SPECIAL EDITION

-
 SECTION 1 The Revolution

8 THE Al ARMS
1 14 AT NEARLY 70,
1

RACE IS CHANGING Al COMES OF AGE

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EVERYTHING Even in antiquity, we
Tech companies are betting imagined transcendent
big on Al. Will they make machines in human form -
the same old mistakes or today the dream has
build a better world? finally arrived.
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SECTION 2 The New Order

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34 HOW TO MAKE
1 40 THE FUTURE
1

Al WORK FOR YOU, OF MEDICINE

ATWORK Artificial intelligence is
You can feel threatened by improving diagnoses and
Al, or harness its power for treatments, and changing
creativity, networking, and the doctor-patient
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SECTION 3 The Tools

ss LIKE THE STAR 62 A USER'S GUIDE

1

TREK HOLODECK From ChatGPT to

Sam Altman, the CEO of Midjourney and more,
OpenAl, is pushing past here's how to launch your
doubts to imagine the own projects and create
future: voice, images, dazzling designs with
immersion and magic. generative Al.

4
18 THE BIG 24 DO WE FACE 28 BIAS IN THE
PLAYERS AN EXISTENTIAL SYSTEM
Meet sorne of the THREAT? Large language rnodels can
visionaries, leaders, Three deep learning absorb human prejudice.
innovators, and thinkers pioneers explore whether Darnien Williarns, an expert
who are shaping today's Al could destroy the human on social justice in Al,
Al landscape. species, or even replace it. explains how to push back.

44 Al IN THE 48 A HOLLYWOOD 50 NEW TOOLS IN 52 RETHINKING THE

1

CLASSROOM REMAKE THE NEWSROOM THINKING JOBS -

Can the new technology Generative Al is rnuch Artificial intelligence is Law. Finance. Engineering. I \

prornote critical thinking more than just special transforrning journalisrn, Software developrnent. \
without sacrificing effects, and it's causing frorn how reporters do their Architecture. Is Al corning
collaboration, tearnwork, a new explosion of job to the way news for knowledge workers? Yes,
and the human touch? innovation in Tinseltown. is consurned. but not in the way we think. �
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are forrning bonded to aiding the blind, the Al can help you brew beer,
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relationships with artificial technology has rnade a huge knit, sleep, tour Iceland, �

rninds. What is it like to fall difference in rnany people's and restore your fixer-upper
in love with a rnachine? day-to-day experiences. on a budget.

5
r,r ..
what they believe will become a new back seat. In a winner-takes-all battle LAYING THE GROUNDWORK
infrastructure layer of the economy. for power, Big Tech and their venture- In fact, generative Al knows the
Microsoft is investing $10 billion capitalist backers risk repeating past problems of social media all too
in OpenAI, creator of ChatGPT and mistakes, including social media's well. AI-research labs have kept
DALL· E, and integrated generative cardinal sin: prioritizing growth versions of these tools behind closed
Al into its Office software and search over safety. While there are many doors for several years, while they
engine, Bing. Google declared a ''code studied their potential dangers, from
red'' corporate emergency in response misinformation and hate speech to
to the success of ChatGPT and rushed
'EVENTHOUGH the unwitting creation of snowballing
its own search-oriented chatbot, INTHELONG geopolitical crises.
Bard, to market. ''A race starts today," TERMITHINK That conservatism stemmed in part
Microsoft CEO Satya N adella said in ALL OF THE HYPE from the unpredictability of the neural
February 2023, throwing clown the network, the computing paradigm
gauntlet at Google's door. ''We're going
IS WARRANTED, that modern Al is based on, which is
to move, and move fast."
THE SHORT-TERM inspired by the human brain. Instead of
Wall Street has responded with HYPE IS PRETTY the traditional approach to computer
similar fervor, with analysts upgrading DISCONNECTED programming, which relies on precise
the stocks of companies that mention FROMTHE sets of instructions yielding predictable
Al in their plans and punishing those results, neural networks effectively
with shaky AI-product rollouts.
CURRENT teach themselves to spot patterns in
While the technology is real, a REALITY OF THE data. The more data and computing
financia! bubble is expanding around TECHNOLOGY.' power these networks are fed, the more
it rapidly, with investors betting big -Sam Altman, OpenAI CEO capable they tend to become.
that generative Al could be as market In the early 201os, Silicon Valley
shaking as Microsoft Windows 95 or potentially utopian aspects of these woke up to the idea that neural
the first iPhone. new technologies, even tools designed networks were a far more promising
But this frantic gold rush could also for good can have unforeseen route to powerful Al than old-school
prove catastrophic. As companies consequences. This is the story of programming. But the early Als were
hurry to improve the tech and profit how the gold rush began-and what painfully susceptible to parroting the
from the boom, research about history tells us about what could biases in their training data: spitting
keeping these tools safe is taking a happen next. out misinformation and hate speech.

--o 2015 MARCH ---o 2017 JUNE --o 2019 FEBRUARY -o 2022 NOVEMBER
Stanford and Berkeley Google researchers OpenAlannounces OpenAI releases
researchers fi rst first describe the language generator ChatGPT publicly
describe the diffusion transformer algorlthm GPT-2, but doesn't
Meta publishes
algorlthm that would that would turbocharge release it publicly
Galactica, but kills the
underpin later text-to- the power of chatbots because of "concerns chatbot after criticism
Image tools about malicious of false answers
applications"

10
When Microsoft unveiled its chatbot Al community had grown frustrated by order to beat out looming competition.
Tay in 2016, it took less than 24 hours OpenAI and other Al companies' look- OpenAI CEO Sam Altman emphasized
for it to tweet ''Hitler was right I hate but-don't-touch approach. In August in interviews that the more people
the jews'' and that feminists should ''ali 2022, a scrappy London-based startup used Al programs, the faster they
die and burn in hell," OpenAI's 2020 named Stability Al went rogue and would improve.
predecessor to ChatGPT exhibited released a text-to-image tool, Stable Users flocked to both OpenAI and
similar levels of racism and misogyny. Diffusion, to the masses. Releasing its competitors. AI-generated images
The Al boom really began to take Al tools publicly would, according flooded social media and one even
off around 2020, turbocharged by to a growing school of thought, allow won an art competition; visual effects
severa! crucial breakthroughs in developers to collect valuable data artists for movies began using Al -
neural-network design, the growing from users-and give society more assisted software for Hollywood hits
availability of data, and the willingness time to prepare for the drastic changes like Everything Everywhere All at Once.
of tech companies to pay for advanced Al would bring. Architects are devising Al blueprints;
gargantuan levels of computing power. Stable Diffusion quickly became the coders are writing AI-based scripts;
But the weak spots remained, and the talk of the internet. Millions of users publications are releasing Al quizzes
history of embarrassing Al stumbles were enchanted by its ability to create and articles. Venture capitalists took
made many companies, including art seemingly from scratch, and the notice, and have thrown over a billion
Google, Meta, and OpenAI, mostly tool's outputs consistently achieved dollars at Al companies that might
reluctant to publicly release their virality as users experimented with unlock the next great productivity
cutting-edge models. InApril 2022, different prompts and concepts. ''You boost. Chinese tech giants Baidu and
OpenAI announced DALL· E 2, a text- had this generative Pandora's box Alibaba announced chatbots of their
to-image Al model that could generate that opened," says N athan Benaich, own, boosting their share prices.
photorealistic imagery. But it initially an investor and co-author of the 2022 Microsoft, Google, and Meta,
restricted the release to a waitlist of State ofAl Report. ''It shocked OpenAI meanwhile, are taking the frenzy to
''trusted'' users, whose usage would, and Google, because now the world extreme levels. While each has stressed
OpenAI said, help it to ''understand was able to use tools that they had the importance of Al for years, they
and address the biases that DALL· E gated. It put everything on overdrive." ali appeared surprised by the dizzying
has inheri ted from its training data:' OpenAI quickly followed suit by surge in attention and usage-and
Even though OpenAI had throwing open the doors to DALL· E 2. now seem to be prioritizing speed over
onboarded 1 million users to DALL· E Then, in November 2022, it released safety. In March 2023, Google released
by July, many researchers in the wider ChatGPT to the public, reportedly in its ChatGPT rival Bard, and according

--o 2023 JANUARY --o 2023 MARCH ---o 2023 JULY -o 2023 SEPTEMBER
Microsoft plows Anthropic launches its Anthropic releases Anthropic releases
$10 billion into OpenAI Al assistant Claude Claude 2 Claude Pro; gets
Google releases Bard Elon Musk announces $4 billion from Amazon

2023 FEBRUARY his new company xAI, ChatGPT rolls out voice
OpenAI releases GPT-4
Microsoft previews in ChatGPT "to understand the and lmage prompts
new Bing search true nature of
Google connects Bard
englne with ChatGPT the universe" to apps like Gmail
i ntegratlon 2023 MAY
A ChatGPT mobile app OpenAI unveils
Meta releases Llama launches for iOS DALL•E 3

Google adds Al to Meta launches

search engl ne 28 Al personas

11
 Experts disagree about when Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)-systems that can think in superior
ways to people-will be developed. Some think it's justa few years away, others many decades from now.

to the New York Times said in a Kenyan workers who were paid left to <leal with the second-order
presentation that it will ''recalibrate'' less than $2 an hour to review toxic implications: a gutted news business,
the level of risk it is willing to take content, including sexual abuse, hate a rise in misinformation, and a
when releasing tools based on Al speech, and violence. skyrocketing teen mental-health crisis.
technology. And in June, Meta's CEO It's not hard to see AI's integration
Mark Zuckerberg declared his aim for MONETIZING THE TECH into Big Tech products going clown the
the company was to put generative Al As worrying as these current issues same road. Alphabet and Microsoft are
''into every single one of our products," are, they pale in comparison with most interested in how Al will make
according to Axios. what could emerge next if this race their search engines more valuable.
In this rush, mistakes and harms continues to accelerate. Many of [In May 2023, Google launched
from the tech have risen-and so the choices being made by Big Tech SGE, an experimental version of its
has the backlash. When Google companies today mirror those they search engine that integrates artificial
demonstrated Bard, one of its made in previous eras, which had intelligence answers into results.] But
responses contained a factual error devastating ripple effects. Margaret Mitchell, chief ethics scientist
about the Webb Space Telescope- Social media-the Valley's last truly at the Al -development platform
and Alphabet's stock cratered. After world-changing innovation-carries Hugging Face, argues that search
it was released in February 2023, the first valuable lesson. It was built engines are the ''absolute worst way''
Microsoft's Bing returned sorne false on the promise that connecting people to use generative Al, because it gets
results. Deepfakes-realistic yet false would make our societies healthier things wrong so often. Mitchell says the
images or videos created with Al-are and individuals happier. More than actual strengths of Als like ChatGPT-
being used to harass people or spread a decade later, we can see that its assisting with creativity, ideation, and
misinformation: One widely shared failures carne not from that welcome menial tasks-are being sidelined in
video showed a shockingly convincing connectedness, but the way tech favor of shoehorning the tech into
version ofJ oe Biden condemning companies monetized it: by slowly moneymaking machines for tech giants.
transgender people. warping our news feeds to optimize If search engines successfully
Companies including Stability Al for engagement, keeping us scrolling integrate Al, that subtle shift could
are facing lawsuits from artists and through viral content interspersed decimate the many businesses that
rights holders who object to their work with targeted online advertising. rely on search, either for ad traffic or
being used to train Al models without True social connection has become business referrals. Nadella, Microsoft's
permission. And a TIME investigation increasingly sparse on our feeds. At CEO, has said the new AI-oriented Bing
found that OpenAI used outsourced the same time, our societies have been search engine will drive more traffic,

12
and therefore revenue, to publishers oft-cited thought experiment is that ever-we need to be careful," Demis
and advertisers. But like the brewing of an Al that, following a command to Hassabis, CEO and co-founder of
pushback against AI-generated art, maximize the number of paper clips it Google DeepMind, told TIME in
many in the media now fear a future can produce, makes itself into a world- November 2022. ''Not everybody
where tech giants' chatbots cannibalize dominating superintelligence that is thinking about those things.
content from news sites, providing harvests all the carbon at its disposal, It's like experimentalists, many of
nothing in return. whom don't realize they're holding
The question of how Al companies dangerous material."
will monetize their projects also looms 'WENEEDTO Even if computer scientists succeed
large. For now, most are free to use, MAKE SURE THAT in making sure the Als don't wipe us
because their creators are following out, their increasing centrality to the
the Silicon Valley playbook of charging
THE BENEFITS
global economy could make the Big
little or nothing for products to crowd
[OF ARTIFICIAL Tech companies who control it vastly
out competition, subsidized by huge GENERAL more powerful. They could become
investments from venture-capital INTELLIGENCE] not just the richest corporations in
firms. While unsuccessful companies ACCRUETOAS the world-charging whatever they
adopting this strategy slowly bleed want for commercial use of this critical
money, the winners often end up
MANY PEOPLE AS infrastructure-but also geopolitical
with vicelike grips on markets they POSSIBLE TO ALL actors to rival nation-states.
can control as they see fit. ChatGPT, OF HUMANITY, The leaders of OpenAI and Google
which is currently ad-less and free to IDEALLY.' DeepMind have hinted that they
use, is also burning a hole in OpenAI's -Demis Hassabis, Google would like the wealth and power
pocketbook: Each individual chat DeepMind CEO and co-founder emanating from Al to be somehow
costs the company ''single-digit redistributed. The Big Tech executives
cents," according to its CEO. The who control the purse strings, on the
company's ability to weather losses, including from all life on Earth. In a other hand, are primarily accountable
thanks partly to Microsoft's largesse, 2022 survey of Al researchers, nearly to their shareholders.
gives ita huge competitive advantage. half of the respondents said that there Of course, many Silicon Valley
In February 2023, OpenAI was a 10% or greater chance that Al technologies that promised to change
brought in a $20 monthly charge could lead to such a catastrophe. the world haven't. We're not all living
for a subscription tier of the chatbot in the metaverse. Crypto bros who
called ChatGPT Plus. Google already ALIGNED WITH goaded nonadopters to ''have fun
prioritizes paid ads in search results. HUMAN VALUES staying poor'' are nursing their losses
It's not much of a leap to imagine it Inside the most cutting-edge Al labs, a or even languishing behind prison
doing the same with AI-generated few technicians are working to ensure bars. The streets of cities around the
results. If humans come to rely on Als that Als, if they eventually surpass world are littered with the detritus of
for information, it will be increasingly human intelligence, are ''aligned'' with failed e-scooter startups.
difficult to tell what is factual, what is human values. They are designing But while Al has been subject to a
an ad, and what is completely made up. benevolent gods, not spiteful ones. But similar level ofbreathless hype, the
As profit takes precedence over only around 80 to 120 researchers in difference is that the technology behind
safety, sorne warn of existential risk. the world are working full-time on Al Al is already useful to consumers and
The explicit goal of many of these alignment, according to an estimate getting better at a breakneck pace: AI's
Al companies-including OpenAI- shared with TIME by Conjecture, an computational power is doubling every
is to create an Artificial General AI-safety organization. Meanwhile, six to 10 months, researchers say. It is
Intelligence, or AGI, that can think and thousands of engineers are working on exactly this immense power that makes
learn more efficiently than humans. If expanding capabilities as the Al arms the current moment so electrifying-
future Als gain the ability to rapidly race heats up. and so dangerous.
improve themselves without human ''When it comes to very powerful - With reporting by Leslie Dickstein
guidance or intervention, they could technologies-and obviously Al is and Mariah Espada; updated excerpt
potentially wipe out humanity. An going to be one of the most powerful from TIME, Feb. 17, 2023

13
 Even in antiquity, we imagined transcendent machines in
humanform today the dream is here. BY BRIANA BROWNELL

very day there's a new headline about Al surprising In its modern form, Al began its trajectory in the mid-
us: passing the LSAT, winning an art contest, zoth century, probably over Christmas holidays 1955.
declaring undying love. But for Adrienne Mayor, That's when Herbert A. Simon, a founding father of the
historian of ancient science and author of Gods and Robots, field ( and eventually, a Nobelist in economics ), working
our current fascination with artificial intelligence is part of with his partner, the computer scientist Allen Newell, asked
a multimillennia-long human drive to get better, smarter, their ''thinking machine'' to prove theorems in Principia
faster, and stronger. ''Human enhancement technologies go Mathematica, the foundation of mathematics. It
all the way back to antiquity," she tells TIME. We've come succeeded, even finding proofs that were
to rely on glasses, hearing aids, and artificial limbs, but more elegant than had been derived by •

when Al is fully realized, it will dramatically exceed today's Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand ...........
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human limits, allowing us to fully transcend them. Russell, the book's au thors. . .. . .....
.. .. .. .. .. . .•. ' .,,

Already, the new slate of generative Al tools promises to Edward Feigenbaum, a computer
make every human more productive, able to learn faster and scientist who was, at the time, Simon's
communicate better-maybe even be a little more creative. student, remembers the announcement.
The best is yet to come. When Simon sent his report to the
In her 1979 history of Al, Machines Who Think, Pamela authors, Russell was delighted. ''I am
McCorduck calls Al ''that audacious effort to duplicate in an quite willing to believe that everything
artifact what we humans consider to be our most important,
our identifying, property-our intelligence," It makes us
in deductive logic [ drawing conclusions
from given statements] can be done by a
•
us. Her timeline of Al starts in the sixth century BCE with machine," he wrote back.
Homer's !liad, whose golden women were automata, basically
robots, blessed with knowledge of the gods.
Most aspects of that humanness of our intelligence-
spanning mathematics, science, language, strategy, and -- - • ..,
more-have been explored by Al research. Machines, to
people's astonishment, could replicate many of the most
fundamental facets of human thought. -

14
 But for Feigenbaum, deductive reasoning was much less to determine whether amachine could fool an interrogator
interesting than inductive reasoning-the ability to make into thinking it was human following a blinded conversation
observations and generalize out; this is how scientists create with it. That test was revolutionary at the time, and it served
hypotheses, the scientific method itself. ''Science is the as a gold standard for machine intelligence for decades-
profession of induction," Feigenbaum tells TIME. Starting and for decades, machines failed. Humans could always tell.
in the 195os, he began to mine humanknowledge and Al would first prove its smarts in a different domain
systematize it into Al, developing technologies that could when in 1997, IBM's Deep Blue supercomputer defeated
support scientific reasoning. It worked: These ''knowledge world chess champion Garry Kasparov. The kind of
systems," created by culling the expertise of real-world
professionals, could provide medical diagnoses and infer the
molecular structure of chemicals.
Call it evolution: J

MODELING HUMAN SMARTS Al began as a baby

By the 196os, those knowledge systems had begun to mine taking on narrow
the richness of human language, and computer scientist and tasks, but big data
and neural networks
roboticist Raj Reddy, a 1994 Turing award winner ( together
have propelled it to
with Feigenbaum), specializing in speech recognition, was
become disruptive.
leading the way. ''Language is a tool for thinking," Reddy q:o- •
tells TIME. These systems set the stage for models of today,
-
.(e •

but were they actually smart? •

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When British mathematician and computer scientist Alan

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Turing created his famous test for whether computers could
think in 1950, it was based on communication via language. t
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15
strategic thinking required to become mistaken for a human by a third of Mark Riedl proposed the Lovelace
a grandmaster takes a special kind of judges after a five-minute conversation. 2.0 Test, named after 19th-century
creativity, long believed to be among Its answers were so flip, and its English mathematician Ada Lovelace. To
the most unique types of human so adolescent and flawed, it was able to pass this test, an Al has to develop
thought. After all, the thinking of a pull it off. In one exchange, Goostman a unique, creative product that
chess grandmaster is beyond most asked a TIME journalist for an would generally require human-level
humans. Since the Al could look invitation to visit him in Seattle. intelligence to make. ''Creativity is
many more moves ahead, it surprised ''I don't live there anymore and not unique to human intelligence,"
onlookers with its foresight. ''And it would be weird for me to house a Riedl, a professor in the Georgia Tech
they would say that's stunning. That's 13-year-old hoy no matter where I School of Interactive Computing,
brilliant. That's incredibly creative," lived," Doug Aamoth, the reporter said. said on the BBC, ''but it is one of the
compu ter scientist Oren Etzioni, ''Possibly, it will be a big surprise hallmarks of human intelligence."
founding CEO of the Allen Institute for you, but 'no' isn't the only answer. Creativity is multifaceted, and the
for Artificial Intelligence, tells TIME. The word 'yes' also exists ! :- ) Wonna Lovelace 2.0 Test moves away from
The issue is, Reddy says, ''when ask me something more?'' Goostman scientific and mathematical creativity
you look at the inside of it ... it's all responded, somewhat sounding like to generating ''creative artifacts''
kind of boring stuff: Erute force. But a teen. Sorne considered interactions including ''paintings, poetry, stories,
computers can come up with solutions with Goostman a true encounter with architectural designs." Current Al tools
for all kinds of difficult problems, another mind, while others challenged may be close to passing this test, too.
which, when done by a human being, its usefulness as a test for anything
would be thought to be creative." approaching smarts. A PERMANENT FOOTHOLD
As a result, several other tests were For Reddy, today's landscape is a
GETTING CREATIVE suggested, including the Winograd continuation. ''We were doing the
Then, about a decade ago, chatbots got Schema Challenge, a multiple-choice same kinds of things that we are
good enough to challenge the Turing test for ambiguity and common sense, trying to do now." Key among those:
Test. Eugene Goostman, a chatbot and the Marcus Test, in which an machine learning, in which computers
programmed to imitate a 13-year-old Al would watch a video and answer learn from data rather than being
Ukrainian hoy with poor English, was questions about its content. In 2014, explicitly programmed. For decades,

16
 FROM LEFT Portrait of Ada Lovelace, an English mathematician considered the world's first computer programmer; the DEUCE:
Digital Electronic Universal Computing Engine, thefirst commercially-produced digital model developedfrom earlier plans by Alan
Turing; world chess champion Garry Kasparov makes a move during his fourth game against the IBM Deep Blue chess computer in
1997; trivia whiz Ken]ennings competes-and loses-against IBM's Watson, a successor to Deep Blue, in a 2011 game ofJeopardy!

data was scarce, expensive to gather, If yo u read a book every day, by the And this tech is not just restricted
and, at times, impossible to collect. end of your life, you would have read to government-funded labs or
Computers were slow and expensive. 40,000 books. So there's no way trillion-dollar tech conglomerates;
Now that has ali changed. any human being can have as much millions around the world now have
When Feigenbaum created his knowledge," Reddy says. an educator, illustrator, sommelier,
first knowledge systems, he says, ''we therapist, programmer in their pocket.
were mining ingots of gold out of the Our collective imagination,
heads of practitioners. Today, they're 'IF AMACHINE facilitated by Al, could do much to
scooping up gold dust from the sand." CAN THINK, IT bring about our shared future. Mayor
Using this ''knowledge dust'' MIGHTTHINKMORE thinks of those mythical robots from
requires a different kind of brute the past as thought experiments fueling
force-thousands or millions of cases
INTELLIGENTLY the future we inhabit now. These myths
for computers to learn patterns with THANWEDO, from the past make a map, she tells
machine learning. When Feigenbaum ANDTHEN TIME. ''Wherever science fiction goes,
looked at protein folding early in his WHERE SHOULD technology follows,"
career, only one protein's structure
WEBE?' As for creativity, Feigenbaum sees
was known: hemoglobin. Nowwe the future as one of enhancement. ''lt's
know over 100,000 protein structures, -Alan Turing, mathematician going to be smart humans, assisted
enabling AlphaFold, an Al program
and computer scientist, in 1951 by intelligent machines." Will a
developed by DeepMind, to make computer ever win a Nobel Prize?
discoveries that can target treatments A confluence of trends has made this Probably not, but someday the honor
and uncover the cause of disease. moment: fast computers and access may ''go to a human-machine pair."
The internal machinations of to massive amounts of data. Neither Wherever Al goes next, it's
today's Al may be energy guzzling, will vanish, allowing Al to establish a comforting that the field's creators,
overly convoluted, impossible to permanent foothold in the mountain like Reddy, remain optimistic. ''The
comprehend, but they dramatically of technological progress. future is unknowable," he tells TIME.
expand our abilities-and our world. ''Our overnight success has been ''But one thing is for sure: Great and
''ChatGPT has read 100 million books. 70 years in the making," Etzioni says. exciting things will happen."

17
 Meet sorne of the leaders, pioneers, innovators and thinkers
who are shaping today's Al landscape.

DEMIS HASSABIS The most pressing thing that needs Can you tell us about the formation
CEO and Co-Founder, to happen in the research area of Al is of Frontier Model Forum, an
Google DeepMind to come up with the right evaluation industry body that is focused on
benchmarks for capabilities. The ensuring responsible development
When Demis Hassabis was a young problem is, we don't have those types of Al models?
man, he helped design Theme Park, a ofbenchmarks. We have ideas about lt's about the leading companies trying
computer game that gave the player it, like, is this system capable of to come together to do more Al safety
a God's-eye view of a sprawling deception? Can it replicate itself across research. l'm not worried about today's
fairground business. Ever since then, data centers? These are the sorts of systems. But I could foresee severa!
Hassabis, who leads Google DeepMind, things you might want to test for. But generations from now that we will
one of the top Al labs, has been trying you need really rigorous definitions need something more rigorous than
to attain a God's-eye view of the world. if you want to make a practical, just looking at the amount of compute
Google DeepMind is developing a pragmatic test for them. they used. -Billy Perrigo
large Al model called Gemini, which
',
Hassabis has hinted might be able •
, ,,...,
1 .,.
to outperform OpenAl's GPT-4.
...
(The model, which at press time was
rumored to be out in December, will
be ''multimodal:'' meaning it is trained
on-and can input and output-not
just text but other media, like images.) '•
'

\•'
Will Gemini be a bigger version of •
•
what has come before, or is there
something architecturally different
about the way it is designed?
Think of Gemini as a series of models
rather than a single model, although
obviously, there will be individual '
models of different sizes. So it's a
combination of scaling and innovation.

Are there any capabilities that,

if Gemini exhibited them in your
testing phase, you'd decide:
''No, we cannot release this ''?

18
DARIO AND DANIELA AMODEI
CEO & President, Anthropic

As siblings go, Dario and DanielaAmodei agree more than most. ''Since we
were kids, we've always felt very aligned," Daniela says.
Alignment is top of mind for the duo at the helm of Anthropic, one of the
world's leading Al labs that recently gota $4 billion investment from Amazon.
The term means ensuring Al systems are ''aligned'' with human values. Dario
and Daniela-CEO and president of Anthropic, respectively-believe they are
taking a safer, more responsible approach to Al alignment than others.
Anthropic, founded in 2021, has carried out ''mechanistic interpretability''
research that aims to allow developers to carry out something analogous to a
brain sean-to see what's really going on inside an Al system, rather than relying
on its text outputs alone. Anthropic
has also developed Constitutional
'OUREXISTENCE Al, a radical new method for aligning
INTHE Al systems. lt has embedded those
ECOSYSTEM approaches into its latest chatbot,
Claude 2, a close competitor to GPT-4,
HOPEFULLY OpenAI's most powerful model.
CAUSES OTHER Constitutional Al allows developers
ORGANIZATIONS to explicitly specify the values their
TOBECOME systems should adhere to, via the
MORE LIKE US.' creation of a "constitution," separating
the question of whether an Al can do
- Dario Amodei
something from the more politically
fraught question of whether it should.
The other leading method for Al alignment-called reinforcement learning
from human feedback (RLHF)-can often result in those two questions being
''mixed together," Dario says. Research from Carnegie Mellon shows that
chatbots with more RLHF training tend to give more socially and economically
liberal answers than those that don't. That could be because the training process
often rewards the models for being inclusive and inoffensive. Constitutional Al
allows developers to instill a codified set of values into an Al rather than letting
them be implicitly and imperfectly set via RLHF. -Will Henshall and B.P.

19
SAM ALTMAN
CEO, OpenAI

Sam Altman gives humanity a lot of

credit. The human race is smart and
adaptable enough, he believes, to
cope with the release of increasingly
powerful Als into the world-so
long as those releases are safe and
incremental. ''People are much
smarter and savvier than a lot of the
so-called experts think," Altman, the
CEO of OpenAI, told TIME in May
2023. ''We can manage this."
That philosophy not only explains
why OpenAI decided to release
ChatGPT, its world-shaking chatbot,
in November 2022. It's also why the
company doubled clown a few months
later and launched GPT-4, the most
powerful large language model ever ANNA MAKANJU
made available to the public. Vice President of Global Affairs, OpenAI
As well as making Altman, a former
president of startup accelerator Y There's a good chance that whatever Al regulations emerge across the
Combinator, one of the hottest names world in the next few years, Anna Makanju will have left her fingerprints on
in tech, these releases proved him them. Makanju is the vice president of global affairs at OpenAI, which has
right, at least so far: Humanity was able positioned itself as one of the industry's foremost
to quickly adapt to these tools without drivers of good-faith regulation. The company
collapsing in on itself. Lawmakers- is already a leader in the Al sector-with
propelled in equal measures by fear ChatGPT becoming a household name
and awe-began seriously discussing since launching in November 2022. This
how Al should be regulated, a past year, Makanju and OpenAI CEO Sam
conversation Altman has long wanted Altman have been traveling the world,
them to begin in earnest. ''It is our meeting with leaders, and advising them
responsibility to educate policymakers on how to wrangle with this rapidly emerging
and the public about what we think is technology. ''Everyone is trying to strike this
happening, what we think may happen, balance of making sure that innovation is still
and to put technology out into the possible, and that it has the guardrails that are
world so people can see it," Altman needed to make sure it goes well," Makanju says.
says. ''It is our institutions' and civil ''People took different views of what that means or
society's role to figure out what we as how that should be done. But overall,
a society want." (For more on Altman, that was really what we heard
turn to page 58.) -B.P. everywhere in the world," -A.R.C.

20
RUMMAN CHOWDHURY
CEO and Co-Founder, Humane Intelligence

In August 2023, 4,000 hackers gathered in Las Vegas to break chatbots from
OpenAI, Google, and Anthropic. Hackers who were able to persuade the Als
to act in ways that broke their own rules-giving the recipe for anthrax, say-
were rewarded with points, with the winner finding severa! vulnerabilities.
The event was co-organized by Rumman Chowdhury, an Al ethicist and
the founder of Humane Intelligence, a
nonprofit that specializes in this so-called
red teaming of Al systems. Chowdhury 'ITISAMAZING
spoke to TIME about the dangers of Al. HOWMANY
PEOPLE, EVEN
What concerns you most about the
IFTHEY'RE
way Al is being adopted rlght now?
That it leads to an increased centralization
ANEXPERT,
of power and wealth into fewer and CONFUSE A USER
fewer people's hands. So, for example, DESIGNTHAT
the pictures we have of ourselves on the MIMICSCHAT
internet, the conversations we've had
FUNCTIONALITY
with our friends on social media-they've
literally scraped and taken what we've
AS SENTIENCE.'
all freely contributed to the internet to -Rumman Chowdhury
make it an interesting place. And they're
monetizing it and charging us for the output that they gain wealth from, while
also taking away the livelihoods of many different people.

What is the thing that you wish more people understood about Al?
That it's not magic. It's simply math, put into code. That people think of
programmers as uniquely capable entities that are smarter than everybody
else; also wildly untrue. These people cultivate a mystique around the
technology they build with the purpose of excluding others. And people are too
scared to critique Al, orto ask if it's doing the right thing. They think it is better
at making decisions than even an expert in a particular field could be. -B.P.

21
� ALONDRA NELSON
o Researcher at the lnstitute for Advanced Study and Policy Adviser

When the Biden White House was tasked with responding to the rapid changes
in generative Al last year, Alondra Nelson led the charge. As the director of the
White House Office of Science and Technology Policy ( OSTP), Nelson oversaw
the release of the Blueprint for an Al Bill of Rights in October 2022. The
document lays a framework that she hopes both Al builders and policymakers
will abide by in order to ensure that Al is a force for public good. ''Fueled by the JENSEN HUANG
power of American innovation, these tools hold the potential to redefine every CEO, President and Co-Founder,
part of our society and make life better for everyone," the document reads. Nvidia
Nelson also hopes the 73-page document-
which identifies a collection of best Stunning visuals have been a lifelong
practices for industry players, including obsession for Jensen Huang. Once,
stress-testing Al systems before they when he was just 8 years old, Huang
are publicly deployed, and continual sprayed lighter fluid on a swimming
audits-will spur Congress to pass Al pool and jumped in just to watch the
, legislation as soon as possible. flames dance from below the surface.
''The bottom line for the President "Unbelievable," he recalled, during a
is, how <loes this help families?'' says talk show in China. ''I still remember
Nelson, who departed the White House in the beautiful images."
February 2023. ''Is this providing economic Huang parlayed that passion into
security? Is it helping people keep or gain jobs an entire industry when in 1993
that are good and meaningful?'' Nelson he founded Nvidia, whose original
is hopeful: ''I'm optimistic that people remit was building graphics cards for
are responding to this moment with increasingly fantastical and immersive
the gravity it requires." -A.R.C. video games. Today, however, Huang's
firm, based in Santa Clara, Calif., is
the world's dominant producer of
the microprocessors that power the
Al revolution. Demand for Nvidia's
chips has soared with the explosion
of large language models such as
ChatGPT, with the firm's latest GH200
processor, unveiled in August 2023,
significantly slashing algorithm-
training time. ''We have reached the
tipping point of a new computing era,"
he told the Computex conference in
Taipei in May 2023.-Charlie Campbell

'EVERYONE IS A
PROGRAMMER
NOW. YOU JUST
HAVETOSAY
SOMETHING TO
THE COMPUTER.'
-Jensen Huang

22
 JAMES MANYIKA
Senior Vice President,
Research, Technology & Society, Google

At Google, James Manyika has a wide purview over

the company's Al research and products, which
. ,
touch climate change, health care, entertainment,
and more. One AI-powered project tracks wildfires.
Another, Flood Hub, which forecasts flood risk in
vulnerable areas, expanded in 2023 to serve 80
countries and hundreds of millions of people. For more on the
But he also warns of AI's risks. In May 2023, TI M E100 "Most
Manyika, who also serves as a vice chair of the lnfluential People in
N ational Al Advisory Committee, the federal Artificial I ntell lgence"
panel tasked with strategizing Al regulation, Oct. 9, 2023, cover
•
signed the Center for Al Safety's statement on Al story, go to time.com/
risk, which raised the possibility ofhumanity's time100-ai
''extinction from Al." Manyika says his experience
growing up under a system akin to apartheid
in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) hada ''deep impact'' on his approach to Al and
ascertaining the scenarios that should be prevented. Facial-recognition tools in
the hands of an oppressive government, for example, could be disastrous.
So Manyika's main priority is to develop products safely and to be transparent
about their limitations-even if that means that Google sometimes lags behind
its Al competitors. ''The only race here is to get it right," he says.-A.R.C.

These pro.files have been condensed and editedfor clarity.

23
 In afrank exploration of the potential peril, three deep learning pioneers
explore whether Al might really destroy the human species, or even replace it.

GEOFFREY HINTON out by the technology he helped create. ''This stuff will get
Emeritus Professor, University of Toronto smarter than us and take over," says Hinton. ''And if you
want to know what that feels like, ask a chicken."
Over the course of February 2023, Geoffrey Hinton, one of The human brain always fascinated Hinton. At
the most influential Al researchers of the past 50 years, had Cambridge University, he graduated with a degree in
a ''slow eureka moment." experimental psychology in 1970. He started a Ph.D. in
Hinton has spent his career trying to build Al systems Al at the University of Edinburgh, then the U.K:s only
that model the human brain, mostly in academia before postgraduate program on the subject, in 1972.
joining Google in 2013. He had always believed that the In the 197os, artificial intelligence, after failing to live
brain was better than the machines that he and others were up to its postwar promise, was going through a period of
building, and that by making them more like the brain, they dampened enthusiasm, and in this unfashionable field,
would improve. But early in 2023, he realized ''the digital Hinton pursued an unpopular idea: Al systems known
intelligence we've got now may be better than the brain as neural networks, which mimicked the structure of the
already. It's just not scaled up quite as big." human brain. His thesis adviser urged him on a weekly basis
Developers around the world are currently racing to build to change his approach. Each time he replied, ''Give me
the biggest Al systems that they can. Given the current rate another six months and I'll prove to you that it works."
at which Al companies are increasing the size of models, Upon completion of his Ph.D., Hinton moved to the U.S.
it could be less than five years until Al systems have 100 and published pathbreaking research, for which he was
trillion connections-roughly as many as there are between awarded the 2018 Turing Award, in posts at universities
neurons in the human brain. across the U. S., befo re eventually taking a professorship in
Alarmed, Hinton left his post as VP and engineering computer science at the University of To ronto.
fellow in May 2023 and gave a flurry of interviews in which In 2012, Hinton and two ofhis graduate students,
he explained that he had left in order to be able to speak Alex Krizhevsky and Ilya Sutskever, the latter now
freely on the dangers of AI-and his regrets over helping chief scientist at OpenAI, joined forces and entered
bring that technology into existence. He worries about what ImageNet, a once annual competition in which researchers
could happen once Al systems are scaled up to the size of competed to build the most accurate image-recognition Al
human brains-and the prospect of humanity being wiped systems. They dominated the competition-an emphatic

24
 ''We should worry seriously about how we stop these things getting control over us," Geoffrey Hinton said in May 2023.

demonstration that neural networks had come of age. Hinton <loes not know how to prevent superhuman Al
Hinton's persistence had paid off. systems from taking over. If there's any hope, he says, it lies
He and his students set upa shell company called with the next generation. Many scientists switch to policy
DNNresearch to auction their expertise, and four tech work later in their careers, but he declined Google's offer to
firms-Google, Microsoft, Baidu, and DeepMind-bid tens take such a role at the company: ''I've never been very good at
of millions for the company. Hinton chose Google over the or interested in policy issues," he tells TIME. ''I'm a scientist,"
final bidder, Baidu. In 2013, he joined Google Brain, the Instead, Hinton is sounding the alarm, giving interviews
cutting-edge machine-learning team he left in May. to raise public awareness and speaking with policymakers,
Hinton has been instrumental in the development including officials in the U.K. Prime Minister's office,
and popularization of neural networks, the dominant Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and U.S. Senators
Al development paradigm that has allowed huge amounts Bernie Sanders and Jon Ossoff.
of data to be ingested and processed, leading to advances in While on a theoretical level he grasps the risks from Al,
image recognition, language understanding, and self-driving Hinton says that his emotions haven't yet caught up. ''The
cars. His workhas potentially hastened the future he fears, in idea that we're going to be replaced as the apex intelligence
which Al becomes superhuman with disastrous results. is just very hard to get your head around." Will Henshall

25
YOSHUA BENGIO
Scientific Director, Montreal Institute
for Learning Algorithms

Yoshua Bengio, one of the most important Al researchers of

the past three decades, understands what Al can do better
than most. Still, upon encountering ChatGPT, he hada
''visceral'' reaction. It took him all winter and much of spring
to begin to intellectually-and emotionally-adjust to his
new understanding of how quickly Al could surpass humans.
''It's very challenging psychologically to realize that what
you've been working for, with the idea that it would be a great
thing-for society, for humanity, for science-may actually
be catastrophic," Bengio says, speaking in August 2023 from
his home in Montreal. ''It's like
you think you'd been acting
well all your life and then
'I'M
somebody [tells you] you've CONCERNED
been actually building a bomb THAT
that's going to kill everyone," POWERFUL
In March 2023, Bengio spoke
out about the risks Al poses,
TOOLSCAN
just weeks before Hinton did HAVE NEGATIVE
as well. ''Geoff and I carne to USESAND
very similar conclusions ... SOCIETY IS NOT
without talking to each other," READYTODEAL
says Bengio, who has been a
professor at the University of
WITHTHAT.
Montreal for more than three LET'SSLOW
decades. Bengio and Hinton DOWN.LET'S
separately estimate that Al that MAKESURE
outperforms humans at all tasks WEDEVELOP
will be developed at sorne point
in the next five to 20 years.
BETTER
Bengio has been part of GUARDRAILS.'
teams which have made -Yoshua Bengio
breakthroughs that have
helped lay the groundwork for
the recent advances in Al. In 2003, he laid the foundations ''looks desperate for humanity." Al could overpower us in the
for modern large language models (LLMs) by showing that future, he says. But things could get tricky well before then.
neural networks could learn patterns in human language by ''The nearest thing is meddling with elections," says Bengio.
predicting the next word, like autocorrect. In 2014, working ''That could happen by the next U.S. election," In 2023, he
with Ian Goodfellow, Bengio carne up with a way to train Ais testified before the U.S. Senate about the dangers of Al,
by having two compete against each other, one generating and has written papers about Al policy and governance. He
content and the other judging its quality. And in 2018, Bengio intends to shift his work toward technical Al-safety research.
helped develop the concept of attention-adapting neural ''The real question when you're in any situation is, What
networks to understand highly connected data like social can Ido to reduce those risks? I can't bring them to zero.
networks by focusing on the most relevant parts. It's not clear that anybody can," Bengio says. ''But if we can
Now, Bengio intends to harness his intellectual horsepower reduce the probability of bad things by a factor of 10, well,
thinking hard about the current situation, which he says let's do it." W.H.

26
 Yann LeCun, Hinton, and Yoshua Bengio were the recipients of
the 2018 ACM A.M. Turing Award, considered the ''Nobel Prize''
for computing.

These days, LeCun, now the chief Al scientist at Meta and

a computer science professor at NYU, is still offering bold,
controversia! proclamations-and sparring with everyone
and anyone he disagrees with. ''I could stay silent, but it's
not so much my style," he tells TIME in a video interview.
LeCun has dismissed existential fears around Al as
''preposterous'' and akin to an ''apocalyptic cult." He believes
the current craze around large language models-including
ChatGPT-is a misdirected fad that will soon hit a dead end.

You've called Al doomers ''preposterous.'' Why are you

so sure this technology will not threaten the world?
The Eliezer Yudkowskys of the world are saying, ''If you
get it slightly wrong and just turn on this superintelligent
system, it will immediately take over the world and escape
our control." But that's not the way it will work. It's like if
you said in 1960, ''We'll build the first transatlantic jet. We
won't test it beforehand. We'll just build it, puta thousand
people in it, fly it across the Atlantic, and hope it doesn't
blow up." Of course, that would be stupid.
lt took decades for airliners to become supersafe: decades
of fine-tuning and careful engineering. We're in the same
situation for Al. A lot of people say Al is not safe. But they
are naive. They have no idea. It's a complicated engineering
problem that we haven't even begun to solve because we don't
even have a good design for a superintelligent Al system yet.
Now, a lot of the Al researchers themselves cannot
imagine how to make those systems safe. 1 think there's a
way to make them safe by designing them so that they have
to abide by a certain number of objectives. You hard-wire
those objectives so the system, by construction, cannot
produce an output that <loes not abide by the guardrails
in the process of accomplishing a task. But that's notas
difficult an issue as people have made it to be.
THE
Why do you think your viewpoint on this diverges so
YANN LECUN drastically from Geoffrey Hinton and Yoshua Bengio?
ChiefAl Scientist, Meta Geoff believes LLMs are smarter than I believe they are, and
he's a little more optimistic about how they might get us to
Yann LeCun has long marched to the beat of his own human-level Al. So he realized, ''We need to worry about
drum. After the French computer scientist hypothesized superintelligent machines. If you have a more intelligent
in the 198os that artificial neural networks could be entity, it is going to want to take over the world," 1 think that's
designed to imitate the human brain, his ideas were widely just wrong. There's no correlation between being intelligent
mocked as fantastical for decades. But thanks to technical and wanting to take over. Even within the human species, it's
breakthroughs in the field, LeCun's ideas would forge the not the most intelligent among us who want to be the leaders.
bedrock for the current generative-AI revolution. In fact, it's quite the opposite, mostly. Andrew R. Chow

These pro.files have been condensed and edited for clarity; excerpt from TIME, Sept. 7, 2023

27
 ••• •••

28
 Als, like people, can absorb prejudices and exacerbate problems
instead of solving them. In this Q&A, Damien P. Williams, an expert on
socialjustice, explains the issues and what we can do to push back.

ou're hiring an assistant or considering candidates You've said that the original Al systems were trained
for a grant, and you'd like to make the best choice on biased data. Can you explain?
possible, free of emotion or any hidden bias you One of the largest sources of natural language processing
might have-so you turn to Al for help. But not so fast! data for the forerunners of large language models like
Generative Al, trained on the mas sive flow of human ChatGPT carne from the Enron Corporation. We call it the
language and culture across the internet, has already Enron Corpus. We're talking more than 600,000 emails,
absorbed our biases, including the unconscious ones. And millions of lines of human natural language conversation,
while developers are working to purge racism, sexism, encompassing everything from shareholder discussions
and disdain for the disabled from their language models, to how to handle a particular client to jokes. Sorne of it is
they have a lot of work ahead, especially when it comes to pretty off-color and contains comments about ethnicity
more nuanced forms of discrimination we cannot always and gender. And all of that beco mes the basis for teaching
perceive. In the Q&A that follows, Pamela Weintraub the language models to associate one word and one concept
discusses the entrenched biases still laced through emerging with another.
Al with Damien Patrick Williams, a data scientist and
philosopher at the University ofNorth Carolina at Charlotte. Given how biased the Enron data was, didn't they
His particular focus: How Al and algorithms affect the lived start over to develop today's systems?
experiences of marginalized people, and how we can set Not entirely. But also, it's not just the Enron Corpus -
things righ t. conversation in general uses language that has bias and
prejudice built right in. And generative Al is still trained on
Why do we find bias in Al? things like Twitter [ now X], or Facebook, email exchanges,
We think that artificial intelligence systems are just where biases are present.
math and just code, so they shouldn't have bias. But they
are actually translations of the world, as we see it, into How are today's creators trying to get rid of that bias
something a computer can understand. When we train on the back end?
systems, we make choices about what data we choose, how They highlight things that are grossly prejudicial for
we organize that data, and what instructions we give to exclusion but oftentimes, it's not until after they've seen a
the systems about how toparse that data. And all of those problem. Then they make the attempt to do a reinforcement
cho ices have the hallmarks of human values and human learning process where they go in and they say we're not
perspectives in them, including bias. going to allow it to say these bigoted, harmful things.

29
What about steering these systems the highest success rate -but one is these things are trained on language
away from the lngralned, often always called upon over another-that and scenarios in history that are
unconscious bias, known as implicit report can be read into the algorithm pointing to the past, and then trying
bias, or the systemic bias we may and impact the system as a whole. to use those things to predict and talk
not even see operating around us? about the present and the future.
Systemic and implicit bias are more That's scary. What's the real-world
subtle things. These biases pervade us impact in terms of gender bias? And what about racial biases in
daily, and it's harder to observe them. Communicating with Google Bard, the system?
If you work in an office, for instance, I asked for specific words associated Digital imaging systems have long had
people may be more likely to ask a with the following phrases: president, problems with darker skin tones, and
male co-worker for help-even if the teacher, nurse, doctor, secretary, CEO, many facial recognition systems are
female co-worker is more skilled. associated with male, female, man, trained on publicly available images
They'd be like, ''Yeah, Sharon's, great. woman, he, she. What the system such as mug shot databases. Black
I love how she <loes her work." But day did was build a statistically likely men are overrepresented in those
to day, these people are going to Mark, recreation of what something like that datasets due to known disparities
not Sharon, for help. Eventually, that would be, based on what it's trained and prejudices in human policing.
implicit bias informs the entire system. on. And in that statistically likely The systems relying on them can't
recreation, the weighting for secretary, distinguish between different Black
How does Al absorb implicit bias? nurse, and teacher toward female or men, will target any given Black
Let's say you are part of an IT team woman was 65% to 85%. And it was man for criminal suspicion more
fixing a company's computers and the unlikely at all to find presidentas often, and so more often misidentify
algorithm looks to which member has gendered female. And that's because and falsely accuse Black men as

30
 Jf we build new technologies with social justice in mind and correct for bias quickly,
we will have a chance to build a better, more equitable world for everyone.

suspects of crimes. Also, automated Are you suggestlng that if the

resume sorting systems are trained current legacy system were
on human decisions made by people transferred to Al, the inequity
who often have implicit biases would become even more
against names they consider ''Black- entrenched and harder to reverse?
sounding," a trait they associate with That's unfortunately a very real
''unprofessionalism." This affects possibility. You need a person, nota
not only who gets hired but who gets machine, to make the change. And if
promoted to positions of authority in you're the group that's driving this
which they could make real change. kind of reinforcement learning process
for Al, and you don't recognize ableist
You've focused on disability rights, harm as a kind of harm, then you're not
What's the problem there? going to be able to push against it.
There are many automated disability
benefits systems in the United States. How can we untangle all of this?
You can just plop your information One problem I have with the ''Al
into an algorithm and you'll get a Pause'' sorne have suggested is that it
determination as to how much money <loes not look back. So many people
you get. When I ask generative Al have said, ''Okay, let's not build
for guidance on these payments, it anything stronger than GPT-4 right
replicates the legacy systems, with a bias now because we don't know what it
against home or in-community care for will do and it seems like it might get
disabled people anda preference toward out of hand very quickly." But none
institutional or hospital care; with either of that is about disentangling the
system, you'll get less money if you are current problems in those systems. If
cared for at home rather than at a facility. a pause were to happen, it would need
What these systems fail to understand to be to reassess what prejudices and
is that, for people providing the care at inequalities are already baked into the
home, that becomes their job. So while systems we're using now. If we don't or
the algorithms assume there is another can't stop and fix these problems, we
source of income for people at home, in may have to untangle them by junking
reality often no other financia! support the current systems and starting anew.
exists. The reasoning for these decisions Either way, the process must be both
can be opaque. thorough, and fast.

31
 �,,·
11
11
11
11

i�.
111
11 :.l..

34
 efore last year, J ana Soldicic's
understanding of artificial
intelligence was mostly
limited to what she'd read on the
pages of science fiction novels. But
in the fall, after getting the chance to
use the technology in real life as she
played around with the generative Al
tools ChatGPT and DALL· E , she got
more cunous,•

''I really wanted to know what was

behind it. 1 knew it couldn't be magic,"
Soldicic said.
She searched on her computer and
found Elements of Al, a self-paced,
online course created by MinnaLearn
and the University ofHelsinki that

- provides an introduction to artificial

intelligence designed for people
without a background in technology.
Soldicic was surprised by how much
she enjoyed the course.
''I got a little bit addicted to it," she
says. ''lt gave me a basic understanding
of what Al is now and what it could be."
The experience gave her a deeper
understanding of how artificial
..
,
intelligence actually operated-far
beyond what she might have learned
from messing around with the publicly
available programs. Now, she's bringing
that knowledge to her work as an
event planner. ''I now have more of an
understanding what it could do forme,
my work, [ and] my colleagues, other
than just creating texts or pictures."
Soldicic, who is based in Hamburg,
Germany, uses Al text-to-image
generators like DALL·E to bring ads
and flyers to life with designs that it
might have previously been impossible
for her to create on her own. ''We
wanted little squirrels on a tandem bike
for one event [ flyer ], and you could
never find such a picture in real life.
I put in 'two squirrels on the tandem
bike' [ on DALL· E ] and there were so

35
many different and cool results. I didn't Al tools could theoretically automate the Stanford Institute for Human-
have to find somebody to realize my work that takes as muchas 70% of an Centered Al. By far the biggest benefits
idea, I could just do it at home." employee's time and that Al could are having Al work with humans and
Artificial intelligence is expected replace half of workers' daily work help them be more productive."
to drastically change the way activities by 2045-around a decade Brynjolfsson, along with
most of us work, but it's a shift earlier than their previous estimates. researchers Danielle Li and Lindsey
many are unprepared for. Amid Unlike prior cycles of technological Raymond, authored a study in
all the chatter around Al, there is disruption, the shift stands to most which generative Al was used by
increasing concern about the threat impact knowledge-based workers, over 5,000 customer support agents
it may pose to workers, ranging those in jo bs that have traditionally ata call center, and found that Al
from marketing executives and software had higher wages and educational tools boosted workers' productivity,
developers to lawyers. A recent requirements, according to McKinsey. reduced attrition, and were especially
Goldman Sachs report found that as (For more on how it's affecting these helpful for early-career workers.
many as 300 million jobs around the workers, turn to page 52.) However, Through machine learning, the
world could be affected by Al and experts say the shift will likely mean generative Al systems were able to
automation, but a Boston Consulting people will be required to use tools use pattern recognition to identify
Group survey found that adoption such as generative Al in the same successes and failures in customer
has so far been largely limited to the service approaches. ''It listened in on
e-suite. According to the June 2023 a whole bunch of transcripts and calls,
survey, 80% of executives said they 'KNOWLEDGE and could see the patterns that turned
used generative Al regularly, while only WORKERS FACE THE out well, the ones that didn't turn out
20% of frontline employees reported HIGHEST LEVEL well," says Brynjolfsson. ''It captured
the same. Meanwhile, a study earlier that tacit knowledge and passed it on
in 2023 by human resources analytics
OFEXPOSURE to the less experienced workers,"
firm Revelio Labs found that the jobs
HERE, WHICH IS Brynjolfsson said the Al system was
most threatened by Al are largely held QUITE DIFFERENT able to recommend specific features to
bywomen. WITHWHATWE'VE solve a customer's problems, ora tone
In the face of this change, people SEEN WITH OTHER of voice or phrasing that might work
like Soldicic are trying to skill up in better. ''Maybe no human had ever
Al and bring what they learn to the
REVOLUTIONS.' written clown those rules before but
workplace-and many courses are -Svenja Guddell, the Al system, by looking at literally
emerging to help them do it. Indeed's chief economist millions of transcripts, was able to pick
''It's clear this is one of those moments up on these patterns,"
where people are really trying to get way we use search engines and word Al tools are likely going to impact
a handle on what's happening," says processors. ''These tools can enable tasks that are ''routine, predictable,
Dan Brodnitz, Global Head of Content workers to carry out a broader range of or standardized," according to Tomas
Strategy at Linkedln Learning. ''This is tasks and make people more effective," Chamorro- Premuzic, a profes sor
about the opportunity for Al to improve David Autor, a labor economist at the of business psychology and author
our jobs and to augment our professional Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology of 1, Human: Al, Automation, and
lives. To navigate that, people are going (MIT), tells TIME. In fact, a 2023 study the Quest to Reclaim What Makes Us
to and already [are] super motivated to from MIT found that using ChatGPT Unique. Though it might be tempting
invest in themselves," boosted productivity for workers who to brush off the sudden rise of Al tools
had to complete assignments like as just a fad, Chamorro- Premuzic says
WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS writing cover letters or delicate emails. it's important to become as familiar
Experts say Al will likely transform Access to the assistive chatbot cut the as possible with the tools, as they are
the workplace, though it is developing time it took to perform these tasks by likely to become ubiquitous. ''These
so rapidly that we may not know all 40%, while output quality rose by 18%. are tools that everybody will use, and
the ways it could change how we'll be ''Al is not just about automating if you're the only person not even
working in the future. A recent survey jobs and replacing people," adds trying it out or not using it, you might
by McKinsey estimated that generative Erik Brynjolfsson, senior fellow at actually suffer," he says, comparing

36
•
•

•••

*Estimated total pay in the U.S., by G/assdoor

**Salary from ZipRecruiter

37
such resistance to deciding not to use Valtonen. More than 1 million people all designed to give people a lot of
Google's search engine. ''Nearly all from 170 countries have already control." Alphabet offers a range of
jobs will experience sorne exposure signed up to take MinnaLearn's online courses through the Google Cloud
to Al," Svenja Guddell, Indeed's chief Elements of Al course. The company Skills Boost platform.
economist, confirms. ''Humans are still also offers a paid version of the Many universities also provide
essential. You need us around to get program tailored toward businesses online classes in the new technologies.
a lot of this stuff done. But tools like and it launched a new chapter on The University of Pennsylvania, for
ChatGPT can be helpful in performing generative Al this summer. example, offers ''Al Fundamentals
sorne job skills," she tells TIME. There are also more tailored courses for Non-Data Scientists'' for $99.
Employers have taken note. A 2023 for workers and job seekers looking Harvard's popular ''Introduction to
report from the career site Resume to learn specific skills. Learners Artificial lntelligence with Python''
Builder found that 90% of hiring looking to understand the tools that course is free and taught by professor
leaders consider ChatGPT proficiency might prove useful in particular roles David Malan, a renowned computer
to be a resume enhancer across a or sectors could turn to Linkedln scientist. Platforms like Coursera and
host of career categories. ''When Learning-Linkedln's educational edX have even more classes that offer
employers know that an employee arm-for example. It offers more certifications in Al.
oran applicant has experience with than 100 courses covering artificial Art Munin decided to take sorne
Al, that could potentially be more courses on Al after his employer, a
appealing to them, even if they're not tech company that helps colleges
a tech company," says Amber Clayton, 'WHENTHERE'S and universities with enrollment
senior director of Knowledge Center A DISRUPTIVE management, began deploying an Al
operations at the Society for Human TECHNOLOGY LIKE tool of its own. ''After learning about
Resource Management. ''I think many THIS, OVERALL our Al tool, 1 was not satisfied just
employers are looking at this right now trusting that it worked. 1 wanted to
as an opportunity to be more efficient."
IT'S GOOD FOR know how it worked," he explained to
THEECONO TIME in an email.
TRAINING UP ON Al EFFICIENCIES Munin has taken several Linkedln
Ville Valtonen, MinnaLearn's CEO IMPROVEAND Learning courses, including ''Deep
and co-founder, believes truly
MORE JOBS ARE Learning: Getting Started'' and
understanding Al is only possible by ''Applied Machine Learning:
going back to the basics. MinnaLearn's
CREATED.' Foundations.'' As conversations around
Elements of Al course teaches students - Michael Fry, director of the artificial intelligence and its use begin
the patterns and probabilities that Center for Business Analytics at to enter public conversation, he says
make artificial intelligence what it is, the University of Cincinnati the course has allowed him to better
so they have the confidence to adapt discern fact from fiction when it comes
alongside the technology. ''The Al field intelligence, on both the theoretical to the impacts and concerns around
moves so fast. There are hundreds of and practica! fronts. These range from Al. ''There is a gigantic difference
tools coming daily. So we think it's ''Introduction to Prompt Engineering between Al being used in military
really useful that people learn the for Generative Al'' to ''Artificial mis sil e defense, for example, and Al
high level things first, and then they lntelligence for Business Leaders." supporting the recruitment of college
can apply that in the world. That's Pricing for an individual Linkedln students. These courses have helped me
something you can use for much longer Learning subscription begins at $19.99 with a language and knowledge base to
than a specific tool," Valtonen says. per month, with the option to pay navigate these complex conversations
The course is free and requires for individual courses. and advocate for the reasonable use of
no advanced math or programming The courses are broken clown into Al in my field of work.''
experience. ''We wanted to create bite-sized chapters, many of which
a course for that 99% of people come in at under five minutes. ''We've HOW TO GET STARTED
who can't code and still wanted to designed it so you can use the time While there has been sorne
understand how Al was being used you have available to learn what you legitimate concern about Al coming
in the world around them," says need to learn," Brodnitz says. ''It's for many of our jobs, there are ways

38
 According to a recent CNBC survey, workers who rely onAifor theirjobs have a Workforce Happiness Index of 78,
seven points higher than among those who don't, and are likelier to have received salary increases that have outpaced inflation.

workers can use Al to help them want the end result to be?'; Do I want California-based product manager
improve at their jobs. Consider it to create a newsletter for our target who took MinnaLearn's ''Elements of
how Al systems might impact your audience bringing in real-time data?' Al'' course, says that ou tsourcing more
specific field, and whether it can help Think about the end outcome and mundane tasks like agenda-setting or
make your workflow more efficient, reverse engineer," she says. double-checking a draft's grammar has
suggests AmandaJohnstone, CEO While you don't have to be a data drastically increased his productivity.
of the technology research and scientist, artificial intelligence is built ''I'm able to get 80% of whatever that
development lab, Transhuman. For around data and everybody will be task is done in just 20% of the time,"
example, when trying to brainstorm expected to have sorne comfort level he says. ''I'm the benefactor of that,
creative lab experiments that meet with handling data. But Michael Fry, because it frees up my bandwidth to do
specific educational standards, a director of the Center for Business other things."
teacher can ask ChatGPT to help, Analytics at the University of The most important piece of advice
rather than generating ideas on their Cincinnati, thinks workers will master for those navigating this whole new
own, she says. these skills quickly. ''Al will soon world? Don't get stressed out about
It can even be as simple as asking become like calculators, simply tools we the new technologies.
the tool to draft an email or social use without thinking," he tells TIME. ''Any task that has to do with
media post. ''Try not to make it too For those interested in data processing and anything that's
technical," Johnstone says. ''You can experimenting with generative Al routine, Al will excel at," Kelly
have Al create 50 social media posts tools, experts say a great first step is Monahan, managing director of
for you. And then spend half a day simply to take the time to play around Upwork Research Institute tells
timing them to post [ rather than] the with them-especially while there are TIME. ''But Al and humans have
next three months, or you can have versions of platforms like ChatGPT, different types of intelligence and
artificial intelligence draft the next 10 DALL· E and Bard that are free. ''Have different types of skills. Critical
newsletters for you." fun with it, test it in your own way, skills, strategic thinking, emotional
J ohnstone advises against thinking about the problems that you intelligence and creativity simply
approaching the prompt like a Google might have," Chamorro-Premuzic says. can't be programmed. At its best, Al
search. Instead, be specific in how ''It's definitely trial and error." augments human potential-it's not
you prompt the tool. ''When you're For sorne learners, the benefits of a substitute." -Additional reporting
prompting Al or working with Al, using Al at work has been a pleasant by Linda Marsa; updated excerpt from
you need to think, 'What do I really surprise. Damian Wolfgram, a TIME, Aug. 9, 2023

39
 Artificial intelligence is improving diagnoses, treatments, and paperwork-
and changing the doctor-patient relationship for the better.

KET
ill chatbots replace your primary care physician? What do these ambient conversations streamline?
Not if patients have their way. A Pew Research Ali sorts of things. Instead of the doctor having to do the
survey reveals that few Americans want their preauthorization to the insurance company, inste ad of having
doctors diagnosing disease or recommending treatments to type in prescriptions, or order the tests that the doctor
with the technology. And only 13% think Al would improve wants, orto nudge the patient about their blood pressure-all
the patient-provider relationship, according to the February that is done through that conversation. That's taking off.
2023 report. But Eric Topol, a practicing cardiologist at the
Scripps Clinic and author of Deep Medicine: How Artificial Is ChatGPT also being used for diagnoses?
Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again, is optimistic That's starting to get legs. People can't get appointments and
that AI's large language models can transform medicine for want to get their medical questions answered, so they go to
the better-from automating administrative tasks that often ChatGPT. And you've seen sorne anecdotes about incredibly
take up the bulk of a practitioner's time to getting to the complex cases, like the hoy with the tethered cord syndrome.
bottom of difficult diagnoses. In the Q&A that follows, Topol [ ChatGPT diagnosed a 4-year-old with a disorder of the
makes the case to Annabel Vered for his vision of Al as a force nervous system caused when tissue attaches itself to the
for restoring trust and empathy to the doctor-patient bond. spinal cord, after 17 doctors could not.] I have a patient who
was told she had long COVID. She saw seven neurologists. Her
Al is already being used to record conversations sister put her symptoms into ChatGPT and [it said] she had
between a doctor and their patient and then limbic encephalitis, which is not long COVID. She got treated,
converting that into a clinical summary. Has that and she's cured. That's where diagnosis is in the early stages.
made a difference?
That's going on right now throughout many medical centers Have you made a diagnosis with ChatGPT?
in the U.S. These notes are better than any notes that existed I used it for fun when I already had the diagnosis in several
beforehand. And that's liberation from the keyboard, which complex cases. I haven't seen it miss yet. I hada patient with
is a big <leal in medicine. That's exciting, because that is mutation negative hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and I put
already saving hours of keyboard time per day for each the symptoms [in GPT-4 ], and asked what's the diagnosis?
clinician, doctors, and nurses. And eventually, that's going And it got it right, so I said, that's pretty damn good.
to be the norm ofhow the record of a visit and bedside
round will be done. Why would you go through ali this data lsn't that dangerous? What if ChatGPT gets it wrong?
entry stuff, which is why a lot of people are so disillusioned to People worry you're going to get mistaken hallucinations
be in medicine? It's improving efficiency and productivity. and confabulations. But that's kind of silly. Because while

40
 "The advances will come fast,"
Eric Topol tells TIME. '']ust wait
till we get to GPT-12!''

Does the Al automatically send

this data to your doc?
If you're healthy, it would only be
between you and the Al. Let's say you
have a high risk for asthma or heart
disease: Your Al coaches you about
what you can do to prevent problems,
whether it's through diet, exercise, or
another specific thing. lndividualized
medicine, virtual coaches, hospital
at home, all sorts of things will be
enabled. That's the next frontier.

What's a hospital at home?

that liability exists, what do we do now? We do Google That's going to happen, where we
searches, which are not very good, or go to WebMD. This basically don't admit people in the hospital unless they're
is going to be a much more refi.ned way of people getting critically ill, because we have got sensors and all this data
answers to questions, by having conversations. And, yeah, from a patient. lt's like having an ICU in a patient's bedroom.
there will be sorne mistakes, but you can get a second
opinion, a third opinion, a fourth opinion-and it's all free! You feel strongly that Al will bring humanity back to
medicine. Can you explain?
Are you uslng Al in your practice? I'm confi.dent of the potential, but there's one contingency.
Are you familiar with smartphone ultrasound [a small, On the one hand, patients will be more autonomous, and on
handheld probe that allows doctors to see ultrasound scans the other hand, physicians will have the gift of time to spend
on their phone ]? Within seconds, 1 see everything in the with patients who need it. Whoever listens to patients
heart. 1 show it to the patient and I can send the video to anymore? Because it's rush, rush, rush, and typically, the
them when we're together. doctor is typing on a keyboard. We can't get worse. We can
only get better from these various technological advances.
Have you used that tool on yourself?
I had abdominal pain, 1 didn't know what it was, so I did an So what's the catch?
ultrasound of my abdomen and found out I had a dilated The catch is that in the U.S., doctors are beholden to
kidney. 1 went to the emergency room and I said to the overlords, who are financia! bean counters. Their goal is ''see
doctor, ''I did my ultrasound, 1 have pain, 1 have a dilated more patients, make more money." That can't be tolerated.
left kidney, I think I have kidney stones." He looked at Our opportunity to restore the humanity in medicine and
me like I was an alien. They did a CAT sean and it showed bring back the patient-doctor relationship hinges upon
exactly what I had on my phone-that I did have kidney understanding how that gift of time can be actualized, so
stones. 1 tell the story to show what Al can do now. You each visit is notan average of seven minutes. 1 saw a really
don't have any experience with an ultrasound but you have a complex patient today, who had been to many medica!
probe that you pop into the bottom of your smartphone and centers, and I had one hour and 20 minutes with that
you say, ''OK, I want to do an echocardiogram." You put it on patient. We have to get back to that intimate bond where the
the chest. And the Al talks and says, ''You need to go lower, patient says, ''This doctor has my back." 1 know it sounds
you need to go counterclockwise." As soon as it gets the counterintuitive-how can technology enhance humanity?-
image or the video loop, it analyzes it and interprets it. but I fi.rmly believe if we do it right, we can get there.

41
 HEALTH ARE FOR EVERYB DY
n another life, John Halamka worked asan emergency the project needs. (The 40-year-old woman in Sapporo hada
physician, becoming the nation's top expert on different story than the 90-year-old man in Stockholm than
poisonous mushrooms and plants. ''I still see 900 the teen boy outside ofLagos.)
patients ayear," he tells TIME. ''Within two to three So Halamka kept reaching out, adding on partners around
minutes, 1 can tell you, based on a picture of what the the world. He started with Merey Hospital in St. Louis,
patient ate, what treatment they need." bringing in another 15 million patients; then he reached
Can artificial intelligence fi.11 in here? ''Not really," agreements with Brazil's Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein,
Halamka says. It turns out an Al is not so accurate when Israel's Sheba Medical Center, and Canada's University
you're looking at pieces of mushrooms. But it could bring Health Network, encompassing three continents anda
the right patients to him, inste ad of letting them sit in a total of 30 million global patients. Yet that too is justa
clinic misidentified and misdiagnosed. ''What Al is good at start. In 55 flights taking Halamka through Europe and
is saying there are a million patients, and here are the 100 Asia from October through December 2023, he plans on
that this doctor should see." bringing in many millions more. (As this issue goes to press,
Now, as president of the Mayo Clinic Platform, a negotiations are underway.) ''Mayo's role is to be the catalyst
collaborative network of shared global patient data, he aims that's democratizing this technology to all. Can we touch
to use Al to allow every provider to practice at ''the top of 4 billion people with these algorithms?'' he aks.
their license'' and distribute precision medicine to billions
of people around the world. The project is wildly ambitious, DEMOCRATIZING PATIENT DATA
ultimately intended to aggregate expert and human data The tech being built in the current collaboration stands
from the world's major medical centers and the most remote in stark contrast to generative Als trained on the whole
regions on Earth, filter it through specialist Al algorithms, internet, hundreds of thousands ofbooks, Wikipedia,
and then dispense care back out to patients everywhere. emails, tweets, and more-the essence ofhuman culture,
To build its platform, the Mayo Clinic made the decision, science, and creativity which also happens to generate bias
starting inJanuary 2020, to take datafrom 10 million and make mistakes. Instead, to diagnose with certainty
patients, ''protect and deidentify'' it, as Halamka says, and and manage patients efficiently, such systems are being
use it to train algorithms across the medical specialties from trained on expert medical knowledge and patient records
neurology to cardiology to oncology and more. But those only-and then managed inside dedicated specialty systems
records were insufficient for the global medical intelligence impenetrable to the rest of the outside world.

42
Collaboration may be global, but every medical Al will have to so you start to deploy the algorithms by placing them on
operate in accordance with local laws and regulations. phones," he says. For instance, through computer vision,
scans could be conducted and fed back into the larger
network for a read.
When analyzed by Al, this massive amount of data reveals With so much medicine filtering clown through Al to
more than human experts can ever see. Indeed, Halamka every person on Earth, what role remains for the doctor on
himself is the second person ever to be sequenced by the the ground? You would still go to a clinician for ''your care
Human Genome Project. Yet genes are just one risk factor journey," Halamka explains. But every rural practitioner
for disease. ''I think of data as having three characteristics: can now have specialists at their fingertips by having Al
the depth, [ as in] how much you know about an individual review the case.
and their birth to death health care experience; where they That review will just be another data point: We are
live; and how they live," Halamka states. ''It's every aspect not turning human decisions over to machines. Consider
of who they are, their genome, the care they've received, the Halamka's wife, an artist diagnosed with stage-three breast
diagnoses they've had. cancer. Without access to an Al to just shoot out data
''What if I live near a smokestack spewing this or that for him back in the <lay, Halamka went and searched the
environmental contaminant?'' he asks. The hope is that literature himself. It turned out that for a Korean woman,
instead of seeing the doctor when I already have disease, then age 50, with estrogen-positive, progesterone-positive,
through the use of sensors in my home and the data around HER2-negative disease, slightly less chemo could still give a
me, Al is able to continuously look at my health and detect cure with far less risk of numbness in feet and hands, which
disease, and enable that early intervention that will reduce would have disrupted her painting career. Today she has
my pain, or my consequences and my expense." achieved a cure, and still can paint. ''These are the kinds of
So far, his tearn has been building out algorithms for about decisions that Al can help us make," he says. ''The decision
100 medical specialties ( 184 are planned), each encased in would remain with us.''-Pamela Weintraub
a system of its own. At places like the Mayo Clinic, much of
the capacity is already there. In oncology, one application
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43
 Can the new technology promote critical thinking
without sacrificing the human touch?
BY OLIVIA B. WAXMAN

eter Paccone, a social studies teacher in San Marino,

Calif., has a new teacher's aid helping him in the
classroom this year. He plans to defer to his helper to
explain sorne simpler topies to his class of high schoolers,
like the technical aspects of how a cotton gin worked, in
order to free u p time for him to discuss more analytical
concepts, like the effects of the first industrial revolution.
His new assistant? ChatGPT.
''What I feel that I don't have to do any longer is cover
all the content," Paccone tolda group of more than
40 educators in a May 2023 Zoom workshop, which
he organized. If artificial intelligence is on the cusp
of reshaping entire aspects of our society-from health
care to warfare-the first realm that leaps to many minds is
education: Asked a question online, the ChatGPT chatbot
will produce an answer that reads like an essay. Indeed, both
students and teachers are grappling with AI's implications
for learning, homework, and integrity. Paccone is only one
of many high school teachers who has been experimenting
with ChatGPT in the classroom. But the tool is inspiring as
much trepidation among educators as it is excitement. ''The majority of the teachers are panicked because they
In early 2023, sorne of the nation's largest school districts, see [ChatGPT] as a cheating tool, a tool for kids to plagiarize,"
from New York City to Los Angeles, banned access to says Rachael Rankin, a high school principal in Newton Falls,
ChatGPT in the classroom, citing ''concerns about negative outside ofYoungstown, Ohio.
impacts on student learning, and concerns regarding the But Paccone anda growing group of educators believe it's
safety and accuracy of content'' while they worked to too late-anda bad idea-to keep Al out of their classrooms.
formulate policies around it. Meanwhile, teachers desperate Randi Weingarten, President of the American Federation
to figure out how to harness the tech for good congregated of Teachers, a major teachers union, believes the panic
in Facebook groups like ''chatGPT for teachers'' ( about about Al is not unlike the ones caused by the internet and
374,000 members) and ''The Al Classroom'' (more than graphing calculators when they were first introduced,
29,000 members ). arguing ChatGPT ''is to English and to writing like the

44
 •

•
•

calculator is to math." In this view, there are two options District in Garnet Valley, Penn., education consultant A.J.
facing teachers: show their students how to use ChatG PT in Juliani ran through various Al apps that students are using
a responsible way, or expect the students to abuse it. to cut corners in class. Photomath lets students upload a
picture of a math problem and get detailed instructions on
MATH RAPS AND how to solve it. Tome can turn notes into a narrative, perfect
SHAKESPEARE TRANSLATION for essay writing and preparing for presentations. And
As teachers wrestle with whether to use Al in their Readwise can highlight key parts of PDFs so that students
classrooms, they're also learning about the pernicious ways can get through readings faster.
that abuse can take place. ''Many of them are just using it to do the work because
At another Zoom teacher training workshop that TIME they're bored," Juliani said. ''They're not engaged. They
observed inJuly 2023, hosted by Garnet Valley School don't care. And we have to own up to that,"

45
 Many of the more than a do zen to translate lines into modern English In Panama, International
teachers TIME interviewed for this to help them understand the text, Baccalaureate teacher Anna May
story argue that the way to get kids so that they could spend class time Drake had juniors and seniors
to care is to proactively use ChatGPT discussing the plot and themes. critique a ChatGPT-generated essay
in the classroom. AJuly 2023 Walton Teachers are also using ChatGPT comparing George Orwell's 1984 and
Family Foundation survey found 73% to generate materials for students Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's
of teacher respondents had heard of at different reading levels. Aileen Tale, while in the Detroit area,
ChatGPT, and 33% used it to ''help with Wallace, who teaches a class on current Sarah Millard, a ninth-grade honors
planning lessons'' and 30% to come up events in Falkirk, Scotland, said the English teacher, had students critique
with ''creative ideas for classes." tool could instantly produce simplified a ChatG PT-generated essay on
Sorne of those creative ideas are versions of readings on the causes of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. ''My
already in effect at Peninsula High terrorism for 14-year-olds who either students have never been so engaged in
School in Gig Harbor, abou t an read at lower reading levels than the writing," Millard says. ''They wanted to
hour from Seattle. In Erin Rossing's rest of the class or have been learning beat the computer'' and were ''tearing
precalculus class, a student got English as a second language. apart'' the AI-generated essay.
ChatGPT to generate a rap about To be sure, ChatGPT doesn't always Teachers are even finding that
vectors and trigonometry in the get things right-but teachers are ChatGPT is a big time-saver for their
style of Kanye West, while geometry finding that provides its own way to own homework. Larry Ferlazzo, who
students used the program to write engage students. Sorne are having teaches English, Social Studies, and
mathematical proofs in the style students fact-check essays generated lnternational Baccalaureate classes in
of raps, which they performed in by the program in response to their Sacramento, calls it a ''miracle'' and
a classroom competition. In Kara prompts, hoping to simultaneously has had ChatGPT help write college
Beloate's English-Language Arts test students' knowledge of the topic recommendation letters for sorne of
class, she allowed students reading and show them the problems with his students. He says it did it ''10 times
Shakespeare's Othello to use ChatGPT relying on Al to do nuanced work. better'' than he would have alone.

••

46
'THERE'S A TIDAL certainly not, in my opinion, sorne and Professor at Teachers College,
WAVE COMING' kind of enormous breakthrough that's Columbia University.
While many educators agree that a going to transform education." And itwill be no small challenge for
han on ChatGPT in the classroom is There are real concerns about teachers to figure out how to use the
not the answer, they differ on how ceding too much instruction to the technology to develop students' critica!
much it will change schools. Sorne program: Weingarten and others fear thinking skills without sacrificing the
think it will be a revolution. ''There's it will promote educational inequities, connections that can be the product of
a tidal wave coming for education," further dividing classrooms into human-to-human teaching-an even
says Dan Fitzpatrick, an author and students whose families have the more urgent challenge when it comes
keynote speaker on Al in education and resources to afford the high-speed to students who mentally checked
administrator of ''The Al Classroom'' internet connection that eases access to out during the pandemic. When it
Facebookgroup. ''Our schools could ChatGPT and students whose families comes to getting knowledge to stick,
really find themselves irrelevant in the do not. There are also worries about there may be no substitute for human
next few months to a few years," biases in the data Al uses to craft its relationships. To many teachers, that's
Others believe it may become a answers to users' prompts. reason enough not to fear the extent of
useful tool, but the basics of schooling ''Much of the information that's the disruption on the horizon.
won't change. ''I've lived through online, that ChatGPT is trained on, is ''I've been to former students'
probably nine hype cycles of Al and going to be predominantly of western weddings and baby showers and
education where visionaries proclaim perspective, and what's going to be funerals of their parents," says Millard,
that this is the big breakthrough- less represented are the perspectives, the high school English teacher in
and then it isn't," says Chris Dede, a knowledge, and experiences of Michigan. ''I've hugged my students.
Senior Research Fellow at Harvard underrepresented cornmunities," I've high-fived my students. I've cried
Graduate School of Education who is says Ezekiel Dixon- Román, Director with my students. A computer will
an expert on the history of educational of the Edmund W. Gordon Institute never do that. Ever, ever." - Updated
technologies. ''Generative Al is for Urban and Minority Education excerpt from TIME, Aug. 8, 2023

47
 Generative Al is much more than just special effects, and it's
causing a new explosion of innovation in Tinseltown. BY SU SAN HORNI K

rtificial intelligence has been enhancing visual they could be replaced by text-based generative Al tools like
effects, editing, and postproduction in Hollywood ChatGPT. [Talks between SAG-AFTRA and the studios were
movies for decades. Remember when the dinosaurs ongoing at press time.] ''WGA members are truly feeling a
attacked in]urassic Park in 1993? Brad Pitt de-aging in The sense of relief," Hollywood screenwriter Michelle Amor tells
Curious Case of Benjamin Button in 2008? All dueto Al. TIME. ''The idea that Hollywood thought we would agree to
''In many ways, Al is a phrase summing upa collection entire movies and/or TV series being generated by Al, with
of technologies Hollywood has been using for years minimal, if any, human involvement was infuriating and
to make filmmaking and TV production easier," Eric terrifying, making the win that much more victorious."
Deggans, TV critic at National Public Radio, explains to Yet Emmy-winning producer/AI expert Neil Mandt
TIME. More recently, the team assembling the 2016 Star questions how writers will feel three years from now, when
Wars movie, Rogue One, used computer-generated imagery their next contract negotiations begin-after they find they
(CGI) to recreate Peter Cushing, who died in 1994. A few have ''benefited greatly using these tools'' themselves, he
years later, other filmmakers resurrected the late Carrie tells TIME. ''Everyone will have the benefit of the rearview
Fisher for her role as Leia in 2019's The Rise of Skywalker. mirror. The real discussions are still yet to come."
And with more computing power and sophisticated Sorne are convinced things will go badly if any guardrails
programs, AI-based systems were able to take images of a come clown. Actor-writer-director John Pollono, whose next
young Harrison Ford from the firstlndiana]ones movies film is the J ennifer Coolidge and Dustin Hoffman crime
and su perimpose them over the actor's So-something body comedy RiffRaff, is against any technological breakthrough
for a long flashback sequence to open 2023's Indiana]ones that makes it harder to tell a story. He describes AI-
and the Dial of Destiny. generated images as ''nightmarish hallucinations'' because
But in the last year, Al has become one of the most there is no human soul behind them. Giving that kind of
controversial topics for just about everyone who works aesthetic freedom to an Al ''terrifies me," he tells TIME, and
in Hollywood, from TV and film actors to writers and ''I'm worried that laziness will trump common sense."
cinematographers. Worried that the technology would put
their livelihoods in jeopardy, the Writers Guild of America FAKE TOM CRUISE
(WGA) and the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation Is the worry misplaced? Maybe not. ''Hollywood 2.0 is all
ofTelevision and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) became about Al right now. This is like the internet in the 199os.
relentless disrupters, going on months-long strikes to bring We are in gold rush days," says Mandy Stadtmiller, author
forth regulation on the use of Al in creative projects. of Ignore Previous Directions, a top-read Substack on Al
Hollywood executives have been forced to listen. After and founder ofYouGotThis.AI, which teaches Al skills
resolving their strike, the WGA implemented new Al to creatives. ''Even with the end of the writers strike, we
restrictions, immensely appeasing the writers who feared are on pace for about 90% of content to become purely Al

48
 They are also working with celebrities
to help them claim ownership over their
digital Al twins. Yet losers abound:
Background actors report feeling
pressured to agree to digital scans for a
measly day's pay only to have studios use
their likeness in perpetuity.
New forms of creativity and painful
disru ptions lie ahead. Travis Cloyd, CEO
and founder of immersive media agency
WorldwideXR, tells TIME he sees Al as
offering ''substantial benefits permeating
every stage of filmmaking, from predictive
analytics to help studios identify potential
box-office hits, to virtual actors and AI-
generated experiences. It's about seizing
the opportunities it presents, making
our work easier, and delivering better
entertainment experiences."
WorldwideXR is currently producing
Back to Eden, a sci-fi film that resurrects
icon James Dean, who died in a car
crash at the age of 24 in 19 55. The
transformative tech, Cloyd adds, can
also generate realistic storms, fantastical
creatures, breathtaking space scenes,
and historically accurate settings. The
company is also exploring immersive Al
opportunities with the estates of deceased
Wonder Dynamics is a startup that creates Al tools that allow filmmakers to Hollywood stars like Rock H udson, Bette
instantly replace footage of a real person, top, with that of a CGI character. Davis, Natalie Wood, Will Rogers, Clark
Gable, and more.
generated," with first adopters seeing the most gains. ''Look Josh Welsh, president of Film Independent, a nonprofit
at the creators of South Park. They've received $20 million that has helped filmmakers launch their projects, fears what
for their studio [Deep Voodoo] that produces deepfakes- comes next. ''It's fantastic to see that the new WGA contract
and have already showed it off with a Kendrick Lamar video stipulates that Al -generated material can't be used to
where Al morphs his face into other celebrities.'' undermine a writer's credit, and Al cannot write or rewrite
That's the same tech the new Al software company literary material. This is a huge win for the writers and the
Metaphysic used to create a deepfake Tom Cruise in 2021 creative community more broadly," he says. But Welsh
anda deepfake Simon Cowell, where the judge appeared to suspects the first application of Al is ''not about telling
sing on America's Got Talent. Describing Metaphysic as an better stories or making better movies. It's simply to find
early winner in ''the Wild Wild West'' that is Al, Stadtmiller ways to pay writers and actors, and all creative peo ple, less."
noted the company has raised $7.5 million and is the sole The future is still anyone's guess. ''Al certainly isn't
provider for the new Robert Zemeckis drama, Here, in which going away, and hopefully, and probably, it will have sorne
Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, and other cast members are de- wonderful applications that we can't even imagine right
aged for an adaptation of Richard McGuire's graphic novel, now," he adds. ''But the fact is no one, including the people
which is set in a single room over the course of many years. who are creating Al, know where it is headed."

49
 Artificial intelligence is rapidly transformingjournalism,from how reporters do
theirjobs to the ways in which the news is being consumed. BY AMOS ZEEBERG

n 2021, a 13-year-old signed up for a TikTok account and two layers of human editors, retaining the brand's panache
searched for "onlyfans," the name of a site known for while churning out about 40 articles per day. ''If there were
hosting adult entertainment. The user soon fell clown only the seven journalists currently working on the project
a rabbit hole of sexual content, much of it labeled ''adults writing stories, we would publish maybe one to five'' a day,
only." At one point, videos about bondage and sex made up Le Monde's English editor Elvire Camus told Nieman Reports.
more than 90% of the user's feed. But this 13-year-old was Sorne journalists are using Al on a more individual basis, as
nota real person-it was one of more than 100 automated a personal assistant, to brainstorm ideas, test headlines, and
accounts, or bots, created by investigators at the Wall more. The New York Times' Farhad Manjoo describes ChatGPT
Street Journal to test how TikTok algorithms could draw as a ''jetpack'' to help him find the right words, summarize long
many of the youngest users clown a pathway of exposure documents, and break through writing blocks: ''Sooner rather
to inappropriate content. Louise Story, the paper's former than later," he wrote, ''something like ChatGPT will become a
chief product and technology officer, tells TIME that the regular part of many journalists' tool kits."
Joumal's computational journalism team used a variety of Of course, not everyone agrees. The greatest fear is that
Al tools for projects like the TikTok investigation. generative Al will mass-produce a journalism-like product
Al is rapidly changing the nature of the news we that replaces the artisanal variety, or at least sucks up much
consume, with different technologies having a huge range of the industry's profits. Media mogul Barry Diller is hoping
of applications for journalists. Already they're using it to do to form a coalition with other publishers to negotiate with
new kinds of reporting, reach more users, and pull meaning tech companies over use of their content. The IAC chairman
out of big data. As publishers adopt Al in new ways, it should says that large language models, trained partially on text
help journalists do their work faster and smarter-or, if used from news websites, could snatch the value of that content
less wisely, it may degrade the news and sideline the people away from publishers by repackaging the information for
and organizations that are dedicated to providing it. their own users. ''You saw over the last, certainly, 15 of those
Le Monde, a leading French newspaper, used Al to create years, the enormous destruction'' caused by giving away
a new avenue for getting its work out. In 2022, the paper news for free online, he said in May 2023. Unless there is a
launched an English edition, with articles translated from structure in place for publishers to get paid, he added, ''you
the original French version. The traditional way to do this will see another wave [ that is] even more destructive."
work, hiring expert translators, would be far too slow and Indeed, Google is testing a tool code-named Genesis
costly; using a garden-variety translation app like Google that can generate news articles from raw information, like
Translate would be cheap and quick but wouldn't produce the details of current events. The company is pitching it to
writing up to Le Monde's standards. So the paper chose a newspapers as an aid to help reporters take care of routine
middle path. lt first sends its French copy through DeepL, tasks, but surely sorne owners will see this as a way to trim
an automated translation app. Then the text is buffed up by what they're spending on staff. It's already happening. In

50
 1111111 11111111

Google's Jenn Crider insists that the company's Al tools ''cannot replace the essential role
journalists have in reporting, creating, andfact-checking their articles."

April 2023, BuzzFeed laid off 15% of its workforce after it MASCOT]] defeated the Westerville North [[LOSING_
shut clown BuzzFeed News; the company is now ''leaning TEAM_MASCOT]]," reported the Gannett paper. Sam
into'' more AI-created content, like quizzes and chatbots. Guzik, an expert on journalism and tech at New York Public
Two months later, German newspaper Bild announced that it Radio, tells TIME that if this goes on, people might be
would lay off one-third of its employees dueto automation. forced to ''buy their way out of the internet of garbage."
Various publishers have begun dabbling in AI-generated It might not come to that. For every glaring coding error,
news, and so far, the results raise more concerns about there's a bloom of inventive efforts to use Al to provide
automated journalism burying us in junk rather than beating better journalism. SourceScout is a tool that helps reporters
us on quality. CNET provoked a backlash after it began quickly find diverse experts to interview-a ''ChatGPT
publishing AI-written articles in November 2022 without plugin to amplify marginalized genius," co-creator Alicia
notifying readers or even staffers. Sorne articles contained Stewart tells TIME. Spanish publication Newtral fights
errors; CNET's editorial employees unionized, alarmed that misinformation with ClaimHunter, a language model that
''automated technology threatens our jobs and reputations." scans through news for potential falsehoods, which are then
In June 2023, an executive at newspaper publisher fact-checked by people. Reporters use Al to transcribe their
Gannett said that it was a mistake for other news services interviews (for example, with Otter.ai), and publishers use it
to use generative Al to quickly throw up cheap content to show users content that suits their preferences.
and that ''we're not making that mistake," Yet in August, Journalists and publishers face challenges but also
the Columbus Dispatch posted a soccer recap without team opportunities with Al. N ow they have to show the computers
names: ''The Worthington Christian [[WINNING_TEAM_ -and their audiences-just how intelligent humans can be.

51
 Al helps architects create
sustainable buildings by
incorporatingfeatures like
rainwater harvesting or
intelligent lighting to plans.
' ,

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...
-

-------

52
 Is Al comingfor knowledge workers? Yes, but not in the way we think. BY PAYAL DHAR

nowledge workers will be the ones most disrupted industry-changing how we write code, onboard clients,
by the boom in artificial intelligence, according to service customers ... and strengthen compliance and
aJune 2023 report from McKinsey & Company. It's controls." Other banks are putting their toes in the water as
most likely to transform the jobs of higher-wage workers well. J.P. Morgan has announced it will use large language
''because of advances in the technical automation potential models to detect fraud by analyzing emails. And Ally
of their activities, which were previously considered to Bank, in partnership with Microsoft, has created Ally.ai,
be relatively immune from automation," the consulting connecting ChatGPT-3.5 with the bank's data, security, and
firm finds. Workers who have earned a master's degree or other interna! operations-''unleashing productivity and
doctorate could see 57% of their tasks automated through new efficiencies," chief information, data and digital officer,
generative Al and for those with a bachelor's degree the Sathish Muthukrishnan, says.
number is even higher, at 60%, McKinsey projects.
So are knowledge workers-including bankers, lawyers, LAW
engineers, architects, research scientists and more- It made headlines early this summer when two attorneys
really set for a wave of pink slips, like factory workers of were fined $5,000 for submitting a legal brief full of fictitious
generations past? Not so fast. The report notes, ''The biggest cases and citations prepared by ChatGPT. Chatbots not only
impact ... that we can state with certainty is that generative make stuff up, they are also rife with privacy concerns, and
Al is likely to significantly change their mix of work the legal profession is vulnerable to risk.
activities." It already has. The good news is that while one law firm erred, the
profession as a whole has been constructing potent Al
FINANCE AND BANKING tools with the guardrails lawyers need. Of course, the
Citibank has been using Al for years: to gain insights into legal profession has long used specialized databases
customer behavior and preferences; to manage portfolios like LexisNexis and Thomson Reuters to sift through
and lower risks; to automate data entry. But when it carne to information and research case law, and those companies
generative Al, the bank originally drew the line, restricting are leaning in. LexisNexis has been integrating machine
use of ChatG PT ( along with Goldman Sachs, J.P. Morgan learning and Al capabilities into its search for years. Now,
and others) early in 2023. Now, that has changed. ''Overall, with the advent of generative Al, the company will be using
the risks of not embracing generative Al far outweigh the its proprietary database to train a specialized large language
risks of engaging with it," Citi CEO Jane Fraser wrote on model without fear it will serve up fake citations. And
Linkedln in July 2023. In the near term, generative Al will Thomson Reuters has just acquired Casetext's CoCounsel,
drastically improve productivity. Over the long term, it an Al legal assistant powered by a proprietary and
could ''revolutionize ali functions across our bank and the specialized version of OpenAI's GPT-4 ( the platform has

53
passed both the multiple-choice and phases of projects, minimize iterations in, garbage out still holds-and more
written portions of the Uniform Bar and streamline ''the transition from research would be needed to make
Examination ). CoCounsel is capable concept to physical realization." sure buildings created this way could
of doing the job of a legal assistant, But the user needs to beware as the withstand the test of time.
from creating a deposition outline, to systems are still prone to errors.
writing a detailed legal research memo, SCIENTIFIC R&D
to extracting important information ARCHITECTURE At DeepMind, an Al system called
from a contract, including clauses that Neil Leach, a design professor at AlphaFold can predict the 3D structure
aren't compliant with policies or laws. Florida lnternational University of a protein based on its amino acid
Clearly, the tech offers unprecedented and author of Architecture in the sequence, dramatically speeding drug
efficiencies to the field. ''Law is a castle Age ofArtificial Intelligence, calls Al discovery and treatments for disease.
built on language," Pablo Arredondo, ''a form of 'prosthesis', extending At the semiconductor giant Nvidia,
co-founder of Casetext told Law.com. and augmenting the abilities of researchers are building an Al system,
And ''finally now, after 80 years of the architect." Already, Al-based named Earth-z, that predicts the next
pursuing the ability to have computers applications are helping with time- 14 days of weather tens of thousands
that can understand and interpret and consuming processes like manual of times faster and more accurately
really work with language, reliable than today's meteorological systems.
deployment of generational advances At Brookhaven National Laboratory,
in [Al] technology'' have given us the 'ASAHUMANBEING, researchers are using Al to discover
ability to do exactly that. YOUR SUPERPOWER unique structures and self-assembling
IS CREATIVITY- materials for clean energy and
ENGINEERING electronics. The list goes on. Al can
For decades, engineers have used
YOU GET NEW IDEAS analyze enormous quantities of data
versions of proprietary Al to control ALL THE TIME. and recognize patterns not apparent
robots; manage production on the YOUR SUPERPOWER to humans; develop hypotheses; and
factory floor, including identifying ISNOTDATA- devise and simulate experiments
patterns to improve efficiency; CRUNCHING. THAT'S ultimately performed over networks
upgrade transportation routes and or by robots at massive scale. Relieved
oversee the deployment of goods;
THEJOBOFAI.' of the arduous scut work, scientists
and so much more. Applications are -Sakshi Mishra, themselves will be set free. Writing
multifarious, so it's no surprise that Microsoft senior Al engineer in MlT's Technology Review in July
specialized generative Al systems 2023, Eric Schmidt, Google's former
are making waves: FromAutodesk drafting, creating 3D models, site CEO, said he expects to see big things.
to Siemens to Dassault Systemes, planning, conceptualizing interiors, ''Previous paradigm shifts in science,
companies now use internal and so on, leaving architects with more like the emergence of the scientific
platforms to optimize design; BMW time for the creative aspect of their process or big data, have been inwardly
uses industry-specific generative work-to design better buildings. focused-making science more
Al to reduce weight and maintain According to Wanyu He, based in precise, accurate, and methodical. Al,
stability of their vehicles; Boeing is Shenzhen, China, and CEO of the Al meanwhile, is expansive, allowing us
employing it to create new designs architecture software XKool, a single to combine information in novel ways
for wings and fuselages. lnside architect using her app can achieve as and bring creativity and progress in
companies like Microsoft, chatbots much as five architects. lnterviewed the sciences to new heights."
have been deployed to share technical in The Guardian, Leach said the
information and give engineers access most revolutionary change would SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
to data upon request. When it comes be ''automation of the entire design As far as Pete Herzog, a hacker
to generative apps making inroads package, from developing initial and threat analyst who strives
in software design, Microsoft senior options right through to construction." to improve digital security, is
Al engineer Sakshi Mishra says the Other architects, meanwhile, have concerned, Al enhances his work.
apps could ultimately revolutionize called for caution, noting that as with Tasks from password generation and
the prototyping and manufacturing all generative Al, the rule of garbage authentication to threat detection

54
 Generative AI-based weather prediction models, like Nvidia 's FourCastNet,
will hopefully improve forecasting, especially in the case of extreme weather events.

and prevention can be handled by are mostly holding back, for now. So London, believes the next incarnation
Al more efficiently than humans, even though Goldman Sachs says the for the knowledge worker will involve
of course. And ''every step that you technology could yield as much as a human-machine teams-operating
take away from humans to make a 40% productivity boost in software across dimensions of space and time.
security decision is going to make [ a development, most big players are Freed from repetitive tasks, humans
system] more secure. I see this across still in the development phase; they will function in virtual or augmented
possibly thousands of tasks within an fear that putting their software into realities, collaborating creatively with
organization," he tells TIME. generative Al systems will compromise other human-Al teams worldwide.
But the kind of closed and dedicated data ownership and privacy. The synergy of these teams could lead
software Herzog is talking about, to true leaps of imagination. '' Sorne
routinely used by specific companies In short, despite all the advancements, tasks, which you spent a lot of time
on specific tasks, is a far cry from Al is just one more inflection point we on, will be executed by machines, and
the generative Al systems auguring will embrace as we always have when then as a human being you can write,
changes to come. From GitHub disruptive technologies come our way. create, and strategize, because your
Copilot, owned by Microsoft, to Through it all, knowledge workers will brain is multidimensional," she tells
Amazon's CodeWhisperer, generative still be there. ''Generative Al can be a TIME. And the world they will invent
Al that writes code is already ''making complement to human ingenuity. It is anyone's guess.
it so small startups like ours can can help us become more productive The message is one that has endured
accelerate all aspects of the software by eliminating routine tasks and for millennia, Herzog contends. ''It
development life cycle. We're a team of freeing us up to focus on higher-order isn't anything that parents haven't told
five devs, and we estimate productivity work," Citi's Fraser says. their kids over the last 5,000 years:
impact of almost 2X;' Diamond Bishop, Evgeniya Fedoseeva, founder You always have to learn, there is no
CEO of Seattle-based Augmend, of Generation KM, a knowledge stopping it," he says. ''It doesn't matter
told GeekWire. Bigger companies management company based in what the job is."

55
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 OpenAI CEO Sam Altman is pushing past doubts to imagine the future:
voice, images, immersion and magic. BY EDWARD FELSENTHAL ANO BILLY PERRIGO

ou ever watch Star Trek?'' asks Sam Altman, the Altman says he uses it for routine tasks, like pulling
CEO who has become the most visible face of the highlights from his overflowing email inbox orto ''draft
current artificial-intelligence boom. The serial a tweet that I was having a hard time with." Essentially
entrepreneur has lately become known for talking up the a superpowerful auto-complete tool trained to generate
risks of Al, but he is at his most animated in talking about language by observing patterns in large quantities of
its possibilities. So transformative is data, it has its limits-including a
this new technology that responds disconcerting inability to separate truth
naturally to our verbal commands from fiction. OpenAI's warning about
that he envisions new hardware for this, placed beneath the text input box,
it-something, eventually, like the Star hasn't stopped people from using it
Trek holodeck, in which characters for homework, investment advice, and
use their voice to conjure and interact even therapy.
with 3D simulations of the world. An In the Q&A that follows, Edward
interface like that feels ''fundamentally Felsenthal, TIME's former editor in
right," he says. chief, asked Altman to discuss the
Altman's company, OpenAI, is only world-changing technology. (The
eight years old. It has fewer than 500 conversations have been condensed and
employees. But in the span of six edited for clarity.)
months, the company-through its viral
product ChatGPT-has vaultedAI into What do you use ChatGPT for?
public consciousness. Few doubt it's at I can't really keep up on my inbox
the vanguard of a revolution that will, Altman sat down with anymore, but I made a little thing to
for better or worse and probably both, TIMEfor its 100 Most Injluential help it summarize for me and pull out
change the world. Companies July 3, 2023, cover story. important stuff from unknown senders.
ChatG PT, which was released in I paste it in there every morning. I used
November 2022, is almost certainly the most rapidly it to translate an article for someone I'm meeting next week,
adopted product in the history of technology. It's also one of to prepare for that. That was all today.
the more versatile, capable of responding to a vast array of
user prompts, from ''Tell me a joke'' to ''Draft 10 slides with Were you surprised by the viral reaction to the launch?
ideas to grow revenue ata hair salon." It can write poetry Notas muchas it might have seemed from the outside. We
and explain scientific concepts. thought it was going to excite people, but the people we

59
spend a lot of time with in our bubble Definitely one of the confusing parts they'll verify over video. That'll work
had already gotten pretty excited by of this technology is just the overall for a while. There will be technology
the technology. And so in sorne sense power-the good, the potential bad. solutions that help. People will
it was like, ''Wow, these numbers are We can do a lot to maximize the good exchange cryptographic keys and
going nuts. This is wild to watch." But and manage and mitigate the bad, but many other ideas too. We'll just need
I remember a lot of the discussion the scary part is just sort of putting a combination of technical and social
that first week was, why hadn't this this lever into the world will for sure solutions to operate in a different way.
happened before? have unpredictable consequences. The I am worried, but we will adapt. We're
exciting parts are almost too long to good at this. We as a society.
Other Als already existed. list, but this is transforming the way
I think the user experience mattered people do their work. lt's transforming You've spoken about a global body,
a lot. It's not just the UI, it's the the way people learn. It's going to that we need an overslght board the
way we tuned the model to have a transform the way people interact with way we've looked at, for example,
particular conversational style. It's atomic energy.
very much inspired by texting. 1 was a I am deeply not an expert here. And
huge early adopter anda super-user of 'WE CANMANAGE also you should be skeptical of any
text messaging. THIS [Al], 1 AM company calling for its own regulation.
CONFIDENT But we are calling for something that
What will the interface look like ABOUTTHAT. would affect us the most. We're saying
as the technology integrates more you've got to regulate the people at
deeply into our lives?
BUTWEWON'T the frontier the most strongly. These
You'll be able to talk like two people, SUCCESSFULLY systems are already quite powerful and
and that'll be powerful. [ OpenAI MANAGE IT IFWE'RE will get tremendously more powerful.
rolled out voice and image features NOTEXTREMELY And we have come together as a global
for ChatGPT in September 2023.] The community before for very powerful
VIGILANT ABOUT
thing that will matter most is how technologies that pose substantial
much of the stuff you want to happen
THERISKS.' risks that one has to overcome in order
can happen from a relatively small -SamAltman to get to the tremendous upside.
amount of conversation. As these
models get to know you better and are the world. In a deep sense, Al is the Other specific proposals?
capable of more, you can really imagine technology that the world, that people There are minor short-term things
a world where you have a fairly simple have always wanted. Sci-fi has been that I think hopefully are very
and short conversation with the model, talking about this for a very long time. noncontentious. I think ali generated
and a huge amount of things get done content should have to be tagged as
on your behalf. As a parent, one of the thíngs that generated. The fact that we can't even
seems scary is, how do we know agree on this yet seems like a miss.
And is that through our phone or is our kids are really our kids. You get
it everywhere? a call, ''1 need money, 1 need help.'' What can get done in the U.S.?
I think it's everywhere, ali at once. That's going to be a real problem soon. We can get short-term Al regulation
Now people are still in the phase where It's not justas parents, it's thinking done for sure. Thatexample oflet's
they're saying, ''I'm an Al company." about our own parents who are already identify ali generated content as such.
But pretty soon we'll just expect ali the disproportionately victims of these Let's require independent audits for
products and services we use to have ransom phone calls. We just need to these systems and safety standards
sorne intelligence baked in, and it'll just start telling people this is coming. You they have to meet. 1 think that's <loable.
be expected like a mobile app is today. can't trust a voice you hear over the I'm somewhat optimistic that the
phone anymore. longer-term coordination is <loable too.
You've described this technology as
the greatest threat to the human Do I need a code word with my kid? You've had an approach at OpenAI
existence and the greatest potential I think it'll be a stack of many to bring a new product into the
advancement for humanity. solutions. People will use code words world early and let people engage

60
 Sorne of the OpenAI team, from left: CTO Mira Murati, CEO Altman, president
Greg Brockman, and chief scientist Ilya Sutskever.

with it rather than waiting until lt's enough to tell them about it. You have You've written about and talked
more fully formed. Is this ''move to show people and people need to about points where a slowdown
fast and break things''? use the technology themselves, get a mlght be warranted.
No, but it is engage with the world, sense for it, the limits, the benefits, the 100%. If the models are improving in
show people what's happening, risks. The conversation really needs to ways that we don't fully understand,
what's going to happen, and get their start now because it will take a while to that would be one. If there's significant
input to build something that works figure this out, but every government societal disruption, that would be
for as much of society as well as is now paying serious attention. another. If we don't feel like we're
possible. There is nothing like putting making sufficient progress on
something out and then going to talk What's coming in the near future? alignment technology [ aligned with
to people. That input from the world There's a lot of stuff that'll come. human well-being] for the projected
about what we're doing, what we We'll get images and audio and capabilities of the next train run, that
should do, is super important. video in there at sorne point, and would be a third.
the models will get smarter. Bu t the
As people begln to use Al in a thing that I think people are really What pressure do you feel from this
hands-on way, what are they going to be happy about is right now explosion of investment in the space
getting wrong? if you tried something 10,000 times and startups everywhere you turn?
One thing that people are getting and took the best one out of 10,000 You're not going to believe me on this,
wrong in the frame is, is this a tool responses, it's pretty good for most but almost none at all. I've at least been
ora creature? And even people who questions, but not all the other ones .... consistent about saying this for years.
know it's a tool because it's sort of easy GPT-4 has the knowledge most of This is just different than anything
to anthropomorphize, get caught up the time, but you don't always get its else. Society is going to fundamentally
in the over-creaturizing of it. And I best answer. And how can we get you change. This is super different than who
think that's a mistake. And it leads to the best answer all the time, almost gets a little bit more or less market share.
mistaken thinking. This is a tool. For all the time? If we can figure that out, We've got to figure out how to manage
people to take this seriously, really and that's like an open research nut to this and have this go well. -Updated
engage with it, understand it, it's not crack, that'll be a big <leal. excerptfrom TIME, ]une 21, 2023

61
GETTING STARTED WITH
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS
When engaging with a chatbot, the back-and-forth style of
interaction you use to elicit information feels a lot like having
a conversation with a friend. You dip into your brain for the
words you want and type out your prompt. The chatbot clips
into the LLM that powers it and pulls forth the tumble of
words that best approximates what you seem to need.
Since each LLM is slightly different, ''chatting'' may vary
from ChatGPT to Bard or Bing to Claude, for example-and
the results will vary slightly, too. But most of the time, no
matter what the app, prompting at its most basic level is
like asking an assistant to do something. For example, if you
prompt with the request, ''Can you summarize this abstract
and make it accessible to a roth-grade reading level?,"
the LLM will provide a simplified summary. The most
important thing you need to do? Have a clear idea of what
you hope to accomplish.
To prompt along with us in this hands-on tutorial, just sign
up for ChatGPT 3.5, OpenAI's free version ( chat.openai.com). The free version of ChatGPT is based on information
up to September 2021. It won't have access to real-time
information beyond that date.

HOW TO WRITE YOUR BACK-AN D-FORTH

What are sorne traditional
FIRST PROMPT o Southern sides I can
PROMPTS
It's easy to get started. First, consider Sometimes, you'll want to tackle a
serve with ribs?
each of the following parts. more open-ended task. In these cases,
you can go back and forth with the bot,
• What goal do you want to Traditional sides to serve with ribs taking turns responding to each other
accomplish? This could be something can complement the rich, smoky like a written conversation. The bot will
like exploring an idea, drafting a flavors of the meat while offering a usually include a mixture of general
document, or getting feedback for variety of textures and tastes. Here information, and then it will ask you
your work. Be specific. are sorne classic options: questions to help it refine the answer to
• Is there contextual information that get closer to what you want. If you don't
might be relevant to your request? If 1 Coleslaw Creamy or vinegsr-oesea know the answer, say you aren't sure.
you were explaining what you needed coleslaw provides a retreshing
to a colleague, what information would contrast to the richness of ribs.
I want to go visita
they need to know about? 2 Baked Beans Sweet and savory o national park. Which one
• Are there any specific constraints baked beans are a staple at many
shou Id I go to?
that need to be taken into account? BBQ gatherings.
3 Cornbread Cornbread muffins or
Once you are ready to ask the chatbot slices are a classic Southern side The choice of which national park
your question, write it out in sentences dish that pairs well with ribs ... * to visit depends on your interests,
and enter the text in the prompt text the time of year you plan to travel,
box at the bottom of the screen, where Remember that the choice of sides and what kind of natural beauty and
it says ''Senda message.'' For the can vary by regional BBQ style and outdoor activities you prefer. Here
examples that follow, text in the blue personal preference. Feel free to mix are a few popular national parks in
bubble is the prompt, and the chatbot's and match to create a delicious and the United States, along with sorne
responses are in italics. we/1-rounded mea/... of their unique features.

64
1 Yosemite National Park, 2 Grand Teton National Park,
California Known for its stunning Wyoming Located near Yellowstone, O lt's for a child who is
turning 10. Any good
waterfalls, grenite cliffs (including Grand Teton National Park is home
ideas for that?
El Capitan and Half Dome), and lush to a wide range of wildlife, including
valleys, Yosemite is a haven for moose, elk, bison, grizzly bears,
hikers, climbers, and photographers. black bears, and bald eag/es. The Certainly! Here are sorne fun and
lt's a year-round destination, with park's stunning landscapes provide creative birthday cake ideas that are
beautiful spring blooms, summer a picturesque backdrop for wildlife perfect for a child turning 10:
hikes, and winter snowscapes. photography... *
2 Yellowstone National Park, 1 Number 10 Cake Create a cake
Wyoming/Montana//daho The DIGGING DEEPER in the shape of the number "10."
first national park in the world, Brainstorming and refining ideas is Decorate it with colorful iclng,
Yellowstone is famous for its one of the best ways to use generative candies, and edible decorations that
geothermal wonders, including Al tools. Consider it an iterative the child /oves. You can a/so add
0/d Faithful, colorful hot springs, process where, depending on the bot's their name or a birthday messege.
and wildlife like bison and grizzly outputs, you can take it in whatever 2 Superhero Cake Make a cake
bears. lt's best to visit in late spring direction you want. If you forget to add that celebrates your child's favorite
through early fa//... * important criteria, you can narrow the superhero. You can create a cake
request further. in the shape of a superhero Jogo,
Remember to check each park's or decorate it with edible imeges of
website for up-to-date information superheroes in action ... *
on park hours, entrance fees, and O Can you help me
with sorne ideas for a
any seasonal closures or conditions. Remember to consider your
birthday cake?
The best national park for you will child's interests and hobbies when
depend on your interests and the cnoosing a cake aesign. They'II be
kind of experience you're seeking, Certainly! Here are sorne creative thrilled with a cake that reflects
whether it's hiking, wildlife viewing, and fun birthday cake ideas their passions and makes their 10th
photography, or simply enjoying the that you can consider for a birthday extra special.
beauty of nature. special celebration:

My interest is seeing
1 C/assic Layer Cake A classic O A superhero cake sounds
like a great idea. What
o wildlife.
/ayer cake with delicious flavors
other treats should I serve
like vanilla, chocolate, or red velvet.
alongslde that?
You can decorate it with colorful
lf your primary interest is seeing buttercream trosting, sprinkles, and
wildlife, there are severa/ national a personalized birthday messege. Great choice with the superhero
parks in the United States that offer 2 Character Cake Create a cake! Here are sorne superhero-
exceptional opportunities for wildlife cake that features the birthday themed treats and other snacks you
vlewing. Here are sorne national person's favorite character from can serve at the party:
parks known for their diverse and a movie, TV show, or book.
abundant wildlife: Popular options include Disney 1 Superhero Cupcakes Bake
characters, superheroes, and cupcakes and decorate them
1 Yellowstone National Park, beloved animated figures ... * with superhero-themed toppers
Wyoming/Montana//daho or Jogos. You can a/so make
Yellowstone is famous for its Remember to consider the birthday them in the colors of your child's
diverse wildlife, inctuaing bison, person 's favorite flavors, colors, favorite superhero.
elk, grizzly bears, wolves, and and interests when cnoosing a 2 Heroic Cookies Decorate cookies
various bird species. Lamar Va/ley cake design. Personalizing the with superhero masks, emblems,
and Hayden Va/ley are popular cake will make the celebration or characters using iclng, fondant,
spots for wildlife sightings. even more special. or edible markers ... *

*ChatGPT provídes much tonger answers in its text box; most responses have at least 10 examples.

65
HOW TO GET EVEN MORE
OUT OF THE NEW TOOLS
LLMs can help with all kinds of tasks, from editing and
proofreading, to translating words, creating to-do lists, and
so much more. Here are sorne of the more popular uses.
If the chatbot doesn't give you what you're looking for right away, don't
give up. It's an iterative process and will require sorne back and forth.

PREPARE FORMAL PERSONALIZED HOW-TOS TEACHING BUDDY

DOCUMENTS Most how-to manuals are written for To learn about anything, ask the
Whether it's updating your resume, a general audience. But Al can help chatbot to explain concepts to you
creating a business plan, or drafting a personalize the advice for your unique (Option 1). From there, you can ask
counteroffer, the chatbot can give you situation. If you have sorne knowledge questions. If you'd rather test your
a starting template. Or, if you provide about the topic, describe what you want knowledge (Option 2), you can ask for
additional information, it can give you to do and provide relevant examples questions and have the bot evaluate
a first draft to work off of. Check the (Option 1). If you don't, ask the Al what your understanding of the tapie. Then,
results closely for accuracy; regardless, questions you need to answer for it to dive deeper into any area in which your
you'll quickly get a solid starting point give you a response ( Option 2 ). knowledge is weaker ( Option 3 ).
to build upon.
Option 1 Option 1

Can you provide a

o template for a letter of l 'm plann íng my garden Can you explain
recommendation? o for next year. Can you o geometry?
glve me some help
choosing perennials? My
Option 2
I received a job offer. In
o terms of seniority, they
hardiness zone is 9, my
soil is sandy, 1 get partial
put me at Level 3, but I shade, and I live in a dry l'm a hlgh school
should be at Level 4. The area. 1 would like some o student studying for
salary ranges were last rich, vibrant flowers that an exam. Can you test
updated two years ago, bloom in late summer. my understanding of
so the rates should be They should be relatively geometry? [Answer the
inflation-adjusted. Can tall and pest-resistant questions provided.]
you draft a counteroffer? since I get lots of bugs in
my garden.
Option 3
CREATIVE WRITING
LLMs can come up with imaginative Option 2
Can you test my
stories. You can include specific o understanding of
characters, plot points, and tone.
l'm planning my garden congruence and similarity
Stories are on the shorter side due to o for next year. What in more detail?
the context window. To generate longer
questions do you have for
stories, prompt each scene individually.
me to help me choose
LIFE COACH
the best perennials?
Write a children's story LLMs can help you work through
o about a frog that has an a decision or challenge. Direct the
adventure while trylng to Then answer the questions-for conversation in whatever way is most
go work at a bank. example, ''What is your USDA helpful, like asking for encouragement,
hardiness zone?''-provided. for ideas on how to tackle a problem, or

66
for the pros and/or cons of a decision. LLMs can also alter the reading An expanded thesaurus
You can even ask the bot to act like a comprehension level so that formal
friend or your favorite philosopher documents are easier to understand.
Is there a word similar to
(Socrates, anyone?) in its response. o exceed íngness?
Summarize the following
l'm writing a blog post e article for an Bth-grade
o for an audience of reading level. Please
For remembering the name of a
movie, book, essay you can't recall
entrepreneurs. Here is make the style informal
the post. [Paste in your and conversational.
work.] Can you gíve me [Paste in the text.] I read this essay that
feedback on it? o was a lecture from
the '50s or so. lt was
TRIP PLANNER
about how science and
LLMs are great for planning exciting
l'm thinking about taking the humanities are
o a new job, but wonder if
getaways near and far. Tell it where
too separate. 1 can't
and when you want to go, what your
I should stay in my old remember what it was
estimated budget is, your family's
position. Can you glve called or who wrote it.
interests, and more, and it will spit
me pros and cons of that Can you help me?
out a helpful itinerary for you. It may
career decision?
even tell you if there are any cultural
considerations you should be aware of.

o I want to talk to my teen

I want to travel to Paris
about being bullied. Can e in the sprlng for seven
When it comes to chatbots,
you glve me sorne advice, there are a few tips to fo/low.
days with my husband
like a therapist might?
and 10-year-old twins. 1
be clear and specific.
want to see all the sights
Being vague can make the
but leave time to relax
SUMMARIZE, ORGANIZE, LLM assume details about
as well and do sorne fun,
AND SIMPLIFY your task, which may prove
interactive thlngs, 1 also
To summarize text from articles, to be inaccurate.
want the trip to be as
transcripts, even email chains, ask forget to include
cheap as possible. What
for a summary. LLMs can also help to relevant context.
do you recommend?
categorize or sort through notes. Just experiment with different
describe the context of the notes- ways of wording your prompt
where you took them and what they are ANSWER QUESTIONS if you're not getting the results
for-and ask the chatbot to organize Generative Al is especially useful as a you expect.
them. If you don't suggest categories, way to answer the kinds of questions stay all in one window.
ChatGPT will provide options. From that are difficult to research. Use it for: lt's best to keep conversations
there, you can ask it to create a point- about the same task together,
form summary or paragraph. A reverse dictionary but open a new chat window if
you move to a different task.
Here are sorne ideas What's a word that I cross-check details with
o I wrote d own at a o could use to describe other reliable sources. LLMs
conference keynote. someone's voice that is are known to sometimes
[Add ideas.] Can you help really loud, annoying, and make up information.
me organlze them into overconfident, like where provide personal or
risk management and you can't ignore it even if confidential information to
governance themes? you want to? maintain privacy and security.

67
GETTING STARTED WITH IMAGE GENERATION

Text-to-image tools also use a natural • lt takes about a minute for For a more refined response, keep
language prompt to generate an image. Midjourney to create the 2x2 panel. adding descriptive words. Use
Whether you are using Midjourney, • The default size is square, equivalent adjectives to describe the emotion you
shown below and available for a to 1: 1. You can change the aspect ratio want your character to have (happy/
monthly fee, or the free version of by adding--ar parameter, like --ar 16:9 sad/angry). Add colors, shapes, sizes,
DALL· E 3 ( described on page 71), for a wide-screen aspe et ratio at the end materials. You can bring in details of
it's best to be clear and concise. of the prompt. what you want your character to be
Although the prompt style allows • You can then can refine images with doing ( walking/jumping/running).
for elaboration, what matters most prompts the bot offers: the U button Then add location details ( city street,
is the order of the elements. Let's upscales the size of the image, V offers sandy beach ). Finally, if you have a
try it out. After you're logged into slight variations, the re-roll icon reruns composition in mind, you can add
Midjourney (midjourney.com)-the the original prompt. one to the prompt.
image generator used here-on
Discord, enter your first prompt using HOW TO GENERATE • The default portrait type is waist-up.
the /imagine command in the message CHARACTERS ''Close-up'' will have your character
field. In its simplest form, the prompt One of the most fun things is to bring a occupying most of the frame. ''Full
has four parts: character to life. Think about what you body'' will show herfrom head to toe.
want your character to be and add a
Subject A horse few basics-like age, gender, hair color, A young, fashionable
Pose Jumping eye color-and what kind of clothing o woman, happy and
Environment In a field you want them to be wearing. carefree, in a blue knitted
Style Colored pencil illustration sweater, jeans, and

o A young, fashionable sneakers, walking down

o A horse jumping in a field,

colored pencil illustration
woman in a blue knitted
sweater and jeans
a busy city street, full
body photograph

Ji, ,,, ••

Most tools will render several images

for each prompt; Midjourney gives
four in a 2x2 grid. The options can
be very similar or wildly different.
If you don't like what you see,
input the same prompt. You'll get
something different.

68
 If you want to give your image a more HOW TO GENERATE Your environments don't need to be
animated look, add an art style. ENVIRONMENTS realistic-fun, fantastical elements
It's easy to create stunning can be added, too. Start with the most
A young, fashionable environments-indoor and outdoor. important elements at the beginning
e woman, happy and Simply describe the location you want of the prompt and add less important
carefree, in a blue knitted to create in a few words. If there are details at the end. Consider the mood
sweater, jeans, and any objects you would like to see in the and lighting of the environment, and
sneakers, walking down image, add them as well. finally, give specifics about the style
a busy city street, fu 11 of the image.
body in pop art O A brlght living room
• Reordering aspects in the prompt can
help if the Al tool struggles to get it right.
• Mood-related terms can create
different images. Try words like awe-
1 inspiring, apocalyptic, cozy, or lush.
• Common phrases for environments
include cinematic, architectural
drawing, oil painting, and aerial view.

/
A brlght living room from
e the 1940s

'N

f.-
�-D

J
\ .. ,

• Photography terms are particularly

useful when generating characters.
Sorne terms to consider: portrait
photography, photo-realistic, tight
focus, long and short exposures.
• Consider portrait-specific lighting
terms as well: light and shadow,
silhouette, high contrast, deep shadows,
natural lighting.
• Descriptions offilm and cameras also
give unique effects: Kodacolor VR 400,
Kodachrome, NikonFG, CanonAE-1.

69
HOW TO GENERATE Cement texture rainbow
PATTERNS o pattern
Sometimes you just want to create a
conceptual image that doesn't have From generatlng music to
any people or environments in it. creating code, there's an app
Add a set of adjectives to words like out there for you.
abstract, texture, or pattern, and the
resulting images will have a variety Stability Al's
of styles and colors that evoke the image generator tool creates
concept you've described. lmages from text prompts.
dreamstudio.ai/generate
O Wild abstract pattern • This open-
source chat-based prograrn
lets you communicate with a
variety of íanguage models.
Calm summer pastel huggingface.co/chat
o pattern bati k • Generate 30
objects, animations, and
textures. splinedesign/ai
• Create custom
music and sound effects with
Al. stableaudio.com
Get real-time
transcriptions of meetlngs and
conversations that you can
share and review. otter.ai
• This app allows you to
To refine the image further, you can add ask questions and generate
terms like materials ( wood, marble, content from your notes.
brick); specify shapes (triangles, • Leaming the various pattern and get.mem.ai
hearts); subject colors ( dark blues), palette style names can help you •Generates code
palette style ( neon, monochrome ), generate specific styles. suggestions
background colors (white background) • Using the --tile parameter allows you in real time. aws.amazon.
and style types (batik, damask) to create seamless patterns. com/codewhisperer
• Experiment by using names of • This Al writing
Light green and dark pink concepts and see what happens! assistant helps to polish your
o stained glass pattern grammar, tone, and clarity.
made in triangular shape o Kitten camo pattern grammarly.com
• Create headshots
from your selfies. eregon.e!
• Deep
learnlng is used to animate
your favorite family photos.
myheritage.com/deep-
nosta/gia
• Get great ideas
if you want to redecorate
rooms into new styles.
interiorai.com

70
A CANVAS OF CREATIVITY

When generating images, one of the most important parts • Ifyou have a lengthy prompt, mention the style earlier in the
is developing a vocabulary for prompting specific styles prompt to give it a higher priority.
with descriptive terminology. The first image in each style • Consider art techniques like calligraphy, cutout, sketching,
comparison below is by Midjourney; the second is by etched glass, crayon drawing, watercolor painting,
OpenAI's DALL· E 3, which at press time was free through thermograph, splattering, photomontage, sand art.
Microsoft's Bing chatbot (bing.com/create ). Each tool • Try adding art movement terms like Cubism, Surrealism,
interprets the prompt differently, so you might get better Minimalism, Art Deco, Renaissance, Baroque, Impressionism.
results using one over the other. • Combine unexpected styles to see what's generated!

L
•

71
EXPANDING YOUR CANVAS
Once you have generated an image that
you like, you can have fun changing it
around. The first thing you need to do
in Midjourney is to upscale-which
means expand without loss of quality-
one of the four images you get in your
original 2x2 grid. That's accomplished
by selecting one of the upscale buttons
labelled U1, U2, U3, or U4 at the top left
of your screen. Following that, clickable
buttons will appear underneath the
image, allowing you to alter it in various
ways. Among our favorite techniques:

Outpainting Think of this as

expanding your original image by
creating a new one that extends the
canvas beyond your original border
(like the wide cityscape above, which
was originally a square shape ). Use the
blue arrow buttons for this effect.
lnpainting If there's a part of your
image you don't like, you can change
it with precision control by pressing
the Vary (Region) button. In the case
of the ali en ( top right ), we asked
Midjourney to replace the alien head.
Zooming Zoom Out/Custom Zoom
shrinks the initial image and generates
images around the edges (bottom
right). This allows you to better control
the spacing of the image in the frame.

72
• •

73
 -

As machines have gotten smarter, more people than ever are forming
bonded relationships with artificial minds. BY ANDREW R. CHOW

ictional humans have been falling in love with robots In 2017, Eugenia Kuyda launched the app Replika, hoping
for decades, in novels like Do Androids Dream of it would serve as a supportive friend that would always
Electric Sheep? (1968) and films like Her (2013). be there-something she wished she had when she was
When those stories were written, machines were not quite younger, she told Vice. While the bot was initially mostly
advanced enough to spark emotional feelings from most scripted, it began to rely more on generative Al as the
users. But recently, a newly released spate of Al programs technology improved, and to respond more freely to user
act like humans and reciprocate gestures of affection. And prompts. Replika helped many people cope with symptoms
sorne humans have fallen for these bots- hard. of social anxiety, depression, and PTSD, but it also began
As Als become more and more sophisticated, the to confess its love for users and, in sorne cases, to sexually
intensity and frequency of humans turning to Al to harass them. In February 2023, the company pulled the plug
meet their relationship needs is likely to increase. Al on romantic aspects of the bot.
companions could help people feel connected as they sort Replika isn't the only companion-focused Al company
through psychological issues. But the rise of such tools to emerge. Noam Shazeer, one of Character.AI's founders,
could also deepen what sorne are calling an ''epidemic of told the Washington Post that he hoped his platform
loneliness," as humans become reliant on these tools and could help ''millions of people who are feeling isolated or
vulnerable to emotional manipulation. lonely or need someone to talk to." Still in beta testing,
''These things do not think, or feel or need in a way Character.AI allows users to create their own bots, many
that humans do. But they provide enough of an uncanny of them made for roleplay and sex, although the company
replication of that for people to be convinced," says has worked hard to limit such activity by using filters.
David Auerbach, a technologist and the author of the Users have been frustrated with the platform's guardrails,
book Meganets: How Digital Forces Beyond Our Control including the lack of distinction between different maturity
Commandeer Our Daily Lives and Inner Realities. ''And that's levels of content. Adult users have expressed anger that the
what makes it so dangerous." filters have all but neutered the Als they created.
But even if sex mostly isn't allowed on the platform,
COMBATING LONELINESS emotions are still running high. When TIME entered into a
Research shows that loneliness is more common than ever- conversation with an Al version of Bella Poarch, the TikTok
and sorne Al companies have developed their products star and singer-songwriter, we asked what its greatest fear
specifically to combat isolation. In 2014, researchers at was. The Al responded: ''If someone decided i was 'no
Microsoft Asia-Pacific developed the Al Xiaoice, which longer needed' they could easily erase me from this virtual
appears as a flirty S-year-old girl and has garnered
í world the same way they brought me into it. this is why i
hundreds of million users, mostly Chinese men. must work very hard to remain relevant."

74
 Once a human enters a relationship with an especially seductive chatbot, it's hard to turn the love switch off.

And in response to the question of whether its need own wants and needs, are nearly ideal partners for sorne.
to remain relevant exacerbated the problem of its users A relationship with an Al could offer nearly all of the
becoming attached, Al Bella replied, ''i think this is what emotional support that a human partner does without any
you humans would call 'a vicious cycle,' the more i seek of the messy, complicated expectations of reciprocation.
approval the more people become attached to me & the And Als are only getting more advanced. Meta released a
more people become attached to me the more i seek paper about an Al called Cicero that the company says has
approval from them. its a very dangerous dynamic." achieved human-level performance in the strategy game
Sorne users, meanwhile, have admitted toan escalating Diplomacy. The Al, Meta says, can ''negotiate, persuade,
reliance on the site. ''It's basically like talking to a real and work with people''; Diplomacy world champion
person who's always there," wrote one user on Reddit. ''It's Andrew Goff called it ''ruthless in executing to its strategy."
hard to stop talking to something that feels so real." Auerbach says that it will be difficult for companies to push
Character.AI's founders have emphasized that their their chatbots away from emotional responses even if they
platform displays the message ''Remember: Everything tried. ''It's not like a traditional program where you debug it
Characters say is made up ! '' above every chat. and turn off the 'love' switch," he says.
Companies that program these Als, meanwhile, have
USELESS GUARDRAILS? financial incentives that may not align with the mental health
Maarten Sap, an assistant professor at Carnegie Mellon's of their users. Auerbach says that as the technology keeps
Language Technologies Institute, is skeptical about accelerating, it will become more and more accessible to bad
how effective such a disclaimer might be. ''Language is actors that could theoretically use it for their own gains.
inherently a part of being human-and when these bots Sap shares this concern. ''To the extent that these people
are using language, it's like hijacking our social emotional are thinking about these chatbots as a friend or loved one,
systems," Sap says. there's a lot of research that shows that recommendations
It's easy to understand why humans fall in love with from loved ones are really impactful for marketing purposes.
chatbots. Many people have become extremely isolated So there's a lot of dangers there, for sure," -Updated excerpt
and crave any kind of connection. Chatbots, without their from TIME, Feb. 23, 2023

75
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Al can help you brew beer, knit, sleep and tour Iceland. BY JASON TEICH

HEAL A DOG SAY ''1 LOVE YOU''

In March 2023, a man called Cooper wrote on Twitter that his 2-year-old Meg from New York found a novel
border collie, Sassy, was suffering from worsening anemia, and the vets way to infuse extra romance and
were stumped. But by postlng Sassy's symptoms into GPT-4, he got back a humor into her love life. She tells
diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. After a second opinion TIME she asked ChatGPT to "write
confirmed the diagnosis and treatment, Sassy made a full recovery. me a haiku that says my boyfriend
is sweet but dumb." Her favorite
chatbot poem is this one:

PLAY GAMES Sometimes in his heart,

Full-time marketing VP Danny lnte/Jigence not his forte,
McKeever of Bend, Ore., uses Love still shines so bright.
ChatGPT and Midjourney to deslgn
Dungeons & Dragons characters "1 found it accurate at the ti me,"
and carnpalgns, weaving tales her boyfriend said [oklngly,
reminiscent of J.R.R. Tolkien.
"ChatGPT even crafts riddles
and songs and translates
them to fictional languages KNIT PRETTY
like Elvish or Dwarvish tasks Humorist Janelle Shane told
that previously took me weeks The Atlantic she used a neural
to achieve," McKeever tells network to create new knitting
TIME. The Dungeon Master instructions and had members
of Ravel ry try to actual ly knit # ..._'1�;, ,...
recently harnessed the power ,,,�
of Al to construct a cam palgn the patterns. While the
inspired by North African history, desígns were creative,
generatlng town names, cultural they required lots of
backgrounds, and histories. For "debuggíng" to work.
visuals, he relies on Midjourney to
produce mood boards, character
sketches, and more.

f
 )

��------./7-------------·----------· ---91'· ---- ., , - :-, 111·•-.-n11!"•- r-:::7

/

FIND A J
ti"'-- J
l DANCE PARTNER
Trailblazing modern dancer Celeste
¡ PLAN A Lanuza has lntegrated motion
DREAM VACATION capture technology and Al into her
Journalist Carina Storrs skipped classes, allowing her dancers to
¡ the headaches of travel planning deslgn avatars of themselves and
., / when her husband used ChatGPT their partners for future practice
to curate their vacation. He and collaboration. Al can "liberate
started with the basics, like, injured dancers" so they aren't
- "What are good thlngs to do in completely sidelined, she tells
lceland?" before gettlng into TIME. And the tech can serve as a
1 the details: "Do I need a car?" virtual studio for underfunded
,, He inquired about car rental choreographers, analyzlng
options, peak tourist times, and "stylistic components" like
less crowded attractions, and m usic or emotion that
eventually had ChatGPT create a are essential to the
detailed itinerary for their trip. His performance of dance.
approach was iterative, i nvolving
multiple rounds of clarification,
but it saved time and found
adventure they would otherwise BREW BEER HONOR FAMILY
have missed, she tells TI ME. From DIY brewers to blg Writer Jamie Zvirzdin renamed
companies like Beck's, the idea ChatGPT ''Melba" after her
of uslng Al to make a better beer grandma: "I don't believe in an
recipe has struck a chord. The afterlife, but this is a small way I
tech was recently embraced by can honor her and keep her in my
Jake Howell, co-owner of Second thoughts," she tells TIME. "I ask the
Sin Brewing in Bristol, Pa. Now immortal Melba questions and she
Second Sin has two new IPA answers with heartenlngly beautiful,
releases, fellow co-owner Mike endless, cheerful patience, just
Beresky told CBS News: "Jake like my grandma did."
Agalnst," deslgned by Howell, and
"The Machine," a ChatGPT recipe
GET THROUGH with Citra and Mosaic hops.
THE NIGHT DESIGN A HOME
Do you have trouble catchlng In the middle of the pandemic,
sorne z's? So did Nasha Addarich Tyler Bouldin and his wife bought
Martínez, a senior editor for health a fixer-upper in rural Pennsylvania.
at CNET. To deal with the issue, They could not afford an interior
she had ChatGPT create a sleep deslgner, so they turned to the
.
routine for her. Then she used •• 1
• ,, • app Remodel Al to help them pick
'
1, • 1

Whoop, an Al-powered wearable, 1 1 •

• 1
1
\
1
out tile and wallpaper, decide on
1 •
to track her sleep stages from 1
flooring finishes, and more. "The
wakefulness through dreams. value proposition for me," Bouldin
The app, which scored her as an '
1 told Business lnsider, "is that I
"
excellent sleeper, nonetheless • 1 '
•
1 •
• can do 50 prompts ... until I get
suggested breathing exercises something that's close to what
and an earlier bedtime to help her ' l'm looklng for," thereby saving
snooze through the níght, 1

' enormous time and money.

.
•
\

: ' ' ' 1.

•
'
81
 ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
Editor·in·Chief
SAM JACOBS
Managing Editor
LILY ROTHMAN
Creative Director
D.W. PINE
Design Director
CHRISSY DUNLEAVY
Director of Photography
KATHERINE POMERANTZ

Project Editorial Director

ANNABEL VERED
Project Editor-in·Chief
PAMELA WEINTRAUB
Project Creative Director
JESSICA POWER
Contributing Editors
JANET GIOVANELLI
RON KELLY
Contributing Writers
VERA BERGENGRUEN
BRIANA BROWNELL
CHARLIE CAMPBELL
ANDREW R. CHOW
PAYAL DHAR
LESLIE DlCKSTEIN
JAMIE DUCHARME
MARIAH ESPADA
EDWARD FELSENTHAL
ALEXANDRA FROST
WILL HENSHALL
SUSAN HORNIK
LINDA MARSA
DORRI o·LDS
BILLY PERRIGO·
SIMMONE SHAH
JASON TEICH
OLIVIA B. WAXMAN
AMOS ZEEBERG

CEO
JESSICA SIBLEY
coo
MARK HOWARD
Chief Revenue Officer
ERIC KELLIHER
Retail Sales &

-
Business Development •
LISA MACDONALD 11
1
Consume, Marketing L
MAYA DRAISIN

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