality in the distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges within a
society. It is a framework that seeks to ensure that all individuals, regardless of their
background, have the same basic rights, opportunities, and access to benefits, and are treated
with dignity and respect. Social justice is often pursued through policies, laws, and advocacy
efforts aimed at addressing systemic discrimination, promoting equal opportunity, and
reducing disparities.
Social justice encompasses several key aspects that collectively strive to create a fair
and equitable society. At its core, social justice advocates for equality irrespective of factors
such as race, gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status or religion. Moreover, it champions
fairness and inclusivity and seeks to level the playing field. Sometimes, social justice entails
redistribution measures, such as progressive taxation or social welfare programs, to alleviate
economic inequality and poverty. Also, environmental justice falls within the purview of
social justice, demanding that all communities, especially disadvantaged ones, are shielded
from environmental harm, further underlining its commitment to a more just and equitable
world.
Why can there be no ‘social Justice’ without ‘economic prosperity’?

Economic prosperity plays a crucial role in enabling and sustaining social justice.
The perspective highlights the interdependence between economic well-being and the ability
to achieve fairness and equality in society. Some of the reasons why social justice cannot
be achieved in absence of economic prosperity:
 Resource Allocation: Economic prosperity provides the resources necessary to fund
social programs and initiatives aimed at reducing inequality and promoting social
justice. Adequate funding for education, healthcare, housing, and other essential
services often requires a strong economy.
 Skill Development and Job Opportunities: As per the India Skills report 2015,
only 37.22% of surveyed people were found employable - 34.26% among males and
37.88% among females. Economic prosperity facilitates investments in education
and skill development programs, enabling individuals to acquire the skills and
knowledge needed for meaningful employment and social mobility. Example: As
per the India Skills report 2015, only 37.22% of surveyed people were found
employable - 34.26% among males and 37.88% among females.

PYQs : 2020
 Tax Revenue: Economic prosperity generates tax revenue that can be used to fund
social safety nets, welfare programs, and initiatives that support disadvantaged
populations. These programs are essential for addressing inequality and ensuring a
minimum standard of living for all citizens.
 Reducing Inequality and Strengthening Social Cohesion: A strong economy can
help reduce income and wealth inequality by creating conditions for wage growth
and wealth accumulation among a broader segment of the population. It can lead to
greater social cohesion and stability, reducing the potential for social unrest and
conflict.
While economic prosperity is seen as a facilitator of social justice, it’s essential to

note that it is not the sole factor. Social justice also involves addressing systemic
discrimination, biases, and barriers that may exist independently of economic conditions.
The relationship between economic prosperity and social justice is complex, and different
societies may prioritize and approach these issues differently.
Why would economic prosperity be meaningless without social Justice?

Economic growth and wealth accumulation, by itself, may not lead to a fulfilling or
meaningful society if they are not accompanied by principles of fairness, equity, and social
well-being. Economic prosperity is a necessary but not a sufficient condition to achieve the
goal of harmonious and a balanced society. There are several reasons as to why economic
prosperity might be rendered infructuous in absence of social justice. They are:
 Inequality and Exclusion: India’s Gini coefficient has increased from 74.7 in 2000
to 82.3 at the end of 2020. It indicates a strong trend in wealth inequality due to
economic prosperity without social justice. When a small segment of society benefits
disproportionately from economic growth, it can lead to exclusion and
disenfranchisement of others, negatively affecting social cohesion.
 Basic Needs: Economic prosperity alone does not guarantee that everyone’s basic
needs are met. Social justice ensures that even the most vulnerable members of society
have access to necessities like healthcare, education, housing, and nutrition. Without
these, the quality of life for many remains compromised.
 Human Dignity and Quality of Life: Economic prosperity may focus on GDP
growth and material wealth, but social justice is concerned with securing dignity and
quality of life for all citizens. Global Liveability Index takes into account factors like
healthcare, education, culture, environment, stability as a yardstick to measure
liveability of cities.
 Long-Term Sustainability: A society that prioritizes economic prosperity at the
expense of social justice may not be sustainable in the long run. Social unrest, political
instability, and environmental degradation can threaten economic gains and overall
well-being.
PYQs : 2020
 Fulfillment and Happiness: Meaning in life is often associated with factors beyond
material wealth, such as a sense of purpose, belonging, and the well-being of one’s
community. Social justice contributes to these aspects of fulfillment.
Challenges in achieving both simultaneously:

Achieving a harmonious balance between social justice and economic prosperity is a
multifaceted endeavour fraught with challenges. One of the foremost issues is income
inequality, which often surges alongside economic growth. An alarming example of this
inequality is seen in Oxfam India’s report, revealing that a small segment i.e. top 10% of
the population possesses an overwhelming share of the nation’s 80% wealth, leaving a
significant portion grappling with limited resources.
Resource allocation is another vexing challenge. Policymakers must navigate
competing demands for funding social justice programs. Additionally, labour market
dynamics come into play; while economic prosperity may demand labour market flexibility,
it can potentially undermine social justice objectives related to job security and fair wages.
Environmental sustainability remains a pressing concern. Economic growth
sometimes comes at the expense of environmental well-being, putting principles of
intergenerational justice at stake. These challenges often intersect with political ideologies
and differences over the role of government in achieving social justice and economic
prosperity, hindering policy development and implementation.
Navigating these challenges demands skilful policy design, effective governance, and
sustained collaboration among diverse stakeholders. Striking a balance between social justice
and economic prosperity requires continuous dialogue, adaptation, and unwavering
commitment to addressing the complex interplay between these critical objectives.
In this context of balancing between economic prosperity and social justice, John
Rawls theory of social justice finds significance. In one of his principles, Rawls acknowledges
that some economic and social inequalities may exist in society, but such inequalities should
be structured to benefit the least advantaged members of society.
Ways to achieve social justice while securing economic prosperity:

Achieving both social justice and economic prosperity requires innovative and
practical approaches that address the needs of diverse populations while fostering economic
growth. Here are some innovative real-life strategies:
 Universal Basic Income (UBI): Implementing a UBI (Article 43) provides all citizens
with a regular, unconditional cash payment. This approach ensures economic security
while reducing poverty and inequality, promoting both social justice and economic
stability.

PYQs : 2020
 Social Impact Bonds: These financial instruments fund social programs with private
capital, allowing investors to earn returns based on social outcomes. This approach
attracts private investment to address social issues while driving economic prosperity.
Example: The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) launched the first
and largest SIB for skilling in India in 2021.
 Worker Cooperatives: Encouraging the creation of worker-owned cooperatives can
empower employees, distribute wealth more equitably, and foster economic
democracy. Such cooperatives promote both economic prosperity and workplace
justice. Example: Amul, Indian Coffee House.
 Inclusive Entrepreneurship: Support programs that facilitate entrepreneurship
among marginalized groups, including women, minorities, and people with
disabilities. These initiatives create economic opportunities while promoting social
inclusion and justice. Example: Stand Up India Scheme,
 Green Jobs and Sustainability: Investing in renewable energy, sustainable agriculture,
and eco-friendly technologies not only stimulates economic growth but also addresses
environmental justice issues by reducing pollution and resource depletion.
 Community Land Trusts: Establishing community land trusts can prevent
gentrification, preserve affordable housing, and promote community development
while ensuring economic stability and housing justice.
 Microfinance and Microenterprise: Supporting small-scale entrepreneurship
through microfinance programs can help marginalized individuals lift themselves
out of poverty while contributing to economic development. Example: Mudra Yojana
 Impact Investing: Encourage investment strategies that prioritize both financial
returns and positive social or environmental impacts. Impact investing directs capital
toward businesses and projects that benefit society while generating economic returns.
 Affordable Housing Initiatives: Develop creative housing solutions, such as tiny
homes, co-housing communities, and modular construction, to address housing
affordability issues while stimulating economic growth in the construction industry.
Example: PM Awas Yojana.
These innovative approaches of countries like Singapore, Bhutan (prioritizes Gross

National Happiness (GNH) over GDP), Costa Rica, Sweden, Norway illustrate that a mix
of progressive policies, investment in social programs, and sustainable economic practices
can lead to the simultaneous achievement of social justice and economic prosperity, though
the specific approaches may differ based on each country’s context.

PYQs : 2020
Conclusion:
The historical wrongs perpetrated on Indians and the social injustice that Indians
were subjected to had to be corrected. It was the foremost objective post India achieved its
independence. The Constituent Assembly strived to achieve this objective through a
balanced constitution. The Indian Constitution maintains social justice by granting
Fundamental Rights of Equality concerning the right to access equal educational and
employment opportunities in Articles 14 and 15 of Part III of the Constitution.
Social Justice cannot be established if all citizens of the society are not perceived as
equal before the rule of law. The ‘Reservation System’ meant to integrate underprivileged
classes in mainstream society was a major stride by the Indian drafters. In the year 2019,
economic justice such as equal pay for equal work was initiated by the 103rd Amendment
of the Indian Constitution. Thus, social justice cannot be ensured without proper economic
opportunities. In contrast, progress in economic development does not guarantee social
justice.


PYQs : 2020
IF DEVELOPMENT
PATRIARCHY IS THE LEASTIS NOT ENGENDERED,
NOTICED YET THE MOST
39 SIGNIFICANT STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY
essay.
 Body:
 What is patriarchy?
 What are the forms in which patriarchy manifests itself ?
 Why is patriarchy the most significant form of social inequality?
 Despite being so significant, why is it the least noticed form of social inequality?
 How does patriarchy affect men negatively?
 How and by what means can patriarchy be uprooted from larger society?
 Despite its negative repercussions, there are certain latent functions being
performed by patriarchy. What are they?
optimistic way
Model Essay:
Introduction:
Amid the chaos of the early COVID-19 pandemic, a silent story unfolded in homes
worldwide. While the world’s attention was fixed on lockdowns and health crises, women
quietly shouldered an increasing load of domestic responsibilities. The hidden impact of
patriarchy became apparent as women juggled these added burdens alongside work and
the emotional toll of the pandemic. This incident served as a stark reminder of how deeply
ingrained gender roles persist even in times of crisis, leaving us to wonder what other
unseen effects of patriarchy remain undetected.
In the fabric of our world’s social structures, one thread remains deeply woven into
our societies and yet often overlooked—patriarchy. It is a thread that silently perpetuates
one of the most pervasive forms of inequality. Like an elusive spectre, patriarchy’s influence
spans across time and continents, subtly shaping our perceptions, behaviours, and
opportunities. In this exploration, we delve into the intricate web of patriarchy, unravelling
the reasons why it remains concealed in plain sight and why its impact is both pervasive
and profound.

PYQs : 2020
What is patriarchy?
Patriarchy is a social system where men hold most power and authority, often resulting
in gender inequality. It involves assigning traditional gender roles, reinforcing male
dominance in various spheres, and perpetuating gender norms and stereotypes. This system
can intersect with other forms of inequality, impacting individuals differently based on
factors like race, class, and sexuality.
What are the forms in which patriarchy manifests itself ?

Patriarchy manifests itself in various forms across different aspects of society. Here
are some of the key forms in which it can be observed:
 Social Patriarchy: This form is evident in social norms, expectations, and behaviours
that reinforce gender roles and stereotypes. It includes societal attitudes that perpetuate
the idea that certain qualities and behaviours are inherently masculine or feminine.
Ex: Most of the parents don’t even want their girl child to be born. This was evidenced
in the 2018-19 Economic Survey’s “Son meta preference”.
 Dual Burden of responsibilities: Rooted in the social, cultural, and economic
dynamics shaped by patriarchy and gender inequality; women are expected to balance
traditional caregiving and domestic roles with the demands of paid employment or
other responsibilities outside the home.
 Unpaid Care Work - Women are often expected to take on the primary
responsibility for household chores, child-rearing, and caring for elderly family
members. This unpaid care work is often undervalued and goes unrecognised
as legitimate work.
 Time Poverty - Juggling multiple responsibilities can lead to “time poverty”
for women, where they have little time for personal pursuits, leisure, or self-
care. This can lead to physical and emotional exhaustion and negatively impact
their overall well-being.
 Economic Patriarchy: Economic patriarchy is seen in the gender wage gap, unequal
access to economic opportunities, and disparities in job positions. Men often dominate
high-paying and leadership roles in organizations, while women may be
underrepresented in these positions and face discrimination in terms of pay and career
advancement. In India, women earn 73% of what men earn for the same job.
 Political Patriarchy: In political patriarchy, men typically hold the majority of
political power and leadership positions. This can lead to policies and decision-making
processes that may not adequately address the needs and concerns of women.
Currently in India, women make up 14.44% of the 17th Lok Sabha.

PYQs : 2020
 Cultural Patriarchy: Cultural patriarchy is evident in art, media, and cultural

representations that reinforce gender stereotypes and inequalities. It can include the
objectification of women in media, the portrayal of men as dominant figures, and
the promotion of traditional gender roles in literature and entertainment.
 Religious Patriarchy: Some religious institutions maintain patriarchal structures and
teachings that prioritize male authority and limit women’s roles within religious
organizations.Female genital Mutilation is rooted in patriarchal beliefs about
controlling women’s sexuality and has serious health consequences for girls and
women.
 Legal Patriarchy: Laws related to marriage, divorce, property ownership, and
inheritance that may disadvantage women. For example, despite bringing much
needed legislation such as Hindu Succession Act etc, property transfer to girl child is
minuscule. Only 28% of women own land despite having 50% share in overall
population.
 Ecological Patriarchy: It explains how patriarchal systems often exploit both women
and the environment, with a focus on male-dominated decision-making and resource
allocation, which can harm ecosystems and exacerbate gender inequalities. The
Chipko Movement in India exemplifies this, as women protested deforestation,
showcasing the environmental damage and gender inequalities in resource
management.
Why is patriarchy the most significant form of social inequality?

The following points explain the significance of patriarchy as a form of social
inequality:
 Ubiquity and Persistence: Patriarchy exists in various forms and is found in virtually
all societies to varying degrees. It has endured for centuries and continues to shape
social structures and relationships in many parts of the world.
 Impact on Half the Population: Patriarchy affects roughly half of the world’s
population, namely women; making it a widespread and impactful form of social
inequality.
 Intersecting Inequalities: Patriarchy intersects with other forms of inequality, such
as race, class, and sexuality. Women who belong to marginalized groups often
experience compounded discrimination. This intersectionality amplifies the
significance of patriarchy.
 Wide-ranging Consequences: Negative outcomes across various domains, including
economic productivity, public health, education, and political stability. These
consequences can have far-reaching implications for society as a whole.
PYQs : 2020
 Cultural and Ideological Influence: Patriarchy often operates in conjunction with
cultural norms and ideologies that reinforce traditional gender roles and expectations.
These cultural influences can be deeply ingrained and resistant to change.
Despite being so significant, why is patriarchy the least noticed form of social
inequality?
Some reasons why patriarchy might be perceived as less noticed compared to other
forms of social inequality:
 Normalization: In many societies, patriarchal norms and practices have been
normalized over centuries, becoming deeply ingrained in cultural and social systems.
As a result, it is less noticeable because it is perceived as the norm rather than as an
exception or inequality.
 Implicit Bias: Patriarchy often operates at a subconscious level, influencing attitudes,
behaviours, and decisions without individuals being fully aware of it.
 Obliviousness: Many people do not recognize the extent of gender-based
discrimination and inequality, mostly because they lack awareness or any personal
experience.
 Assimilation: Patriarchy occurs in a melted form along with other forms of inequality.
Owing to which, it becomes hard to specifically identify patriarchy as a distinct issue.
 Resistance to Change: Self perpetuation of patriarchal norms by women offers the
biggest resistance, including backlash against efforts to address gender inequality.
How does patriarchy affect men negatively?

Patriarchy, while often associated with the oppression of women, can also have
negative effects on men. It’s important to recognize that patriarchy harms individuals of
all genders, albeit in different ways. Here are some ways in which patriarchy can negatively
affect men:
 Emotional Suppression: Patriarchal norms often dictate that men should conform
to a narrow range of emotions, typically centered on toughness and stoicism. This
can lead to emotional suppression, making it difficult for men to express vulnerability,
sadness, or other emotions, potentially affecting their mental well-being.
 Role stereotyping: Men may face societal pressure to conform to traditional gender
roles, including being the primary breadwinners and providers. This pressure can
limit their choices and career opportunities, forcing them into roles they may not
want.
 Strained Relationships: Patriarchal norms can strain personal relationships. Men
may struggle to communicate effectively with their partners and may have difficulty
sharing household responsibilities, which can lead to conflict and dissatisfaction in
relationships.

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 Impacts on Fatherhood: Patriarchy limits men’s involvement in caregiving and
parenting, reinforcing the notion that childcare is primarily a woman’s responsibility.
It leads to missed opportunities for bonding with children and hinder men’s ability to
be nurturing fathers.
 Reinforcement of Homophobia: Patriarchal norms often stigmatize homosexuality
and reinforce heteronormative expectations. This can lead to discrimination and
marginalization of LGBTQ+ individuals and creates a hostile environment for them.
 Mental Health Stigma: Men may be less likely to seek help for mental health issues
due to societal expectations that they should be self-reliant and emotionally resilient.
This can lead to untreated mental health problems and increased stigma surrounding
mental health support.
How and by what means can patriarchy be uprooted from larger society?
Here are some means and strategies that can contribute to challenging and addressing
patriarchy:
 Legal Reforms: Laws Against Gender Discrimination, such as the Sexual Harassment
of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act and Anti-
Domestic Violence Laws.
 Gender Mainstreaming:
 Gender-Responsive Budgeting - It involves analyzing and allocating resources
in ways that promote gender equality. India introduced GRB in 2005-06.
 Gender Impact Assessments - Organizations and governments conduct gender
impact assessments to understand how policies and programs affect different
genders and make necessary adjustments.
 Women’s Empowerment:
 Economic Empowerment Programs - Initiatives that provide women with
access to economic resources, entrepreneurship opportunities, and skills training.
 Leadership Programs - To encourage women’s participation in politics,
business, and other leadership roles.
 Education and Awareness:
 Gender-Sensitive Education - by introducing gender-sensitive curricula and
promoting gender equality in classrooms. NGO “Pratham” promotes gender-
sensitive teaching practices to encourage girls to stay in school.
 Social Media Campaigns - such as the HeForShe campaign by UN Women
engage individuals of all genders in promoting gender equality.

PYQs : 2020
 Grassroots Movements: For instance, The #MeToo movement, which began on
social media, has brought global attention to issues of sexual harassment and assault,
encouraging survivors to share their stories and demand accountability. This deters
patriarchal exploitation of women.
 Workplace Initiatives: Mentorship and Sponsorship Programs and Initiatives like
the “Mudra Yojana” by the Indian government and various private-sector programs
offer financial support and training to women entrepreneurs, enabling them to start
and grow businesses.
 Support Services:
 Shelters and Hotlines - Organizations and governments provide shelters and
hotlines to support survivors of domestic violence and other forms of gender-
based violence.
 Counselling and Mental Health Services - Accessible mental health services
are crucial for survivors dealing with trauma and emotional challenges.
 Cultural Initiatives:
 Arts and Media - Some artists, filmmakers, and writers use their platforms to
challenge gender stereotypes and raise awareness about gender issues.
 Cultural Events - Festivals, exhibitions, and events celebrate women’s
achievements and promote gender equality.
 International Collaborations:
 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - Goal 5 of the SDGs aims to
achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls, encouraging global
cooperation thereof.
 International Conventions - Nations collaborate through international
conventions like the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) to promote gender equality and
women’s rights.
Despite its negative repercussions, there are certain latent functions being performed
by patriarchy. What are they?
Some argue that ‘Patriarchy’ also performs certain latent functions or unintended
consequences within societies. These latent functions are not positive or beneficial in
themselves but may have unintended effects or consequences. It’s important to note that
these latent functions do not justify or outweigh the negative repercussions of patriarchy,
but they are worth discussing for a comprehensive understanding of its impact. Some
potential latent functions include:

PYQs : 2020
 Social Order and Stability: Patriarchy provides a traditional and stable social order
by reinforcing clear gender roles and expectations. In this view, clearly defined roles
for men and women can contribute to social cohesion and predictability.
 Economic Division of Labor: Patriarchy has historically assigned specific roles to
men as breadwinners and women as caregivers. While this reinforces gender inequality,
it has also resulted in a division of labour that can contribute to economic productivity
within households and societies.
 Perceived Security: Traditional gender roles can provide a sense of security for some
individuals who find comfort in familiar societal structures and norms. This perceived
security, however, may come at the expense of individual freedom and agency.
 Familial Roles: Patriarchy often emphasizes the importance of family and marriage,
which some argue can contribute to the stability of family units and provide support
structures for individuals.
Conclusion:
Patriarchy’s impact during COVID-19 extended beyond women, affecting individuals
of all genders through various forms of discrimination, invisibility, and mental health
challenges. “When the whole world is silent, even one voice becomes powerful,” underscores the
importance of individuals speaking out against patriarchy. While patriarchy often operates
quietly and unnoticed, the power to challenge it lies within each of us. Our voices have the
potential to disrupt the status quo and drive change towards a more equal world. Let us use
our voices to break the silence and dismantle patriarchy, for even one voice can be a force
for transformation.


PYQs : 2020
TECHNOLOGY AS THE
IF DEVELOPMENT SILENT
IS NOT FACTOR IN
ENGENDERED,
40 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
essay
 Body:
 How has the influence of technology become increasingly pronounced?
 Role of Technology in Security and Surveillance.
 Information & Communication Technology as a silent factor in the globalised
world.
 How does Technology drive the economy of nations?
 Ethical and Legal implications
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
 “The digital revolution is far more significant than the invention of writing or even of printing.”
- Douglas Engelbart
 “We’ve arranged a global civilization in which the most crucial elements profoundly depend
on science and technology.” - Carl Sagan
Introduction:
In the summer of 2010, the world witnessed a peculiar international incident that
transcended borders and ignited debates on the evolving role of technology in shaping
global relations. A computer virus, later identified as Stuxnet, targeted Iran’s nuclear
facilities, demonstrating the potential of technology to serve as a covert instrument in
geopolitical struggles. As tensions escalated, the silent but profound impact of technology
on international relations became glaringly apparent.
This incident encapsulates the transformative power of technology, not merely as a
tool for communication or economic advancement, but as a discreet force influencing the
delicate balance between nations. Stuxnet symbolizes a paradigm shift in the way nations
engage with one another, employing sophisticated digital strategies to assert influence,
safeguard interests, or disrupt adversaries.

PYQs : 2020
In this essay, we delve into the multifaceted dimensions of technology as the silent
factor in international relations. From its pivotal role in reshaping security dynamics and
fostering economic interdependence to its influence on diplomacy, cultural exchange, and
ethical considerations, we explore the subtle yet pervasive ways in which technology moulds
the contours of our interconnected world and its profound implications on the delicate
fabric of global relations.
How has the influence of technology become increasingly pronounced?

 Security Paradigm Shift: The influence of technology has become unmistakably
pronounced in reshaping global security dynamics. Example: Cybersecurity threats,
exemplified by incidents like the Stuxnet virus targeting Iran’s nuclear program,
illustrate how nations now wield sophisticated digital tools to assert dominance and
safeguard their interests in the international arena.
 Digital Diplomacy in Crisis Management: Digital diplomacy becomes pivotal in
crisis management and international relations. Example: During the COVID-19
pandemic, India’s effective use of technology, including a digital platform for
vaccination and data-driven contact tracing.
 Instantaneous Global Communication: Technology has revolutionised
communication, enabling instant global connectivity. Example: Social media
platforms, exemplified by the role of Twitter during the Arab Spring uprisings,
demonstrate how information and narratives now transcend borders, reshaping public
opinion and influencing diplomatic outcomes.
 Economic Interdependence through Digitalization: The rise of digital currencies,
e-commerce, and global supply chains highlights how technology fosters economic
interdependence. Example: MNCs such as Apple and Samsung, whose supply chains
span the globe, underscore how nations are intricately connected economically,
influencing international relations.
 Technological Diplomacy and Soft Power: The possession and innovation of certain
technologies elevate a nation’s diplomatic standing. Example: India’s Unified
Payment Interface (UPI), Germany’s automobile technology, Israel’s iron dome
missile defence system etc. showcases how nations utilise technological prowess to
extend influence globally, emphasising the significance of technological diplomacy.
 Cultural Exchange and Globalization: Technology has facilitated unprecedented
cultural exchange, transcending geographical boundaries. Example: Streaming
platforms like Netflix, exemplified by the global popularity of Korean dramas,
demonstrate how technology acts as a conduit for the dissemination of cultural
products, influencing perceptions and fostering cross-cultural understanding on a
global scale.
PYQs : 2020
Role of Technology in Security and Surveillance:
 Advanced Surveillance Systems: Technology has revolutionised security through
advanced surveillance systems. For instance, the widespread use of facial recognition
technology exemplifies the capability of technology to monitor and track individuals,
raising ethical concerns about privacy and civil liberties.
 Cybersecurity and Information Warfare: The digital age has ushered in a new era
of warfare, with nations engaging in cyber-attacks and information warfare. Notably,
the 2017 WannaCry ransomware attack, attributed to North Korea, highlighted the
vulnerability of critical infrastructure to cyber threats, showcasing the disruptive
potential of technology in the security domain.
 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Drones: Technology has transformed
reconnaissance and surveillance through the use of UAVs and drones. Example:
The deployment of drones in conflict zones, such as Pakistan’s use of unmanned
aircraft in the Jammu & Kashmir region, illustrates how technology enhances
situational awareness and strategic capabilities.
 Biometric Technologies: Biometric technologies, including fingerprint and iris
scanning, play a crucial role in enhancing security measures. Example: The
implementation of biometric identification at borders and airports, as observed in
the European Union’s use of biometric passports, exemplifies how technology
contributes to secure border control and identity verification.
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Security: The integration of artificial intelligence in
security systems enhances predictive analysis and threat detection. An example is
the use of AI in predictive policing, as employed by law enforcement agencies in
some cities, demonstrating how technology assists in anticipating and preventing
security threats through data analysis and pattern recognition.
Information & Communication Technology as a silent factor in the globalised world:
 Instantaneous Global Communication: Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) has transformed global communication, allowing instant
connectivity across borders. Example: The advent of social media platforms like
Twitter (now X), Facebook etc., pivotal in disseminating real-time information during
events like the Arab Spring, Cambridge Analytica exemplifies how ICT has become
a catalyst for shaping public discourse and influencing political landscapes globally.
 Economic Interconnectedness: ICT plays a central role in fostering economic
interdependence on a global scale. Example: The existence of multinational
corporations with intricate digital supply chains, such as Amazon, illustrates how
ICT facilitates seamless economic transactions and collaborations, transcending
geographical boundaries.
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 E-Governance and Diplomacy: The adoption of e-governance and digital diplomacy
showcases the integration of ICT in the administrative and diplomatic realms. For
instance, Estonia’s advanced e-governance system, including digital citizenship and
online voting, demonstrates how ICT can enhance government efficiency and
diplomatic engagement.
 Virtual Collaboration and Remote Work: ICT enables virtual collaboration and
remote work, breaking down physical barriers. Example: The widespread adoption
of remote work tools, exemplified by platforms like Zoom and Slack during the
COVID-19 pandemic, illustrates how ICT supports global workforces and business
operations, contributing to a borderless professional landscape.
How does Technology drive the economy of nations?
 Innovation and Productivity: Technology drives economic growth by fostering
innovation and enhancing productivity. Example: The development of artificial
intelligence (AI) and automation, as seen in the manufacturing sector with robots
like those used by Tesla, exemplifies how technology boosts efficiency and contributes
to economic expansion.
 Globalisation and Digital Markets: The digital age facilitates globalisation, enabling
nations to participate in digital markets. Example: China’s dominance in e-commerce
platforms like Alibaba, serving both domestic and international consumers, showcases
how technology opens avenues for global economic integration and trade.
 Entrepreneurship and Start-up Culture: Technology fosters entrepreneurship and
a vibrant start-up culture. Example: Silicon Valley in the United States, home to tech
giants like Google and Facebook, exemplifies how a conducive technological
environment encourages innovation, attracting talent and investment to drive
economic development.
 E-Commerce and Digital Transactions: The rise of e-commerce platforms and
digital payment systems revolutionises economic transactions. Example: India’s
adoption of digital payment platforms like UPI (Unified Payments Interface)
illustrates how technology transforms traditional banking, making financial
transactions more accessible and efficient.
 Technological Infrastructure and Economic Competitiveness: Nations with robust
technological infrastructure enhance their economic competitiveness. Example: South
Korea’s investment in high-speed internet and widespread broadband access
demonstrates how a technologically advanced infrastructure attracts industries,
fostering economic development and global competitiveness.
Ethical and Legal implications:
 Data Privacy and Surveillance Concerns: The rapid advancement of technology
raises ethical concerns regarding data privacy and mass surveillance. Example: The
controversy surrounding the Cambridge Analytica scandal, where Facebook user
data was exploited for political purposes, underscores the need for robust regulations
to safeguard individuals’ privacy.
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 Cybersecurity and National Security: As technology becomes intertwined with
national security, ethical considerations in cybersecurity are paramount. Example:
The Stuxnet cyber-attack on Iran’s nuclear facilities, allegedly orchestrated by nation-
states, exemplifies the ethical dilemma of using cyber weapons that may have
unintended consequences and escalate global tensions.
 Autonomous Technologies and Accountability: The rise of autonomous
technologies, including self-driving cars, raises ethical questions about accountability
in the event of accidents. Example: The legal and ethical challenges surrounding
accidents involving autonomous vehicles, such as the Uber self-driving car incident,
underscore the need for clear regulations and ethical frameworks.
 Biotechnological Advances and Genetic Ethics: Biotechnological breakthroughs,
especially in gene editing, pose ethical questions about altering the human genome.
Example: The CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology, with its potential to modify
human DNA, prompts discussions on the ethical boundaries of genetic enhancements
and the implications for future generations.
 Digital Divide and Technological Inequality: The digital revolution has led to a
digital divide, creating disparities in access to technology. The example of limited
internet access in developing nations, hindering education and economic
opportunities, emphasises the ethical imperative to address technological inequality
and ensure equitable access to information and resources.
Conclusion:
In the realm of international relations, the silent yet pervasive influence of technology
resonates with the echoes of the Stuxnet incident, an unforeseen chapter that unfolded in
the delicate dance of nations. Technology has seamlessly infiltrated the very fabric of global
interactions. As our interconnected world navigates the complexities of security, diplomacy,
and cultural exchange, the Stuxnet anecdote serves as a poignant reminder of technology’s
transformative power.
The essay has unveiled the multifaceted ways in which technology operates as a
silent orchestrator, shaping nations’ destinies with a sophistication that often eludes
conventional scrutiny. As nations navigate the complexities of the 21st century,
understanding and effectively harnessing the power of technology will be paramount in
shaping the future landscape of international relations. Striking a balance between
innovation and ethical considerations will be essential for fostering cooperation and
mitigating the potential risks associated with the technological evolution on the global
stage. As Christian Lange puts it - “Technology is a useful servant but a dangerous master.”


PYQs : 2021
THEIF
PROCESS OF SELF-DISCOVERY
DEVELOPMENT HAS NOW
IS NOT ENGENDERED,
41 BEEN TECHNOLOGICALLY OUTSOURCED
 Introduction:
non fictional)
 Alternatively, you can simply explain the essay topic with background as to
why this question is relevant now. You should show various meanings of the
“process” and “self-discovery”
 What is self-discovery? What have been the traditional means of the process?
 Importance/Impact of Self-discovery
 How technology has changed the process?
 Is outsourcing good or bad? Limitations
 Counterview for balancing – Not totally outsourced.
 The way ahead – Improvising the process of self-discovery.
 Conclusion: Summary of the essay and futuristic note stating how efficient ways of
self-discovery will lead to meaningful life.
Model Essay:
 “The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.” ¯/ Mahatma
Gandhi
 “If you don’t give up on something you truly believe in, you will find a way.” - Roy T.
Bennett
 What we perceive about ourselves is greatly a reflection of how we will end up living our
lives.” – Stephen Richards
 “The unexamined life is not worth living,” – Socrates
 “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” ¯/ Aristotle
 “It’s not that we use technology, we live technology.” — Godfrey Reggio

PYQs : 2021
Anecdote
 Siddhartha Gautama was born the son of a king. He lived the sheltered life of a
typical prince, with every luxury he could desire. When he was 29 years
old, legend dictates, he was jolted out of his idleness by the “Four Signs”: he saw in
succession an old man, a sick person, a corpse being carried to cremation, and a
monk in meditation beneath a tree. He began to think about old age, disease,
and death and decided to follow the way of the monk. For six years he led
an ascetic life of renunciation, but finally, while meditating under a tree, he concluded
that the solution was not withdrawal from the world but rather a practical life of
compassion for all. Gautam Buddha used the path of meditation to discover himself
or attain nirvana beneath the peepal tree at Bodh Gaya, a place in Bihar.
 Asha was getting frustrated and tired of life, so she asked her father what to do. Her
father told her to bring an egg, two tea leaves, and a potato. He then brought out
three vessels, filled them with water, and placed them on the stove. Once the water
was boiling, he told Asha to place the items into each pot and keep an eye on them.
After 10 minutes, he asked Asha to peel the egg, peel the potato, and strain the leaves.
Asha was left confused. Her father explained, “Each item was placed into the same
circumstance, boiling water. See how each responded differently?” He continued,
“The egg was soft, but is now hard. The potato was hard, but is now soft. And the tea
leaves, they changed the water itself.” The father then asked, “When adversity calls,
we respond in the same manner as they have. Now, are you an egg, a potato, or tea
leaves?” As a human being, we can choose to be an egg, a potato or a tea leaf through
the process of self-discovery.
What is self-discovery? What have been the traditional means of the process?
 Self-discovery is basically an internal process to explore one’s own thought process,
ideas, rationality, values, compassion, opinions, etc. Self-discovery is a discovery of
their own mind and soul.
 It is a learning process of how to transform yourself internally. To find his area of
interest in school, a child must study a variety of subjects. As a man goes through
life, he learns various strategies for handling a variety of circumstances.
 People has so many questions and they used to leave everything in search of the
answer to their questions. For example, there were Rishis who used to meditate to
discover themselves.
 Self-reflection is a fundamental need for self-discovery since it enables the person to
spend a substantial amount of time alone to self-realize his or her life and purpose.

PYQs : 2021
 In Indian culture, the concept of self-exploration is deeply embedded. Gandhi said
that self-discovery is “experimenting with the truth”. People may do the public good
and eradicate harmful behaviours from society by engaging in self-discovery.
Importance/Impact of Self-discovery:
 Self-discovery makes us more knowledgeable and aware about ourselves.
 Technology now plays an important role in moulding our ideas and lifestyles.
Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, OTT platforms have revolutionized every
aspect of Human life.
 Expands choices - Technology is enriching us by the virtue of lots of information.
 Eliminates confusion – Helps in objective decision making
 Saves time – A person is able to enhance the understanding at the comfort of home
thereby saving travel time. It also provides flexibility of doing at one’s own convenient
timing.
How technology has changed the process?

 It helps in exploring a range of activities – Technology based aptitude tests and
counselling sessions gives an objective assessment regarding the likes/dislikes and
capabilities of the person. One becomes better aware of himself. E.g., Psychometric
tests predicting the mental capabilities across a spectrum of fields.
 Easy availability of books and resources – Previously one had to visit libraries to
find out resources. It was also costly. Now lot of resources are available a single click
of mouse. E.g., Google searches, online free education platforms enhancing students’
knowledge.
 Helps in meditation – Mobile based applications are available which give reminders
and work upon biofeedback mechanisms. E.g., Mindspace app
 Self/Social awareness – Participating in social media posts and media debates help
in better understanding of the self and the society. It provides two-way communication
opportunity to the last person in hinterlands too.
 Discovery of compatible partners/products- There are artificial intelligence based
filters available on mobile applications. Based on a person’s personality the give
suggestions of suitable match. E.g, personalised advertisements based on consumer
buying patterns.
 Consultancy services – The easy availability of consultants helps organisations getting
expert opinion in a cost-effective manner.

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 Sharing best practices/ researched knowledge – Makes disseminations of warnings
easier prompting people to adopt a sustainable lifestyle. E.g., Disaster related early
warnings, IPCC reports etc.
 Journal writings and self-reviews – The blogs and critiques help in making oneself
better aware of the personality. It also helps in course correction.
Is outsourcing good or bad? Limitations:
 Accessibility to technology – Many people don’t have access to technology due to
digital divide (Rural-urban/ gender).
 Lacks the element of human emotions - Afterall it is a machine created to
supplement human labour. Human emotion is a blend of various factors which can’t
be expected out of a machine.
 Not error free - Technology is not hundred percent error free. E.g., A student may
score 75% in Physics despite not liking the subject.
 Lacks scope of innovation - When challenged with situations of ethical dilemma,
human beings often find new solutions. A machine works on a pre-feeded algorithm.
E.g., Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s firm stand against the practice of Sati despite widespread
social acceptance of this evil.
 Distancing from self - It promotes the tendency to live others’ life.
Counterview for balancing – Not totally outsourced:

 Role of logical reasoning behind the development of concerned technology shows
that human still plays an important role. Technology doesn’t control humans. In
fact, humans conrol technology.
 The final decision still rests in the human’s hand.
 Not a substitute for physical travelling - Virtual tours are not as enriching as physical
travel. One gets to know a variety of culture and traditions across the world.
The Way Ahead:

 Correct blending - If we blend technology and traditional ways of learning, then
the positive impact of the technology can be multiplied and adversity can be
reduced. We must determine how to blend technology and traditional learning
methods.
 Restricting the self-discovery of ourselves via the eyes of others - Not focusing to
create such a profile on social media to improve the likelihood of people liking and
adoring us. We should give too much priority to the opinion of others. We should
refrain to portray ourselves in the manner that others want to view us.

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Conclusion:
Definitely the use of technology can ease our process of self-discovery. It seems
obvious that using technology helps individuals in the discovery of happiness. A crucial
and basic part of human growth and development is self-discovery. There is another side
of the narrative that is harming the human self-discovery process as a whole since people
are focused on the present moment and losing the substance of their lives. However,
technological improvements, when viewed as a source of information rather than a source
of reliance for conveniences, contribute to an enriching journey of self-discovery.
Some of the things would be difficult to replace completely. For example, paper-pen
mode examination has its own potential in the context of security and impartiality. People
would continue to visit the world. It would give first-hand experiences to people and has
less dependent on secondary and tertiary sources for information gathering. People would
continue to play the central role in deciding the role of technology in our life.
Thus, humans would allow the use of technology in the process of self-discovery
where it assists. They would disallow its use where it harms the human race. Thus, the
prospect of role of technology would be a mix in order to assist the human world in a
better and more efficient way.


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YOUR IF
PERCEPTION OF ME IS
DEVELOPMENT ISANOT
REFLECTION OF YOU;
ENGENDERED,
42 MY REACTION TOIT
YOU IS AN AWARENESS
IS ENDANGERED OF ME
[2016]
 Introduction:
 Body:
 How the perception of me is reflection of you?
 How my reaction to your perception is reflection of my awareness?
 Can we always say that perception of people about me is no way related to my
reality?
 Are reactions always reflection of self-awareness or also situation based?
 Way Forward: What can be done to not get affected by the perception of others?
 Conclusion: You can conclude with summary and linking with anecdote.
Model Essay:
About the quote:
The topic means, that the perception that people hold about others is less about
others and more about themselves. The reaction towards such perception reflects our
awareness and value system.
Anecdote:
 Buddha - The Buddha was sitting under a tree talking to his disciples when a man
came and spat in his face. He wiped it off, and he asked the man, “What next?”
Buddha maintained calm and asked disciples to not punish the man. Buddha said-
This man may have formed some idea, a notion of me. He has not spit on me, he has
spit on his notion. He has spit on his idea of me because he does not know me at all,
so how can he spit on me?
Now, connect this anecdote linking with the core idea of the topic that how that
man’s perception about Buddha was very less about Buddha but more about himself.
Whereas, Buddha reaction reflected his self-awareness and value system.
 Socrates- You can highlight the perception of justice system of Athens against him
was reflection of its own characteristic. But, his reaction towards such injustice was
reflection of his self-awareness.
Elaborate on the scope of the essay to arouse the interest of the evaluator.
Quotations:
 The only true voyage of discovery…would be not to visit strange lands, but to possess
other eyes, to behold the universe through the eyes of another, of a hundred others,
to behold the hundred universes that each of them beholds, that each of them is. —
Marcel Proust.

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 “Most misunderstandings in the world could be avoided if people would simply take
the time to ask, “What else could this mean?” ¯ Shannon L. Alder
How the perception of me is more reflection of you?

Perception about others is most of the times filtered by following:
 Our own past experiences: E.g., A patient getting cheated by a doctor once will
always see the other doctors with suspicion irrespective of the individual character
of the doctor.
 Assumptions: A patriarchal mindset person will not give due weightage to female
colleague ideas because of wrong assumptions about the dominance of male in
decision making irrespective of capability of lady colleague. Similarly, example of
Adolf Hitler can be used to substantiate his hate for Jews was on unfounded
assumptions.
 Learnings: Our own learnings from situations and different activity create a filter on
our perception. Here, can use classical learning.
 Knowledge: The level of knowledge, information and understanding decide what
kind of perception one holds about others. Here, can substantiate by highlighting
how limited and inaccurate information and information can distort the perception.
E.g., cow vigilance violence and communal riots.
Hence, the image and conclusion about others is limited by our own horizon of
thinking. E.g., an auto driver commenting on jeans of the girl reflect about his conservative
thought. It has not much to do with dressing of the girl. Hence, the beauty lies in the eye of
the beholder. Regarding same object, different people may hold different perceptions because
it has less to do with the object but more to do with perception holders.
Expand this to suggest that perception reflect the inner world of the perception holder.
If I am right and my way of life is appropriate, then I have to work just on our way
and people’s perception will change with the changes in time.
How my reaction to your perception is reflection of my awareness?

The perception about me is reflection of you but my reaction is reflection of my
awareness and my own standards because of following-
 Emotional Intelligence: If one is reactive then he/she exhibit poor EI. But if one
responds appropriately then it exhibits higher relevance. E.g., refer to anecdote of
Buddha.
 Self-awareness: A reflection of your character is how other people see you and treat
you.
 Tolerance capability: Understanding that perception of others is right assessment
of me.
 Maturity: The way we react also reflects the level of maturity to handle adverse
problems.
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One’s awareness produces a huge impact on one’s actions. Since one’s consciousness
has a significant influence on one’s behaviours that is why my response to you is an awareness
of oneself.
Swami Vivekananda said Awareness is a simple act of acknowledging the reality as it is. For
he believed that an uncultured man loves the pleasure of his senses but as he becomes
cultured, he begins to love intellectual pleasures which has inclusive heart that thinks about
others too. This awareness can be brought into practice when move from reaction to
response.
Can we always say that perception of people about me is no way related to my reality?
Of course, perception is certainly impacted by the prejudice, stereotype, experiences
of perception holder but perception formed is filtered but the core idea remains anchored
to the reality. So, a corrupt individual can’t hide behind his image of corrupt official as
perception of other reflecting their identity.
Are reactions always reflection of self-awareness or also situation based?
In most cases, reaction reflect our awareness about self. But, the situation and activity
of others may push individual to act which is not linked to self-awareness and value system.
Way Forward:
 Talk about ways to not worry about perception of others by:
 Understanding that perception is not real assessment of me.
 Inculcating tolerance attitude to accept varying views.
 Being empathetic to others regarding their ignorance.
 By working on ways to become emotionally intelligent.
 Shrimad Bhagwat Geeta teaches us to control our senses if we want to be
victorious in the Mahabharata of inner self.
 We cannot focus all the time on issues like what others think about us. What
people think is entirely should not be the concern of us. Life is full of challenges
and challenges can be countered only with a calm and composed mind.
 In terms of ethics and moral ideals, one should act in a way that is justifiable.
One should act with openness, and one’s attitude should be inclusive.
 In the Japanese philosophy of “WABI-SABI”. Wabi-sabi is the view or thought
of finding beauty in every aspect of imperfection in nature.
Conclusion:
 Give a summary explaining the idea the perception is culmination of internal interplay
between different impressions. Hence, reaction should be watched as that will reflect
our identity.
 Perhaps with this spirit Vasco Da Gama might have left his harbour. [ CONNECT
with anecdote - complete the circle.


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PHILOSOPHY OF WANTLESSNESS
IF DEVELOPMENT IS UTO-
IS NOT ENGENDERED,
43 PIAN, WHILE MATERIALISM IS A CHIMERA

 Introduction:
 Body:
 What is the philosophy of wantlessness?
 Why wantlessness is significant for human life?
 Why wantlessness is considered Utopian?
 What is the philosophy of materialism?
 Why materialism is chimera?
 Way Forward: If both the extremes are not desirable then what should be the
best way to live human life?
Model Essay:
About the Topic:
 This essay topic is connected with J.K. Mehta’s Theory of Wantlessness!
 This has also connections with Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy.
 This topic tries to delve into the question that what is the best way to live life? To
desire or not to desire- that is the question.
Anecdote:
Gautam Buddha was living in luxurious palace and was having all the best material
things of the world like best wine, best performers for his enjoyment, beautiful wife, etc.
But he realized that this materialistic lifestyle is only going to end into death. So for him
materialistic life was glittering only to lead him to the doom one day. Hence, he considered
it as an illusion (Maya) and left the palace. After that, he started practicing wantlessness.
From one extreme of material enjoyment, he went to another extreme of wantlessness. He
believed that desire is cause of all the sorrow hence one should be completely bereft of all
desires even basic ones.
But, once he was mediating when Sujata came and offered him Kheer. After that
Buddha realised that if one tightens the string of Sitar too much then it eventually breaks.
This clicked to Buddha and he realized that the idea of true wantlessness is utopian which
can’t be practically feasible. He went ahead to come up with the idea of middle path.
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From the life of Buddha, we see that wantlessness proved to be utopian concept and
materialism for him once felt like Maya. But he came up with the practical path of Madhyam
Marg.
After this link to the topic and give scope of the essay before starting the body of the
essay.
What is the philosophy of wantlessness?

Wantlessness is the state of mind in which there is no desire for pleasure, glory,
possession, etc. Many philosophers promoted the idea of elimination of all kind of the
desires to attain salvation. The yogis go to the extend to even annihilate the desire of basic
necessity like cloth. In fact, many religions like Jainism, Buddhism, etc. promote the
wantlessness to some extent. But, why wantlessness is significant for human life?
Why wantlessness is significant for human life?
 The philosophy of wantlessness is significant in light of the fact that desire or want is
the fundamental cause of all kind of miseries in this world. Many religion across the
globe also believed in this.
 Hence, wantlessness is considered as safest method to avoid the cycle of pain and
pleasure and cycle of death and birth.
 The idea of watlessness is based on the fact that it brings detachment from material
life. For instance, if there is no desire for the respect from others then even if one
ignore us we may not get affected.
 Hence, we will remain calm and composed from inside.
 Many consider wantlessness as passport for misery free life. As a matter of experience-
there is no lasting peace to be found in modern life which is rife with desire and
consumable pleasures. People offer the solution in form of quelling desire and rooting
it out.
To be happy, remain wantless. But, is it so? Is wantlessness practical and feasible. Let
us examine this claim in detail.
Why philosophy of wantlessness is considered utopian?

 Utopian is a concept which indicate the idealness of an idea whose practical feasibility
is very thin. For instance, Gandhiji’s idea of Ram Rajya or Karl Marx idea of
Communism is utopian idea. Meaning, over the time it is being proved that such
ideal concept did not fructify in the reality.
 Similarly, the idea of wantlessness in present modern world is a concept which has
very less takers. Even, those who take this ideal, they also will be having some kind
of want if scrutinized properly. For instance, Yogi may claim that he has attained
wantlessness but again his aspiration to leave all desire is again a desire in itself.
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 A renounced man may claim bhakti to be sole activity of his life. Again here, his
desire to serve God is a want. Hence, true wantlessness seems utopian.
This idea of wantlessness has been even criticised by many like Charwaka, Hobbes, etc.
 They believed that such ideal of wantlessness to attain is against the nature of human.
 Human by nature is pleasure seeking and hence desires to have pleasure and enjoyment
through different means.
 Even, Gandhi and Kant did not believe in this extreme ideal of complete avoidance
of the desire. If we can’t avoid then should we go to into the lap of materialism
where there is unending desire for material things?
What is the idea of materialism?

Materialism is concept which refers to the desire to accumulate material things and
enjoy the matter. For instance, buying different cars or smartphones is materialistic approach
in life. Eating for the taste not for health is materialism. Considering physical contact as
means for pleasure is materialism. The philosophy of materialism promotes that human is
pleasure seeking being. Hence, it is the matter which can satisfy the need of human and
can keep it happy and cheerful. But, is materialism passport to the world of happiness,
peace, serenity and calmness? Or is it illusion/delusion?
Why materialism is considered chimera?

 Chimera is concept which means illusion and delusion. It is also called Maya. Maya
is defined in Indian Philosophy as something which is not. Meaning, something
which looks real but it is not real. For instance, the phenomenon of mirage in dessert
is like Maya/ chimera for the traveller. The view promises water and possibility to
quench the thirst but in reality, it is misleading.
 Similarly, materialism promises happiness, good relationship, name and fame. But
does it deliver on these fronts? Let us examine.
 Accumulating different cars or smart-phones can make one happy for some
time. But the new variants will come and individual will again aspire to own
those. If s/he sees someone else with better variant of car s/he will aspire to
own that. So, in the field of material accumulation, there is no end to possession.
Hence, Materialism in can never help individual to settle on mental platform.
 If we take the case of relationship, in a materialistically based relationship,
people will exchange gift in order to strengthen the relationship. But, material
gifts have short term impact. The lack of internal bonding can fade away the
material efforts put in the past.
 Even name and fame acquired due to wealth is short lived and it goes away with the
wealth.
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Hence, it is very clear that on many fronts materialism does make promises but fail
to deliver on long run. It can only give momentary pleasure not eternal happiness and
serenity. This means that materialism create illusion among the people. Thus, it can be
considered chimera.
Way Forward:
We have seen two extremes of human way of life.
 One extreme promotes wantlessness which is ideal and Utopian.
 Opposite to this is the philosophy of the materialism. It promotes the idea that human
life is to enjoy matter.
 But, upon inspection of this claim. We found that this is also chimera.
So, what should be the better way of life?

 In this regard, Gautam Buddha nicely captures the idea of middle path between
these two extremes.
 Even, Kant promoted the idea of self-control in using material things and having
desires.
 The idea of Shankaracharya considering this world as Maya is not completely true.
Certainly, this world is temporary and matter can’t satisfy the quench of the heart
and soul. But material world has its own meaning in aiding human to advance to the
life of a meaning and purpose.
Hence, the idea of self-disciple and self-regulation to use matter to live life for
purpose is desirable. We should avoid mindless enjoyment of material world.
The debate should converge into making a fine line of balance between two.
Conclusion:
 Give a summary of the essay.
 Highlight the crux of essay mentioning that the wantlessness or materialism, both
are two extremes and hence undesirable for present day human life.
 The founder of ISKCON, nicely puts the idea of regulated lifestyle in present modern
day by promoting use of material facilities for comfortable living, not for luxurious
living and having desire not for selfish motive but for higher purpose.
 A quote from Isopanishad beautifully captures the conclusion of this debate-
 “Tena tyaktena bhunjitha” - i.e. one who sacrifices will consume.
 Menaing, wantlessness or sacrifice to some extend for some time in some filed
is essential for us to effectively use material things for enjoyment and happiness.

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THE REAL IS
IF DEVELOPMENT ISRATIONAL AND THE
NOT ENGENDERED,
44 RATIONAL IS
IT IS ENDANGERED REAL
[2016]
 Introduction:
 You can start by directly hitting the crux of the quote.
 Body:
 How can it be said that real is rational?
 Can all reality always be rational?
 How can it be also said that rational is real?
 Can all rational ideas turn to be real?
 Does it mean that what is not rational is not real?
 Way Forward: What should we do with the rational idea?
Model Essay:
About the Topic:
 This is a quote by German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
 This quote simply means that whatever is real is also rational and whatever is rational
is also real.
 Meaning, reality and rationality are interwoven.
Quotations:
 An Error Does Not Become Truth by Reason of Multiplied Propagation, Nor Does
Truth Become an Error Because Nobody Sees It -Mahatma Gandhi.
 Three Things cannot be Long Hidden: The Sun, The Moon, and The Truth. – Buddha
How can it be said that real is rational?

 Whatever we see around in reality can’t be illusion and hence it must be true and can
be logically explained. For instance, if the stone is floating in the water then it is
real.
 Since, it is real hence there must be some rational to explain this unusual phenomenon.
We all know that special kind of stone can float. It can do so not because of some
divine touch but because of theories of physics at play. So, whatever is happening or
is existing or being witnessed or being observed in reality can be reasoned and
supported with meaningful argument.
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 We can make statement that reality is rational. If we are not able to explain or
understand something that doesn’t mean it is irrational.
 It is matter of time to reach to such level to explain reality with rationality. For
instance, before and after Newton, falling of apple was real phenomenon. But,
understanding it rationally was difficult before Newton. This phenomenon was
rationally explained by Newton. So, reality can be explained rationally by the passage
of time.
Can all reality always be rational?

 We can’t deny the fact that what is real is also rational.
 But many a times the reality may look irrational. For instance, chanting mantra
may calm mind and can greatly aid in bringing success to the practitioner. But,
explaining it rationally would be tough nut to crack. Hence, temporarily it may
look irrational.
 The idea of rationality is depended on our capability which is limited. So, reality
may look irrational for time being depending on our ability to understand things
around us.
How can it be also said that rational is real?

 Rational idea has tendency to either be real in present or turn out to be real in future.
Hence, rational idea can’t be categorized as illusion or fake. For instance, black hole
was rational concept given by Einstein but its reality was questioned. But, with passage
of time we found out that black hole is real and it can be understood with the help of
gravitational waves.
 Hence, what mind can create and explain logically can be realized or found in reality
around us. For instance, John F Kennedy dreamt of Moon Mission and USA realized
it through Apollo Mission. So rational ideas do get translated into reality.
 So, going after dream which has rationality ingrained can lead to innovation and
breakthrough in any field. This is evident from many projects of Elon Musk.
 The Renaissance of Europe was basically the rise of rationalism. Every intellectual
perspective became more visible under the illumination of rationalism.
 Rationality is the result of a critical mind.
 Being rational requires the ability to think critically.
 Rationality promotes scientific temperament in the individual.
 Scientific temperament enables people to raise the question of what exists in
the universe. Rationality encourages individuals to make informed decisions.
 Scientific invention, discovery and exploration are all the outcome of human
rationality. Rationalism is the very fundamental essence of humanity. E.g.,
Article 51 A(h), of the Fundamental Duties (FDs).
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Can all rational ideas turn to be real?
 Rational or logical idea should be real. But, rationality to translate into reality require
no bottlenecks in physical plain. For instance, time travel is rational idea but making
it real require limitless capability.
 So, rational may sound meaningful and can be real but may not be pragmatic and
feasible.
 All rational ideas in present setup and boundaries can’t be real. In many cases,
translation of perfect rational idea into reality in this imperfect material world is
difficult.
Does it mean that what is not rational is not real?
 This world doesn’t have only rational things. Absolute rationality is ideal concept.
There are things which are not rational but real.
 For instance, emotional or extra rational consideration in relationship and optimal
rationality in public policy, etc. are not rational but real. These all exist in reality
despite not rational in their true sense.
 In fact, in many cases not rational becomes more feasible and desirable where
subjectivity and abstractedness is involved.
Way Forward:
What should we do with the rational idea?
Reality of the rational idea should not be enough to go after rational idea. Rational
idea will be eventually real. But its ability to translate into beneficial proposition is crucial.
Hence, it is not reality but practicality which is significant for the realization of rational
idea. It very clearly signifies how reason and reality both complement one another. It is
essential to understand how the various factors interact.
Conclusion:
 Give a summary of the essay.
 Highlight the crux of the essay mentioning that if we can’t understand it but if it is
really existing then we should not reject it.
 Also mention that anything that can be imagined or argued with reasons can be
possible even if we can’t see or perceive or experience it in present. So, rationality
gives eye to see beyond the reach of eye.
 Reality has rationality and rationality has reality.
 Hence, both the idea of reality and rationality can’t be separated into isolation.
In larger time frame, both exist as twins.


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HAND THAT
IF DEVELOPMENT ISROCKS THE CRADLE
NOT ENGENDERED,
45 RULES THE WORLD
essay.
 Body:
 Who personifies the ‘hand’ that rocks the cradle?
 Role of Mothers/Parents and other caregivers in the early phase of life.
 How do such ‘hands’ rule the world (govern the future)?
 Susceptibilities of a misplaced nurturing.
 Nurturing: a two-way process.
 Way forward
optimistic way.
Model Answer:
 “If a country is to be corruption-free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel
there are three key societal members who can make a difference. They are Father, Mother, and
Teacher.” - A.P.J Abdul Kalam.
 “The future of the world is in the hands of mothers.” - Brigham Young.
Introduction
During Albert Einstein’s elementary school days, a significant moment occurred that
would shape the course of his life. Unable to read, young Albert asked his mother, Pauline,
to decipher a note sent home by his teacher. As she read it aloud, tears welled up in her
eyes. The letter conveyed an extraordinary message – his teachers believed he was so brilliant
that they could no longer provide the education he deserved. They foresaw him changing
the world.
Filled with pride and determination, Albert’s mother took matters into her own hands.
She purchased numerous books and began teaching him herself. This nurturing environment
eventually led Albert Einstein to become one of the 20th century’s most renowned physicists,
profoundly impacting our daily lives.

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Later in life, after his mother’s passing, Albert uncovered the true contents of that
letter. Now able to read it for himself, he learned that his teacher had held an entirely
different belief. The letter expressed doubts about his abilities, stating that he would never
achieve anything significant. Surprisingly, Albert’s tears weren’t shed for the harsh words,
but rather for the unwavering faith and compassion his mother had shown him.
We must be thankful to Pauline Einstein for not giving up on her son. She never
believed that her son was not going to become something. She showed that compassion
and love can really change the future. Had it not been for her, we couldn’t have witnessed
the greatest of the scientists for years to come.
Personification of ‘hands’ that rock the cradle

However, the primary connotation is with motherhood or caregiving, the metaphor
“the hand that rocks the cradle” can be applied to various institutions, persons, and relations.
Here are some examples of entities that can be metaphorically accorded the status of “the
hand that rocks the cradle:
 At Individual level
 Parents - Parents, both mothers and fathers, are the primary caregivers and
influencers in a child’s life. They are responsible for nurturing and shaping
their children’s values, beliefs, and character. A case in point being R.
Praggnanandhaa reaching the FIDE World Chess Championship final at just
18 years of age. He attributed his meteoric rise to his mother’s sacrifice and
father’s support.
 Teachers/Mentors - Teachers and mentors act as a guiding light to a child.
They impart knowledge, values, and life skills and leave a profound impact on
the upcoming generation of our society. Dronacharya nurtured Arjuna’s
archery skills and moral values, recognizing his potential. This mentorship
helped Arjuna become a legendary warrior in the Mahabharata.
 At Societal Level
 Religious and spiritual leaders - The spiritual and religious leaders like
Shankaracharya, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Guru Nanak and many others
heralded a movement of change and reformation in our society. They nurtured
society by teaching love, tolerance, and unity. Their teachings and music inspired
spiritual growth and social harmony.
 Social Reformers - Social reformers take upon themselves the task of
eradicating evil from society bringing about the much-needed transformation.
Some of the Indian social reformers are Raja Rammohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra
Vidyasagar etc.

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 Humanitarian Organizations: NGOs and humanitarian agencies like the Red
Cross and Doctors Without Borders play a crucial role in providing aid, relief,
and development assistance in regions affected by crises.
 Community Leaders: Community leaders who organize and run youth
programs, clubs, or mentorship initiatives can impact the lives of the youth in
their communities. They provide guidance and opportunities for personal
growth and development.
 At National & Global Level
 Leaders/Freedom fighters - They have played a pivotal role in nurturing the
nation. Gandhi’s nonviolence movement united a diverse nation, while Nehru
laid the foundation for modern India with a focus on education and secularism.
Patel’s integration of princely states fostered unity, and Ambedkar championed
social justice and equality as an architect of the Indian Constitution. Rani
Lakshmi Bai’s valour inspired generations.
 Policy framers - Policy framers lead the nation by concretizing the principles
and vision of people of a nation and its leaders.
 Corporations and Business Leaders: Large corporations and influential
business leaders can have a global impact through their economic activities,
innovations, and corporate social responsibility efforts.
 Global Organizations: Entities like the United Nations, the World Bank,
and the World Health Organization work on a global scale to address
international issues, from peacekeeping to healthcare and development.
 Technology Giants: Companies in the tech industry, such as Google, Facebook
(now Meta), Amazon, and Apple, wield enormous influence over information,
communication, and the global economy.
 Authors and Media Figures: Writers, filmmakers, and media personalities who
create content aimed at children and young adults can shape their perspectives,
values, and aspirations.
Role of Caregivers in the early phase of life

The Polgar Sisters’ experiment demonstrated that early and intensive education,
combined with dedicated practice and parental support, can lead to exceptional skill
development, challenging traditional notions of innate talent. “The hand that rocks the
cradle” is considered important in shaping a person’s, nation’s, or organization’s future for
several reasons:
 Values and Morality: Mothers and caregivers typically instill moral values, ethics,
and principles in children. These foundational values can guide individuals throughout
their lives and influence their decision-making processes.

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 Educational Foundation: Caregivers are responsible for early education and instilling
a love for learning. This educational foundation sets the stage for a person’s future
academic and intellectual pursuits.
 Emotional Well-being: A nurturing and supportive environment during childhood
contributes to emotional stability and resilience in adulthood. It helps individuals
develop healthy self-esteem and interpersonal skills
 Socialization: Caregivers introduce children to social norms, manners, and
expectations. This socialization is essential for fitting into society and forming positive
relationships.
 Leadership and Responsibility: The sense of responsibility, leadership, and empathy
often begins at home. Caregivers model these qualities, which can shape an individual’s
ability to lead and make responsible decisions in the future.
 Cultural and Identity Formation: Caregivers play a vital role in transmitting cultural
heritage, traditions, and identity to the next generation. This influences a sense of
self and bonding towards one’s cultural background.
 Community and Nation Building: Individuals shaped by their caregivers grow up
to become members of communities and nations. Their collective values and
behaviours contribute to the overall culture and development of a society.
 Workforce and Organizational Behaviour: The qualities and skills instilled during
childhood often carry into the workplace. Employees who have a strong foundation
in ethics, responsibility, and teamwork can positively influence the culture and
productivity of organisations.
 Long-term Impact: The influence of the ‘hand’ that rocks the cradle extends beyond
the individual. It can shape generations to come, as individuals influenced by their
caregivers pass down values and lessons to their own children.
How do such ‘hands’ rule the world (govern the future)?

“The hands that rock the cradle” use various instruments and means to shape the
future, whether at the individual, societal, or organizational level. Here are some of the
key instruments and means they employ:
 Education: Teachers and educational institutions play a vital role in shaping the
future. They provide knowledge, critical thinking skills, and exposure to diverse ideas,
helping individuals become informed and responsible citizens.
 Media and Communication: Media outlets, including television, radio, newspapers,
and digital platforms, have a powerful influence on public opinion and societal values.
They can shape perceptions, spread information, and encourage discussions on
important issues.

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 Legislation and Policy Making: Government bodies and policymakers create laws
and regulations that impact society. They can address social issues, promote equality,
and provide resources for education, healthcare, and social services.
 Religion and Spirituality: Religious institutions and leaders provide moral and ethical
guidance, promoting values and principles that influence people’s behaviour and
decisions.
 Technology and Innovation: Innovations in technology can transform societies and
industries. Technological advancements can create new opportunities, shape cultural
norms, and drive economic development.
 Art and Culture: Artists, writers, musicians, and cultural institutions contribute to
the cultural fabric of society. They can challenge norms, inspire creativity, and foster
a sense of identity and belonging.
 Philanthropy and Nonprofits: Charitable organizations and philanthropists can
address social issues, support education and healthcare, and promote positive change
in society.
 Personal Example: Leading by example is a powerful means of influence. Individuals
who embody the values they wish to promote can inspire others to follow suit.
 Advocacy and Activism: Advocates and activists work to bring about social and
political change by raising awareness of important issues and mobilizing public
support.
Susceptibilities of a misplaced nurturing

It is imperative that a child’s life is inspired by love and is guided by knowledge.
Misplaced nurturing and caregiving, when directed toward destructive or harmful pursuits,
can have severe consequences. Here are some examples that illustrate how this phenomenon
can mislead and cause destruction:
 Extremism: Vulnerable individuals may be radicalized, leading to violence or
terrorism.
 Cults: Manipulative leaders create bonds, resulting in extreme actions or mass suicides.
 Online Hate: Online groups can foster hate speech, disinformation, and
cyberbullying.
 Toxic Relationships: Supporting destructive habits, like substance abuse, harms
individuals.
 Enabling Crime: Providing aid to criminals can perpetuate illegal activities.
 Political Extremism: Misguided mentorship can lead to violent protests or terrorism.
 Destructive Subcultures: Involvement in gangs or criminal groups can lead to crime
and incarceration.

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These instances emphasise the importance of nurturing individuals toward positive
and constructive paths.
Nurturing is a two-way process.

The process of nurturing isn’t a one-way street. Those being nurtured also play a
crucial role in helping their caregivers grow and indirectly influence the world. Caregivers
provide support, guidance, and values, while those being nurtured offer fresh perspectives,
inspiration, and personal development. This dynamic interplay fosters mutual growth and
influences the world indirectly through the values, insights, and experiences shared between
them.
Way Forward:
Nurturing is like being a guide on life’s journey. It’s about values like love, kindness,
and patience. We need clear rules (like fences in a garden) to keep us safe, and we must talk
openly (like the wind) to understand each other.
Historically, nurturing has been tied to women, but it’s vital to break these stereotypes.
Responsibility should be shared across society to promote gender equality. To break gender
stereotypes associated with nurturing, society should promote shared caregiving
responsibilities, support work-life balance, educate on nurturing skills, celebrate diverse
caregivers, implement supportive policies, engage communities, and showcase balanced
media representations. This fosters an equitable approach to nurturing, redefining the adage
in a gender-neutral context.
Conclusion:
In the words of Marian Wright Edelman, “You really can change the world if you
care enough.” This change begins by recognizing that every hand, regardless of who it
belongs to, has the power to nurture, guide, and ultimately, shape the future of our world;
just like Pauline Einstein did by rocking her cradle in the right way.

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WHAT
IF IS RESEARCH,
DEVELOPMENT BUT ENGENDERED,
IS NOT A BLIND DATE
46 WITH KNOWLEDGE

essay.
 Body
 Research, blind date and knowledge
 Why should we research?
 What led some people to research?
 Why Research is a blind date with knowledge?
 Is Research always a blind date?
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
 “Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what nobody else has thought.”
- Albert Szent-Györgyi
 “Research is formalized curiosity. It is poking and prying with a purpose.” - Zora Neale
Hurston
 “The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not
‘Eureka!’ but ‘That’s funny...’” - Isaac Asimov
 “Research is creating new knowledge.” - Neil Armstrong
 “Research is the process of going up alleys to see if they are blind.” - Marston Bates
 “The only source of knowledge is experience.” - Albert Einstein
 “Knowledge is of no value unless you put it into practice.” - Anton Chekhov
Introduction:
In a world where countless apples had fallen before, it was Newton’s curious gaze
that turned this ordinary occurrence into an extraordinary revelation. The apple that fell
upon his head wasn’t merely a fruit dropping; it became a catalyst for his relentless pursuit
of understanding the forces that govern our universe. Similarly, research is a journey into
the unknown, where even the most familiar phenomena can unveil new insights when
approached with an inquisitive mind. Just as Newton’s curiosity transformed gravity,
research unveils knowledge waiting to be discovered.
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Research, blind date and knowledge
 “Research” entails the thorough exploration of a subject to expand existing knowledge
or uncover new insights. It involves methods like interaction, observation, and online
searches. Research can be primary, where original information is sought to create
novel knowledge, or secondary, involving the analysis of existing data to generate
further insights.
 “Knowledge” is the understanding gained through learning and experience. It
encompasses facts, information, concepts, and skills acquired over time. Research
aims to contribute to knowledge by investigating, analysing, and interpreting data.
 A “blind date” refers to a meeting between two people who haven’t met before, with
an uncertain outcome. In research, a similar analogy applies. When exploring new
topics with little prior knowledge, researchers embark on a journey with uncertain
results, much like a blind date. Both involve curiosity, openness, and the potential for
unexpected discoveries.
Why should we research?

 Deepening Understanding: Research serves as a vital tool to gain profound insights
into our surroundings. It delves beyond surface details, uncovering new dimensions
and expanding our knowledge realm. Example: Astronomers discovered the
phenomenon of black holes, unraveling the enigmatic nature of these celestial bodies.
 Solving Challenges: Research stands as the linchpin in tackling both local and global
issues. It offers a methodical approach to identify, analyse, and resolve intricate
problems, yielding solutions with far-reaching positive impacts. Example: Researchers
in the medical field developed a groundbreaking treatment for a rare genetic disorder,
offering renewed hope to affected families who had long grappled with limited options.
 Fostering Innovation: Research fuels innovation by driving novel technologies,
methods, and products. It empowers individuals and entities to stretch limits, ushering
in advancements that spur economic growth and enhance quality of life. Example:
Constant studies have led to breakthroughs, like higher energy-density batteries,
extending electric vehicles range and making them more accessible.
 Informed Decisions: Amidst information abundance, research stands as a credible
source of evidence. It ensures decisions are grounded in empirical data, vital for
fields such as healthcare, policymaking, and business, where well-informed choices
are imperative.
 Continual Learning: Research facilitates ongoing learning, encouraging exploration
beyond current knowledge. It nurtures curiosity and critical thinking, promoting
personal growth and societal advancement through seeking answers and venturing
into uncharted territories. Each research expedition unveils hidden facets of our world,
motivating further inquiry and learning.
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What led some people to research?
 Curiosity and Inquisitiveness: Inherent human curiosity propels individuals to delve
into uncharted territories, raising questions and seeking profound answers. This
relentless pursuit of knowledge, driven purely by an insatiable thirst for understanding,
ignites the flames of research passion. The inquisitive nature of humanity triggers a
continuous cycle of exploration and discovery, enriching the tapestry of human
comprehension.
 Intellectual Stimulation: The allure of intellectual engagement serves as a potent
motivator for research enthusiasts. The intricate process of deciphering intricate
phenomena and untangling complexities becomes a captivating puzzle. The allure
of unlocking new insights and contributing to the reservoir of human knowledge
provides a gratifying mental exercise that propels researchers forward.
 Personal Passion and Interest: Research becomes an embodiment of personal
passions and interests, where individual curiosity melds seamlessly with dedication.
Whether inspired by a lifelong hobby, a niche area of expertise, or an unyielding
fascination, this fervor ignites unwavering commitment. The marriage of personal
intrigue and research undertakings leads to profound discoveries and innovative
breakthroughs.
 Contributing to Society: Driven by an innate altruistic spirit, some researchers
dedicate their efforts to societal betterment. The aspiration to craft solutions, spearhead
innovations, and nurture knowledge that uplifts lives and industries underscores their
endeavours. Rooted in the desire to leave a legacy of positive change, their work
molds a future enriched by progress and enlightenment.
 Academic Pursuits: In the realm of academia, research is the lifeblood of scholarly
pursuit. Academics embrace the mantle of expanding the boundaries of human
understanding, epitomizing the quest for deeper insights. The journey encompasses
not only the pursuit of knowledge but also the sharing of discoveries, fostering a
vibrant academic community that thrives on intellectual exchange.
Why Research is a blind date with knowledge?

 Unpredictable Outcomes: Just like stepping into the unknown of a blind date, the
voyage of research often uncovers surprising outcomes. Researchers frequently wander
down unforeseen paths and stumble upon fresh insights. The pursuit of knowledge
mirrors the captivating uncertainty of a blind date, as both can unveil unforeseen
and captivating revelations.
 Exploration of the Unknown: Much like a blind date introduces individuals to
unfamiliar personalities and experiences, research involves delving into unexplored
territories of understanding. Researchers take on uncharted domains where answers
are elusive, investigating enigmas and untouched dimensions. This shared spirit of
exploration defines both the domain of research and the dynamics of a blind date.
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 Curiosity and Discovery: The appeal of a blind date lies in the potential for enriching
conversations and unexpected connections. Similarly, research is propelled by curiosity
– the urge to raise queries, conduct experiments, and unveil truths. The likenesses
between the inquisitive interactions of a blind date and research’s pursuit of fresh
insights underscore their shared basis in the quest for discovery.
 Trial and Error: Much like a blind date’s openness to diverse encounters, research
often entails a process of trial and error. Just as a date might not unfold as envisioned,
research hypotheses can stumble or experiments might yield unanticipated outcomes.
Nevertheless, these setbacks contribute to the learning curve, enabling researchers to
refine their approaches and deepen their comprehension.
 Potential for Metamorphosis: Similar to how a blind date can alter one’s outlook
on relationships, research possesses the capacity to revolutionize our comprehension
of the world. Research endeavors can challenge prevailing ideas and theories, resulting
in shifts that broaden our horizons. Both contexts offer the promise of transformative
experiences, where the expedition itself holds as much value as the final destination.
Is Research always a blind date?

While there are certain parallels between research and a blind date, it’s important to
note that research is not always akin to a blind date.
 Purpose and Direction: Research typically starts with a clear purpose, objective, or
question that guides the investigation. Researchers have a specific aim in mind,
whereas a blind date often involves exploration without a predetermined goal.
 Methodology and Rigor: Research follows a structured methodology, involving
systematic data collection, analysis, and peer review. It’s characterized by rigor,
accuracy, and adherence to ethical guidelines. On the other hand, a blind date lacks
this methodical approach and doesn’t involve the same level of academic and ethical
standards.
 Controlled Environment: Research often takes place within controlled environments,
such as laboratories, controlled experiments, or controlled data sets. In contrast, a
blind date occurs in a social setting and is influenced by human emotions, behavior,
and personal interactions.
 Expected Outcomes: While research can indeed lead to unexpected discoveries, the
process is designed to uncover specific insights related to the research question. In
contrast, a blind date is more open-ended and doesn’t necessarily have predefined
outcomes.
 Nature of Interaction: In research, interactions are often with data, experiments,
and scholarly literature. It’s a process driven by intellectual curiosity and a systematic
pursuit of knowledge. A blind date, on the other hand, involves personal interactions
between individuals with the potential for emotional connections.
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Conclusion:
Embarking on research mirrors a blind date with knowledge, unveiling excitement
and unpredictability. Just as patience, effort, and openness guide both endeavours,
commitment to truth fuels research’s journey. Through this pursuit, lives transform,
challenges dissolve, and human advancement flourishes. Embrace research as an
enlightening blind date, and let its journey illuminate the path to profound understanding.


PYQs : 2021
HISTORY REPEATS
IF DEVELOPMENT ITSELF,
IS NOT FIRST AS A
ENGENDERED,
47 TRAGEDY, SECOND AS A[2016]
IT IS ENDANGERED FARCE
essay.
 Body:
 Concept of Cycles in History.
 History Repeats Itself.
 Why first time as a Tragedy.
 Why it is farce in second time?
 Why Humans Rarely Learn from Mistakes of the Past?
 Study the past and you would define the future.
optimistic way.
Model Answer:
 “Those who do not learn history are doomed to repeat it.” - George Santayana
 “History doesn’t repeat itself, but it often rhymes.” - Mark Twain
 “The past is never dead. It’s not even past.” - William Faulkner
 “It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most
responsive to change.” - Charles Darwin
 “We are not makers of history. We are made by history.” - Martin Luther King Jr.
 “The past lies beneath the surface, in the depths, always ready to rise again.” - André Malraux
Anecdote:
The words of Karl Marx, a prominent figure in the realms of philosophy and
economics, have etched their place in the annals of thought. One of his most intriguing
pronouncements— “History repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farce”—captures the
cyclical nature of human experience and the patterns that seem to emerge across time.
This resonant statement alludes to the notion that historical events, rather than being
confined to their initial occurrences, have a tendency to reemerge in altered forms. As we
delve deeper into the layers of this quote, we unravel a profound understanding: the past’s
echoes can be uncannily reminiscent, yet the subsequent renditions often take on a somewhat
surreal, less grave, and more absurd quality. In this exploration, we shall unwrap the meaning
and implications encapsulated within these succinct words.
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Concept of Cycles in History:
The notion of historical cycles has been a subject of both fascination and debate.
Some argue that history is a cyclical narrative where similar patterns reemerge due to
unchanging human nature and fundamental societal dynamics. Others contend that history’s
apparent repetitions are more a result of selective historical analysis, where resemblances
are emphasized, and differences downplayed. The cyclical view can oversimplify complex
historical developments and disregard the uniqueness of each era.
History Repeats Itself:

 Cyclical Nature of Human Behavior: The concept of history repeating itself
underscores the cyclicality of human behavior and societal patterns. This recurrence
suggests that despite changing circumstances, fundamental aspects of human nature
and society tend to resurface. Example: The rise and fall of empires throughout
history, such as the Roman, Ottoman, and British Empires.
 Lessons Unlearned: Repetition highlights the tendency to overlook or ignore the
lessons of the past. As events recur, it becomes evident that societies often fail to fully
internalize the consequences of their actions, leading to similar outcomes. Example:
Despite the lessons from the Great Depression of the 1930s, similar unchecked
financial practices led to the 2008 global financial crisis.
 Analogies Across Time: By recognizing historical repetitions, we can draw analogies
between seemingly disparate eras. This helps in understanding how decisions made
in the past can have parallels and implications in contemporary times. Example:
The COVID-19 pandemic of the 21st century has drawn comparisons to previous
pandemics, such as the Spanish flu of 1918 and the Black Death of the 14th century.
These pandemics share common themes of disease spread, societal disruption, and
public health responses.
 Insight into Social Dynamics: Observing historical recurrences offers insights into
long-standing social issues and challenges. It sheds light on the perennial struggles
for power, justice, and equality that continue to shape societies. Example: The rise
of authoritarian leaders and populist movements in the 21st century, such as the
election of leaders like Vladimir Putin in Russia and the emergence of far-right and
far-left movements in various countries, has historical parallels with the rise of
authoritarian regimes in the 20th century.
 Contextual Adaptation: While history may repeat itself, the context in which events
unfold is rarely the same. Societies evolve, and new factors come into play, causing
historical repetitions to manifest in unique ways.

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Why first time as a Tragedy:
 Profound Impact: The phrase “first as a tragedy” underscores that initial occurrences
of historical events often carry grave and impactful consequences. These tragedies
can reshape societies, alter power dynamics, and lead to significant shifts. Example:
World War I’s devastating impact, with millions of lives lost, reshaped geopolitical
landscapes and fuelled the subsequent World War II due to unresolved tensions.
 Emotional Weight: Tragedies evoke strong emotions and often leave lasting scars
on collective memory. The pain and suffering associated with tragic events serve as a
stark reminder of the gravity of historical moments. Example: The Holocaust’s
tragedy during WWII continues to evoke deep sorrow and stands as a stark reminder
of the darkest aspects of human history.
 Serious Reflection: Tragedies prompt serious reflection on societal flaws and the
factors that contribute to their occurrence. They can serve as catalysts for change and
reform in the aftermath.
 Catalyst for Progress: The aftermath of a tragedy can lead to societal introspection,
reforms, and a collective determination to prevent a recurrence. This drive for progress
can shape the trajectory of societies.
 Influence on Collective Identity: Tragic events can become defining moments in a
society’s history, shaping its identity and influencing cultural narratives. These events
often serve as touchstones for understanding the past and its impact on the present.
Why it is farce in second time?

 Heightened Absurdity: When a historical event is repeated for the second time, it
often becomes more absurd and almost comically funny. The familiarity of the
situation, coupled with the failure to learn from the past, creates an ironic twist that
goes against conventional expectations of progress and wisdom.
 Defying Age and Experience: The repetition of history challenges the notion that
age and experience necessarily lead to greater wisdom. Despite having witnessed the
consequences of a certain course of action, individuals or societies may still repeat
the same mistakes, highlighting the paradox of not learning from experience.
 Generational Hubris: The saying underscores how each new generation often believes
itself to be smarter and better-equipped than its predecessors. However, this hubris is
exposed when they end up committing the same errors, sometimes with even graver
outcomes, revealing the limitations of presuming superiority.
 Cyclic Lack of Recognition: The comparison between different generations, like
the uncle and the nephew, illustrates the concept of repeated mistakes due to a lack
of recognition. Failure to identify and rectify the same flaws condemns successive
generations to the same fate, forming a cyclic pattern of unlearned lessons.

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Why Humans Rarely Learn from Mistakes of the Past?
 Cognitive Biases: Cognitive biases, such as confirmation bias, steer us towards seeking
information that aligns with our preexisting beliefs. This tendency shields us from
acknowledging alternative viewpoints or considering the complexity of historical
mistakes. Hindsight bias further distorts our perception, making events appear more
predictable than they were at the time.
 Emotional Responses: Emotions like fear, anger, and euphoria often cloud rational
judgment. When decisions are driven by strong emotional reactions, individuals and
societies are prone to repeating actions that led to negative outcomes in the past.
Emotional impulses override our capacity to reflect on historical parallels and apply
those lessons, perpetuating a cycle of unlearned mistakes.
 Complexity of Causality: Many historical blunders stem from a web of intricate
causes, making it challenging to pinpoint a singular factor responsible for failure.
The tendency to oversimplify complex situations prevents us from fully
comprehending the nuances of past errors. As a result, drawing precise lessons from
these situations and translating them into effective preventive measures becomes a
daunting task.
 Short-Term Interests: Human behavior often prioritizes immediate gains over long-
term consequences. The allure of instant rewards can overshadow the potential
negative outcomes of repeating historical mistakes. This shortsightedness undermines
the ability to apply the lessons of the past, as the lure of short-term benefits blinds us
to the potential for future harm.
 Lack of Immediate Consequences: The fallout from historical errors often unfolds
with a considerable time lag. This temporal separation between actions and
consequences breeds complacency, as people fail to connect their present decisions
with potential future disasters. The absence of immediate negative feedback
diminishes the sense of urgency to avoid repeating past blunders.
 Cultural and Generational Disconnect: Cultural norms and priorities shift across
generations, leading to a disconnect in how mistakes are perceived. What was once
seen as a grave error might be deemed acceptable due to changing cultural contexts.
This disconnection obstructs the effective transfer of historical lessons between
generations, weakening the continuity of wisdom gained from past experiences.
Study the past and you would define the future.

 Mitigating Repetition of Errors: Delving into history equips us with insights to
identify recurring blunders and mishaps. With this understanding, we can actively
evade duplicating prior missteps, catalysing more proficient troubleshooting and
advancement.
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 Foreseeing Challenges: Analysing history unveils trends and hurdles that have
emerged over time. Recognizing these repetitive sequences empowers us to foresee
potential roadblocks and capitalize on chances, nurturing a forward-thinking approach
to managing emerging quandaries.
 Safeguarding Cultural and Social Legacy: Our past encapsulates the narratives of
societies, cultures, and individuals. Scrutinizing history safeguards our cultural and
social legacy. This comprehension of our origins deepens our reverence for our identity
and perpetuates a sensation of cohesion and affiliation.
 Fostering Innovation: Numerous pioneering innovations derive from historical
lessons. Investigating past achievements and breakthroughs lays the groundwork for
novel concepts. Innovators can build upon past triumphs while sidestepping pitfalls,
nurturing a cycle of enhancement and progress.
Conclusion:
The cyclical nature of history, embodying tragedy followed by farce, unveils the
intricate dance between human frailty and progress. Each repetition underscores the enigma
of learning from the past, revealing our capacity for both evolution and repetition. It is a
testament to the complexity of human behaviour and a call to break free from the chains
of repetition by nurturing a deeper awareness of our collective history. Only through this
awareness can we script a more enlightened narrative for the future.


PYQs : 2021
THERE ARE
IF DEVELOPMENT ISBETTER PRACTICES
NOT ENGENDERED,
48 TO BEST PRACTICES

 Introduction
 Clarify the meaning of the quote (understanding about it in brief).
 Body
 Best Practice and Better Practise
 Need for Better Practise
 Limitations of Best Practises
 Examples of Unveiling Better Practices
 Qualities that Lead Some People to Embrace Better Practices
 The Consequences of Not Adopting Better Practices
 Getting better - a continuous process
 Conclusion: You can end the essay with an optimistic note indicating towards a
transformative approach that can positively impact both personal and professional
success
Model Essay:
 “Continuous improvement is better than delayed perfection.” - Mark Twain
 “The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.” -
Nelson Mandela
 “Success is not a destination; it’s a journey of constant self-improvement.” - Anthony J.
D’Angelo
 “The secret of change is to focus all of your energy, not on fighting the old, but on building
the new.” – Socrates
 “Innovation is the ability to see change as an opportunity, not a threat.” - Steve Jobs
 “If you always do what you’ve always done, you’ll always get what you’ve always got.” -
Henry Ford
 “Excellence is never an accident. It is the result of high intention, sincere effort, and intelligent
execution.” - Aristotle

PYQs : 2021
Introduction:
In the pursuit of progress, the saying “Change is the only constant in life,” by the
Greek philosopher Heraclitus, holds profound relevance. Over time, we have witnessed
the transformation of practices, from ancient Gurukuls to modern home-based learning
facilitated by cutting-edge technology. The focus has shifted from merely maximizing
machine efficiency for profits to prioritizing the well-being of employees, recognizing its
impact on overall organizational productivity. As we adapt from monarchical rule to
democratic governance, it becomes evident that practices deemed best in a particular era
may no longer be suitable as we evolve. As Charles Darwin aptly put it, the ability to
embrace change and embrace better practices ensures survival and growth in an ever-
changing world.
Best Practice and Better Practise:

 Best Practices: In any field, adhering to best practices is vital for success. They
represent proven approaches that yield superior results. By following these guidelines,
individuals or organizations can optimize efficiency, minimize errors, and enhance
outcomes. Embracing best practices fosters growth, encourages innovation, and instils
confidence in stakeholders. Continually updating and refining these practices ensures
ongoing improvement and adaptability to changing circumstances.
 Better Practices: As we strive for excellence, adopting better practices helps us
outperform previous standards. These practices are superior alternatives, honed
through experience and feedback. By integrating feedback loops, we can continuously
enhance our processes. Better practices promote ingenuity and challenge traditional
methodologies, pushing us to evolve. Emphasizing collaboration and knowledge-
sharing enables a collective effort to identify and implement these advancements,
empowering us to surpass our prior achievements.
Need for Better Practise:

 Embracing the Evolutionary Nature: Understanding that best practices are not fixed
but undergo evolution over time is crucial for progress. This mindset encourages a
continuous improvement approach, empowering us to adapt to evolving circumstances
and embrace new advancements.
 Addressing Limitations: Recognizing that best practices may encounter limitations
in diverse contexts motivates us to seek better alternatives. Tailoring solutions to
specific challenges and objectives enable us to overcome these obstacles effectively.
 Harnessing Innovation: The pursuit of better practices stimulates innovation and
fosters creative thinking. By challenging conventional norms, we unlock opportunities
to discover more efficient and impactful problem-solving approaches.

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 Staying Relevant and Competitive: Relying solely on best practices in dynamic
environments can lead to stagnation and falling behind. Embracing better practices
ensures that individuals and organizations remain adaptable, competitive, and attuned
to ever-changing landscapes.
 Maximizing Efficiency and Results: Better practices often emerge through iterative
processes and learning from experiences. By continually refining our approaches, we
elevate efficiency and achieve outcomes of superior quality.
 Fostering a Learning Culture: Shifting from best to better practices nurtures a culture
that embraces learning, experimentation, and continuous growth. This mindset
emphasizes openness to novel ideas, constructive feedback, and the integration of
emerging knowledge to fuel progress.
Limitations of Best Practises:

 Overly Generalized: Best practices are often presented as one-size-fits-all solutions,
but every organization has unique characteristics that can significantly impact the
success of a practice. Factors like team size, industry dynamics, and organizational
culture vary widely, making it challenging to apply a best practice universally.
 Short-term Focus: Many best practices are designed to deliver immediate
improvements and quick wins. While these gains can be beneficial in the short term,
they may not align with the company’s long-term strategic goals. The short-sighted
approach can hinder the organization’s ability to adapt and innovate, leaving it ill-
prepared to meet future challenges and sustain growth.
 Lack of Adaptability: Rigidly following established best practices can create a
resistance to change within an organization. When teams believe they have found
the ultimate solution, they may become complacent and resist exploring alternative
approaches. This lack of adaptability can be detrimental in a rapidly evolving business
landscape, where agility and responsiveness are crucial for staying competitive.
 Complacency: Overreliance on best practices can foster a sense of complacency within
the organization. Teams may become reluctant to challenge the status quo or think
outside the box since they perceive the best practice as a guaranteed path to success.
It can stifle innovation and prevent the organization from exploring potentially better
strategies or methods.
 Outdated Relevance: The business environment is continuously changing, and what
may have been a best practice in the past may no longer be effective or relevant today.
As industries evolve, customer preferences shift, and technology advances,
organizations must stay flexible and open to new ideas.
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Examples of Unveiling Better Practices:

 Industry (1.0 to 4.0): In the early days of the industrial revolution, the focus was on
maximizing output and efficiency through mass production (Industry 1.0). However,
with advancements in technology and automation, Industry 4.0 emphasizes the
integration of cyber-physical systems, data analytics, and the Internet of Things (IoT
 Telecom (1G to 6G): The evolution of telecommunications has seen remarkable
progress from the first-generation (1G) analog mobile networks, which only supported
voice calls, to the upcoming sixth-generation (6G) networks. 6G is expected to
revolutionize communication with ultra-high-speed data transmission, virtually zero
latency, and advanced applications like holographic communications and
telemedicine.
 Agriculture - Traditional to GM Crops: Traditional agricultural practices relied on
conventional farming techniques and open-pollinated crops. With the advent of
genetically modified (GM) crops, scientists have developed plants with enhanced
traits like pest resistance, increased yield, and tolerance to environmental stress. While
traditional agriculture served its purpose, GM crops offer a more sustainable and
efficient way to meet the global demand for food and address challenges posed by
climate change and population growth.
 Administration-Governance to Good Governance: In the past, administration
focused on basic service delivery and maintaining law and order. However, the concept
of good governance has evolved to encompass transparency, accountability, citizen
participation, and the rule of law. Good governance practices ensure that government
decisions are made in the best interest of the people, fostering trust and public
confidence in the administration.
 Society - Women Empowerment: In the past, societal norms and gender biases
limited women’s roles and opportunities. Best practices might have involved token
efforts to promote gender equality. However, better practices now focus on
empowering women by providing equal access to education, healthcare, employment,
and leadership positions. Women empowerment not only benefits individuals but
also leads to a more inclusive and prosperous society.
 Climate Change - Adaptation to Mitigation: Initially, efforts to address climate
change focused on adapting to its impacts, such as building flood defences or relocating
vulnerable communities. However, the realization of the need for long-term
sustainability has shifted the focus to climate mitigation. This involves reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and
implementing eco-friendly practices to prevent further climate change and protect
the planet’s future.

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Qualities that Lead Some People to Embrace Better Practices:

 Open-mindedness: Individuals with open minds are receptive to new ideas and
approaches, even if they challenge their existing beliefs or practices. Their willingness
to consider alternative perspectives allows them to explore and adopt better practices
that may lead to improved outcomes.
 Continuous Learning: People committed to lifelong learning actively seek out
information about innovative practices and technologies that can enhance their skills
and knowledge. Their dedication to staying informed empowers them to identify
and implement better practices in their endeavours.
 Flexibility: Being adaptable and flexible enables individuals to embrace change and
adjust to new circumstances, making it easier for them to transition from what was
considered the best to newer and more effective practices.
 Results-Oriented: Those who prioritize achieving better results over sticking to
familiar routines are driven to seek out and implement practices that can yield
improved outcomes, even if it means departing from traditional methods.
 Curiosity: A natural curiosity about how things work and a desire to explore
improvements motivate individuals to seek better practices. Their inquisitive nature
leads them to experiment with new approaches and integrate them into their activities.
 Willingness to Take Risks: Adopting better practices often involves taking calculated
risks and stepping out of one’s comfort zone. Individuals who are willing to take
risks are more likely to embrace change, experiment with innovative methods, and
pursue practices that have the potential to yield better results.
The Consequences of Not Adopting Better Practices:

 Missed Opportunities: Failing to adopt better practices can lead to missed
opportunities for advancement and success. Individuals and organizations may
overlook innovative solutions and advancements, limiting their potential for growth.
 Declining Competitiveness: In a competitive environment, those resistant to change
and improvement may find themselves falling behind their competitors. Without
embracing better practices, they may struggle to keep up with industry trends and
evolving customer demands.
 Inefficiency and Wastage: Not adopting better practices can result in inefficiencies
and wastage of valuable resources. Outdated methods and technologies can hinder
productivity and lead to unnecessary costs.
 Reduced Productivity: Without continuous improvement, productivity may stagnate
or decline. Individuals and organizations may struggle to achieve their goals efficiently
and effectively.
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 Diminished Relevance: Failing to embrace better practices can make individuals
and organizations less relevant in their respective fields. Customers and clients are
drawn to those who offer modern and efficient solutions.
Getting better - a continuous process:

 Change as the Constant: In a world where change is an ever-present reality, the
need for constant improvement becomes imperative. As circumstances shift and
evolve, best practices must remain dynamic and malleable, adapting to new challenges
and opportunities.
 Imperfection of Best Practices: Acknowledging the inherent imperfection of best
practices reminds us that there is no absolute solution that fits all scenarios perfectly.
Embracing this reality empowers us to seek continuous refinement and explore better
approaches to address specific needs.
 Limitations of Practices: Every process and practice has its limitations, which may
hinder their effectiveness in certain situations. Recognizing these limitations serves
as a catalyst for seeking better alternatives that can overcome these barriers and achieve
superior outcomes.
 Inevitability of Better Alternatives: With progress and advancement being constant
features of human endeavours, better alternatives to existing best practices are bound
to emerge. Embracing this inevitability encourages a proactive approach to discovering
innovative solutions and continuously elevating our methods.
 Continuous Journey Towards Betterment: The pursuit of improvement is not a
destination but an ongoing journey. It requires a growth-oriented mindset that
embraces change, learns from past experiences, and remains open to new ideas, all in
pursuit of ever-enhancing our practices.
Conclusion:
The shift from striving to be the best to aiming to be better is a powerful mindset that
can lead to personal growth and fulfilment. When individuals focus on being the best, they
often become trapped in comparison and external validation, hindering their progress. On
the other hand, embracing the pursuit of being better cultivates a growth mindset, enabling
individuals to learn from failures and setbacks and continuously improve themselves. This
shift in mindset is not just a matter of semantics; it is a transformative approach that can
positively impact both personal and professional success.


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IFFORESTS ARE THE

DEVELOPMENT ISBEST-CASE STUDIES
NOT ENGENDERED,
49 FOR
IT ECONOMIC EXCELLENCE
 Introduction:
 You can start with an anecdote that contextualizes the topic of the essay. Then,
you can start by explaining the topic.
 Body:
 Case studies offered by forest for economic excellence.
 How this case studies can solve economic issues?
 What hinders economic excellence?
 Business related to forest.
 Conclusion: You can conclude by linking with anecdote and ending with futuristic
note.
Model Answer:
The financial system of the world can learn a lot from the ecological system of the
forests. Both the economy and the forests are considered to be components of an ecosystem.
The forest is a natural ecosystem with core functions such as energy flow and a food web,
whereas the economy is a man-made system with the flow of money, supply chain, and
distribution.
Case studies offered by forest for economic excellence:

 The Power of Collective Effort:
 A forest is resilient enough to survive even the most intense downpours or
gusts of wind. It is only conceivable because woods always work together to
combat this strange because only then is it possible. All of the sub-parts of the
forest, from the tiniest blades of grass to the tallest trees, must band together
in order to face the threat and ultimately prevail over it.
 In a similar manner, an economy that is working toward excellence should
have participation from all members of society, including the lowest-income
and highest-income earners, the most and least privileged people, women and
men, and all other subunits. Because of this, inclusive growth occurred, which
ultimately led to economic excellence.

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 Diversity:
 The best representation of diversity is seen in forests. The smallest critters can
be seen in the forest, while the tallest trees can be seen soaring over it. There
are thousands of different plant species in forests, and each one plays a unique
role in the health of the forests. For e.g., the food chain in the forest would be
significantly changed if we eliminated the smallest grass there. Several forest
animal and plant species may go extinct as a result of this.
 In a similar vein, diversity has a significant impact on the economy. Diversity
makes sure that the economy isn’t being built on just one support. Instead, it is
supported by a number of fundamental pillars, including the agricultural,
industrial, and service sectors. Other pillars would support the economy even
if one of these failed, giving the other pillar enough time to be mended and rise
back up.
 Free and fair competition:
 The same soil, sunshine, water, and minerals were all present in forests. A
level playing field was therefore created. Some of the plants in the forest began
to fly far in the sky while others began to spread like a virus on the ground
entirely due to their innate abilities.
 Similar to this, there should be a fair playing field in the economy for everyone
to foster innovation and creativity as well as to provide talents the chance to
develop and flourish in the direction of economic greatness. After learning
from this, nations all around the world are consciously working to level the
playing field for everyone.
 Protection:
 The free and fair competition in the forests is distorted by alien or invading
species that have relative advantages. Numerous more native plant species could
potentially be threatened by invasive species. Therefore, in the same vein, we
also have products from other nations, such as China, that have the relative
advantage of being relatively affordable.
 Dumping of products can ruin a fair playing field because indigenous products
cannot compete with them. Protectionism against therefore becomes extremely
important. This is the rationale for the anti-dumping laws that many nations
have adopted. An excellent illustration of protectionism is the Indian
government’s recent move to outlaw Chinese mobile phones priced less 13K.
 Sustainability:
 Humans have over-utilized the forest by using it for food, fuel, housing, building
roads, railways, dams, and other necessities of life. All of these have caused the
devastation of the forest environment, which has led to issues with the ecological
balance, pollution, water scarcity, soil erosion, and many other related issues.

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 Similar to this, short-term advantages in the economy may not always
translate to long-term success; hence, sustainability is desired to advance
towards greatness. For example, issues like climate change and global warming
brought on by industrialization based on conventional fuels are endangering
the existence of the entire human species. The world is therefore moving toward
more environmentally friendly fuels like solar, wind, and nuclear energy.
 Self-Sustaining:
 By changing whether occurrences in a timely manner for the advantage of all,
the life in the forest is organically sustained. When it must, it rains and when it
must, it burns. All the extreme occurrences that humans perceive help the forest
maintain its life cycle. Wildfire aids in increasing seed germination and
dissemination. Flooding aids in replanting fertile soil on top of infertile topsoil.
Continuous rains replenish the water table. Nature’s most effective self-
sustaining loop is this one.
 We may use a similar system in our economy where no resource is wasted.
Every end-product waste is used to create a new one. The 5Rs of garbage
management—refuse, reduce, reuse, rot, and recycle—are actually put into
practise. Our ecosystem’s health and the continuation of life on Earth will be
guaranteed by this environmentally friendly method of production.
 Mutual Symbiosis:
 Symbiosis is the reciprocal dependency of one species of flora or fauna on
other species of flora and fauna in a biological environment. Both species coexist
peacefully and in accordance with the demands of others. The economic process
by which the by-products or wastes of one industry or industrial process are
used as raw materials for another is known as industrial symbiosis.
 This notion promotes the development of a circular economy and allows for
more sustainable material usage. The goal of industrial symbiosis is to build a
network of interconnected systems that function similarly to biological
ecosystems in that materials and energy are constantly recycled without waste.
 Inter-dependence:
 In forests, the leaf of one plant falls and becomes manure for many other plants,
the shade of one plant provides shelter for other plants that require less sunlight,
the roots of one plant prepare a favourable environment for other plants to
grow, the stem of one becomes a support for other climbers, and so on. This
demonstrates how interwoven the forest ecology is. Similarly, the more linked
an economy is, the closer it gets to economic greatness.
 The output of one sector is used as an input in another. Agriculture items, for
example, become inputs for the manufacturing sector. Furthermore, trash from
one industry is repurposed as raw materials in another, ensuring optimal
resource utilisation. Fly ash from coal-based businesses, for example, can be
utilised as a raw material in brick kilns.
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How this case studies can solve economic issues?

 Circular economy:
 In this economy, things are intended for longevity, reuse, and recyclability, thus
practically everything is reused, remanufactured, recycled, or utilised as energy.
It contains 3 R’s (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle), Refurbishment, Recover,
and Repairing. Circular Economy focuses on boosting resource productivity.
Most countries follow a linear process where raw materials are extracted from
the environment, turned into new products, and then discarded. Germany and
Japan used it to reorganise their economies, and China has a legislation on it.
 Participation:
 An economic system centred on participation decision-making as the main
economic mechanism for allocation in society is known as participatory
economics, or Parecon. The influence on a person or group of persons in the
system is proportionate to the impact on the choice. A socialist decentralised
planned economy with community ownership of the means of production is
what is known as participatory economics. It is put out as a substitute for modern
capitalism and centralised planning. Political theorist Michael Albert and
economist Robin Hahnel are the main proponents of this economic theory,
and Hahnel refers to participation economics as an anarchist economic
philosophy.
 Inclusion:
 It refers to the impoverished having access to necessary health and educational
services. Equal opportunity is one aspect of it, as is empowering people through
education and skill development. It also includes a growth process that is
environmentally friendly, strives for good governance, and aids in the
development of a society that is gender aware. Improved livelihoods, increased
skill development for women, and empowerment of neglected and vulnerable
people are all benefits of inclusive growth.
 Sustainable:
 The most overall well-being can be achieved with the least amount of resource
use and environmental harm in a sustainable and perfect economy. To be fully
sustainable economically, the total demand for natural resources (also known
as the ecological footprint) must be lower than the renewable natural resource
supply (also known as bio capacity). More people than only those who live in
poverty benefit from sustainable economic development. For instance, cutting
back on energy use and increasing the number of public transportation options
results in less air pollution, which can help asthma and heart diseases. Homes
and businesses that are efficient will be safer and more comfortable.

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 Ecotourism:
 The tourism business is large and rapidly expanding, and it has a substantial
impact on global GDP. The World Travel and Tourism Council said that in
2017, the sector contributed 10.2% of the global GDP. The fact that ecotourism
encourages tourists and businesses in the tourism sector to become more
environmentally conscious and dedicated to adopting the kinds of sustainable
and helpful behaviours that might reduce the damage caused by tourism
activities may be its single greatest benefit.
What hinders economic excellence?

 Low Female Labour Force Participation:
 The FLFP rate for women in India is lower than that of several of its South
Asian neighbours, like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. India has the lowest FLFP
rate among the BRICS nations. If the number of female workers rises to the
same level as that of male workers, the IMF estimates that India’s GDP may
increase by 27%.
 Protectionism:
 Government initiatives and regulations that limit or stifle trade between nations
are referred to as protectionism. Governmental efforts to alter the value of
their currencies in relation to other currencies are referred to as currency
manipulation. Both of these phenomena had a surge in 2018–19, which was
visible in the global economy. Protectionism involves limiting the movement
of skilled labour as well as products and services. Any limitations placed on
this will not only increase unemployment but also hinder growth. Protectionism
may encourage inefficiencies in the young business because it will have little
motivation to employ technology and make long-term investments to become
more productive.
 Unemployment:
 Future generations will shoulder more labour as the risk of future poverty rises
due to the current levels of youth unemployment. The suddenness of such
jobless shock traps people in poverty.
 In a Brazilian case study, it was discovered that parents’ unemployment
significantly increased the stress levels in the home’s children. If both parents
are unemployed, children are more likely to leave school to find employment.
These children won’t have as much human capital if they don’t finish the
requisite education, which will put them in the future in precarious employment
situations. Generational poverty will undoubtedly result from these
repercussions.

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Business related to forest:
 Business Resilience: Investing in forest protection and restoration shields companies
from the physical consequences of climate change and the loss of natural capital,
while also preparing them for changing investor and customer preferences. Businesses
investing in forests have a chance to keep ahead of legislative changes as many
countries prepare to impose new legislation to address environmental loss and climate
change.
 Business profitability and expansion: Through lower capital and equity costs and
enhanced consumer loyalty linked to sustainability qualities, forest conservation and
restoration can indirectly increase core business earnings. Forestry investments also
directly produce benefits for the environment and business. For instance, through
promoting and utilising sustainable forest products.
 B2B companies may encounter requests from other companies to lessen their
emissions and lessen the environmental effect of their activities. Carbon markets
also give companies the chance to make money via the preservation and regrowth of
forests.
 Value-based leadership: Forest conservation and restoration help companies become
industry leaders in sustainability, enhancing their reputation with clients, staff
members, and business and ecosystem partners, including the communities where
they operate. As an illustration, Nestlé has collaborated with its cocoa producers to
strengthen the resilience of nearby communities and maintain and restore the Cavally
Forest reserve in Côte d’Ivoire.
Conclusion:
Realizing that all living things have equal claim to the soil is one of the most valuable
lessons that can be learned from forests. The philosophy that should guide one’s life is
“living and letting live.” Our species’ level of intellectual development is a critical factor
in determining whether or not life will continue to exist on our planet. It is about time that
we acknowledge the obligation that we have as fellow living creatures to nurture and protect
one another.


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POETS ARE THEISUNACKNOWLEDGED

IF DEVELOPMENT NOT ENGENDERED,
50 LEGISLATORS OF THE WORLD
 Introduction: Introduce the topic with the work of Shelley. You can start with an
anecdote that contextualizes the topic of the essay.
 Body:
 What is legislation?
 Who is real legislator?
 Poets as a legislator.
 Why poet is unacknowledged legislator?
 Whether they are flawless?
 Why it is not possible solve a problem with the same mind that created it.
 Application of this in different fields.
 Leader who possessed different mind-set to solve various problems.
 What mind-set needed to solve the problem?
note.
Model Answer:
Shelley asserted that “poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the universe” in
his 1821 essay “The Defence of Poetry.” This has been interpreted to mean that they exercise
moral authority just by creating poetry in a hazy, non-threatening manner. In truth, he had
stated that “Poets and philosophers are the unrecognised” and other such statements in his
earlier political article, “A Philosophic View of Reform.” He was referring to the
revolutionary-minded thinkers Voltaire, Thomas Paine, William Godwin, and Mary
Wollstonecraft.
What is legislation?
Both internal and exterior laws can be enacted. Internal involves establishing
guidelines for oneself. As an example, we can resolve to uphold Gandhi’s philosophy of
non-violence and refrain from harming others. It might also be societal in nature, driven by
the same idea that society can condemn or forbid killing or inflicting damage on others.
Both internal and external acknowledgement is possible; for example, poets may convey
their ideas without receiving any compensation from society.
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Who is real legislator?

 Who creates laws? Parliamentarians and lawmakers from all across the world. They
are chosen by the general public. These legislators are responsive to the people. Who,
though, shape’s public opinion? By conveying a message via his poems, the poet.
The poet stirs the feelings of his audience. Heart communicates with heart. No
approval from the general public is required for the poet.
 He serves as the people’s unofficial spokesperson. The poem The Cry of Children
was written by the poetess Mrs. Elizabeth Barret Browning. It had such a profound
impact on public opinion that Lord Peel’s cabinet introduced legislation prohibiting
the use of young children in industries in certain circumstances. The lawmaker takes
the poet’s place.
Poets as a legislator:
 Prevent from anarchy:
 After the collapse of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Christian
era, it was poets who were responsible for preventing the world from falling
into utter anarchy and darkness. According to one author, “the world would
have fallen into utter anarchy and darkness, but that there were found poets
among the authors of the Christian and chivalric systems of manners and
religion, who created forms of opinion and action never before conceived;
which, copied into the imaginations of men, became as generals to the be
 Promote nationalism:
 The historical dramas written by Shakespeare were responsible for unleashing
a tidal wave of patriotism into the hearts of the people. There is no state-made
statute that could have accomplished this goal. The entire country was roused
to action and rallied behind the cause. The poet instilled a sense of national
pride in them by describing the achievements of England. As a direct
consequence of this, England rose to prominence on the global stage during
Elizabeth’s reign, earning the title of England’s “Golden Age.”
 Natural law:
 I wish to be regarded as a teacher or as nothing else, wrote Wordsworth.
Wordsworth established a new rule for the world: revere and love nature. God
is worshipped when nature is worshipped. If we worship the natural world, the
kingdom of heaven would come on earth. Today, all educated men subscribe
to this love of nature. Wordsworth is the poet, and nature is the religion.
Browning once more left the world with a tribute to optimism. His audience
abides by the poet’s rule. Every poet has readers as his subjects, and each poet
governs over a realm that transcends political and religious boundaries. Consider
our own nation.
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 In economic sphere:
 Poets have the power to generate new bodies of knowledge and legislate via
their writing, which establishes their function as legislators. The importance of
prosperity, according to Arthashastra. According to Kautilya, wealth might be
considered morally acceptable if it was obtained by lawful methods, and he
believed that acquiring wealth was an effective way to safeguard a nation’s
population against starvation. Because of this, a significant amount of the
insightful philosophy that was required to make the world moral and just was
discovered in the brains of poets and in their writings.
 Social legislation:
 In many different ways, the poets during Bhakti movement broke down barriers
regarding gender, social status, and caste. They broke the preconceptions that
are linked with the notion of spiritualism; it criticised orthodoxy and the
rigorous ceremonial practises of worship; and it developed a relationship
between the devotee and the divine that was more intimate and casual. Saint
Kabir through is poem assisted ordinary people in ridding themselves of age-
old beliefs and achieving salvation via the practise of Bhakti, also known as
pure devotion. He was quite critical of any and all sorts of idol worship. Caste
discrimination and traditions like as bathing in sacred rivers were both
denounced by Guru Nanak. His conception of religion was extremely earth-
bound and absolutely moral in nature.
 Religious aspect:
 It is worthy of note that all religious prophets taught their Law through poetry.
The Hymns of the Bible have shaped the lives of Christians through the
centuries. The Sermon on the Mount gave the law of God. Lord Krishna turned
into a poet and his Gita is in poetry. The Gita and the Bible have been a beacon-
light to guide the conduct of the untold millions in a way that no earthly law
could be obeyed or treated with reverence. The Vedas are poetry, Guru Granth
Sahib is poetry, the Quran is poetry; the gospels of other religions are written
in poetry. The Ramayana, written by the poets Valmiki and Tulsidas, gave
moral and social laws to billions of people.
Why poet is unacknowledged legislator?

 Poets are unacknowledged- The world does not get the impression that poets are
drafting legal code. They are not members of any parliament. There is no record in
any statute book of the legislation that they enacted. However, they are responsible
for establishing a climate and a robust consensus among the public; the rest is handled
by these factors.

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 The power to influence the world comes not from arms but from brilliant ideas-
The strength of the mind is greater than that of the Himalayas. One of the students
in the school replied, “The Himalayas are located in the north.” A wise man is heard
to say, “I will bring them to the south.” ‘How?’ “I will relocate farther north, and
then the Himalayas will be to my south,” is what I want to do. Under the mandate of
poets, slavery was abolished, and people became willing to do or die for the cause of
freedom or for the sake of their nation.
 Poets were responsible for this shift in attitude- Byron travelled to Greece, and
while he was there, he inspired the local people with his poems to struggle harder for
their independence from the Ottoman Empire. They could not have been drunk with
the spirit of liberty by virtue of any law. However, Byron was able to appeal to their
feelings.
 In certain cases, a law that is enacted by the government ends up being a mere
formality, but a law that is articulated by poets is generally acknowledged and
adhered to. Keats is credited as having remarked, “A piece of beauty is a joy eternally.”
Or you might say, “Beauty is Truth, Truth is Beauty, that is all, you know on earth,
and that is all you need to know.”
 It is the law that poets have devised, and by it, all of the people in the world
worship love and beauty. The heart communicates with the heart. For the sake of
their beloved, the lovers have taken risks and performed miracles, and the rest of the
world looks up to them as if they were heroes of love. This law of Love and Beauty
that the poets have enunciated does not require the presence of law enforcement, the
armed forces, legal courts, or the prospect of being punished in any way. On each of
the world’s five continents, individuals voluntarily comply with this legislation. The
poet plants the seed, and then harvests the whirlwind that shocks the world and
garners the fervent support of millions of people.
 There is no doubt that the power of the pen outweighs that of the sword. The poet
serves as the chairperson of the assembly of the people. He is similar to She, who is
known as the “woman who must be obeyed.” It is not the people who give the poet
his mandate; rather, it is the poet who delivers the mandate to the people. He does
not attempt to persuade them to vote for him in the elections. He receives no votes.
He establishes an environment with the live thoughts he has, and the environment
takes care of the rest. As Shelley herself stated.
Whether they are flawless?

 Every form of creative expression has its limitations; For example, a sculpture
cannot be heard or smelled. Other things like food and entertainment also hint to
these experiences. However, the poet is limited to exploring this feeling through
language and the symbols on the page. It makes sense that this would cause stress
and force language into unknown territory. As a result, the poet’s answer could seem
more practical on paper than in practise.

PYQs : 2022
 For example, the concept of Pakistan was introduced to Muslims by the poet Iqbal.
Some claimed it was a poet’s fantasy or an imaginative leap. With the passionate
backing of the Muslim populace, Pakistan was created within 10 years and the poet’s
dream became a reality. Even if Bangladesh’s establishment called the poet’s creation
of a state into doubt, it nevertheless existed.
Conclusion:
 It is true that poetry preserves everything’s wonderful beauty, making everything
everlasting. It has the ability to transform people’s ideas and bring about more than
merely reflection. Humanity is inspired by poetry. Just like Shelley said poets are...the
mirrors or the enormous shadows that the future throws on the present; the words
that communicate what they do not comprehend; the trumpets that sound the call to
arms but do not feel the inspiration they arouse; and the influence that is not moved
but moves. Poetry is what shapes the future and opens minds.
 It both looks back on the past and reflects the present. Poets are our society’s quiet
rebels. Actually, not only poets, but all the greatest writers. They are both the moral
critics and the energy that propels civilization forward. They take part in society by
doing more than just watching; they observe and use their job to communicate their
disapproval or admiration.
 Although human generations may come and go, these Laws endure eternally.
Legislators create laws that are out of date and inappropriate; as a result, the unjust
laws are overturned. But a poet, like his Nightingale, writes what the heart tells him
to write, and the world listens to him because it is what it must. The lawmaker in the
Parliament of Man is the poet.


PYQs : 2022
HISTORY IS A SERIES OF VICTORIES WON BY THE

51 IF DEVELOPMENT
SCIENTIFIC MAN ITOVER
IS NOT ENGENDERED,
THE ROMANTIC
IS ENDANGERED MAN
[2016]
essay.
 Body:
 What characterises the scientific man?
 What characterises the romantic man?
 How can you say that historically the scientific man has triumphed over the
romantic man?
 What made the scientific man consistently win over the romantic man?
 Does the romantic man stand no chance to win ever?
 Contemporary relevance.
 Way Forward: Ways to promote rationality and scientific mind-set.
 Conclusion: You can conclude by emphasising on the need to espouse scientific
temperament in all the pursuits of your life.
Model Answer:
 “Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge.” – Carl Sagan
 “Scientific attitude is concerned with rational perception through the mind and testing such
perceptions against actual facts, in the form of experiments and observations.” – F David
Peat
 “The scientific attitude implies the postulate of objectivity.” – Jacques Monod
About the essay topic:

The essay captures the significance of rationality, pragmatism and logical reasoning
(Scientific man) over sentiments, value-driven and emotional attitude (Romantic man).
History is testimony to the fact that rationality and scientific temper have emerged successful
most often than not. But emotions too are important and they must be utilized in a
constructive and complementary manner to accomplish the pre-determined objectives.

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Introduction:
 Britishers vs Marathas: During the freedom struggle of India, Britishers had a
well-thought-out scientific strategy against the Indian rulers. Leveraging the cost-
benefit analysis approach, Britishers turned out to be victorious in most of the battles,
for e.g., their manipulative policy of friendship and animosity towards Marathas.
The latter got agitated and exhibited romanticism in the form of fanatic fights even
within the Maratha nobility, due to which they suffered defeat eventually.
 Ramayana: In Ramayana, through the boon conferred on Ravana by the Great God
Brahma, he was made invincible and had the power to assume any form he wished,
from men to mountains to death itself. His greed of power superseded his power of
knowledge and rationality. Ravana misused this power and committed innumerable
adversities on mankind; even he unlawfully abducted the wife of Lord Rama. Later,
Lord Rama engineered a plan resting on scientific ideals of SWOT analysis, team
work, participation and role classification. He defeated the formidable Ravana
kingdom with an army of monkeys (vanar sena) by endorsing the scientific approach.
What characterizes the scientific man?
 4Cs: Concept, Creativity, Critical thinking and Courage. The scientific man has a
good conceptual understanding of the issues at hand i.e., situational awareness.
He employs creative ways to come up with innovative solutions. This process
necessitates critical thinking and courage to deal with any issue.
 Rationality: Rationality is the quality of being guided by or based on reasons. In
this regard, the scientific man has a good reason for what he does, as that action is
based on strong evidence and facts.
 Pragmatic approach to life: A pragmatic way of dealing with something is based on
practical considerations, rather than theoretical or imaginary ones. The pragmatic
approach is very essential while pursuing any objective as it ensures that decisions
are taken based on understanding of the reality of prevailing situation.
 Logical reasoning: Socrates maintains, “An unexamined life is not worth living”.
Basically, the emphasis is being laid on the importance of logical reasoning. The
scientific man examines and questions the anomalies around him rather than being
ignorant.
Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge. One need
not to be a scientist to be ‘the scientific man’. Examples of scientific man – Mahatma
Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Dr B.R.
Ambedkar, MS Dhoni etc.
What characterizes the romantic man?

 Emotion-driven: The romantic man is ruled by his emotions and sentiments. The
decisions taken by him have a significant bearing on his values, intuitions and
instantaneous reactionary thoughts. This makes his decisions unsound for most of
the times.
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 Strong proclivities & biases: The romantic man, due to lack of evidences and facts,
clings on to stringent leanings and ideologies. Such leanings are lopsided and are not
backed by substantial reasoning.
 Prejudices: Rigid stereotypes pave their way into the psyche of the romantic man,
which tampers the decision-making process.
Examples of romantic man – Adolf Hitler, Kansh (Bhagavat), Duryodhana
(Mahabharata), People practicing social evils like sati, dowry killing, honour killing
etc.
How can you say that historically the scientific man has triumphed over the romantic
man?
 Mahatma Gandhi – Despite carrying a valid ticket, when Gandhiji was thrown out
of first-class compartment in South Africa, he suffered a setback. He personally
witnessed the prevailing racism for the first time. Gandhiji decided to act against it.
But he did not get swayed away by the temptation to adopt a militant approach,
which a romantic man would instantly approve of.
Rather, Gandhiji espoused a scientific method and spearheaded a non-violent
movement against racial discrimination in South Africa. Ahimsa and Satyagraha
were his ammunitions. The movement finally culminated in black people getting
rights on par with white people after the eradication of apartheid in South Africa.
 Raja Ram Mohan Roy – The then Indian society was plagued by various social evils
such as dowry, sati practice etc. These social evils were practiced by ‘the romantic
men’ of the time. Ardent orthodoxy is also a form of romanticism. It carries no
strong and reasonable basis. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, through his scientific ideals
crusaded for the abolition of such heinous wrongdoings and promoted the cause of
women emancipation. He faced a lot of criticism and hurdles initially, but eventually
this scientific man was successful in uprooting the entrenched evil practices from the
society.
 Duryodhana – In Mahabharata, Duryodhana (Kaurava) was hell-bent on acquiring
the absolute kingdom of Indraprastha. He adopted the illicit means to harm his own
brothers. Pandavas was tricked by Duryodhana and group into a fixed game of dice
in which they lost all their wealth and kingdom. Duryodhana even stripped of the
clothes of Draupadi. Such was his romanticism, replete with lust and greed for power.
Nonetheless, Duryodhana was defeated at the end through the scientific man – Lord
Krishna and Arjuna.
 Adolf Hitler – It was Hitler’s romanticism in the form of his hostility towards Jews
which fueled the Second World War. Had it not been the case, the world would have
been saved from humongous ravage and devastation. Nevertheless, he was also
defeated ultimately. Hitler committed suicide after being hunted by Soviet troops
storming Berlin.

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 India’s foreign policy – Soon after India attained Independence, the world was
witnessing the cold war and every county was made to choose one between the USA
& USSR. India chose to remain non-aligned to any one side. Initially, this move was
proclaimed as Nehru’s romanticism but later it turned out that it was the best move
India took then. This was possible due to India’s long-term collective scientific
temperament towards its policies for the foreseeable future.
What made the scientific man consistently win over the romantic man?
 Scientific ideals – The scientific principles such as planning, strategy, analysis, goal
orientation, innovativeness, creativity etc. help one to take an accurate stock of the
situation and formulate the best plan to solve a problem or meet an objective. The
scientific man draws upon these principles, which gives him an upper edge as against
the romantic man, who is a slave of his whims and fancies.
 Long term vision – The scientific man strives to develop a profound cognitive
bandwidth. His decisions are preceded by contemplation and deep introspection,
such that he visualizes the long-term consequences. This approach helps him achieve
victory over the romantic man.
 Analysis – It is a pivotal element of a scientific man’s methodology. He analyses all
the parameters at play in a given situation. He operates under practical considerations
with regards to all the stakeholders involved. This way he is able to get a bird’s eye
view of the problem and makes him better equipped to deal with it vis-à-vis the
romantic man, who lacks this process.
Does the romantic man stand no chance to win ever?

No! At times in life, when situations call for high level risk taking, the scientific
man is more likely to back out considering the odds. But the romantic man is emphatically
dedicated towards one’s purpose. He is ready to take that extra mile, whatever the
consequence may be.
Dr. Glenn Cunningham – Once, a young school boy was caught in a fire accident in
his school and was assumed that he would not live. His mother was told that he was sure to
die, for the terrible fire had devastated the lower half of his body. Even if he were to
survive, he would be a cripple throughout his life. But the brave boy did not want to die nor
did he want to be a cripple. His romantic determination to walk was indomitable and his
persistence finally paid off. He began to walk to school, and then run to school, to run for
the sheer joy of running. Later in college he made the track team. In February 1934, in
New York City’s famed Madison Square Garden, this young man who was not expected
to survive, who would surely never walk (poor physical aptitude), who could never hope to
run – this determined young man, Dr Glenn Cunningham, ran the world’s fastest mile.

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Contemporary relevance:
 Rising Authoritarianism – due to emerging rulers with romantic tendencies.
 Sri Lankan Crisis – due to romanticism of China and some of the political leaders
of Sri Lanka.
 Social media – hate speeches, mob lynching.
 Taliban’s romanticism- People of Afghanistan paying the price for the West’s looming
deal with the Islamic Emirate it destroyed after 9/11.
 Communalism – Hindu Muslim divide in the Indian society. Hijab controversy in
school (Karnataka).
Way Forward:
Ways to promote rationality and scientific mind-set:
 Education at all levels.
 Socialization – family and schools must strive to ingrain the scientific temperament
in students.
 Fact checking before sharing any news through word or social media.
 Movies must also play a responsible role by showcasing and building scientific temper
in society.
Conclusion:
 A person is neither absolutely scientific nor completely irrational. One comprises
of a combination of both but one dominating over the other. Therefore, endeavor
must be towards striking the right balance within oneself, subject to the demand of a
situation. Embracing science & promote scientific way of life is the best way forward.
 Emotions and Rationality are not entirely antagonistic to each other. They can be
utilized in a mutually complementary manner to bring out the best in a person. It is
a crucial combination to realize one’s maximum potential.
 One must strive to defeat ‘the romantic Ravanas’ of one’s life, which are in the form
of dark thoughts like prejudices, lust, greed, irrationality etc. through the scientific
principles as endorsed by Lord Rama.


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PYQs : 2022
IFADEVELOPMENT
SHIP IN HARBOUR IS SAFE
IS NOT BUT THAT
ENGENDERED,
52 ISITNOT WHAT A SHIP [2016]
IS ENDANGERED IS FOR
 Introduction:
 Body:
 What does “ship is safe in the harbour” mean?
 What is the ship/life meant for?
 Why is it important to leave comfort/safe zone?
 What is problem of not leaving safe zone?
 Is ship not safe beyond harbour?
 Way Forward- What more is needed to push a person out of the comfort zone?
note.
Model Answer:
About the quote:
This essay topic is connected with John A Shedd, an author and professor, who is
attributed to this quote. Reference: his book Salt from My Attic, a collection of quotes
and sayings (1928).
The topic means, that getting out of your comfort zone is the key to experiencing
new things and broadening your horizons.
Anecdote:
 Buddha - It was predicted by the court priest that the child will either become a great
king or a renowned monk. His father thought that keeping him in luxurious palace
with all enjoyment facility will be safe. But, Prince Siddhartha realized that his life
was not meant for that royal life. He risked to come out from safety net in order to
explore the real purpose of life.
 Vasco Da Gama- His voyage despite popular belief that earth may be flat. He risked
to face the challenges of the ocean. [Narrate in brief.]
Now, connect both the anecdote linking with the core idea of the topic that how
leaving safe harbour made greater impact.
Elaborate on the scope of the essay to arouse the interest of the evaluator.
PYQs : 2022
What does it mean “ship is safe in the harbour”?

 Life is like ship. Domestic business units are like ship.
 Home is like harbour. Trade barrier to protect domestic manufacturer.
 Expand this analogy as per flow.
 Different dimensions of safety-
 Physical security: Bodily/structural integrity of life/ship.
 Social Security: Safe to go by the popular belief. E.g., not raising voice against
seemingly ill practices like Dowry.
 Ideological security: Not exposing self to newer ideas to avoid any doubt on
own assumption, belief and perception.
 Business security: Not venture into different verticals to avoid failure. E.g.,
Nokia delayed its shift to newer domain of smart-phone revolution.
Expand this list to suggest that safe in harbour has wider meaning in different aspects
of life, organization, society, etc.
What the ship/life is meant for?

 Talk about purpose and meaning of life, organization, business, etc.
 Literal meaning:
 Ship is meant for purpose in mind like cruise ship, goods ship, etc.
 It is meant for leaving safe harbour to reach another safe harbour.
 It is meant for giving safe and comfortable journey to the people on board.
 Life: Life is like a ship. It also has purpose and meaning. Life is meant for many
things and its meaning is also different for different people. But, certainly not to
remain within four walls.
 Life is meant to gain knowledge and become aware human being. E.g., Krishna
and Sudama leaving home to get knowledge.
 Life is meant to prepare self for the difficult situations of life which is certain
to come in our ways today or tomorrow.
 Life is meant for enlightenment. E.g., Buddha [ connect with intro anecdote]
 Life is meant for pushing own boundaries to make feel sense of self-worth.
E.g., Kautilya could have kept calm and lived discreetly in rule of Nandas. But
he prepared Chandragupta Maurya and tirelessly worked for it.
 Making own mark - E.g., Abhinav Bindra from well off family. Still, took up
challenge to become first gold medallist of India in individual category.

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 Political party: Come to power to serve people. At times, it may take step which
might not be politically safe. E.g., Maharashtra, etc.
Why is it important to leave comfort/safe zone?

 Individual:
 Increase own capability to grow in life. E.g., Gandhi left India for Britain even
though his English was very poor only to learn and grow in legal field.
 Visionary dive: Romantic and visionary idea. E.g. Talk about Netaji leaving
India for Germany in hostile condition of Europe during WW-2.
 Chasing own dream: E.g., Talk about Chetan Bhagat leaving high paying job
to come to literature field.
 Service attitude: Talk about aspirants leaving high paying job to venture into
uncertain preparation of UPSC.
 Family: Send kids to boarding schools to make them learn the social skills and
emotional resilience. [ connect with own example or friend’s example about the
transformation]
 Women: Allowing women to go out make them aware, independent and empowered.
Thus, can take care of every challenge at home or outside.
 Business
 More resilience to turbulence in economy: E.g., expanding business vertical
by Reliance Industries in form of JIO.
 Survival: E.g., IBM left its core business of hardware to venture into cloud-
based solution.
What if ship is kept in safe harbour always?

 Loss of money: loss of money, revenue and waste of money. Purpose defeated. It is
not jewellery for display. It needs to be used.
 Will bring stagnancy
 In thought: Prisoner of own limited thoughts. E.g., Dark Age of Europe.
 In social practice:
 Inability to survive: Dwarf MSME unable to compete as they were always
protected. E.g., quote economic survey here.
 Lack of innovation: Innovation can’t happen without taking risk. E.g., talk about
practice of Google to reward failure in research effort.
 Emotional vulnerability: Emotional resilience develop only when we face challenges.
 Lack of social skills, status quoism, slow progress.

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Is ship not safe beyond harbour?

It all depends on the ship’s safety feature and ability of Captain to ensure that ship
choose right path and avoid collision. Similarly, in human life safety comes from the ability
to keep ourselves aloof and stable in difficult situations. E.g., Hitler- He came to power in
1933, and immediately set about building a German state according to his wishes. Each
development moved the world closer to war.
Talk about ways to come out of comfort zone at individual level like:
 having strong role model,
 having peer group who are equivalent to us or better than us,
 Accept criticism in constructive ways, etc.
 Similarly, expand at family, society and national level- E.g., bring sun set clause
for MSME sectors etc.
Conclusion:
 Give a summary explaining the idea that safety is not limited to harbour or remaining
into comfort zone. It is strongly associated to ability of individual to protect self
from the challenges of the life. In pursuit of safety, we may not risk and hence may
not explore the hidden treasure of ourselves.
 This may lead to situation which is aptly quoted by Robin Sharma -
“The greatest tragedy of life is not death but what we let die inside us”.
Hence, if we want to bring out our true potential then we need to take risk and learn
from mistakes.
 Despite need to take risk, coming back to harbour is essential to rejuvenate, repair
and prepare for next voyage in life.
 The life is more meaningful when we accept challenge and overcome them and set
high standards.
 This is vividly captured by Harivansh Rai Bachhan-
“Jab nav jal mein chhor di tufan mein hi mor di
de di chunati sindhu ko fir har kya mazdhar kya.“
 Perhaps with this spirit Vasco Da Gama might have left his harbour. [ CONNECT
with anecdote - complete the circle]


PYQs : 2022
THE TIME TOISREPAIR

IF DEVELOPMENT THE ROOF IS
NOT ENGENDERED,
53 WHEN THE SUN IS SHINING
 Introduction: You can start with an anecdote that contextualises the topic of the
essay.
 Body:
 Why is it prudent to repair the roof while the sun is shining? (Meaning)
 How to be prepared in advance, while the sun is shining? (Execution)
 What happens if steps are not taken in time? (Opportunity cost)
 Is it always an expedient approach to repair the roof when the sun is shining?
(Counter)
 What to do in case the tragedy has befallen on us? (Damage control)
 Way forward: How to be adequately proactive rather than being reactive.
optimistic way
Model Answer:
 “By failing to prepare, we prepare to fail” - Benjamin Franklin
 “The future depends on what we do in the present” - MK Gandhi
 “Sweat more in peace to bleed less in war”
Introduction:
In the quiet countryside, there lived a diligent farmer with his three sons. As the
seasons cycled through, the time for rice harvest drew near. The farmer, with wisdom
beyond his years, decided to distribute his vast farm among his three sons, providing them
with equal opportunities and responsibilities. As harvest time approached, two of the sons
diligently worked on their fields ensuring that they would be rewarded with a bountiful
harvest.
However, the third son was known for his laziness and procrastination. Rather than
taking care of his own piece of the family’s legacy, he often delegated his tasks to others,
finding excuses to avoid the hard work.
As the harvest season approached, the two diligent sons were prepared. Their fields
stood lush and golden, ready to yield a plentiful rice harvest. But the lazy son had not yet
tended to his land, occupied with various diversions.
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Realising that time was running out and fearing the consequences of his negligence,
the lazy son decided to visit his field at long last. To his dismay, what met his eyes was a
heartbreaking sight. His once-promising crop had been ravaged by flocks of hungry birds.
They had descended upon his field and devoured the grains, leaving behind nothing but
empty stalks and a bitter lesson.
In the face of this unfortunate sight, the young man finally understood the gravity of
his actions, and he was consumed by deep regret. The Hindi adage, “Ab pachtaaye hot kya
jab chidiya chug gayi khet,” (meaning: Why regret now when the birds have already feasted
on the field?) resonated with him more than ever. It was a stark reminder that regretting
one’s actions after the damage is done serves no purpose, much like lamenting after the
birds have already feasted on the field.
This story emphasises the importance of timely action and responsible stewardship,
values (proactivity, value of time, responsibility) that the diligent sons had embraced,
ensuring the prosperity of their family’s farm.
Merits of being pre-emptively prepared while the sun is shining

 Reduced Stress: Anticipating and addressing potential issues in advance can
significantly reduce stress and anxiety when facing challenging situations. Example:
When US Airways Flight 1549 experienced engine failure shortly after take-off, the
Captain and the First Officer had undergone extensive training and preparation for
emergency landings. This preparation reduced their stress and allowed them to safely
land the plane in the Hudson River, saving all 155 people on board.
 Improved Decision-Making: Advanced preparation provides you with more time
to analyse information, leading to better-informed and more rational decisions by
helping locate possible pitfalls.
 Enhanced Efficiency: Being ready ahead of time allows you to execute tasks and
projects more efficiently, as you can focus on execution rather than planning on the
fly.
 Time Savings: When you’re prepared, you save time by not having to deal with last-
minute emergencies or adjustments. As a popular saying goes, “Never let ‘important’
turn into ‘urgent’.”
 Greater Control: Preparation gives you a sense of control over your circumstances,
reducing the feeling of being overwhelmed. Example: When an oxygen tank exploded
onboard Apollo 13, the NASA team on Earth had already prepared for various
contingencies. NASA’s meticulous preparation and simulation training enabled them
to troubleshoot problems and adapt to unexpected challenges during the mission.
 Increased Productivity, Soaring Confidence & Optimism: With a well-prepared
plan, you can make the most of your available time, accelerating your productivity
and brims you up with confidence and optimism.
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 Professionalism: Being pre-emptively prepared is often seen as a mark of
professionalism in various fields and can enhance your reputation. Example: Chilean
Miners Rescue (2010) - When 33 miners were trapped underground in the San José
Mine, Chile, for 69 days, the successful rescue operation was a testament to the
professionalism and preparation of the rescue teams. They had trained extensively
for such scenarios, which enabled a smooth and safe rescue operation.
 Adaptability: While preparing in advance, you can also consider contingencies and
alternatives, making you more adaptable to changing situations.
 Goal Achievement: Advance planning is instrumental in achieving long-term goals,
as it allows for consistent progress.
 Opportunity Seizure: Being prepared positions you to seize unexpected opportunities
that may arise, as you can respond quickly and decisively. Example: Netflix, originally
a DVD rental service, saw the shift toward digital streaming as an opportunity. They
began investing in streaming technology and content licences well in advance. When
the time was right, they were fully prepared to transition, ultimately becoming a
dominant force in the streaming industry.
Preparation + Opportunity = Success
How to plan ahead under the clear skies?

In the clear light of sunny days, there lies a unique opportunity to engage in proactive
learning and preparation. These moments of brightness provide an ideal backdrop for
honing skills, acquiring knowledge, and building resilience that can prove invaluable when
facing life’s challenges or pursuing future opportunities. Some of the strategies of preparing
in favourable conditions are:
 Practice - Practice builds skills, sharpens crisis response, and fosters adaptability. It
optimises resource allocation, mitigates risks, and enhances decision-making. It builds
resilience, cultivates confidence, and encourages continuous improvement, offering
a proactive foundation for navigating adversity.
 Learning from other’s mistakes - Existing knowledge is largely based on historical
trial and error. Learning through these means is less painful than failing oneself.
Example: The Constitution of India is a compendium of home-grown ideals along
with experiences drawn from the constitution of the USA, France etc. It was a
prognosis by many that it would fail. However, it’s been 73 years and it has stood the
test of time
 Learning from one’s own mistakes - Learning from one’s own mistakes is a crucial
aspect of personal and professional growth. It involves recognizing errors or missteps,
analysing them, and using the lessons learned to make better decisions in the future.
Example: India’s first attempt to soft-land on the Moon’s south pole with

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Chandrayaan-2 faced technical issues and failed. However, with ISRO’s unabated &
persistent efforts while learning from its mistakes, India ultimately succeeded with
Chandrayaan-3 mission, becoming the first nation to land near the Moon’s south
pole & the fourth country one to accomplish a soft-landing on the moon.
What happens if steps are not taken in time?

Failure to take timely action and proactively address challenges can result in a
cascading series of crises and disasters that set countries, organisations, societies and
individuals back significantly, causing them to lag behind for years. Some of such instances
are:
 Financial Crises: In the 2008 financial crisis, delayed responses by regulatory
authorities and financial institutions to address risky lending practices and the housing
bubble resulted in a severe global economic downturn, job losses, and home
foreclosures.
 Public Health Crises: The Bhopal gas tragedy, which occurred in December 1984
in Bhopal, India, is one of the most devastating industrial disasters in history. This
tragic incident serves as a harrowing example of a public health crisis with far-reaching
consequences Bhopal gas tragedy resulted from a massive leak of toxic methyl
isocyanate (MIC) gas from a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide India Limited
(UCIL). The leak occurred due to inadequate safety measures, maintenance issues,
and negligence.
 Environmental Disasters: The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
in 2010 was exacerbated by the delayed response in containing and mitigating the
spill’s environmental impact. The delay contributed to extensive damage to marine
ecosystems and coastal communities.
 Infrastructure Failures: The collapse of the Morbi Bridge in Gujarat, India, in
2022 resulted from a lack of timely maintenance and repairs. The tragedy caused
multiple fatalities.
 Pandemic Response: The health infrastructure in India and across the world was
grossly in equipped to handle such a biological disaster. Public expenditure on health
care in India was merely 1.3% as against the recommended 3%.
Is it always an expedient approach to repair the roof when the sun is shining?
The coveted perception of being proactive and preparing in advance acknowledges
the value of foresight but also raises some important considerations:
 Resource Allocation: Being proactive often requires an allocation of resources,
whether it’s time, money, or effort, to prepare for potential future scenarios. Critics
argue that this allocation might divert resources from addressing immediate needs or
opportunities.

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 Complacency: Being overly prepared can sometimes foster complacency. If
individuals or organisations feel overly secure because of their preparations, they
may not be as motivated to adapt to changing circumstances or seize new
opportunities.
 Opportunity Costs: Critics also emphasise the concept of opportunity cost. Resources
spent on preparation may come at the expense of pursuing other, potentially more
beneficial, endeavours.
 Diminished Resilience: Paradoxically, excessive preparation can sometimes lead to
diminished resilience. If individuals or systems become too reliant on the planned
response, they may struggle to adapt when unforeseen challenges arise.
What to do once the tragedy has befallen on us?

The wisdom lies not in dwelling on spilled milk but in gleaning valuable lessons from
our mistakes. Today’s tragedy can be the foundation for tomorrow’s triumph. As we repair
new leaks in the roof, we must also ensure that the old ones remain sealed, learning from
our past experiences.In essence, the wisdom lies in resilience, adaptability, and the
willingness to transform adversity into an opportunity for growth.
The Indian state of Odisha has set a precedent in disaster preparedness and
management. In 1999 a massive cyclone ripped through the coast of Odisha wiping out
10000 lives. On the contrary, Odisha was hit by another devastating cyclone in 2019 named
Fani. It had a wind speed of 180 km/hr. However, with its proactive disaster management,
Odisha changed the outcome this time. It reduced the loss of life to less than 65. Odisha
learned its lessons, from the past, well.
The economic trajectories of Pakistan and India provide a stark contrast in the context
of learning from past mistakes. Pakistan’s recurrent reliance on external borrowing from
the IMF reflects a cycle of short-term solutions to long-term economic issues. In contrast,
India’s proactive approach through economic reforms in 1991 led to remarkable growth,
transforming it into the world’s fifth-largest economy. This contrast illustrates the wisdom
of not just lamenting past errors but embracing change and using adversity as a catalyst for
progress.
In conclusion, while being proactive and preparing in advance is generally considered
a prudent approach, it’s important to critically evaluate the balance between preparation
and resource allocation. The key is to find the right level of preparedness that minimises
risks and maximises opportunities without becoming overly burdensome or hindering
adaptability.
Way Forward:
The adage finds a pertinent connection to the Economic Survey of 2021’s Counter-
cyclical policy approach. Counter-cyclical fiscal policy refers to the steps taken by the
government that go against the direction of the economic or business cycle.
PYQs : 2022
 During Recession - The government takes the route of expansionary fiscal policy
i.e. the government expenditure is increased and taxes are reduced. This increases
the consumption potential of the economy and helps soften the recession.
 During Economic Boom - The government takes the route of contractionary fiscal
policy i.e. the government expenditure is decreased and taxes are increased. This
decreases the consumption potential of the economy and helps moderate the boom.
This approach mirrors the wisdom embedded in the adage. It fits well not only in
economics, but also in political, social, ecological and almost all the other spheres of life.
Conclusion:
In the wise words of Norman Schwarzkopf, “The more you sweat in peace, the less you
bleed in war.” This sentiment beautifully encapsulates the essence of the adage, “The time
to repair the roof is when the sun is shining.”
In our journey through life, this adage reminds us that moments of stability and
calm are precious opportunities. They offer us the chance to proactively address weaknesses,
fortify our foundations, and prepare for the inevitable storms that life may bring.
It serves as a profound call to action, urging us not to squander the gifts of tranquillity
and clear skies. Instead, we must seize these moments as a chance to mend what is broken,
build resilience, and embrace change. By doing so, we create a future that is stronger, more
secure, and better prepared for whatever challenges may come our way.
In essence, this adage underscores the power of human agency and our capacity to
learn, adapt, and grow. It invites us to transform adversity into opportunity, ensuring that
the sun’s rays illuminate not just today but the promising horizons of tomorrow.


PYQs : 2022

54 YOU CAN NOT STEP TWICE IN THE SAME RIVER
 Introduction:
 You can start with an appropriate quote which makes the meaning of the topic
very clear.
 Body:
 Do we really change from inside every moment? If yes, then how?
 How can we say that the world around us is always changing?
 Should we be worried about these changes all around? If not, then what is
significance of change?
 Do we need to always change? Is it not suggested to remain stable and consistent
in some cases?
 Conclusion: You can conclude with highlighting own stand on the very idea of
change and an optimistic note.
Model Answer:

 “There is nothing permanent except change” - Heraclitus
 “Change Is the Only Constant” - Ben Orlin

 This essay topic was quoted by Heraclitus, a Greek philosopher born in 544 B.C.
 This means that we cannot step into the same river twice because the flow of the
river will change each second. We will also change each second.
Introduction:
Select any of the two quotes to start the essay.
Quote:
“There is nothing permanent except change”. - Heraclitus
Now, connect the above quote with the core idea of the essay topic that how internal
and external setting/environment changes.
Elaborate on the scope of the essay.

PYQs : 2022
Do we really change from inside every moment?
 Physiologically and Biologically: Talk about how almost every cell is getting repaired
and replaced. Even physically we are not the same next moment.
 Ideologically: We get thousands of ideas. These ideas bring synthesis and antithesis
inside us. Thus, yielding new insight and view point.
 Preferences: Changing liking and disliking. E.g., Relationship falls apart also because
one’s preference changes.
 Change in attitude: Due to change in our value premises or additional cognitive
information, attitude also gets changed. Thus, changing our behaviour. E.g., a
patriarchal mildest person going to office where women are doing pretty well. Then,
there would be progressive change in him/her.
Expand this list further so as to suggest that there is continuous change within self
which transforms us makes us different version of ourselves in reference to time.
How can we say that the world around us is always changing?

 Similar process for others: The people around us is also changing like us. E.g., A
person coming back to office next day changes as he/she will have some experience
previous night which bring delta change in him/her.
 Business: The business situation always keeps changing. It is decided by dynamic
interaction between demand and supply. E.g., Sensex.
 Policy: The policy change which induce change in others. E.g., Motor Vehicle Act
tightening the rules. Thus, affecting the people’s life in general.
 Technology: From personal computer to smart-watch. The technology enables the
eternal environment to change rapidly. E.g., Artificial Intelligence.
 International relation: Neighbour never remains in same orbit.
 Sometimes they challenge established position like Bangladesh becoming textile
hub challenging India’s position.
 Sometimes they return back into our desired orbit. E.g., Sri Lanka’s economic
and political crisis leading to cordial relation between India-SL.
Should we be worried about these changes all around? If not, then what is significance
of change?
Change indicates a disturbance in existing equilibrium. But this is for good in many
cases.
 Solving problems: The same problem can’t be solved by same mind-set. “We can’t
solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.”
- Albert Einstein

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 Agile Policy:
 Changing taxation policy for corporate tax in India to attract investment.
 It enables in responding to dynamic changes happening outside for nations.
E.g., Britishers did not hesitate to forge peace treaty even with enemies in
Indian subcontinent.
 Individual:
 Weeding out outdated and radical elements of personality to align with
progressive mind-set of society.
 For inner peace to tone down own expectation and desire as per prevailing
situation around us. E.g., not expecting similar kind of success in all the
competitive examinations.
 Organization
 Compete for survival E.g., Airtel doing business re-engineering of its operation
post JIO launch.
 Adopting different approach to deal with different kind of employee. E.g.,
varying relationship with different sub-ordinates by the boss.
 International Relation:
 Helps in charting out pragmatic plan as per the on-ground situations. E.g.,
India shifting stand on Taliban from avoidance to engagement.
 Strategic Autonomy: The policy of not becoming part of any alliance system
allows needful change in the foreign policy. E.g., Present Indian’s stance on
Ukraine-Russia war is much different than NAM of cold war time.
 Capacity Building E.g., The India’s defence strategy evolved into more solid
warfare strategy from 1962 to 1965 war.
 Capacity building in Disaster Management: There can’t be static approach to
dynamic situation. E.g., Around 10,000 people died in Odisha in 1999 Super Cyclone
but due to evolving Disaster Management practice, there was almost Zero casualty
in Super Cyclone Fani.
Do we need to always change? Is it not suggested to remain stable and consistent in

some cases?
 Value system: Eternal and universal value system can’t be changed for the shake of
change. E.g., the idea of love, peace, truth, etc.
 Constitution: Fundamental basis of constitution can’t be change to keep should of
nation alive. E.g., Basic Structure of Constitution.
 Policy Certainty for Ease of Doing Business.

PYQs : 2022
Way Forward:
There is need to overcome the inhibition to change by taking criticism constructively,
aspiring for continuous improvement, etc. [Expand on this line emphasizing on the need
of identifying rightful change for individual, family and nation otherwise they will be
fossilized.]
Conclusion:
 Talk about how the change is constant and change is also desirable but there are few
fundamentals that remains intact with time.
 In pursuit of change let us not forget to live in present and appreciate the good part
of situation.
 It is also very essential for us to not blindly allow change. Hence, we need to guard
our thoughts and be cautious of forces which may get induced by non-rational
romanticism with no logical basis.


PYQs : 2022
A SMILE IS THE
IF DEVELOPMENT CHOSEN
IS NOT VEHICLE
ENGENDERED,
55 IT ISFOR ALL AMBIGUITIES
ENDANGERED [2016]
 Introduction:
 Clarify the meaning of the quote (You’re understanding about it in brief).
 Body:
 What does ‘Smile’ symbolize?
 Why should ‘Smile’ be the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities?
 How do we bring a smile in times of ambiguities?
 Is smiling always an effective solution? If not, then what are the other vehicles
one can dwell on?
 Contemporary relevance
 Conclusion: You can conclude by emphasising on the importance of smiling attitude.
Model Answer:
 “Peace begins with a smile.”– Mother Teresa
 “The greatest self is a peaceful smile that always sees the world smiling back.”– Bryant H.
McGill
 “A warm smile is the universal language of kindness.” – William Arthur Ward

The essay topic highlights the importance of smile. The quote urges one to smile
while witnessing a challenging situation; to see it as an opportunity to prove one’s strength
and ability. The smile is symbolic of an optimistic outlook towards life. So, whenever one
confronts an ambiguity, one must smile and deal with the problem with a positive mind-
set.
Introduction:
Buddha was in an assembly, a gentleman walked furiously towards him. He thought
Buddha was doing something wrong. So, he came and looked at Buddha with furiousness.
As soon as he came near Buddha, no words would come out of his mouth, so he spat on
Buddha’s face. Buddha simply smiled. All the other disciples around, were gripped with
anger. This man could not stay longer. So, he ran away.

PYQs : 2022
When Buddha did not react or say anything, and just smiled, this man could not
sleep the whole night. It was the first time in his life he met somebody who would just
smile when he spat on his face. He underwent such a transformation. The next day he
came and fell at Buddha’s feet and said, “Please pardon me, I don’t know what I did.”
Such is the power of smile.
Other relevant anecdotes:

 Neerja Bhanot – was just like any other 23-year-old, except when she came face to
face with challenging times, she wore an inexplicable and rare courageous smile,
something that helped save the lives of over 300 people. She died while saving
passengers on Pan Am Flight 73 which had been hijacked by terrorists during a
stopover in Karachi, Pakistan. Posthumously, she became the youngest recipient of
India’s highest peacetime gallantry, the Ashoka Chakra Award.
 MS Dhoni (last over of the 2007 T20 World Cup Final Match: India vs Pakistan)
What does ‘Smile’ symbolize?
Smile is a facial expression in which the eyes brighten and the corners of the mouth
curve slightly upward and which expresses amusement, pleasure, peace, joy,
positivity and a happy state of mind. But smile is not just a mechanical gesture
performed by our facial muscles. It is emblematic of following values –
 Compassion & Benevolence: A warm smile is the universal language of kindness.
It is a very impactful tool of non-verbal communication that is a reflection of love
and compassion.
 Confidence & Optimism: Smile exudes confidence and is a beautiful display of a
positive outlook to life. Interestingly, smile even helps in developing confidence and
positivity.
 Tolerance & Forgiveness: Only a person with a peaceful state of mind and one who
has a strong command over his/her emotions can smile when faced with a furious
situation. In challenging circumstances, a smile signifies a calm mind, tolerant and a
forgiving attitude.
 Fortitude & Determination: When life throws rigorous adversities upon a person,
his smile at that point of time is a sign of composure, unwavering determination and
courage.
Why should ‘Smile’ be the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities?

 Ambiguities are inevitable: Even if one doesn’t smile, the problems are not going to
vanish. Issues and dilemmas are inevitable in life. The choice remains with us –
either to cave in and quit or to smile, find the solution and emerge victorious.

PYQs : 2022
Two frogs fell into a bowl of milk. Having swum around the bowl, they realized that the edge
of the bowl was too high and steep for them to get out unaided. The first frog, realizing that it
was useless to waste his energy by continuing to swim since that would not get him out of the
bowl, gave up swimming and drowned. The second frog kept his cool, smiled and persevered.
While he refused to give in and gradually the milk turned into butter, until the frog was able to
use it as a foothold to jump out of the bowl. Therefore, those who smile and don’t give up may
be in for a pleasant surprise!
 Endurance lies in
acceptance with smile:
Endurance is not just the
ability to bear a hard
thing, but to turn it into
glory. There is a great
deal of power in smile. It
helps us cultivate
endurance in the times of
ambiguities.
Once we accept an arduous situation with a smile, it helps us remain calm, which is
the sine qua non for taking an effective decision.
 Right focus: Smiling enables us to focus on the solution rather than just worrying
about the problem. It helps us to look at the lighter and brighter side of any given
situation in life. Our focus must always be on the efforts and not on their results.
Ultimately, it’s our focus on the ‘Process’ that determines our ’Progress’.
 Regulation of emotions: It is an extremely crucial aspect of human behavior. Smiling
attitude helps us deal with negative emotions such as anger, fury, jealousy, revenge
etc. These pessimistic forces impede our progress in life. Smile possesses the power
to diffuse them and infuse optimism within us.
How do we bring a smile in times of ambiguities?

Life offers two kinds of situations – favorable and unfavorable. It’s easy to smile and
remain calm in the positive scenarios. The formidable challenge dawns when we face
adversities and predicaments. Most of the times we tend to get either discouraged or
enraged. Factors which help us smile in such demanding times –
 Mental preparation: Acceptance of the fact that troubles in life will certainly occur
and they have to be confronted with a smile and not disdain, without panicking. It is
not ‘Paristhiti’ (situation) but ‘Manahsthiti’ (mindset) that matters.

PYQs : 2022
 Resolve: It is imperative that we strengthen our resolve while relying on a strong set
of values.
 Emotional intelligence: It ensures self-awareness, self-management, social awareness
and sound handling of emotions in relationships.
 Best practices: Yoga, Meditation, Spirituality, Good books, Healthy socialization
etc.
Is smiling always an effective solution?
 Mostly yes but not always. Certain ambiguities require us to take strong and
revolutionary approach in life. Chanakya ordains four-pronged strategy to resolve a
conflictual situation – Saam (Request/Persuasion), Daam (Monetary settlement),
Bheda (Diplomacy) and finally, Danda (Punishment).
 For e.g., When Lord Rama exhausted all the peaceful means to persuade Ravana,
he was left with no option but to wage a war. Similarly, when Pakistan attacked at
the Indian borders and killed Indian soldiers, it was crucial for the Indian army to
revert in order to safeguard its territory. In these situations, smiling would not have
served the purpose.
Contemporary relevance:
 Russia-Ukraine War: India has always accentuated upon leveraging all the possible
channels of diplomacy, dialogue and deliberation. Differences must be settled with
peace and no-harm doctrine. Rather, Russia has threatened using nuclear weapons
against Ukraine which will have catastrophic consequences, if done.
 Religious fundamentalism: The disputes between communities must be resolved in
a peaceful manner. It calls for an empathetic and forgiving attitude (Smile), which
seems to be missing in the contemporary times, For e.g., Hindu Muslim divide in
the Indian society.
 Refugee crisis: E.g., – Rohingyas, Uyghur Muslims living in Xinjiang province of
China, etc.
 Rising insurgencies and coup: E.g., – Myanmar military coup, Taliban despotism.
 Social media trolls

PYQs : 2022
Conclusion:
 The idea of ‘Smile’ coincides with Aristotle’s conceptualisation of Golden Mean,
wherein he explains that moral behaviour is the mean between two extremes – at
one end is excess and at the other deficiency. He asks people to locate a moderate
position between the two extremes and they will be acting morally.
 On the same lines, Smile enables us to strike the optimal balance in human behaviour.
The greatest self is a peaceful smile that always sees the world smiling back.
 Victor Frankl, a Holocaust survivor affirms, “Everything can be taken from a man but
one thing: the last of the human freedoms—to choose one’s attitude in any given set of
circumstances, to choose one’s own way.”
 Only when the power of love will overcome the love of power, the world will know
peace, as peace begins with a smile.


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PYQs : 2022
JUST BECAUSE YOU HAVEISANOT

IF DEVELOPMENT CHOICE DOES NOT
ENGENDERED,
56 MEAN THAT ANY OFITTHEM HAS TO BE [2016]
IS ENDANGERED RIGHT
Structure of the Answer:
 Introduction:
 You can start with a current affairs case study/anecdote.
 Body:
 What kind of choices do not have any right option?
 What is significance of doubting the choices themselves?
 If options themselves are not right and adequate, then what should we do?
Should we go into inaction?
 Is it possible that all choices would be flatly wrong? Will there be no degree of
rightness in options?
 What could be the tools for selecting between two “not right” decisions?
 Way Forward- What can be done to minimise the potential risks if not taking
right decisions.
 Conclusion: You can conclude with an optimistic note.
Model Answer:
About the quote:
This essay topic was quoted by Norton Juster, an American academic, architect, and
writer in his book The Phantom Tollbooth.
Introduction:
You can start with lockdown example explaining about the two choices i.e. imposing
and not imposing strict lock down. Imposing strict lockdown resulted loss of job and
widespread distress among public during 1st Lockdown. But, not imposing strict lockdown
caused massive death of individuals in 2nd Lockdown.
Now, connect directly to topic that none of the above two choices available that time was
absolutely right.
Expand this introduction to link to two ideas.
 There are many situations when we might not have any of choices being right. Hence,
challenge is to select lesser evil.
 Second, the idea to doubt the options of choices themselves.

PYQs : 2022
Should we doubt the choices themselves before taking decision?
The choices available to individual, society or nation depends on time, place and
circumstances. These all bring doubt about rightness of choices.
 Individual:
 Circumstance: Privileged person may have two option driving luxury car or
budget car to office. But none may be right as the office may be nearby his/her
home. So possibly right option may be riding a bicycle to office.
 Place: All available options in fast food court would be more or less not right
for the healthy body.
 Nation:
 RCEP: Joining RCEP and not joining RCEP has its own pros and cons. So,
selecting anyone of them would not be completely right decision.
 BD liberation: Allowing influx of refugee from East Pakistan and not acting
was not good for security and peace in North-East but acting in such situation
amounted to interference in domestic matter.
 Development: Making dam or not making dam again has own problems. Making
dam would displace thousands of people but not making may deprive even larger
population to have continuous electricity supply.
 Public policy:
 Reservation giving may deprive other meritorious candidate but not giving will
continue historical injustice to downtrodden.
 Capital punishment giving will take away life forever but not giving may be
inaction on art of state to act firmly against heinous crime.
From above we note that the very options available before us may not be right. This
brings two things in front of us.
First, we should not only thing objectively while taking decision but also see if the
options available before us are themselves right or not.
Significance of doubting the rightness of choice?

 Social Change:
 Raja Ram Mohan Roy had choice to support old traditional practice of Sati.
But he doubted this practice. He read about the practice and found that it doesn’t
of scriptural backing. Hence, he opposed and helped in getting Sati abolished
in 1829.
 Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s effort brought the Widow Remarriage Act 1856.
 Strengthening of Institution: E.g., TN Sheshan doubted the prevailing electoral
process of election and brought out reforms to make it truly free and fair process.
PYQs : 2022
 A new Path: E.g., MKG doubted both the extremist and moderate approach and
came out with his own version in form of Satyagraha.
 A new dawn: E.g., as a most powerful king of Mauraya dynasty, he always had
option to fight war after war. But he doubted that approach post Kalinga war and
transformed self to bring a new dawn for whole kingdom.
Hence, the doubting attitude on choice itself is not only beneficial for individual but
such things yield fruit for society at large
Second, if options are not right then so what should we do? Should we go into
inaction? If not, then what should be done?
What should be done if none of the choices are right?

 Broaden the choice base so that some option may be right. For instance, no car
between luxury or budget but bicycle.
 Find out alternative options. For instance, giving reservation but bringing
conditionality like no reservation for 2nd generation.
 Election: Providing NOTA option to indicate that none of the above option are
right for the voter.
 Security: Act of terror can be responded with war or cowardly keep silence. But,
finding middle path of surgical strike.
If we can’t expand choice base, then what should we do?
Is it possible that all choice would be flatly wrong? Will there be no degree of rightness
in options?
It is difficult to find a choice which could be absolutely right. Every set of choice will
have some degree of rightness. There can’t be perfect black and white. We need to identify
the good part in every option. Then, we can choose the one which is lesser evil. If this is
the case, then what are the tools to choose?
What could be tools for selecting between two not right decisions?
 Maximum Benefit to Max People: That option which brings benefit to maximum
people. E.g., going ahead with dam after bringing out a good rehabilitation deal.
 In many situations, focus on rightness of means is most safe option to avoid future
trouble.
 Adopting an option knowing that the limitations exist in terms of information and
processing capability. Hence, ready to modify and change in future.
 Heuristic approach: Follow heritage and past precedents in selecting between two.

PYQs : 2022
Way Forward:
When we fail to take completely right decision then we should also take measures to
minimize the potential risk associated with it. For instance, Lockdown announced but
measures taken in form of free food grains, etc. [connect to introduction]
Conclusion:
 Give overall summary. Talk about how the idea of rightness and wrongness is relative
concept and depends on viewer and context. So, absolute rationality and rightness is
utopian concept. The most pragmatic approach would be to make timely decision
with available information on the table. In hindsight, it is easy to say what was right
or wrong. But that time the only thing which is doable is to use analysis after detailed
cost benefit report in selecting between choices.
At the same, time we should also be ready to rise to the occasion when choices are
blatantly wrong as we have seen in case of Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Iswar Chandra
Vidyasagar. [connect to some examples from body part]


PYQs : 2023
THINKING IS LIKE A GAME,

IF DEVELOPMENT IT ENGENDERED,
IS NOT DOES NOT BE-
57 GIN UNLESS THERE
IT ISISENDANGERED
AN OPPOSITE[2016]
TEAM
essay.
 Body:
 What does the process of thinking represent? Why it’s done?
 Why and how does thinking begin with opposition?
 What are the hinderances to the thinking process?
 Thinking is not always a competitive process with clear external opposing teams.
 Way ahead- Other essential elements needed for thinking- Value perspective.
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
 “All the problems of the world could be settled easily if men were only willing to think.” -
Thomas J. Watson
 “Thinking is the hardest work there is, which is probably the reason why so few engage in it.”
- Henry Ford
 “Thinking is seeing. When we stop looking at labels, at prejudices, at fears, at dogmas and
rituals, then we see clearly.” - Jiddu Krishnamurti
 “The world we have created is a product of our thinking; it cannot be changed without
changing our thinking.” - Albert Einstein
Anecdote:
While travelling on a train from Durban to Pretoria, Gandhiji encountered racial
discrimination when he was forced to leave a first-class compartment due to his ethnicity.
This encounter ignited his satyagraha journey, illustrating how opposing forces can catalyse
innovative thinking and social change.
What does the process of thinking represent? Why it’s done?

Whatever you are thinking it will not achieve its purpose unless encountered with
opposition.

PYQs : 2023
Thinking is like a game; it does not begin unless there is a opposite team. The opposite
team represents contrasting or opposing ideas. Then, thinking often involves considering
different arguments, weighing pros and cons, and engaging with diverse opinions to arrive
at a well-rounded conclusion.
Why and how does thinking begin with opposition?

 At organisation level, opposition and competition can stimulate innovation by
pushing individuals or organizations to constantly improve and come up with new
ideas or solutions. Example: The rivalry between technology giants Apple and
Microsoft led to innovation in personal computing.
 Diverse Opinions Sparks Creativity: Example: In a formal debate, there are two
opposing teams arguing for and against a particular proposition. Each team employs
critical thinking skills to present compelling arguments, counter the opposing team’s
points, and ultimately win the debate through persuasive reasoning.
 Legal Proceedings: Legal proceedings involve opposing sides, such as the prosecution
and defence in a courtroom. Lawyers on each side engage in strategic thinking to
build their cases, anticipate the opponent’s arguments, and counter them effectively.
 Political debates and opposition are integral to the legislative process, allowing for
the examination of various viewpoints and the formulation of informed policies.
Example: Parliamentary debates. Without parliamentary debates, new policies or
laws don’t come into picture.
 Debate in Politics: During political debates, candidates or representatives from
different parties present their positions and policies. They use critical thinking to
appeal to voters and counter the arguments of their opponents.
 Scientific Research: In scientific research, opposing teams of researchers might have
different hypotheses or theories about a particular phenomenon. They conduct
experiments and gather evidence to support their positions while critiquing the findings
and theories of others.
 Problem Identification: Opposition or challenges often prompt individuals to identify
and define problems or issues that need to be addressed. Examples:
 The social reform efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy against the practice of sati
began with opposition to this harmful tradition, leading to the identification of
a significant social problem.
 India’s economic reforms (liberalization, privatization, globalization) were
initiated in response to economic challenges, particularly the Balance of
Payments (BoP) crisis.
 The need to reduce carbon emissions and combat global warming prompted
the idea of transitioning to electric vehicles

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 The pervasive issue of black money led to the thinking behind the
demonetization, aimed at curbing illicit wealth.
 Sports Strategy: Example: In team sports like soccer or American football, coaches
and players often engage in strategic thinking to out maneuver the opposing team.
They need to anticipate the opponent’s moves, adjust tactics, and make quick decisions
during the game. Example: Chess is a classic example of a game where two opposing
players engage in deep strategic thinking.
What are the hinderances to the thinking process?

 Polarization and Gridlock (in politics) – legislative progress is hindered due to a
lack of compromise and cooperation. Example: prolonged delay in passing the Goods
and Services Tax (GST) bill.
 Ego and Resistance to Change: Excessive pride and overconfidence can hinder
rational thinking. Individuals who believe they are always right may dismiss opposing
viewpoints and fail to consider alternative solutions.
 Lack of Information: “The greatest enemy of knowledge is not ignorance; it is the
illusion of knowledge.” - Stephen Hawking
 Lack of Creativity: A rigid mindset and lack of creativity can limit problem-solving
abilities. Creative thinking involves looking beyond conventional solutions.
 Biases and Prejudices: Cognitive biases, such as confirmation bias (seeking
information that confirms existing beliefs) and stereotypes rather than open minded
thinking. This stops you from reaching the ultimate truth, the fundamental truth.
 Emotional Distress: Strong emotions like fear, anger, or stress can impair rational
thinking.
 Poor Time Management: Rushed decision-making due to time constraints can lead
to suboptimal thinking. Insufficient time for reflection and analysis can result in errors.
 Physical Health: Poor physical health, including sleep deprivation and nutritional
deficiencies, can negatively impact cognitive function and hinder clear thinking.
Thinking is not always a competitive process with clear external opposing teams
 Creative thinking or problem-solving, can be collaborative and cooperative rather
than adversarial. People often work together to generate ideas, find solutions, and
achieve common goals - community planning+ healthcare teams+ environmental
conservation+ open-source software+ international diplomacy.
 Additionally, introspective thinking, such as self-reflection or meditation, doesn’t
necessarily involve external opposing teams either.

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Way Forward:
Thinking is a complex cognitive process that involves various essential elements and
components. These elements work together to facilitate effective and critical thinking. Here
are some of the essential elements for thinking:
 Information: Information is the raw material for thinking. It includes data, facts,
knowledge, and experiences that provide the foundation for cognitive processes.
 Perception: Perception involves the interpretation of sensory input, such as what we
see, hear, touch, taste, and smell. It forms the basis for our understanding of the
world around us.
 Memory: Memory enables the retention and retrieval of information and experiences.
It allows us to access past knowledge and apply it to current situations.
 Imagination: Imagination enables mental visualization and the ability to consider
hypothetical scenarios. It fosters creative thinking and problem-solving.
 Language: Language is a fundamental tool for thinking and communication. It helps
us express ideas, concepts, and thoughts, as well as engage in complex reasoning and
abstract thinking.
 Attention: Attention is the ability to focus on specific information or tasks while
filtering out distractions. It plays a crucial role in concentration and problem-solving.
 Metacognition: Metacognition is the awareness and monitoring of one’s own
thinking processes. It includes self-reflection, self-assessment, and the ability to
regulate and improve one’s thinking.
 Curiosity: Curiosity drives the desire to seek out new information and explore new
ideas. It fuels inquiry and the pursuit of knowledge.
Conclusion:
While the metaphor of thinking as a game with competing teams can be helpful in
some situations, it doesn’t fully convey the richness and diversity of human thought
processes. Different contexts and tasks may call for various modes of thought, some of
which involve collaboration and others of which imply competition or opposition.


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VISIONARY DECISION-MAKING
IF DEVELOPMENT HAPPENS
IS NOT AT THE
ENGENDERED,
58 INTERSECTIONITOF INTUITION AND[2016]
IS ENDANGERED LOGIC
essay.
 Body:
 What does logic and intuition refer to?
 When is intuition important?
 When is logic important?
 Why is the intersection of both logic and intuition needed?
 Grave consequences of not making decisions by logic and intuition.
 What else is required for visionary decision making?
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
 “Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere.” – Albert Einstein
 “Follow your instincts. That’s where true wisdom manifests itself.” – Oprah Winfrey
 “The best way to predict the future is to create it.” – Peter Drucker
 “The intuitive mind is a sacred gift, and the rational mind is a faithful servant. We have
created a society that honors the servant and has forgotten the gift.” – Albert Einstein
Anecdote:
Gandhiji’s intuitive understanding of the Indian psyche led him to adopt a lifestyle
that resonated with the common people. He dressed in traditional Indian attire, lived in
humble surroundings, and engaged in activities that ordinary Indians could relate to. It
allowed him to empathize with the suffering of the masses and to communicate his vision
for an independent India in a way that inspired and mobilized millions. On the other
hand, Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolent resistance, known as Satyagraha, was based on a
logical and principled approach to achieving political and social change. He also employed
civil disobedience as a logical tactic. Thus, Gandhi’s leadership during the Indian
independence movement combined logical strategies with intuitive understanding of human
nature and societal dynamics.
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Intuition:
Intuition is the ability to make decisions or judgments without the need for conscious
reasoning. It often relies on your subconscious mind, drawing from your past experiences,
knowledge, and gut feelings. In visionary decision-making, intuition can play a crucial
role in identifying patterns, making connections, and envisioning future possibilities.
Visionaries often have a strong intuitive sense of where trends are heading and what
opportunities lie ahead.
Logic:
Logic involves the use of reason, analysis, and systematic thinking to evaluate options
and make decisions. It relies on facts, data, and a structured approach to problem-solving.
In visionary decision-making, logic helps ensure that ideas and visions are grounded in
reality and have a solid foundation. Logic helps in assessing the feasibility, risks, and potential
outcomes of visionary ideas.
When is intuition important?

Intuition is important in a variety of situations where quick, instinctive, or “gut”
decisions are needed, or where relying solely on logical analysis may not be sufficient.
Here are some scenarios where intuition plays a crucial role:
 Creativity and Innovation: Intuition often fuels creative thinking and innovation. It
can lead to breakthrough ideas and unconventional solutions that may not be
immediately obvious through logical analysis alone. Many artistic, design, and
entrepreneurial endeavors rely on intuitive leaps. Example: The Tata Group, one of
India’s largest and most successful conglomerates, has a history of intuitive decision-
making. The decision to launch the Tata Nano, the world’s cheapest car, was driven
by the intuition of Ratan Tata, the former Chairman of the group.
Example: Entrepreneurs frequently rely on intuition to assess market trends, identify
opportunities, and make strategic decisions. Start-up founders often need to trust
their instincts when data is limited.
 Personal Relationships: Intuition can be invaluable in understanding and navigating
personal relationships. It helps you sense emotions, empathize with others, and make
social judgments based on subtle cues and nonverbal communication. Example:
Relationship with one’s mother is beyond logic.
 Emergency Situations: In high-stress or emergency situations, there may not be
enough time for careful analysis. Intuition can guide rapid decision-making by drawing
on your past experiences and training, helping you make split-second choices.
Example: Healthcare researchers found that experienced dentists often rely on
intuition to make complex, time-bound decisions.

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 Expertise and Mastery: Intuition often develops as a result of extensive practice and
experience in a particular domain. Experts in various fields, such as sports, medicine,
or music, rely on intuitive responses honed through years of training and repetition.
Example: Making the right moves in Sports.
Example: The legendary sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, known for his pioneering
contributions to Indian classical music, often relied on intuition during his
performances. He would adapt his melodies and rhythms based on the energy and
feedback from the audience.
Example: Ayurvedic practitioners rely on their intuition, combined with a deep
understanding of the patient’s constitution (dosha), to prescribe treatments and
remedies.
 Trust and Faith: Intuition can play a role in trusting others or making decisions
when you have limited information. Sometimes, a gut feeling about a person’s
trustworthiness or a situation’s outcome can prove to be accurate. Example: many
of the world’s most influential businesspeople admit to making decisions based on
intuition rather than logical, deliberate thinking.
 Decision Making Under Uncertainty: In situations where there is a lack of data or
where outcomes are uncertain, intuition can provide a valuable sense of direction. It
can help you make tentative decisions that can be adjusted as more information
becomes available.
It’s important to note that intuition is not infallible, and it can be influenced by biases
or emotions. While it can be a valuable tool, especially in situations where immediate
decisions are required or where creativity is paramount, it’s often most effective when
combined with logical analysis to ensure well-rounded decision-making. Balancing
intuition and logic can lead to more informed and holistic choices in a wide range of
circumstances.
 Top of Form
When is Logic important?

Logic is important in various aspects of life and decision-making, especially when it
comes to ensuring sound reasoning, making rational choices, and navigating complex
situations. Here are some key scenarios where logic is particularly important:
 Strategic Planning: Logic plays a significant role in business and strategic planning.
It helps organizations analyze market data, assess competition, and formulate
strategies for growth and sustainability. Example: When dealing with risk, logic is
crucial for assessing the likelihood and potential impact of various risks.
 Policy Development: In government and public policy, logical reasoning is essential
for crafting effective policies, regulations, and legislation. It ensures that policies are
based on sound analysis and have clear objectives.
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Example: Logical policy analysis helps ensure that government decisions are evidence-
based and have a positive impact on society, contributing to India’s development and
progress.
 Scientific Inquiry: Logic is the foundation of the scientific method. Scientists use
logical reasoning to formulate hypotheses, design experiments, gather data, and draw
valid conclusions. It ensures the reliability and validity of scientific research.
Example: ISRO’s missions, including the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) and
the Chandrayaan missions to the Moon, involve meticulous planning and execution
based on scientific principles and engineering expertise.
 Mathematics and Formal Systems: Logical thinking is essential for solving
mathematical problems and proving theorems.
Example: Aryabhata’s logical approach to mathematics laid the foundation for
modern mathematical principles and made complex calculations more systematic
and accurate.
 Programming and Computer Science: In computer programming and software
development, logic is essential for writing code, creating algorithms, and ensuring
that software functions correctly. Logical errors in code can lead to software bugs
and failures.
 Legal and Ethical Reasoning: In the fields of law and ethics, logical reasoning is
used to interpret statutes and regulations, build legal arguments, and make ethical
judgments. It helps in constructing coherent and persuasive legal cases or ethical
frameworks.
Example: The Indian legal system relies on logical reasoning and the application of
laws to resolve complex legal cases.
In essence, logic is important in situations that require clear thinking, problem-solving,
and rational decision-making. It provides a framework for making sense of the world,
drawing conclusions, and achieving well-reasoned outcomes in various domains of life
and work.
Why is the intersection of both logic and intuition needed?

The intersection of intuition and logic is where visionary decision-making truly
shines. Visionaries use their intuitive insights to imagine innovative possibilities and futures.
However, they don’t stop there. They also employ logical thinking to validate their ideas,
refine their strategies, and develop actionable plans. This intersection allows them to balance
creativity with practicality, ensuring that their visions can be realized. This back-and-forth
between intuition and logic can lead to the development of groundbreaking innovations
and strategies.

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Both intuition and logic are often needed in situations that require well-rounded and
effective decision-making. The integration of these two approaches can lead to more
comprehensive and balanced choices. Here are some scenarios where both intuition and
logic are essential:
 Innovation: The process of innovation often starts with intuitive insights and
imaginative ideas. However, logic is crucial for evaluating the practicality of those
ideas, conducting market research, and developing a structured plan for
implementation. Example: Indian cuisine is known for its diverse and flavourful
dishes. Cooking involves precise techniques and measurements, but it also allows for
creativity.
 Medical Diagnosis: Healthcare professionals may use their intuition to make initial
assessments based on symptoms and patient history. Still, they must apply logical
medical knowledge and diagnostic tests to arrive at a conclusive diagnosis and
treatment plan.
 Investment and Financial Decision-Making: Investors often rely on their intuition
and market instincts such as trend recognition and market sentiment. However, they
also need to use financial analysis and risk assessment based on logic to make informed
investment decisions.
 Creative Arts: In fields like music, literature, and visual arts, artists often use intuition
to guide their creative process. Yet, they may also apply logical principles when editing,
refining, or structuring their work. Example: In classical Indian music, performers
use ragas (melodic structures) to create improvised compositions. Ragas has strict
rules, but there is also room for creativity.
 Leadership: Effective leaders use intuition to understand the needs and motivations
of their team members and stakeholders. Logic comes into play when making
decisions that affect the organization’s strategy, operations, and long-term goals.
Example: Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra
Bose had a strong intuitive sense of the Indian people’s desire for freedom and their
determination to achieve it and logic was used to strategize and plan the movement.
 Negotiation: Negotiators often use their intuition to gauge the other party’s intentions
and emotions. Logic helps in structuring the negotiation, setting objectives, and
evaluating potential outcomes. Example: Bose’s intuitive understanding of global
geopolitics led him to seek support from countries like Nazi Germany and Imperial
Japan. While intuition guided the search for allies, the process of building strategic
alliances required logical assessments of each nation’s interests and the potential
benefits of collaboration.
 Personal Growth and Development: In self-improvement and personal development,
intuition can help individuals identify their aspirations and desires. Logic then plays
a role in setting achievable goals, planning steps for growth, and assessing progress.
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 Legal Advocacy: Attorneys may use their intuition to gauge the strength of a case
and anticipate the opposing party’s arguments. However, they rely on logical reasoning
and legal expertise to build a compelling and defensible case.
 Informed Decision-Making: In many everyday decisions, combining intuition (based
on your values, preferences, and instincts) with logical analysis (considering facts,
pros, and cons) can lead to well-informed and balanced choices.
The key here is to recognize when each approach is most relevant and to use them in
tandem to achieve the best possible outcomes.
Grave consequences of not making decisions by logic and intuition

The grave consequences of relying too heavily on one approach and neglecting the
other:
 Ineffective Decision-Making: When decisions are made solely based on intuition
without logical analysis, they may lack a solid foundation and fail to consider
important facts and data. This can lead to ineffective and ill-informed choices that
do not achieve desired outcomes.
 Missed Opportunities: Overemphasizing logic and disregarding intuition can result
in a narrow and risk-averse approach. This can cause individuals or organizations to
miss out on innovative ideas, creative solutions, and unexplored opportunities that
may not fit neatly into a logical framework.
 Failure to Adapt: In rapidly changing environments, an excessive reliance on past
data and logical analysis can lead to a failure to adapt to new circumstances. Intuition
can provide insights into emerging trends and the need for agility, which may be
ignored at one’s peril.
 Stifling Creativity: Ignoring intuition can stifle creativity and limit the ability to
generate novel ideas and solutions. This can hinder innovation and prevent individuals
or organizations from staying competitive and relevant in evolving markets.
 Inaccurate Risk Assessment: Relying solely on intuition can lead to poor risk
assessment. Logic is essential for systematically evaluating potential risks,
consequences, and mitigation strategies. Neglecting this aspect can result in costly
mistakes.
 Strained Relationships: In personal and professional relationships, a lack of intuition
can lead to misunderstandings and strained interactions. Logic alone may not account
for emotional nuances and interpersonal dynamics, potentially causing conflicts and
breakdowns in communication.
 Overthinking and Paralysis: On the other hand, excessive reliance on logic can lead
to overthinking and analysis paralysis. When individuals become trapped in endless
analysis without trusting their instincts, they may struggle to make decisions, leading
to missed deadlines and opportunities.

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 Lack of Personal Fulfilment: Individually, neglecting intuition can result in a lack
of personal fulfilment and authenticity. People who ignore their intuitive desires and
passions in favor of purely logical decisions may find themselves unhappy and
unfulfilled in their choices.
In summary, the grave consequences of not making decisions by both logic and
intuition include ineffective decision-making, missed opportunities, stifled creativity,
inaccurate risk assessment, strained relationships, overthinking, limited perspective,
decreased innovation, and a lack of personal fulfilment. To make well-rounded and effective
decisions, it’s important to recognize the value of both approaches and use them in tandem
when appropriate.
What else is required for visionary decision making?Top of Form
 Self-Awareness: Self-awareness allows visionary leaders to understand their strengths
and weaknesses, enabling them to surround themselves with complementary team
members and make informed decisions about their roles and contributions. Example:
Gandhi had a deep understanding of his personal values, including nonviolence
(ahimsa), truth (satya), and simplicity (aparigraha). He openly acknowledged his
imperfections, such as his early inclination towards anger and ego. His self-awareness
allowed him to work on these weaknesses and strive for self-improvement.
 Passion and Commitment: Passion for the vision and unwavering commitment to
its realization are essential. Visionary decision-makers should be deeply invested in
what they are striving to achieve. Example: Patriotic acts.
 Feedback Mechanisms: Establishing feedback mechanisms and regularly seeking
input from others can help visionary decision-makers refine their ideas and strategies.
Example: Periodic impact evaluations are conducted to assess the organization’s
effectiveness in achieving its mission.
Top of Form
Conclusion:
Visionary decision-making combines the intuitive ability to see possibilities and the
logical capacity to turn those possibilities into actionable plans. It’s a dynamic and often
iterative process that draws from both aspects to navigate the complex landscape of
innovation and change.


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59 NOT ALL WHO WANDER ARE LOST
This essay topic found resemblance with our Test 2 of Essay test series 2023 that goes
as follows: EVERYONE IS A GENIUS. BUT, IF YOU JUDGE A FISH BY ITS ABILITY
TO CLIMB A TREE, IT WILL LIVE ITS WHOLE LIFE BELIEVING THAT IT IS
STUPID.
Both essays relate to the unique abilities. They convey a powerful message about the
importance of recognizing and valuing individual differences and talents thereby encourages
us to appreciate the diversity of life’s journeys and to recognize that unconventional paths
can lead to profound and purposeful destinations.

essay.
 Body:
 Give your arguments and examples for those who wander are not lost.
 Give arguments and examples for unthoughtful wandering that lead to negative
consequences.
 Give reasons for unthoughtful wandering.
 Way ahead- note down the key qualities and attributes that can help individuals
maintain focus and commitment.
optimistic way
Model Essay:
Anecdote:
At the age of 29, Siddhartha made the momentous decision to leave his palace, family,
and wealth behind in search of enlightenment and the alleviation of human suffering.
After years of wandering and introspection, Siddhartha ultimately found a middle path
that avoided both extreme indulgence and extreme asceticism. He sat under a Bodhi tree in
Bodh Gaya, India, and, through deep meditation and inner insight, attained enlightenment.
He became the Buddha, which means “the awakened one.” The Buddha’s wandering was
not aimless; it was a purposeful journey toward spiritual awakening and the dissemination
of his teachings. He was not lost; rather, he found profound enlightenment and shared his
wisdom with others. His teachings, often referred to as the Dharma, continue to guide
millions of people in their own spiritual journeys to this day.

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In essence, the Buddha’s story exemplifies the idea that not all who wander are lost.
His wanderings were integral to his path toward enlightenment and the development of a
spiritual tradition that has had a profound and enduring impact on the world.
The phrase “not all who wander are lost” is a famous quotation from J.R.R. Tolkien’s
poem “All that is gold does not glitter,” which appears in his epic fantasy novel “The
Lord of the Rings.” This phrase is often interpreted to mean that not everyone who may
seem aimless or unconventional in their pursuits is actually without purpose or direction.
It encourages the idea that some individuals who appear to be wandering or exploring
different paths in life may be on a personal journey of self-discovery, growth, or exploration,
and they may ultimately find their own unique and meaningful path. It underscores the
importance of embracing one’s individuality and not judging others based solely on outward
appearances or traditional societal expectations.
 Explorers and Travelers: Many explorers and travellers embark on journeys to
discover new places, cultures, and experiences. While they may not have a fixed
destination or itinerary, their wanderlust often leads to personal growth, cultural
enrichment, and valuable life experiences.
Example: An excellent example of a traveller who wandered but was not lost is
Christopher McCandless, whose life story was popularized by the book “Into the
Wild” by Jon Krakauer and later turned into a film. He embarked on a journey of
self-discovery and adventure that took him across the United States and into the
wilds of Alaska.
 Entrepreneurs and Innovators: Entrepreneurs and innovators frequently take risks
and venture into uncharted territory. Their willingness to explore new business ideas,
markets, and technologies can lead to groundbreaking innovations and successful
enterprises. Example: Ritesh Agarwal’s entrepreneurial journey exemplifies the spirit
of a wanderer who explored different paths, faced setbacks, but ultimately found his
way to success. His determination and vision have made OYO Rooms one of India’s
most prominent startups in the hospitality sector
 Spiritual Seekers: Many individuals on spiritual or philosophical journeys engage
in self-discovery and exploration. They may explore various belief systems, practices,
or meditation techniques to deepen their understanding of themselves and the world.
Example: Swami Vivekananda’s wandering was purposeful and driven by a deep
quest for spiritual knowledge and self-realization. This eventually led him to the
World’s Parliament of Religions held in Chicago in 1893, where he delivered a historic
speech that introduced Hinduism and the concept of yoga to the Western world.
Example: Siddhartha’s wandering was a pivotal journey that eventually led to his
enlightenment and the foundation of Buddhism.

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 Career Changers: People who change careers or switch professions later in life may
appear to be wandering in their professional lives. However, their decision to explore
new career paths often stems from a desire for personal fulfilment and a pursuit of
passions and interests that were previously unexplored. Example: One example of
someone who switched careers and initially appeared to be wandering in their
professional life is Elon Musk. Musk is a well-known entrepreneur and businessman
who co-founded companies like SpaceX, Tesla, Neuralink, and The Boring Company.
His career path is a testament to his unconventional choices and persistence.
 Personal Growth and Development: Some individuals may take breaks or sabbaticals
from their regular routines to explore personal growth and self-improvement. They
use this time to reflect, learn, and make significant life changes. Example: Sheryl
Sandberg, the Chief Operating Officer (COO) of Facebook willingness to take a
break from her high-profile career and focus on self-improvement and healing serves
as an example of how individuals can prioritize their well-being and personal growth
during challenging life transitions like her husband’s death.
 Lifestyle Choices: People who choose unconventional lifestyles, such as minimalism,
off-grid living, or voluntary simplicity, may be seen as wandering from traditional
societal norms. However, their choices often align with their values and priorities,
leading to a sense of purpose and contentment.
Indeed, while purposeful wandering can lead to positive outcomes such as personal
growth, exploration, and self-discovery, unthoughtful or aimless wandering can have
negative consequences. Here are some ways in which unthoughtful wandering can lead to
unfavourable results:
 Wasted Time and Energy: Aimless wandering without a clear goal or purpose can
result in the wastage of valuable time and energy. Without direction, individuals
may find themselves going in circles, achieving little, and feeling frustrated.
Example: Spending hours scrolling through social media feeds without a specific
purpose or goal is a classic example of unthoughtful wandering. It can be a major
time-waster and often leads to reduced productivity.
 Missed Opportunities: Unthoughtful wandering can cause individuals to overlook
valuable opportunities that may have been right in front of them. Lack of focus and
intentionality can result in missed chances for personal or professional growth.
 Strained Relationships: Constantly changing directions or wandering without a plan
can be taxing on personal relationships. Friends, family, and colleagues may become
frustrated or disheartened by an individual’s inconsistency and lack of commitment.
 Financial Instability: In the context of career and finances, frequent changes in
direction or pursuing unprofitable ventures can lead to financial instability. Without
a clear strategy, individuals may struggle to secure steady employment or financial
security.
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Example: Window Shopping: Aimlessly browsing stores without the intention to
make a purchase is an example of unthoughtful wandering. While window shopping
can be a pleasant activity, it can also lead to impulse buying and financial strain.
 Lack of Achievement: Unthoughtful wandering can hinder progress toward personal
and professional goals. Without a sense of purpose and a structured plan, individuals
may fail to achieve their aspirations or fulfil their potential.
Example: Changing jobs frequently without a clear career plan or objective can be
a form of unthoughtful wandering in one’s professional life. It can make it challenging
to build a stable and fulfilling career.
 Emotional Turmoil: The lack of a clear path and purpose can lead to feelings of
confusion, anxiety, and depression. Not knowing where one is headed in life can
take a toll on mental and emotional well-being.
 Stagnation: Aimless wandering can lead to a lack of personal growth and
development. Without setting goals and working towards them, individuals may
remain stagnant and fail to reach their full potential. Example: Spending an excessive
amount of time daydreaming or fantasizing without taking concrete actions to pursue
one’s aspirations is a form of unthoughtful wandering that can hinder progress.
 Loss of Identity: Constantly changing interests and pursuits without commitment
to any can result in a fragmented sense of identity. People may struggle to define
who they are and what they stand for. Example: While many individuals are genuinely
passionate about creating innovative businesses, some may jump from one start-up
to another without a solid business plan or a clear vision, leading to unthoughtful
entrepreneurial wandering.
It’s important to note that while purposeful wandering can be valuable, it should be
balanced with thoughtful planning and reflection. Having a clear sense of direction, setting
goals, and periodically evaluating one’s choices can help individuals avoid the negative
consequences associated with aimless wandering. In many cases, it’s the combination of
exploration and intentionality that leads to the most fulfilling and successful life journeys.
What drives the unthoughtful wandering?

 Lack of Clear Goals: When individuals lack well-defined personal or professional
goals, they may meander through life without a clear sense of purpose or direction.
This lack of focus can lead to unthoughtful wandering as they explore different paths
without a specific destination in mind.
 Fear of Commitment: Some people are afraid of making long-term commitments,
whether in relationships, careers, or other aspects of life. This fear can result in a
reluctance to settle down or make decisive choices, leading to a perpetual state of
unthoughtful wandering.

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 Avoidance of Responsibility: Unthoughtful wandering can be a way for individuals
to avoid taking on responsibilities or facing challenging situations. By constantly
changing direction or avoiding commitment, they may evade the pressures and
demands of adult life.
 External Influences: Pressure from family, societal expectations, or cultural norms
can also contribute to unthoughtful wandering. Individuals may feel compelled to
pursue certain paths or make certain life choices without considering their own desires
or interests.
 Seeking Instant Gratification: In a fast-paced world where immediate rewards are
often prioritized, some people may engage in unthoughtful wandering to seek short-
term pleasures or distractions. This can lead to a lack of long-term planning and
meaningful goals.
 Lack of Self-Awareness: Individuals who lack self-awareness may engage in
unthoughtful wandering as they haven’t taken the time to understand their own values,
strengths, and passions. Without this self-knowledge, it’s challenging to make informed
decisions about one’s life direction.
 Peer Pressure: Social influences and the desire to fit in with peers can lead to
unthoughtful wandering. Individuals may follow trends or the choices of others
without considering whether these align with their own values or aspirations.
 Perceived Opportunities: A belief in constantly seeking better opportunities
elsewhere can drive unthoughtful wandering. Some individuals may believe that the
grass is always greener on the other side, leading them to change paths frequently in
pursuit of perceived advantages.
 Restlessness: Certain personality traits, such as a high level of restlessness or a
constant need for novelty, can contribute to unthoughtful wandering. These individuals
may struggle to maintain interest in one area for an extended period.
 Life Transitions: Major life transitions, such as graduating from school, experiencing
a breakup, or facing a mid-life crisis, can disrupt an individual’s sense of direction
and lead to unthoughtful wandering as they search for a new path.
It’s important to recognize that unthoughtful wandering is not inherently negative,

and it can be a natural part of personal growth and exploration. However, when driven by
these factors to the detriment of one’s well-being, stability, and long-term fulfilment, it
may be necessary to seek guidance, set goals, and cultivate self-awareness to navigate life
with greater purpose and intention.
Way Forward:Top of Form

Here are some key qualities and attributes that can help individuals maintain focus
and commitment:

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 Clear Purpose: Having a clear and meaningful purpose or goal is fundamental. When
you know why you’re doing something and what you hope to achieve, it becomes
easier to stay committed and focused.
 Passion and Motivation: Passion for what you’re working on can be a powerful
driving force. When you genuinely care about a goal or project, it’s easier to maintain
focus and commitment even when faced with challenges. It’s essential for staying
committed when external motivation is lacking.
 Discipline: Discipline involves self-control and the ability to stick to a plan or routine.
It helps individuals avoid distractions and stay on track with their commitments.
 Resilience: Resilience is the ability to bounce back from setbacks and adversity.
Commitment often involves facing challenges, and resilience enables individuals to
persevere through difficult times.
 Time Management: Effective time management skills are essential for staying
focused. Being able to prioritize tasks, set deadlines, and allocate time wisely helps
individuals make progress toward their goals.
 Self-Awareness: Knowing your strengths, weaknesses, and limitations is crucial for
staying focused. It allows you to leverage your strengths and address areas where
you may need improvement.
 Positive Mindset: A positive mindset can boost motivation and resilience. Cultivating
optimism and focusing on solutions rather than problems can help maintain
commitment.
 Flexibility: While commitment is important, it’s also essential to adapt and adjust
as circumstances change. Sometimes, rigidly adhering to a plan can be
counterproductive. Being flexible and open to adjustments can help maintain focus.
 Continuous Learning: A commitment to ongoing learning and self-improvement
can enhance your skills and knowledge, making it easier to stay focused on your
long-term goals.
 Support System: Surrounding yourself with a supportive network of friends, family,
or colleagues can provide encouragement and motivation when you face challenges.
 Visualization: Visualizing success and the positive outcomes of your commitment
can boost motivation and help you stay focused on your goals.
 Healthy Lifestyle: Physical well-being is closely tied to mental focus and commitment.
Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and sufficient sleep contribute to cognitive function
and mental resilience.
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Staying focused and committed is a skill that can be developed and strengthened
over time. It often involves a combination of these qualities and strategies, as well as ongoing
effort and practice.
Top of Form
To conclude, it encapsulates the idea that life’s journeys are not always linear, and
straying from the established path can lead to valuable experiences and personal growth. It
encourages us to embrace the beauty of exploration, self-discovery, creativity, resilience,
and adaptability. So, let us not be quick to judge those who wander, for they may be on a
profound and purposeful journey of their own, one that ultimately leads to a richer and
more fulfilling life.


PYQs : 2023
INSPIRATION FOR CREATIVITY

IF DEVELOPMENT SPRINGS
IS NOT FROM THE
ENGENDERED,
60 EFFORT TO LOOK FOR
IT ISTHE MAGICAL MUNDANE
ENDANGERED [2016]

 Introduction: You can start with an anecdote or a quotation that contextualizes the
topic of the essay.
 Body:
 What do the terms ‘creativity,’ ‘mundane,’ and ‘magical’ suggest?
 Essence of “looking for the magical in the mundane”
 Manifestations of creativity from mundane inspirations
 Present day challenges in recognizing the magic in the mundane
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
 “There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is
as though everything is a miracle.” - Albert Einstein
 “Creativity is just connecting things.” - Steve Jobs
 “Every block of stone has a statue inside it, only waiting for the sculptor to discover it.”
 “Creativity is intelligence having fun.” – Albert Einstein
 “The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes but in having new eyes”
- Marcel Proust
Within the vast fabric of our world, everyday elements often hide profound stories
waiting to be discovered. The magic in the mundane is a timeless source of inspiration,
revealing itself to those willing to look beyond the surface. As the adage goes, “Every block
of stone has a statue inside it and it is the task of the sculptor to discover it.” Whether it’s
taking a leisurely stroll on the sand beach or delving into creative experiments using the
same sand to create a world of semiconductors and nuclear energy; or, finding a rainbow
in a puddle of water, creativity can be found in the most unexpected places.
When you try to find something special in everyday things, it can inspire you to be
creative, making ordinary things exciting. In this essay, we will explore the fascinating
ways in which seeking the magical in the mundane fuels creativity, enriching various facets
of human life, from art and literature to science, innovation, and everyday existence.

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Terminology & Context of Essay:
In its simplest terms, the ‘mundane’ represents the common, everyday experiences
or objects that are often overlooked because of their routine nature. On the other hand, the
‘magical’ refers to the awe-inspiring, often breathtaking elements that elevate our spirits
and capture our imaginations. ‘Creativity’ is the ability to generate original and valuable
ideas or solutions by combining existing knowledge and imagination in novel ways. It
involves thinking outside the box, exploring new perspectives, and often results in the
creation of something unique or innovative.
Creativity is often thought to be a godly gift or the result of some mystical process,
reserved for the select few who are inherently genius. However, the truth is far more
accessible and heartening: “Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical
in the mundane”. This concept encapsulates the idea that creativity is not an otherworldly
gift but a skill and mindset that can be cultivated by anyone willing to see the extraordinary
within the ordinary.
Historically, many cultures have found solace and inspiration in the mundane, valuing
the simplest acts of daily life as gateways to deeper understanding and enlightenment.
Creativity can manifest in various forms, such as art, literature, problem-solving, invention,
or even everyday activities, where individuals express their imagination and ingenuity to
produce something new and meaningful.
Essence of “looking for the magical in the mundane”:

In the words of Albert Einstein, “There are only two ways to live your life. One is as
though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle.” Embracing the latter
perspective, we find that life’s essence often lies not in grand events but in the subtle rhythms
of the everyday. Likewise, “looking for the magical in the mundane” is about perceiving
the extraordinary in the ordinary, discovering joy in everyday moments and recognizing
the beauty in the commonplace. It’s about looking beyond the surface to uncover the hidden
gems in the most routine aspects of life.
It is an art, a practice of mindful observation. It’s about being in the moment, fully
present and aware of the world around us; noticing the delicate patterns of frost on a
winter morning, the gentle rustling of leaves in the wind, the soothing rhythm of rain
against the window. It’s about appreciating the symphony of sounds in a bustling market;
the intricate details in a piece of art; the rich aroma of coffee brewing in the morning.
This concept is not new. It is echoed in the teachings of ancient spiritual traditions.
They remind us that everything in the universe is interconnected, that there’s a divine
energy flowing through all things and that, by tuning into this energy we can experience a
sense of wonder and enchantment in the most ordinary moments. We can cultivate this
ability to find magic in the mundane by slowing down, taking time to observe and being
open to the wonder that surrounds us. It requires a shift in perspective, an ability to see
beyond the usual. When we find magic in the mundane, we open ourselves to new ideas,
new perspectives and new possibilities. We begin to see the world, not as it is, but as it
could be; and voila! ‘Creativity’ is born.

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Manifestations of creativity from mundane inspirations:
 Science - Scientific discoveries often emerge from simple observations. Isaac
Newton’s contemplation of a falling apple led to groundbreaking insights into gravity.
The journey from beach to microchip is a cornerstone of our digital age. The inventors
who harnessed the potential of silicon saw beyond the mundane and turned it into a
source of innovation that has transformed our world.
 Art & Aesthetics - Artists have long been the flag bearers of elevating the mundane
into the magical. Everyday objects, scenes from nature, and emotions serve as the
inspiration that ignites artists’ creativity, leading to the creation of amazing works of
art. The simple yet profound artworks of Raja Ravi Varma, who captured the essence
of everyday Indian life, stand as a testament to this. Vincent van Gogh’s famous
“Starry Night” painting masterpiece also serves as a poignant example to this skill.
 Ordinary need: Mother of innovation - In the world of innovation, everyday things
have frequently led to remarkable breakthroughs. Consider Velcro, which came from
noticing thorny burrs sticking to clothes and dogs, or India’s “dabbawala” lunch
box delivery system, born out of the ordinary need to provide hot meals to office
workers. Uber and Airbnb, for instance, have turned ordinary tasks like getting a ride
or finding a place to stay into enchanting, on-demand experiences, revolutionising
entire industries. These examples show that everyday problems can spark clever
solutions.
 Administrative creativity and Problem Solving - Creativity extends beyond art and
science to administrative and societal solutions. Examples like Armstrong Pame’s
“People’s Road” initiative and Operation Sulaimani, spearheaded by Prashant Nair
in “Compassionate Kozhikode,” demonstrate how seemingly ordinary approaches
can address complex societal issues in a creative fashion.
 Literature - In literature, the ordinary has often been beautifully embraced,
showcasing its richness and complexity. Example: Authors such as R.K. Narayan
have skillfully crafted stories centred around everyday life in India, revealing the
enchantment and intricacies of a simple existence.
Present day challenges in recognizing the magic in the mundane:

 Digital distractions - In today’s fast-paced world filled with technology and deluge
of information, it’s becoming harder to pause and appreciate the simple moments.
Smartphones, social media, and the hustle of city life easily overshadow the small
beauties of everyday life. Things that could inspire us, like the soft morning chirpings
of birds or the tranquility of a quiet evening, often get lost amid the smartphone
notifications and urban traffic noise. So, the real test is to take a break, step away
from digital distractions, and fully connect with the world around us, allowing the
magic of the mundane to seep into our consciousness.

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 Quest for lavish lifestyle - Society and popular media frequently promote a “Larger
than life” mindset, highlighting extravagant weddings and luxurious lifestyles on
reality TV and social media. This can make us feel that the small, simple pleasures in
life are unimportant. In this context, it’s crucial to recalibrate our viewpoint, shifting
away from flashy displays and placing more value on subtlety and depth over
superficial pomp and show.
 Artificial Intelligence - While creativity often thrives at the crossroads of the ordinary
and extraordinary, concerns arise regarding the potential stifling of innovation. The
increasing use of AI and ChatGPT may limit the freedom to explore innovative
ideas, diluting the imaginative process.
Conclusion:
Magic in the mundane is a fountain of inspiration waiting to be tapped. Whether we
find it in the gentle lapping of waves on the beach, the transformation of sand into silicon,
or in Pame’s “People’s road” initiative, creativity knows no bounds. By looking beyond the
surface and seeking the extraordinary in the ordinary, we can unlock the door to a world
of innovation and wonder that can change our lives and the world itself.
After all, as the great writer Marcel Proust once said “The real voyage of discovery
consists not in seeking new landscapes but in having new eyes” and it’s with these new eyes that
we can truly find the magic hidden in the mundane. It’s a powerful source of inspiration
for creativity, a pathway to a richer and more vibrant life. Let us all strive to find that magic
in our everyday lives to transform the ordinary into extraordinary and to ignite the spark
of creativity, for the magic is not distant: it resides within us.


ETHICS MARKS
IMPROVEMENT
Rec.
Lectures
Live
Framework Workshop
EMI
EMI PROGRAM 2024

WORKSHOP DATE
Workshop-01 15 July
th

Workshop-02 17 July
th

th

Fee: ₹5000/-

98878-44044
PYQs : 2023
IF DEVELOPMENT
GIRLS ARE WEIGHED DOWN BYIS NOT ENGENDERED,
RESTRICTIONS, BOYS WITH
61 DEMANDS - TWOIT
EQUALLY HARMFUL DISCIPLINES
The expository themes of Women and Education were covered in our Essay Test
series 2023. Consciously, the balance of both philosophical had been there
essay.
 Body:
 What are the restrictions that are foisted on girls?
 What expectations does society place on a boy?
 How are they both detrimental social arrangements?
 What led to the emergence of such harmful disciplines?
 Do these disciplines have any constructive contributions at all?
 Way Ahead- What are the possible ways to challenge these detrimental social
arrangements?
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
Relevant quotations
 “The only way to deal with stereotypes is to counteract them with all the energy you
can muster, and to work twice as hard as anyone else.” - Shirley Temple
 “I am not free while any woman is unfree, even when her shackles are very different
from my own.” - Audre Lorde
 “Don’t let anyone tell you you’re weak because you’re a woman.” - Mary Kom
 “There is no limit to what we, as women, can accomplish.” - Michelle Obama
 “I raise up my voice—not so I can shout, but so that those without a voice can be
heard... we cannot succeed when half of us are held back.” - Malala Yousafzai
Anecdote
Once upon a time in a small village, there lived two best friends, Maya and Aditya.
They often spent their afternoons by the river, sharing stories and dreams. One sunny day,
their conversation took a thoughtful turn. Maya, a spirited young girl, gazed at the flowing
water and sighed, “You know, Aditya, girls always feel constrained by restrictions. We’re
constantly told what we can and can’t do.”
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Aditya, being an empathetic friend, nodded in agreement. “You’re right, Maya, but
it’s not all smooth sailing for us boys either. We might not have restrictions, but there are
these constant demands on us.” Curious, Maya asked, “Demands? What do you mean?
“Aditya explained, “Well, society expects us to be strong, stoic, and always in control of
our emotions. We’re told to be the providers and protectors, even when we’re just kids.”
Maya nodded thoughtfully, recognizing that while they faced different challenges,
both genders grappled with their own set of burdens. They realized that these expectations
and restrictions could be equally harmful, shaping their paths in unique ways.
Gender roles and stereotypes have been deeply ingrained in societies for centuries,
often placing different expectations on girls and boys. This essay explores the constraints
imposed on girls and the demands placed on boys, shedding light on the pressing need to
challenge these harmful norms for the betterment of society as a whole.
Restrictions foisted on girls:

 Cultural and Social Expectations - From an early age, girls are bombarded with
societal expectations that limit their freedom and potential. Traditional gender roles
often dictate that girls should be obedient, nurturing, and focused on domestic
responsibilities. These expectations restrict their access to opportunities outside the
home and limit their choices in life.
 Education and Career - Women account for 27% of India’s STEM (Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) workforce, as compared to 32% of the
non-STEM workforce (WEF’s Global Gender Gap Report 2023). Also, they are often
discouraged from pursuing unique leadership roles like in sports, army, navy,
automobile industry etc., reinforcing the stereotype that certain professions are not
suitable for them. This hinders their intellectual growth and economic independence.
 Body Image and Appearance - Girls are also pressured to conform to unrealistic
beauty standards, which can lead to body image issues and low self-esteem. These
beauty standards, perpetuated by the media and society, place an enormous burden
on girls, often causing psychological distress.
 Restricted mobility and socialization - Almost throughout their entire lifespan, girls
are offered limited exposure with respect to travelling and socialization vis-a-vis their
male counterparts.
 Limited decision-making authority - Girls are not emancipated in terms of making
their own critical life decisions. In most cases, they do not call the shots. Important
decisions with respect to career, marriage, family planning and in some cases, even
investment of self-earned finances is not their sole prerogative. Consequences in cases
of love marriage can be as brutal as honour killing in some parts of the country.

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Expectations placed on boys:
 Emotional Camouflage (Male inexpressiveness) - Boys are often expected to
suppress their emotions, particularly those considered “soft” or vulnerable, such as
sadness or fear. This can lead to mental health issues and hinder healthy relationships
as boys grow into men who struggle to express their feelings. In a recent survey, the
overall prevalence of mental morbidity was found to be higher among males (15%)
than among females (7.5%).
 Provider and Protector Role - Society frequently demands that boys become providers
and protectors. This expectation can put immense pressure on them to excel in their
careers, sometimes at the expense of their mental and emotional well-being. It also
reinforces the idea that their self-worth is tied to their ability to provide financially.
 Peer Pressure and Masculinity (Paragon of strength) - Boys may face demands to
conform to rigid notions of masculinity, which can involve risky behaviors and toxic
attitudes. The pressure to fit into these stereotypes can lead to harmful consequences,
not only for boys themselves but also for the wider society.
How are they both detrimental social arrangements?

 Deteriorating Mental health - Rampant cases of depression, anxiety and suicides
among the youth speaks volumes of the pressure they undergo due to this harmful
discipline of restrictions and demands. This is counterproductive if we want to build
a healthy society.
 Economic loss - Limiting girls from pursuing a career in STEM fields or other paid
jobs is a massive opportunity cost for any economy. Less than 20% of India’s women
work at paid jobs and female workforce participation has been declining in the country.
Only 29.4% of women (aged 15-59) were part of India’s labor force in 2021-22.
 Loss of talent due to role stereotyping - The societal pressure to conform to
traditional gender roles limit career choices for both boys and girls, forcing them into
roles they may not want. For example, a career in cooking, arts etc. is not easily
approved for boys and similarly, sports, army, mechanical & civil engineering field
jobs etc. not for girls. It fuels a feeling of relative deprivation and disablement.
 Strained Relationships - Girls, in most parts of our country, are taught to be
subservient, while boys imitate the dominating nature of the elder male members in
their family. Owing to which, men may struggle to communicate effectively with
their partners and may have difficulty sharing household responsibilities, which can
lead to conflict and dissatisfaction in relationships. It is the substantial cause of
domestic violence, divorces and extra marital affairs. The poorest sufferer of the lot
being the child.
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What led to the emergence of such harmful disciplines?
 Historical Precedence - Throughout history, women have often been marginalised
and excluded from positions of power and influence. This historical precedent has
influenced the perpetuation of gender-based restrictions and expectations for girls
and boys. These roles often assign caregiving, domestic responsibilities, and modesty
to girls, while boys are expected to be more assertive, independent, and career-focused.
 Biological factors - Biological differences between sexes, such as physical strength
and reproductive roles, have contributed to the division of labour in early human
societies. This division often led to men engaging in activities requiring physical
strength and women focusing on childcare and gathering. Over time, it evolved into
distinct gender role stereotypes.
 Patrilineal societies (Patriarchy) - Early societies developed where lineage and
inheritance were traced through the male line. This has often granted men greater
control over property and resources, consolidating their power within families and
communities; and hence, demands.
 Socialization and Social Norms - The process, where individuals learn the norms
and values of their culture, reinforces traditional gender roles. From a young age,
boys and girls are taught what it means to be masculine or feminine, perpetuating
existing power dynamics.
Do these disciplines have any constructive contributions at all?

 Social Order and Stability - Traditional gender roles provide for a stable social order.
In this view, clearly defined roles for boys and girls can contribute to social cohesion
and predictability.
 Role specialization - Patriarchy has historically assigned specific roles to men as
breadwinners and women as caregivers. While this reinforces gender inequality, it
has also resulted in a division of labour that can contribute to economic productivity
within households and societies.
 Perceived sense of security - for some individuals who find comfort in familiar societal
structures and norms. This perceived security, however, may come at the expense of
individual freedom and agency.
 Girls/Women - Due to the restrictions they face since childhood, it provides for
their implicit safety. Girls often grow up to be more creative and emotionally intelligent
beings than their male equivalents.
 Boys/Men - Owing to the demands placed on boys, they tend to develop into more
responsible human beings with greater emotional resilience.

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Challenging these detrimental social arrangements:
To create a more equitable society, it is imperative to challenge these harmful
disciplines imposed on girls and boys. This involves:
 Education and Awareness:
 Gender-Sensitive Education - by introducing gender-sensitive curricula and
promoting gender equality in classrooms. NGO “Pratham” promotes gender-
sensitive teaching practices to encourage girls to stay in school.
 Men-Engage Alliance India - a global alliance that promotes gender justice
by engaging men and boys in gender equality efforts. Their work in India
includes campaigns and programs that encourage men to take on caregiving
responsibilities, challenge stereotypes, and promote equitable relationships.
 Breakthrough India’s Taaron Ki Toli - program focuses on engaging young
boys and men in discussions about gender equality and caregiving
responsibilities.
 Arts and Media - Some artists, filmmakers, and writers use their platforms to challenge
gender stereotypes and raise awareness about gender issues. Example: A bollywood
movie titled ‘Gunjan Saxena’ is an inspiration for the entire society which chronicles
the idea of breaking the gender barriers and normalizing the roles and expectations
from boys and girls equitably.
 Promoting Equal Opportunities - Efforts should be made to provide equal
opportunities in education, careers, and leadership roles regardless of gender.
Example: Encouraging girls to pursue STEM fields and supporting boys who choose
caregiving professions can help break down gender barriers. Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao
is a step in the right direction in this regard.
 Encouraging Emotional Expression - Boys should be encouraged to express their
emotions openly and without judgement. This includes fostering emotional
intelligence and empathy, which are crucial for building healthy relationships and
mental well-being.
 Redefining Masculinity - Society needs to redefine masculinity to promote healthier
versions of manhood. This means valuing qualities such as compassion, cooperation,
and vulnerability, rather than perpetuating toxic ideals of dominance and aggression.
 Government Initiatives - Government programs in India are starting to recognize
the importance of involving men in caregiving roles. For example:
 Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act of 2017 in India now provides for paternity
leave of up to 15 days for male employees in certain sectors.
 Leadership positions in army and Indian navy and challenging positions like
Loco pilots & train managers in Indian Railways thrown open to women.

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Conclusion:
As they continued their conversation that day, Maya and Aditya made a pact to
support each other in breaking free from these limiting roles. They vowed to challenge
stereotypes and create a world where both girls and boys could thrive without being weighed
down by harmful disciplines. Together, they embarked on a journey of friendship and
empowerment, determined to make their village a place where everyone had the freedom
to be their authentic selves.
Girls and boys both contend with unique challenges, with girls weighed down by
restrictions and boys facing demands that can be equally harmful. Recognizing and
challenging these harmful disciplines is essential for achieving gender equality and fostering
healthier, more fulfilling lives for all individuals. By dismantling traditional stereotypes
and expectations, society can create a more inclusive and equitable future where individuals
are free to be their authentic selves, regardless of gender. It is through such collective efforts
that we can work towards a more just and harmonious world.


PYQs : 2023

62 MATHEMATICS IS THE MUSIC OF REASON
 Introduction:
 Body:
 Mathematics, Music and Reason.
 Historic Dimension.
 Similarity Between Mathematics and Music.
 Reasoning in Mathematics.
 Application of Mathematics in day-to-day life.
 The Transformative Power of Mathematical Reasoning.
 Challenges and Controversies in Mathematics.
 Way forward: Transforming Mathematics into an Artistic Endeavor.
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
 “Music is the pleasure the human mind experiences from counting without being aware that
it is counting.” - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
 “Mathematics is the most beautiful and most powerful creation of the human spirit.” - Stefan
Banach
 “The only way to learn mathematics is to do mathematics.” - Paul Halmos
 “Music is the divine way to tell beautiful, poetic things to the heart.” - Pablo Casals
 “Reason is the natural order of truth; but imagination is the organ of meaning.” - C.S.
Lewis
 “Reason can answer questions, but imagination has to ask them.” - Ralph Gerard
Anecdote:
Fibonacci numbers are a sequence of numbers where each number is the sum of the
two preceding ones, typically starting with 0 and 1. The sequence begins like this: 0, 1, 1, 2,
3, 5, 8, 13, 21, and so on. the Fibonacci sequence illustrates how mathematics, through its
inherent structure and patterns, can be likened to music. Both mathematics and music
have the capacity to inspire awe, appreciation, and a sense of beauty through their logical
and harmonious principles.
PYQs : 2023
Mathematics, often hailed as the “music of reason,” is a symphony of logic and
beauty. Like notes in a melody, its equations and theorems resonate through the corridors
of human understanding. It harmonizes precision with creativity, offering a universal
language for deciphering the mysteries of the universe. From the elegant simplicity of
Pythagoras’ theorem to the complex intricacies of calculus, mathematics composes the
score of scientific progress. It is the conductor of innovation, orchestrating breakthroughs
in technology, engineering, and economics. Moreover, mathematics is the bedrock of
problem-solving, nurturing critical thinking and analytical skills. In the grand orchestra of
knowledge, mathematics plays a captivating tune, guiding humanity toward enlightenment
and discovery.
Mathematics, Music and Reason:

 Mathematics encompasses the study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns,
with branches such as arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, and statistics. It provides
a systematic and logical framework to comprehend relationships and structures in
the physical and abstract realms.
 Music, metaphorically, likens mathematics to artistry. Music crafts harmonious
compositions through structured sound and rhythm arrangements, mirroring the
aesthetic essence of mathematics.
 Here, “music” is used metaphorically to draw a comparison between mathematics
and music. Music is an art form that involves the organized arrangement of sounds
and rhythms to create harmonious and meaningful compositions. In this context,
“music” symbolizes the aesthetic and structured nature of mathematics.
 “Reason” signifies human’s capacity for logical thinking, rationality, and informed
decision-making. It entails critical thinking, data analysis, and evidence-based
conclusions. By describing mathematics as the “music of reason,” it underscores
mathematics as a manifestation of rationality and logic, engaging our intellectual
faculties.
Historic Dimension:
 Ancient Civilizations: In Ancient Greece, philosophers like Pythagoras and Plato
viewed mathematics not merely as a practical tool but as a means to grasp fundamental
universal principles. This perspective emphasized mathematics as the rational and
harmonious language of the universe.
 Renaissance Enlightenment: During the Renaissance, the resurgence of
mathematical interest mirrored broader enlightenment ideals. Figures like Johannes
Kepler and Galileo Galilei showcased mathematics’ ability to explain natural
phenomena and promote reason.

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 18th and 19th Century Advances: The 18th and 19th centuries saw the emergence
of calculus through the work of Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. These
developments were driven by the conviction that mathematics held the key to
unravelling the mysteries of the physical world.
Similarity Between Mathematics and Music:

 Emotional Expression: While mathematics is primarily a tool for abstract reasoning,
it can also evoke a sense of beauty and intellectual satisfaction when elegant solutions
are found. Similarly, music is a powerful medium for emotional expression, capable
of conveying a wide range of feelings, from joy and excitement to sadness and
contemplation.
 Pattern Recognition: Both mathematics and music involve the identification and
manipulation of patterns. Mathematics uses patterns to describe and understand
natural phenomena, while music relies on patterns in rhythm, melody, and harmony
to create compositions.
 Universal Languages: Mathematics and music are considered universal languages
that transcend cultural and linguistic barriers. Mathematical concepts, like numbers
and geometric shapes, are understood globally, while music can convey emotions
and stories without the need for words, making it accessible to diverse audiences.
 Harmony and Symmetry: Harmony in music is guided by mathematical principles
that dictate the arrangement of sounds in a pleasing manner. Additionally, symmetry,
a mathematical concept, is observed in musical compositions through repeating motifs
and balanced structures.
Reasoning in Mathematics:
 Problem Solving: In the realm of mathematics, the journey invariably commences
with the identification of a problem necessitating a mathematical solution.
Mathematicians harness their formidable reasoning abilities to disassemble the
problem, fragmenting it into manageable components, and artfully contrive a strategic
pathway to a solution. This may entail the judicious application of tried-and-true
mathematical principles or the innovative formulation of novel approaches tailored
to the specific challenge at hand.
 Logical Deduction: At the very core of mathematical reasoning lies the venerable
art of logical deduction. It is the bedrock upon which mathematical discourse is
constructed. Deductive reasoning, the principal tool wielded by mathematicians,
enables them to draw irrefutable conclusions from premises or facts that have been
securely established. Their journey begins with a collection of axioms, definitions,
or theorems that have already been ratified. They methodically employ a suite of
logical principles, skillfully weaving their way toward fresh insights and conclusions.
The measure of their validity hinges squarely upon the integrity of their logical
underpinnings.

PYQs : 2023
 Proofs: In the labyrinthine corridors of mathematical inquiry, proofs serve as the
sturdy pillars that buttress the edifice of mathematical knowledge. These meticulously
structured presentations serve a singular purpose: to demonstrate, unequivocally and
without room for doubt, the truth of mathematical propositions or theorems. To this
end, mathematicians meticulously craft methodical, step-by-step logical arguments
that build an unassailable case, thereby leaving no room for scepticism. This deductive
reasoning serves as the lodestar guiding their efforts and furnishing the discipline
with a bedrock of rigor.
 Critical Thinking: In the crucible of mathematical reasoning, the crucible where
ideas are forged and refined, critical thinking stands sentinel. Mathematicians, like
vigilant sentries, rigorously scrutinize the soundness of mathematical arguments,
offering no quarter to unwarranted assumptions. Each solution is subject to meticulous
examination, with accuracy as the lodestar. Alternatives are explored with the
thoroughness of explorers mapping uncharted territories, and the ramifications of
findings are carefully considered.
 Abstraction: In the abstract tapestry of mathematical reasoning, mathematicians
weave their intellectual endeavours. This mode of thinking necessitates a departure
from the specific and the concrete, instead embarking on a journey into the realm of
generalized concepts. Here, mathematicians navigate the labyrinth of abstraction,
allowing them to apply mathematical principles to an expansive array of problems
and scenarios.
 Inductive Reasoning: While deductive reasoning reigns supreme within the citadel
of proofs, the role of inductive reasoning cannot be understated, particularly in the
realm of mathematical discovery. It is through inductive reasoning that
mathematicians make astute observations, discern recurring patterns, and contrive
bold conjectures, all predicated upon empirical data. These conjectures, the fruit of
inductive reasoning, are later subjected to the rigors of deductive reasoning, their
veracity confirmed through logical examination.
Application of Mathematics in day-to-day life:

 Cryptography: Prime numbers, modular arithmetic, and probabilistic algorithms
are harnessed to devise encryption methods that safeguard sensitive information from
unauthorized access. These mathematical techniques ensure that data remains
confidential and tamper-proof, enabling secure online transactions, confidential
messaging, and safeguarding sensitive records.
 Machine Learning: With linear algebra, statistics, and optimization playing pivotal
roles. Linear algebra helps in manipulating data and understanding model structures,
statistics provides the tools for hypothesis testing and probability distributions, and
optimization techniques fine-tune machine learning models for optimal performance.

PYQs : 2023
Example: Recommendation systems, like those used by Netflix and Amazon utilize
machine learning to suggest movies or products based on your previous choices
 Social Sciences: In the social sciences, statistics is essential for analysing data from
surveys, experiments, and observations. It enables researchers to draw meaningful
conclusions, identify patterns, and test hypotheses, allowing for evidence-based
insights into human behavior and societal trends. Example: Pollsters use statistical
techniques to collect and analyse data from surveys, providing insights into voter
preferences
 Climate Modelling: Climate modelling relies on mathematical equations and
computational methods to simulate and predict climate patterns. Differential
equations, numerical analysis, and complex mathematical models help scientists
understand the Earth’s climate system and assess the impact of various factors on
climate change. Example: Climate scientists use mathematical climate models to
predict the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on global temperatures.
 Data Analysis: Mathematics is at the core of data analysis. It enables professionals
to explore and interpret data, uncover insights, and make data-driven decisions across
various domains, from business to scientific research. Example: Retailers like Walmart
use data analysis to optimize their supply chains
 Governance: Mathematics is used in governance for data analysis, policy modelling
and decision-making. It helps government officials assess the impact of policies
through quantitative analysis, optimize resource allocation and make informed choices
to address societal challenges effectively. Example: Traffic engineers use mathematical
algorithms to optimize traffic signal timings
 Finance: Mathematics is vital for risk assessment, portfolio management and financial
modelling. Concepts like stochastic calculus, statistical analysis and optimization
are used to price derivatives, manage investments, and evaluate financial risks,
contributing to sound financial decision-making. Example: In portfolio management,
a financial analyst uses stochastic calculus to model the volatility of stocks
The Transformative Power of Mathematical Reasoning:

 Enhancing Cognitive Abilities: The practice of mathematics offers more than just
solving equations; it sharpens our cognitive skills. It teaches us how to approach
problems logically, think systematically, and arrive at well-structured solutions. These
thinking skills extend beyond the classroom, benefiting our daily decision-making
and critical thinking.
 Everyday Application: Mathematical reasoning isn’t confined to textbooks; it’s an
essential life skill. It equips us to tackle real-life challenges with a methodical approach,
make informed choices, and analyze situations critically, leading to better personal
and professional outcomes.

PYQs : 2023
 Socio-economic Significance: Mathematics has broader societal and economic
impacts. Mathematical research drives innovation, spurring economic growth.
Industries that rely on mathematical models, like finance and engineering, create job
opportunities, fuel economic development, and contribute to prosperity.
 STEM Fields: Proficiency in mathematics is paramount in STEM fields (Science,
Technology, Engineering, Mathematics). As these areas gain prominence in the global
job market, mathematical competence becomes highly valuable, opening doors to a
wide range of career prospects.
 Global Competitiveness: Nations that prioritize mathematical education gain a
competitive edge globally. Their workforce is better equipped to handle complex
challenges, fostering innovation and enhancing economic competitiveness on the
world stage.
Challenges and Controversies in Mathematics:

 Unsolved Mathematical Conjectures: Mathematics is brimming with age-old
enigmas that continue to perplex mathematicians. Some of these puzzles have defied
solutions for centuries. Notable examples include the Riemann Hypothesis, the P
versus NP problem, and Goldbach’s Conjecture. These challenges push the limits of
human knowledge and inspire ongoing mathematical exploration.
 Foundations of Mathematics: Ongoing discussions and philosophical debates revolve
around the very essence of mathematics. Questions encompass the essence of
mathematical truth, the existence of mathematical entities, and the completeness of
formal axiomatic systems. These inquiries carry profound implications for our
understanding and practice of mathematics.
 Access and Equity in Mathematics Education: The accessibility and fairness of
mathematics education exhibit considerable disparities globally. Issues tied to
availability, fairness, and inclusivity persist. Socioeconomic gaps, cultural biases, and
uneven access to educational resources can impede students’ progress in mathematics
and restrict their educational opportunities.
 Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence: Mathematics occupies a central role in
shaping the development of artificial intelligence (AI), engendering ethical and societal
concerns. These issues encompass topics such as algorithmic biases, the repercussions
of AI on job markets, and debates surrounding AI’s ability to match human
mathematicians in creative problem-solving capabilities.
Way Forward: Transforming Mathematics into an Artistic Endeavor

 Mathematics as an Artistic Pursuit: Mathematics should be celebrated as an
intellectually engaged, artistic pursuit because it embodies creativity, elegance, and
abstraction. Just like art, mathematics involves crafting elegant proofs, discovering
new patterns, and creating mathematical structures that are not just utilitarian but
also beautiful in their own right.

PYQs : 2023
 Mathematics as a Tool for Collaboration: Similar to music where artists collaborate
to create harmonious compositions, mathematics can also be a collaborative endeavor.
Mathematicians from around the world work together to solve complex problems,
fostering a sense of unity and shared purpose. This collaborative aspect of
mathematics mirrors the cooperative nature of artistic creation.
 Persistence and Mathematical Innovation: Mathematics requires persistence in
exploring new algorithms, solving conjectures, and pushing the boundaries of
knowledge. This parallels the dedication of musicians who continuously refine their
craft. Both fields demand unwavering commitment to achieve excellence.
 Cultivating a Growth Mindset: To make mathematics more artistically engaging,
educators should promote a growth mindset among students. Encouragement,
constructive feedback, and praise for effort can nurture a passion for mathematics.
Just as aspiring musicians are encouraged to practice and improve, students should
be encouraged to embrace the challenges of mathematics with a growth mindset.
 Fostering a Love for Mathematics: To counter the culture of math aversion, it’s
essential to make mathematics enjoyable and relatable. Incorporating real-world
applications, interactive learning tools, and engaging teaching methods can help
students develop a genuine love for mathematics from an early age.
 Breaking Stereotypes: To encourage more students to embrace mathematics as an
artistic pursuit, it’s crucial to break gender and cultural stereotypes associated with
the subject. By promoting diversity and inclusivity in mathematics education, we
can create an environment where everyone feels inspired to explore mathematics as
a form of artistic expression.
Conclusion:
Pythagoras famously stated that “Numbers govern the cosmos,” revealing how
mathematics serves as an unwavering compass in our relentless pursuit of understanding
and groundbreaking innovation. Its fusion of rationality and structured elegance mirrors
the captivating harmony of music. By embracing the symphony of mathematical reasoning,
we not only enrich our individual cognition but also unlock the transformative potential to
propel societies to new heights of advancement, cooperation, and intellectual unity. Within
this creative interplay between mathematics and reason lies the boundless promise of a
future marked by groundbreaking progress, collaborative brilliance, and unprecedented
harmony.


PYQs : 2023
A
IFSOCIETY THAT HAS
DEVELOPMENT MORE
IS NOT JUSTICE IS A
ENGENDERED,
63 SOCIETY THAT
IT ISNEEDS LESS CHARITY
ENDANGERED [2016]
essay.
 Body:
 Concept of Justice
 Need for Social Justice
 Why justice is better than charity?
 Negative Consequences of Charity.
 Is charity a negative concept?
 Way forward
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
 Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” - Martin Luther King
 “Since when do you have to agree with people to defend them from injustice?” - Lillian
Hellman
 “It is a denial of justice not to stretch out a helping hand to the fallen; that is the common
right of humanity.” - Seneca the Elder
 “Without justice, courage is weak.” - Benjamin Franklin
 “Memories of our lives, of our works and our deeds will continue in others.” - Rosa Parks
Anecdote
Imagine two societies:
Society A: In this society, there is a strong commitment to justice and equity in
education. Every child, regardless of their socio-economic background, has equal access
to high-quality education. Adequate funding is provided to all schools, and teachers are
well-trained and motivated. The curriculum is inclusive and designed to meet the diverse
needs of students. There are robust support systems for students with disabilities and those
facing academic challenges.

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Society B: In this society, there are significant disparities in education. Schools in
affluent neighborhoods have abundant resources, highly qualified teachers, and modern
facilities, while schools in impoverished areas struggle with inadequate funding, outdated
materials, and a lack of qualified educators. Children in these disadvantaged areas face
systemic barriers to quality education, limiting their opportunities for future success.
Thus, we see in society A, the need for charitable organizations and interventions to
address educational inequalities is significantly reduced because the system itself is designed
to be just and equitable.
On the other hand, in society B, where there is less emphasis on justice and equity in
education, disparities persist, leading to a greater reliance on charitable organizations and
philanthropy to bridge the education gap. A need for scholarships, after-school programs,
and tutoring services to compensate for the educational inequalities.
In a society, justice and charity both carry significant weight. Justice, synonymous
with fairness, ensures that each individual receives their due. Meanwhile, charity embodies
the act of aiding those in need. Remarkably, these two concepts are intertwined. A society
that strongly upholds justice may find itself requiring less charity. This stems from the
notion that justice, by pre-emptively addressing issues, can potentially reduce the necessity
for charitable acts aimed at rectifying problems.
Concept of Justice:
Justice, a core societal concept, revolves around fairness, impartiality, and safeguarding
individual rights. It strives to provide equitable opportunities and resources while tackling
societal inequalities, maintaining the rule of law. Justice acts as a moral guide, influencing
legal structures, social strategies, and ethical choices, all aimed at establishing harmony
and equality within a community. Example: The Civil Rights Movement in the United
States under the leadership of figures like Martin Luther King Jr., emphasized nonviolent
resistance as a means to achieve justice.
Need for Social Justice:

 Addressing Inequality: Social justice is crucial because it tackles the widespread
inequality found in society, stemming from economic disparities, unequal access to
education, and discrimination based on factors like race, gender, or socioeconomic
status. It seeks to rectify these imbalances, ensuring equal opportunities for everyone
to succeed and share in society’s benefits.
 Respecting Human Dignity: At its core, social justice is about respecting human
dignity. It asserts that each individual, irrespective of their background, deserves
respect, fairness, and a life free from discrimination and bias. By upholding human
dignity, social justice creates a society where all members can live with self-worth
and pride.

PYQs : 2023
 Promoting Inclusivity: Inclusive societies tend to be more stable and prosperous.
Social justice actively works to include marginalized groups in decision-making and
the advantages of society. This inclusivity fosters diversity, encouraging a wider range
of perspectives that can lead to innovative and equitable solutions to societal
challenges.
 Building Social Bonds: Social cohesion is vital for societal well-being. Social justice
initiatives establish trust among diverse groups by addressing systemic injustices and
inequalities. When people perceive the system as fair, it encourages cooperation,
reduces conflicts, and strengthens social ties.
 Boosting Economic Prosperity: A just society often experiences more significant
economic growth. By diminishing poverty, enhancing access to education and
healthcare, and tackling economic disparities, social justice policies cultivate a stable
and motivated workforce. This, in turn, enhances economic productivity and
prosperity for all.
 Ensuring Essential Services: Social justice guarantees that every individual can access
fundamental services such as healthcare, education, housing, and clean water. By
securing these basic needs, society promotes the health, well-being, and development
of its citizens, thereby lessening the dependence on charitable assistance.
 Encouraging Civic Participation: It fosters civic engagement and active involvement
in societal matters. When individuals believe that their voices matter and can effect
change, they are more likely to participate in community activities, advocate for their
rights, and collaborate towards a more equitable society.
Why justice is better than charity?

 Equal Opportunities: A society grounded in justice ensures everyone has fair access
to education and job opportunities. This diminishes poverty levels, reducing the need
for charitable aid, as more people can secure their basic necessities independently.
Example: RTE guarantees free and compulsory education, diminishing the need for
charitable efforts to provide schooling to disadvantaged children
 Fair Income: Justice entails equitable compensation for work. When workers are
paid fairly, fewer individuals depend on charity to bridge income gaps, as they can
provide for their families without external help. Example: Germany’s minimum wage
policy (€12 per hour) ensures that all workers receive a fair wage, reducing the need
for charitable assistance among low-income workers.
 Safety Nets: Justice-driven policies establish safety nets that offer support during
hardships like job loss or illness. These safety nets reduce reliance on charity by
providing a financial cushion during tough times. Example: The Employment
Insurance (EI) program of Canada provides temporary income support to
unemployed workers while they look for employment or to upgrade their skills

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 Healthcare Access: In a just society, healthcare is accessible to all, lessening the
demand for charitable medical aid. People can receive necessary medical treatment
without incurring overwhelming costs or medical debt. Example: The National
Health Service (NHS) of UK is a prime example of how a just society can reduce the
need for charity in healthcare
 Criminal Justice Reform: Prioritizing justice in criminal systems emphasizes
rehabilitation over imprisonment. This approach lowers reoffending rates, helping
former offenders reintegrate into society, secure employment, and become self-
sufficient, diminishing their reliance on charity. Example: Norway’s criminal justice
reform focuses on rehabilitation by providing education and vocational training to
prisoners. This lowers recidivism, helping ex-inmates reintegrate into society, find
jobs, and rely less on charity.
 Ending Discrimination: Justice initiatives target systemic discrimination. By
eliminating discrimination in housing, employment, and other areas, marginalized
communities face fewer obstacles to financial stability, decreasing their need for
charitable assistance.
 Environmental Equity: Just environmental policies protect vulnerable communities
from environmental harm. By addressing environmental issues at their source, a just
society prevents environmental crises that often require charitable intervention.
Example: The European Union’s commitment to environmental justice through
policies like emissions reduction targets helps protect vulnerable communities from
climate change.
Negative Consequences of Charity:

 Dependency: Excessive reliance on charity can result in individuals and communities
becoming overly dependent on external assistance. When people become accustomed
to receiving handouts, it can diminish their motivation to find lasting solutions,
trapping them in cycles of dependency that hinder their ability to become self-sufficient
and make long-term progress. Example: Farm loan waivers in India can create
dependency among farmers, as they may come to expect such relief instead of seeking
self-sustainable agricultural solutions.
 Stigmatization: Accepting charitable aid can sometimes lead to social stigmatization
and feelings of shame among recipients. This societal judgment and exclusion can
significantly damage their self-esteem and overall well-being, as they may perceive
themselves as labelled as needy or incapable.
 Inefficiency: Charitable organizations may experience inefficiencies, including high
administrative costs and bureaucratic obstacles. These inefficiencies can reduce the
overall effectiveness of their aid efforts, diverting valuable resources away from those
who genuinely need assistance and hindering the efficient distribution of aid.
 Disempowerment: The act of receiving charity can disempower individuals and
communities, making them passive recipients rather than active participants in their
own development. This lack of agency and control can hinder their ability to make
decisions and shape their own destinies, potentially perpetuating cycles of dependence.
PYQs : 2023
Example: Gandhi believed that charity that makes individuals passive recipients can
undermine their agency.
 Short-Term Focus: Charitable interventions often prioritize immediate needs without
addressing the underlying systemic issues causing those needs. This short-term
approach can impede the resolution of root problems, ultimately delaying the
achievement of sustainable and enduring improvements in the lives of those who
rely on assistance.
 Potential for Exploitation: In certain cases, charitable efforts may be subject to
exploitation by individuals or organizations seeking personal gain. This misallocation of
funds and resources can divert aid away from its intended beneficiaries, subverting the
very purpose of charitable initiatives and causing harm to those genuinely in need.
Example: Instances of corruption within non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Is charity a negative concept?

No, charity is not inherently a negative concept. It is often seen as a positive and
virtuous act that involves helping those in need, demonstrating compassion, and making a
positive impact on society.
 Moral and Ethical Value: Many religions advocate charity as a moral and ethical
obligation. Acts of charity, such as helping those in need, are seen as virtuous and a
way to demonstrate compassion and empathy towards fellow human beings.
Example: Zakat in Islam is a moral and ethical practice that involves giving to those
in need as a religious obligation.
 Philanthropic Individuals: Prominent figures like Bill Gates and Warren Buffett,
who have amassed substantial wealth, have dedicated a significant portion of their
fortunes to charitable causes. Their philanthropic efforts have led to tangible
improvements in education, healthcare, and poverty alleviation worldwide. Example:
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, established by Bill Gates.
 Legal Framework: Many countries have established legal frameworks to encourage
and regulate charitable activities. Charitable trusts, foundations, and nonprofits are
recognized legal entities that operate for the betterment of society. These entities are
subject to oversight and regulations to ensure they fulfil their charitable missions.
Example: Article 26 of the Indian Constitution provides the legal basis for the
operation of charitable and religious institutions in India.
 Community Support: Charitable contributions often form the backbone of support
for vulnerable populations, including the homeless, the hungry, and disaster survivors.
Charities and NGOs provide essential services and resources that improve the well-
being of these individuals and communities.
 Social Responsibility: Charity reflects a sense of social responsibility. Individuals
and organizations engage in charitable activities to address pressing societal issues,
such as poverty, hunger, and disease. These efforts contribute to the betterment of
society as a whole. Example: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities in
India mandate that companies contribute to societal well-being.

PYQs : 2023
Way Forward:
 Legislative Reforms: Enhancing justice in society necessitates the enactment and
enforcement of laws that safeguard human rights, combat discrimination, and rectify
systemic injustices. These legal changes should encompass areas like criminal justice,
anti-discrimination, and labor rights. By addressing legal imbalances, societies can
establish a more just and equitable foundation.
 Education and Awareness: Promoting justice requires educational initiatives that
raise awareness about inequality, prejudice, and the value of diversity. Educational
programs in schools, community initiatives, and media campaigns can mitigate biases
and nurture empathy and understanding among individuals from different
backgrounds.
 Access to Legal Aid: Justice becomes more accessible when individuals have
affordable access to legal representation. Guaranteeing this access empowers
marginalized communities and levels the legal playing field, reinforcing the principle
that justice should not hinge on one’s financial resources.
 Diverse Representation: Genuine justice demands inclusive representation in
leadership, government, and corporate sectors. Encouraging inclusivity ensures that
decisions reflect the perspectives of all community members, diminishing disparities
and nurturing a more equitable society.
 Community Policing: Establishing trust between law enforcement and communities
is vital for justice. Community-oriented policing practices prioritize collaboration,
transparency, and community engagement. These practices can alleviate tensions
and enhance relationships between law enforcement and the public.
 Restorative Justice: Shifting the focus from punitive measures to restorative justice
can bolster justice systems. This approach prioritizes repairing harm, supporting
victims, and rehabilitating offenders, contributing to a more comprehensive and
equitable approach to criminal justice.
Conclusion:
Greater justice within a society can effectively reduce the demand for charity. This
symbiotic relationship arises from the preventive role of justice, addressing issues at their
root and mitigating the very problems that charity endeavours to resolve. Consequently, a
just society stands as a testament to the power of fairness and equitable systems in
minimizing the necessity for charitable interventions.


PYQs : 2023
IF DEVELOPMENT
IS WHATIS NOT ENGENDERED,
64 EDUCATION
FORGOTTEN WHATIT ONE
REMAINS AFTER ONE HAS
HAS LEARNED IN[2016]
IS ENDANGERED SCHOOL

essay
 Body:
 Schooling - an introduction
 ‘Education’: Beyond the classroom
 Schooling is not education
 Role of schooling process to build lifelong education and why is it indispensable?
 Why we do tend to forget what we learn in school and other drawbacks thereof.
 How to make schooling more ‘education’-oriented?
 Other perennial sources of education
optimistic way.
Model Essay:
Anecdote
Despite Einstein’s extraordinary contributions to science and his groundbreaking
theories like the theory of relativity, Einstein struggled in traditional schooling. He had
difficulties with the rigid and rote learning methods of the education system in his early
years. Einstein’s teachers often considered him a problem student because he questioned
authority and didn’t conform to the standard curriculum. He was even expelled from school
at one point. However, his insatiable curiosity and passion for understanding the universe
never waned. He continued to educate himself through independent reading, exploration,
and experimentation.
Ultimately, Einstein’s self-driven education led him to formulate some of the most
revolutionary theories in physics. His ability to think creatively and critically, rather than
simply memorising facts and following the traditional educational path, played a significant
role in his success.
Einstein’s life exemplifies the idea that true education is not limited to the formal
schooling system. This essay explores the profound meaning behind Einstein’s words and
highlights the enduring value of ‘education’.

PYQs : 2023
What is schooling?
Schooling refers to the formalized system of education provided by educational
institutions such as schools, colleges, and universities. It is a structured and organized
process designed to impart knowledge, skills, and socialization to students. Schooling
typically follows a prescribed curriculum, includes defined grade levels or stages, and is
conducted by trained educators or teachers.
Formal education is undoubtedly a vital foundation for personal and intellectual
growth. It equips individuals with essential skills, knowledge, and the ability to think
critically. Subjects such as mathematics, science, literature, and history provide the necessary
tools for understanding the world around us. However, formal education has its limitations.
‘Education’: Beyond the classroom:

Education is a broad and multifaceted concept that encompasses a wide range of
processes, experiences, and outcomes related to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values,
and attitudes. It is a lifelong endeavour that occurs in various formal and informal settings,
and its primary goal is to promote personal development, intellectual growth, and the
ability to engage effectively in society.
Education encapsulates the following key elements:

 Knowledge Acquisition: Education involves the process of gaining knowledge about
various subjects, topics, and domains. This includes the acquisition of facts, theories,
concepts, and information relevant to specific fields of study.
 Skill Development: Beyond knowledge, education focuses on developing practical
skills and competencies. These skills can be related to communication, problem-
solving, critical thinking, creativity, technical expertise, and more.
 Socialization: Education provides opportunities for individuals to interact with others,
fostering social and emotional growth. It helps people learn how to work
collaboratively, understand diverse perspectives, and develop empathy.
 Values and Ethics: Education often includes the transmission of cultural values,
ethical principles, and moral guidelines. It helps individuals develop a sense of right
and wrong and make ethical decisions.
 Lifelong Learning: Education is not limited to a specific age or stage of life. Lifelong
learning is a fundamental aspect of education, encouraging individuals to continue
acquiring new knowledge and skills throughout their lives.
 Preparation for Citizenship: Education equips individuals with the knowledge and
skills necessary to participate effectively in civic life. It helps them understand their
rights and responsibilities as citizens of a community or nation.
 Cultural Understanding: Education promotes cultural awareness and understanding
by exposing individuals to different cultures, traditions, and worldviews. It encourages
tolerance and appreciation of diversity.

PYQs : 2023
 Problem Solving and Innovation: Education encourages individuals to identify and
address complex problems, fostering innovation and the development of solutions to
societal challenges.
 Adaptability: In a rapidly changing world, education helps individuals adapt to new
technologies, environments, and circumstances. It promotes adaptability and the
ability to learn from experience.
Schooling is not education:

 Schooling is a formal system: Schooling refers to the structured, formal education
system that takes place within schools, colleges, and universities. It follows a
predetermined curriculum and is typically organized into grades or levels.
 Education is a broader concept: It is not bound by any form of modus operandi and
is neither confined within the precincts of any institution. Education can happen
through self-directed learning, interactions with peers, family, and community, as
well as through experiences in the real world.
 Schooling can be limiting: While schooling is an essential part of education, it can
sometimes be limiting in terms of creativity, individuality, and diverse learning styles.
It may not always cater to the unique needs and interests of each student.
 As against schooling, Education is a lifelong process: Education is not confined to
a specific period or institution. It is a continuous and lifelong process.
 Education as ‘Self-Actualization’: A concept introduced by psychologist Abraham
Maslow. Self-actualization refers to the realization of one’s full potential and personal
growth.
Role of schooling process to build lifelong education and why is it indispensable?

Schooling is an indispensable process which builds the foundation for lifelong learning
and education. It makes an individual learn how to learn. Schooling is supplementary to
the process of education and not antithetical. Some of the functions performed by the
schooling process are:
 Structured Learning Environment: Schools are like laboratories where experiments
are carried out in a calibrated and safe environment. Outcomes of these experiments
must then be effectuated in a wider ground and purpose in life.
 Curriculum Exposure: School curricula expose students to a wide range of subjects
and topics, including those they might not have encountered otherwise. This exposure
helps an individual to explore and locate where the coordinates of his/her interests
and curiosity lie.
 Certification and Credentials: Schools are an indispensable link in the process of
skill development. Schooling leads to the attainment of academic credentials and
qualifications, such as diplomas and degrees.

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 Socialization: Schooling introduces individuals to a diverse group of peers and
teachers. Interacting with others in a formal setting helps develop social skills,
teamwork, and an understanding of different perspectives. It instils sociable practices
such as empathy, friendship, participation, assistance etc.
 Transmission of culture: Schools ensure that the knowledge acquired by one
generation is bestowed upon the next generation.
 National Integration: Schools perform the latent function of national integration.
Schools transfuse the feeling of nationalism by making students cognizant of their
common history and struggle in the past.
 Conscience building: Schooling acts as a moral compass, leading students through
the landscapes of values and ethics. Teachers and mentors light the way, while rules
and peer interactions impart valuable lessons.
Why do we tend to forget what we learn in school? and other drawbacks thereof:
Einstein’s history teacher once asked him about the year in which the Prussians
defeated the French at Waterloo. Einstein candidly replied that he did not know the answer.
The teacher reprimanded Einstein. Einstein responded by saying that he saw no point in
learning dates and rather we must seek an answer to the question as to “Why were the
French defeated at Waterloo?”. The instance uncovers one of the many existing lacunas in
our current schooling system i.e. critical thinking as against just factual learning. Some of
the other major drawbacks are discussed below:
 Overemphasis on Standardized Testing: Many education systems place a heavy
emphasis on standardized testing, which can lead to “teaching to the test” and narrow
the curriculum.
 One-Size-Fits-All Approach: Schools often use a uniform curriculum and teaching
methods, which may not accommodate the diverse learning styles and paces of
individual students.
 Lack of Practical Life Skills: The traditional curriculum may not adequately address
important life skills such as financial literacy, emotional intelligence, and critical
thinking.
 Limited Focus on Creativity and Critical Thinking: Some schooling systems
prioritise rote memorization over fostering creativity, critical thinking, and problem-
solving skills.
 Teacher Workload and Burnout: Teachers often face heavy workloads, administrative
burdens, and high-stress levels, which can lead to burnout and lower job satisfaction.
 Relevance to the Real World: Some students may find it challenging to see the real-
world relevance of what they are learning in school.

PYQs : 2023
 Rigid Grading Systems: Traditional grading systems may not fully reflect a student’s
abilities or growth.
How to make schooling more ‘education’-oriented?

 Project-Based Learning (PBL): Students work on hands-on projects, such as creating
a sustainable garden, building robots, or organizing community events. This approach
fosters problem-solving skills and practical knowledge application.
 Flip Classroom Model: Under it, educators in India and elsewhere record lectures
or lessons for students to watch at home, allowing classroom time for interactive
discussions, group activities, and problem-solving exercises.
 Outdoor and Environmental Education: Schools in India, especially in rural areas,
often take students on field trips to natural environments or farms. This helps them
understand ecological systems and appreciate the importance of sustainable practices.
 Montessori Education: Montessori schools, inspired by Maria Montessori’s
principles, emphasize hands-on learning, self-directed activities, and mixed-age
classrooms to promote holistic development.
 Apprenticeships and Vocational Training: Vocational schools and apprenticeship
programs in countries like Germany offer practical, skill-based education. Students
gain hands-on experience and job-ready skills while studying.
 Experiential Learning: Students engage in real-world scenarios like starting small
businesses, conducting science experiments, or participating in cultural exchanges;
as promoted by National Education Policy 2020 also.
 Service Learning: Schools around the world encourage service learning, where
students volunteer in their communities or participate in social projects. This promotes
empathy, teamwork, and a sense of civic responsibility.
Other perennial sources of education

Education extends far beyond the traditional classroom setting. It takes on various
innovative forms, providing opportunities for learning throughout one’s lifetime. From the
convenience of online courses to the wealth of knowledge found in libraries and digital
resources, there’s an abundance of accessible information waiting to be explored. Moreover,
open educational resources and podcasts provide flexible learning avenues. Travel and
cultural experiences contribute to a global perspective, while hobbies serve as a source of
personal enrichment. Volunteering experiences build practical skills and awareness.
Everyday life experiences, from observing nature to reflecting on personal insights,
contribute to continuous learning and personal development.

PYQs : 2023
Conclusion:
India, renowned for its ancient wisdom, once stood as a global epicentre of education.
Nalanda University, for instance, drew scholars like Aryabhata, who calculated pi accurately,
and Charaka, a pioneer in medicine. However, India’s educational prowess waned over
time. Today, there’s a compelling need to revive this legacy. In the 21st century, India can
rekindle its educational flame by offering quality education accessible to all, much like Dr
APJ Abdul Kalam’s journey from humble beginnings to becoming a renowned scientist
and leader. In essence, this revival aims to make education not just about what is learned in
school but what lives beyond it.
Albert Einstein’s statement, “Education is what remains after one has forgotten what
one has learned in school,” encapsulates the idea that the true essence of education lies in
its enduring impact on an individual’s life, rather than the temporary knowledge acquired
within the classroom. While formal education is essential, it is but one part of a broader
educational journey that continues throughout one’s life. The lessons learned through
experiences, challenges, interactions, and personal growth contribute to the vibrant collage
of one’s education. Thus, education is not merely a destination reached at the end of one’s
schooling but a lifelong pursuit that enriches the mind, shapes character, and empowers
individuals to navigate the complexities of the world with wisdom and purpose.


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UPSC Civil Services Exams

8 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Rajendra Choudhary, IRS

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Rajendra Chaudhary, IRS

Shubham Jain, IPS Virupaksh Singh, IAS

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Upma Jain, IFS HINDI Gaurav Lodha, IFS

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Abhishek Vashishth, IPS Amir Khan, IRS

Team Kalam is indebted to the invaluable contributions

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Essay Sr. No. Year Page No.

1-8 2016 01-45

9-16 2017 46-85

17-24 2018 86-128

25-32 2019 129-173

33-40 2020 174-214

41-48 2021 215-251

49-56 2022 252-290

57-54 2023 291-337

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 Management of Indian border disputes  Cyberspace and Internet: Blessing or

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