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Designation: D 3519 – 88 (Reapproved 1997) An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM

Standard Test Method for

Foam in Aqueous Media (Blender Test)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3519; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope foaming tendency of the liquid (that is, metalworking coolant)

1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the increase at some other use temperature.
in volume of a low-viscosity aqueous liquid (less than 3 cSt at 5. Apparatus
40°C) due to its tendency to foam under high shear conditions.
5.1 Blender.
NOTE 1—Foam under low shear is covered by Test Method D 3601.
NOTE 2—Tests with blenders other than commercial 7-speed Waring
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Blendor Model 5012G or Model 91-264 (7012G), as shown in Fig. 1, may
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for be suspect due to differences in speed or shape of the jar.4 The blender
information only. speed should be calibrated by any reliable means. One means can be to use
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the a hand-contact tachometer to get the order of speed and then to get several
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the more precise determinations using a stroboscope (which does not touch
the rotor). Settings then can be selected to obtain the recommended speed.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 5.2 Water Bath, constant-temperature, suitable to hold
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 blender jar and several bottled emulsions at 25 6 1°C (77 6
1.8°F) for 1 to 2 h.5
2. Referenced Documents 5.3 Stop Watch or Timer, capable of measuring 5 min 6 0.2
2.1 ASTM Standards: s.
D 1126 Test Method for Hardness in Water2 5.4 Glass Jars or Bottles, clean or new, 250-ml (8-oz) or
D 3601 Test Method for Foam In Aqueous Media (Bottle 500-ml (16-oz).
Test)3 5.5 Graduated Cylinder, 250-ml, fitted with ground-glass
stopper.
3. Summary of Test Method 5.6 Rule, millimetre, approximately 300 mm long to be
3.1 The increase in volume is determined by the increase in attached to the blender jar.
total height of test fluid including foam after blending for 30 s
using a commercial-type blender with glass jar (see Note 2) at 6. Materials
25 6 1°C (77 6 1.8°F) agitating between 4000 and 13 000 6.1 Distilled Water.
rpm. The preferred range would be 8000 6 1000 rpm. 6.2 Hard Water, 20 000 ppm, made as follows: Dissolve
29.4 g of reagent grade (ACS standard) CaCl2·2H2O in 1 L of
4. Significance and Use freshly boiled distilled water. (Used only where distilled water
4.1 The results obtained by the test method described are is used as in Note 3.)
useful as guides in determining the tendency of a water-based
metalworking coolant to produce foam under high shear 7. Procedure
conditions. No correlation with changes in heat transfer, 7.1 Clean and rinse the blender with distilled water using 10
pumpability, or other factors affected by foam is intended. The s blends and fresh samples of distilled water until no appre-
foam produced by any given industrial process depends on the ciable foam is developed by blending.
method by which the foam is generated and may not be directly 7.2 Place the blender jar in the constant-temperature bath.
proportional to that produced by this carefully controlled (The bath water should not be allowed inside the jar.)
laboratory test method. Further, the foam generated at the 7.3 Using the manufacturer’s recommended procedure, pre-
specified test temperature will not necessarily predict the pare 200 ml of emulsion at the recommended use concentra-
tion.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
4
D02.L0.01 Metal Removal Fluids and Lubricants. Except for exterior finish of the base, Blendor Models 5012G and 7012G
Current edition approved Oct. 31, 1988. Published January 1989. Originally (91-264) are the same. Blendors may be purchased from Waring Products Div., or
published as D 3519 – 76. Last previous edition D 3519 – 76 (1982)e2. through supply houses (such as Cole Palmer No. 4244-80).
2 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. A common household dishpan is satisfactory when the test temperature is close
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02. to room temperature.

1
 D 3519

FIG. 1 Commercial Blender (See Note 1).

1. Preparation of Emulsion
1.1 (7.3) Sample description
1.2 (7.3) Concentration, %
1.3 (7.4) Source of water used
1.4 (7.4) Water hardness, ppm
1.5 (7.3) Method of preparing emulsion
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Test Data
2.1 (7.9) Temperature at start of test °C
2.2 (7.10) Initial height (I) mm
2.3 (7.12) Maximum total height at zero time (M) mm
2.4 (7.14) Residual total height after 5 min (R) mm
2.5 (7.13) Time to defoam to 10 mm (to nearest 1⁄2 min) min
2.6 (7.15) Temperature at end of test °C
Caution—The round robin on this test used distilled water and a controlled synthetic hard water to make data comparative to the products under test at different
places and at different times. Care must be exercised when natural waters are used that comparative samples are used in exactly the same water, taken at the same
time from the same source. (For instance, well waters can change in hardness rapidly depending on the change in demand within the hour.)

NOTE 1—Numbers in parentheses indicate the section within the body of the method where the observations to be recorded are made.
FIG. 2 Suggested Test Form for Recording Data.

7.4 When tap water is used, record water hardness (using maximum of 2 h in the constant-temperature water bath deep
Test Method D 1126), source, and date obtained. enough so that the water level is at least 10 mm above the
air-test fluid interface.
NOTE 3—In the absence of manufacturers’ recommendations, place 190
ml of distilled water in the 250-ml capacity glass-stoppered graduated 7.6 Assemble the blender.
cylinder. Pour a fine stream of coolant concentrate into the cylinder to 7.7 Attach a millimetre rule to one side of the blender so
bring the liquid level to the 200-ml mark, being careful not to run that the 0 mm matches with the inside bottom of the blender
concentrate down the side of the cylinder. (A syringe or serological pipet jar.
with rubber bulb may be found convenient here.6) Immediately, stopper
and shake the cylinder to form a 5 % emulsion or solution. NOTE 4—Permanent attachment using epoxy cement may be found to
be convenient. An adhesive-backed transparent measuring tape is also
7.5 Pour the test liquid into a clean glass bottle or jar and suitable.7
store it at 25 6 1°C (77 6 1.8°F) for a minimum of 1 h and a
7.8 Pour the test liquid into the blender jar.

6 7
Serological pipets, Corning No. 7077 or Fisher No. 13-671-108E, are suitable One suitable transparent tape is sold under the brand “Scalefix Scales” by
for more viscous fluids. Bel-Art Products Inc., Pequannock, NJ, Catalog No. H-2075 (1974).

2
 D 3519
SAMPLES OF DATA (Blender Method) Millimetres Maximum Foam:M – I

Sample Number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

X1A 65 70 50 45 105 110 85 10 90 25 80 15

6 X2A 65 65 50 35 105 90 75 15 85 25 80 25
X1 0 0 0 0 90 70 80 2 95 30 90 20
14 X2 0 0 0 0 70 70 80 3 98 30 90 28

Millimetres Residual Foam: R − I

X1 0 0 0 0 60 70 75 0 85 10 80 15
6 X2 0 0 0 0 55 30 70 0 85 15 80 10
X1 0 0 0 0 90 70 80 2 95 30 90 20
14 X2 0 0 0 0 70 70 80 3 98 30 90 28

Time to Defoam to 1 cm Net Foam Level (min)

X1 0.33 0.5 0.25 0.25 5+ 5+ 5+ 0 5+ 5.0 5+ 5+
6 X2 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25 5+ 5+ 5+ 0 5+ 5+ 5+ 5+
X1 0.25B 0.25B 0.25B 0.25B 5+ 5+ 5+ 0.25B 5+ 5+ 5+ 5+
14 X2 0.25B 0.25B 0.25B 0.25B 5+ 5+ 5+ 0.25B 5+ 5+ 5+ 5+
A
X1 and X2 are duplicate test results.
B
Request was for nearest 0.5 min. Where <0.5 min is shown, it was recorded at 0.25 min.
Blender Descriptions rpm

6 Waring 5012G—speed 1 7 300

14 Waring 1003—low speed 11 000
Sample Descriptions
1 L-1-3A in Distilled Water—10 % butyl CellosolvT (trademark of Union Carbide)
Sample 3 L-1-3B in Distilled Water—10 % butyl CarbitolT (trademark of Union Carbide)
5 L-1-3C in Distilled Water—Sample 3 plus nonionic ether
7 L-1-3D in Distilled Water—5 % commercial long oil soluble coolant
9 L-1-3E in Distilled Water—3 % commercial synthetic coolant
11 L-1-3F in Distilled Water—3 % commercial synthetic plus defoamer
2,4,6,8,10,12—Same in hard water, respectively
FIG. 3 Sample Data (Blender Method).

7.9 Using any suitable thermometer, measure and record the 7.18 Rinse the blender as in 7.1.
temperature of this liquid and adjust it to 25 6 1°C (77 6
NOTE 7—7.2 may be omitted prior to testing of other fluids in a single
1.8°F) if necessary. Remove the thermometer and cover the series of tests, provided a jar temperature approximating 25°C (77°F) is
blender jar. assured.
7.10 Measure and record the test liquid height, disregarding
any foam, to the nearest 1 mm. Call this the initial height, I. 8. Calculations and Report
7.11 Blend 30 6 1 s at between 4000 and 13 000 rpm. 8.1 Calculate maximum foam height, Fm, as follows:
7.12 Shut off the blender and immediately measure the total Fm 5 M – I (1)
height (including foam). This is called maximum total height at
zero time. (If foam is not level, make the best average where:
measurement possible.) I 5 initial height (7.10), and
7.13 Allow the blender to stand undisturbed and record the M 5 maximum total height at zero time (7.12).
time (to the nearest 1⁄2 min) for the foam to subside to a net 8.2 Time to Defoam to 10 mm (7.13)—Record the time to
foam height of 10 mm. defoam to 10 mm of net foam to the nearest 0.5 min if foam
7.14 Record the total height to the nearest 1 mm as residual subsides within the 5-min test time. Otherwise record “5 + .”
total height after 5 min if the foam height at this time exceeds 8.3 Calculate residual foam after 5 min, Fr, as follows:
10 mm. Fr 5 R– I (2)
7.15 Measure and record the temperature of the test liquid to
the nearest 1°C (1.8°F). where:
R 5 residual total height (7.14)
NOTE 5—The following sections should be performed only when
distilled water has been used in the above procedure in accordance with NOTE 8—A suitable report form is described in Fig. 2.
Note 3.
9. Precision and Bias 8
7.16 Add 1.0 ml of 20 000-ppm hard water stock solution
to the emulsion. Blend on No. 1 or the lowest speed for 5 s to 9.1 The precision of the method as determined by the
distribute the hard water stock uniformly. Allow the emulsion statistical examination of interlaboratory test results is as
to sit quiet for 5 min; then proceed as in 7.17. follows:

NOTE 6—Caution: Differences in hydrolyzation time can yield differ-

ences in foaming properties. 8
The results of the cooperative round-robin test program from which these
7.17 Repeat 7.9-7.15 . values have been derived are filed at ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D-2-1024.

3
 D 3519
9.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive test Mean %
results, obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus Maximum foam 70
Residual foam 43
under constant operating conditions on identical test material
would, in the long run, and in the normal and correct operation 9.2 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference suitable for
of the test method, exceed the following values only in one determining the bias for the procedure in this test method, no
case in twenty: statement on bias is being made.
Mean % NOTE 9—Time to Defoam data are not usable to determine precision by
Maximum foam 25 the prescribed method as most data read either less than 0.5 min, or
Residual foam 24
5 + min. See Fig. 3 for sample data.
9.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two, single NOTE 10—Referee Work—No more than three replicate tests will
normally be required.
and independent results, obtained by different operators
working in different laboratories on identical test material 10. Keywords
would, in the long run, exceed the following values only in one 10.1 aqueous media; blender test; foam; high shear; water
case in twenty: based metal working coolant

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if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
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