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UTILIZATION OF LEMONGRASS AND OREGANO AS MOSQUITO REPELLENT

THROUGH INCENSE CONE

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

Mosquitoes are widespread flying insects that are active year-round

and can be found almost anywhere in the world. Mosquitoes are a serious threat to public health

transmitting several dangerous diseases for over 2 billion people in the tropics (Asian Pac J Trop

Biomed.2011). Certain mosquitoes have the potential to carry disease. An animal, bug, or tick

that transmits infections (germs) to people and animals is referred to as a vector. One individual

or person could become ill from the viruses and parasites that mosquitoes transmit, and this

viruses are Malaria, West Nile Virus, Zika Virus, Yellow Fever and Dengue Fever.Malaria

causes life threatening disease by infecting and destroying red blood cells. According to WHO

(World Health Organization), globally, a projected 619,000 people died from malaria in 2021,

down from 625,000 in the pandemic's first year. Before the epidemic, in 2019, there had been

568,000 fatalities. The number of malaria cases increased between 2020 and 2021, more slowly

than it did from 2019 to 2020. Compared to 245 million cases in 2020 and 232 million in 2019,

the number of malaria cases worldwide reached 247 million in 2021. The neurological system

becomes seriously unwell caused by the West Nile Virus. The first time this was isolated was

from a woman's peripheral blood in the West Nile nation of Uganda in 1937. According to the

University of Florida, Thailand, Malaysia, Turkey, Albania, and the Philippines are home to the
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deadly West Nile Virus, which is spread by mosquitoes. Zika Virus is generally mild condition

that initially causes fever, joint pain and rash. World Health Organization declared a public

health emergency of international concern regarding microcephaly and other neurological

disorders and zika virus from February to November 2016. Cases of Zika virus declined from

2017 onwards globally; however, Zika virus transmission persists at low levels in several

countries in the Americas and in other endemic region. Yellow Fever is an epidemic-prone

mosquito-borne vaccine preventable disease that is transmitted by mosquitoes. A modelling

study based on African data sources estimated the burden of yellow fever during 2013 was

84,000 to 170,000 severe cases and 29,000 to 60,000 death cases. Dengue Fever can cause high

fever, rash, joint pain, severe bleeding and even death. According to WHO (World Health

Organization) Dengue fever is one of the top ten global health threats, it’s also the most rapidly

spreading. There has been a 30-fold increase in global incidence over the past 50 years.

Mosquito control and personal protection from mosquito bites are currently the most

important measures to control these diseases. Many approaches have been developed and tried to

tackle mosquito menace. The use of larvicides and repellents is an obvious practicality and

economical means of preventing the transmission of these diseases to humans.

The use of repellents to protect people from bites of mosquitoes previously has been

acknowledged as part of an overall integrated insect-borne disease control programme. Most

commercial repellents are produced by using chemical components such as N, N-diethyl-

metatoluamide (DEET), Allethrin, N, N-diethyl mendelic acid amide, and Dimethyl phthalate. It

has been identifed that chemical repellents are not safe for public health and should be used with

caution because of their detrimental impacts on synthetic fabric and plastic as well as toxic

reactions, such as allergy, dermatitis, and cardiovascular and neurological side efects, which
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have been reported generally after misapplication. The frequent use of synthetic repellents with

chemical origin for mosquito control has disturbed natural ecosystems and resulted in the

development of resistance to insecticides, resurgence in mosquito populations, and adverse

impact on nontarget organisms. Accordingly, the idea of using natural mosquito repellent

products as an alternative to develop new eco-friendly repellents could be an amicable solution

to scale back the undesirable effects on environment and human health.

In recent years, interest in plant-based repellents has been revived, as they contain a rich

source of bioactive phytochemicals that are safe and biodegradable into nontoxic by-products,

which could be screened for insecticidal activities and mosquito repellent. Many studies have

reported evidence of repellant activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria vectors

around the world. The present systematic review was performed to reveal which plant-based

repellent can be relied on to provide a prolonged and predictable protection from species of

Anopheles mosquitoes without causing side effects on human health. (Asadollahi et al. Malar J

(2019) 18:436)

This study aims to explore the potential of natural plant-based powders and extracts as

mosquito repellents in the form of incense. Lemon grass and oregano are known for their insect-

repellent properties, making them suitable candidates for this research.

Lemongrass contains components of geraniol (20-40%), citronellal (25-50%), and

citronellol (10-15%) which cause aroma, so it can be used as a mosquito repellent (Agusta,

2000). In addition to being used as a repellent, lemongrass can also be used in the cosmetic field,

namely as the main ingredient in soaps, skin lotions, and perfumes (Essential oils, 2010)
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Oregano extract contains a compound called carvacrol, which has been found to have

insecticidal properties. While it may not be as widely known or used as other mosquito

repellents, it could be an effective alternative for those who prefer natural solutions. Oregano is a

common species of Origanum, a genus of the mint family (Lamiaceae). The herb has many uses

in food, and medicine, and is an effective repellent against mosquitoes.According to researchers,

it is an antibacterial agent and a source of fiber, vitamin K,manganese, iron, vitamin E,

tryptophan, and calcium. Moreover, contains phytonutrients;carvol, and thymol which are natural

insect repellents. Furthermore, researchers tested oregano as an alternative mosquito repellent

incense coil that can be effective as a commercial product; the findings of the study indicate no

significant difference in using the oregano leaves as mosquito repellant as compared to the

commercial brand.

Oil of oregano has a strong odor that mosquitos detest. The oil concentrates the odor and

makes it more potent than found in the plant, thus using oregano as mosquito repellent is less

effective. It is proven to be beyond antimicrobial in which lab results show anti-inflammatory,

antiproliferative, antitumor, and hypoglycemic properties. The results of another study show

oregano oil being composed of approximately 63% carvacrol, 15% thymol, and 3 % y-Terpinene

which are anti-microbials and had been scientifically proven to greatly repel mosquitoes. The

relationship between the chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil of O.

vulgare was found to exhibit a larvicidal activity with dose-response relationship in which it can

be a bioinsecticide for vector control. A minimum effective dosage (MED) of 0.011 ± 0.000

mg/cm2 demonstrate great repellency against Ae.Aegypti compared to a reference control DEET

in a cloth patch assay conducted on humans.In addition, the study on the utilization of oregano
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and marigold essential oil and leaf extracts concluded that natural products with non-toxic

components could be used as mosquito repellents.

However, it is said that it’s important to note that further research is needed to confirm its

effectiveness as mosquito repellent and to determine any potential side effects.

Sonali et.al (2023) stated that the primary issue in the modern era is the environment. The

extent of ongoing pollution has attracted the public's attention. The most basic requirement for

human survival on this planet is a clean environment. Many airborne infections are primarily

caused by the presence of germs in the air. Talking, laughing, coughing, and sneezing can

transmit the pathogens that cause airborne infections from an infected person to a non-infected

one through the air. Many methods are used nowadays to purify the air so that it is safe to

breathe. Although there are many chemical alternatives on the market for the same price, they do

have a number of side effects that may harm organisms' health.

Herbal products can be used instead of chemical substances to offset their negative

effects. Herbal products have features that include scent, which not only purifies the air but also

creates a positive atmosphere where they are utilized. The current effort mostly focuses on

explaining the development of sticks that may be used in place of chemicals to reduce the

amount of microbes in the air.

As air borne diseases are quite prevalent now a days so there is a need to have air with

low microbial load to reduce the incident of air borne diseases. Presently many chemical

alternatives are used to deal with the situation, but they also impart many side effects. In present

scenario Incense Sticks with antimicrobial property can act as a savior. Moreover in countries

like India, where most of our functions and social gathering start with lighting a dhoop or
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incense stick, it can perform dual functions. Additionally, the cost to prepare Incense Sticks is

quite economical and can be bear by anyone so it can be a better option against the costly

chemical alternatives. Present work tries to conclude that if a focused approach is taken towards

manufacturing of Incense Sticks by using natural ingredient then it can be a potential market.

(Samarth Institute of Pharmacy Belhe Tal-Junnar Dist.-Pune Pin-412410 Maharashtra

INDIA.2023)

The study on "Utilization of Lemongrass and Oregano as Mosquito Repellents through

Incense Cone" holds great significance for various stakeholders. Firstly, the community will

benefit from this research as it addresses the issue of mosquito-borne diseases, which are

prevalent in many areas. By developing an effective and accessible mosquito repellent, the

community can protect themselves and their families from potential health risks.

Secondly, teachers can utilize the findings of this study to educate their students about the

importance of preventing mosquito-borne diseases. By incorporating this research into their

lessons, teachers can raise awareness and promote responsible behavior among students,

empowering them to take proactive measures to safeguard their health.

Students themselves will benefit from this study as it offers them an opportunity to engage

in scientific inquiry and learn about natural alternatives to chemical mosquito repellents. This

research encourages critical thinking and hands-on experimentation, fostering a curiosity-driven

approach to problem-solving among students.

Future researchers can also find value in this study, as it provides a foundation for further

investigations in the field of natural mosquito repellents. The use of lemon grass oil, garlic
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cloves oil, and oregano extract as potential repellent ingredients opens up avenues for exploring

the effectiveness of other natural substances and their viability for commercial production.

Lastly, this study presents parents with a safe and eco-friendly solution to protect their

children from mosquito bites. With growing concerns about the harmful effects of chemical-

based products, having access to a natural mosquito repellent can provide peace of mind to

parents, knowing that they are prioritizing their children's health and well-being.

Theoretical Framework

Not everyone wants to use harsh chemicals to keep pesky bugs away. As such, many

people turn to plant-based chemicals to keep insects at bay. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus,

USDA growing zones 9 through 10 but commonly grown as an annual in colder regions) is

commonly grown to deter insects. (Johnson, 2019)

Other people use oils made from the plant as a natural repellent. These natural

insecticides/repellents are growing in popularity as people turn away from pesticides that can

harm the environment, though their efficacy is somewhat lower. (Johnson, 2019)

Lemongrass oil is an extraction made from the lemongrass plant and contains several

active compounds such asgeranial and neralin large amounts, the former being a strong repellant

against maize weevils. The plants also contain other compounds such asgeraniol and

citronellol,two relatively well-known repellants, but in smaller amounts. These latter two

compounds are found more abundantly in citronella plants (C. nardus, which grows in USDA

zones 10 through 12).

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Lemongrass as a mosquito repellent is relatively effective, and its oil finds widespread

use on its own or in combination with other similar compounds. Lemongrass oil among others is

exempt from United States Environmental Protection Agency registration. Often, people will use

them topically, while others may make a lemongrass mosquito repellent spray by putting it in a

sprits bottle with some water. (Johnson, 2019)

Insect repellents are important tools for prevention of insect-borne diseases as well as

painful or uncomfortable insect bites. The 2 most effective and widely used products are N, N-

diethyl-3- methylbenzamide (deet), which is applied to exposed skin, and permethrin, which is

applied to clothes. Both are safe when used according to directions. Other repellents, including a

variety of plant-derived products, have also been used but generally have a weaker or shorter-

lived repellent effect. (Goddard, 2002)

Actions to reduce vector-borne diseases can result in major health gains and relieve an

important constraint on development in poor regions. Vector borne diseases cause approximately

1.4 million deaths per year, mainly from malaria in Africa. These infections are both an effect of,

and contribute to, poverty. (Amerasinghe, 2006)

Insect repellents help prevent and control the outbreak of insect-borne(and other

arthropod- bourne) diseases such as malaria,Lyme disease,dengue fever,bubonic plague,river

blindness and West Nile fever. (Wikipedea, 2011)

Technically, an insect repellent is any chemical or natural, that causes insect or other

arthropods to make directed, oriented movements away from the source of repellent. And lemon

grass can use as natural insect repellent (Helmenstine, 2011)

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Clove components consisted of 70%–90% Eugenol which cause clove aroma (11). This

phenolic molecule is recognized as a relatively strong and moderately durable mosquito repellent

(4). The concentrated form of eugenol or with cinnamon and clove oil were used as a mosquito

repellent. In addition, it is reported as an effective insecticide eugenol and mixtures of eugenol

with alpha-terpineol and cinnamic alcohol were used against American cockroaches (Periplaneta

americana) and German cockroaches (Blattella germanica). (Sheikh et. al 2021)

Chaubey (2017) stated in his study that essential oils from organic products

aresustainable alternatives in insect pest management because organic products are available in

nature, and essential oil can be effective in tracking and fumigating toxicity and effective in

repelling insects. Subramaniam (2012) supports Chaubey (2017) as stated in his study that aloe

vera has natural compounds that have insecticidal properties.

Conceptual Framework

The system approach (Input-Process-Output system) was used in describing the

conceptual framework of the study.

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INPUT PROCESS

 Convert lemongrass
and oregano into OUTPUT
powder
 Extract oregano
 Crush wood charcoal
Utilization of
Lemongrass and  Mix oregano powder,
Oregano as lemongrass powder,
Mosquito crushed charcoal, Mosquito
Repellent and oregano extract Repellent Incense
through Incense in different ratios for Cone
Cone three treatments
o Treatment 1: 3tsp
oregano powder, 2
tsp lemongrass
powder, 1 tsp
crushed charcoal, 4
tsp oregano extract
o Treatment 2: 2 tsp
oregano powder, 2
tsp lemongrass
powder, 1 tsp
crushed charcoal, 4
tsp oregano extract
o Treatment 3: 2 tsp
oregano powder, 3
tsp lemongrass
powder, 1 tsp
crushed charcoal, 4
tsp oregano extract
 Make incense cone
using the three
treatments
 Dry the incense cone
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Figure 1:Research Paradigm

The objective of this research is to develop a mosquito repellent incense stick utilizing

the properties of lemongrass and oregano. The process begins by converting both lemongrass and

oregano into powder form. Oregano is then extracted to obtain its essential properties.

Additionally, wood charcoal is crushed to add to the mixture.

The next step involves mixing the oregano powder, lemongrass powder, crushed

charcoal, and oregano extract in different ratios for three different treatments. Treatment 1

consists of 3 teaspoons of oregano powder, 2 teaspoons of lemongrass powder, 1 teaspoon of

crushed charcoal, and 4 teaspoons of oregano extract. Treatment 2 comprises 2 teaspoons of

oregano powder, 2 teaspoons of lemongrass powder, 1 teaspoon of crushed charcoal, and 4

teaspoons of oregano extract. Treatment 3 includes 2 teaspoons of oregano powder, 3 teaspoons

of lemongrass powder, 1 teaspoon of crushed charcoal, and 4 teaspoons of oregano extract.

Incense cones are made with each of the three treatments. Subsequently, the mixture is

dried to achieve the desired consistency and form of mosquito repellent incense cone.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of a mosquito repellent incense

stick utilizing lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and oregano (origanum vulgare) as active

ingredients.

1.Acceptability of the qualities of the sample incense sticks according to;

a. Appearance
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b. Texture

c. Smell

2. What is the repellency of oregano and lemongrass against mosquitoes along with the different

treatments?

3. Is there a significant difference between the three treatments?

Hypothesis

Oregano and lemongrass will exhibit significant repellency against mosquitoes.

There is a significant difference between and among the validation of the lemongrass and

oregano as mosquito repellent through incense cone along with the three treatments.

Scope and Delimitation

The research titled "Utilization of Lemongrass and Oregano as Mosquito Repellent

Through Incense Cone" aims to comprehensively investigate the effectiveness of a mosquito

repellent formulated with lemon grass oil and oregano extract when used in the form of incense.

The study will not only assess the repellent's efficacy in repelling mosquitoes but will also

include the process of making the incense. This will involve examining the formulation and

production process, including the extraction and powder methods, as well as the blending and

molding of the incense. Data collection will encompass observations of mosquito behavior in

response to the incense, as well as the duration of protection provided.

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The study will focus solely on the effectiveness of the repellent mosquitoes. Additionally,

while the process of making the incense will be included, the study will not assess the long-term

effects or safety of prolonged exposure to the incense on humans or the environment. Individual

variations in mosquito attraction and environmental factors such as airflow and humidity will not

be extensively considered. The investigation will not delve into the commercialization or large-

scale production of the mosquito repellent incense, solely concentrating on its formulation,

production process, and efficacy in repelling mosquitoes.

Definition of Terms

Bubonic plague: A severe bacterial infection transmitted through flea bites, characterized by

fever, swollen lymph nodes, and, in untreated cases, respiratory failure and death.

Charcoal: A black porous carbon material obtained by heating wood or other organic substances

in the absence of air, commonly used for cooking, heating, and purifying water.

Dengue Fever: A mosquito-borne viral infection causing flu-like symptoms and, in severe

cases, hemorrhagic fever, also known as breakbone fever.

Extracting: The process of obtaining a concentrated form of a substance, such as essential oils

from plants, through methods such as distillation or cold pressing.

Incense stick: A stick made of combustible material, typically infused with fragrant oils or

substances, burned to produce a pleasant aroma.

Lemon grass: A tropical plant with a citrus scent, often used in cooking and herbal medicine for

its insect-repelling properties.

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Malaria: A serious and sometimes fatal mosquito-borne disease caused by parasites of the

Plasmodium genus.

Mosquito: A small flying insect known for its biting behavior, which can transmit various

diseases to humans and animals.

Oiling: The process of extracting essential oils from plants, such as lemon grass or oregano, for

various purposes, including insect repellents.

Oregano: A fragrant herb commonly used in cooking, known for its antimicrobial properties.

West Nile Virus: A viral infection transmitted to humans through mosquito bites, causing flu-

like symptoms and, in severe cases, neurological complications.

Yellow Fever: A viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, characterized by fever, jaundice, and

potentially fatal complications.

Zika Virus: A mosquito-borne virus that can cause birth defects in infants born to infected

mothers and neurological complications in adults.

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CHAPTER II

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the research design, population and locale, data gathering

instrument, experimental procedure, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment of data

used by the researchers in conducting the study.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Quantitative research was employed in this study as a method of data collection. An

experimental methodology was used as its approach, which allowed a detailed examination of

the efficacy of the lemon grass and oregano extract as components of the mosquito repellent

incense cone.

POPULATION AND LOCALE

Random Sampling was employed to select five participants from Sabnangan, Luba, Abra,

deemed the most suitable method for this study. This sampling strategy ensures unbiased

participant selection. This approach enhances the credibility and validity of the research findings,

allowing for broader generalizations to be made about the efficacy of lemongrass and oregano as

mosquito repellents.

DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT

In the study, a checklist survey was conducted to evaluate the differences in appearance,

texture, and smell among three treatments. This survey utilized a five-point Likert scale,

allowing respondents to rate each treatment.

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Numerical Value Range of Means Descriptive Rating
5 4.20-5.00 Very Good (VG)
4 3.40-4.19 Good(G)
3 2.60-3.39 Acceptable (A)
2 1.80-2.59 Poor (P)
1 1.00-1.79 Very Poor (VP)
Experimental Procedure

Preparation of the Oregano Powder

The oregano leaves were collected from Sabnangan and Poblacion, Luba, Abra. The first

set of oregano leaves that weighed 370 grams were chopped then placed on a baking tray and

then were arranged properly. The oregano leaves were under the oven’s heat for one hour at a

temperature of 150° C or at least until the leaves turned brittle and dry. Using mortal and pestle,

the brittle and dry oregano leaves were pulverized. A very fine sieve was used to select only the

pulverized oregano powder.

Preparation of the Lemongrass Powder

Lemongrass was gathered from Sabnangan and Poblacion, Luba, Abra. The initial batch,

weighing 370 grams, underwent chopping before being spread evenly on a baking tray.

Subsequently, they were subjected to the oven's heat for approximately one hour at a temperature

of 150°C, or until the leaves achieved a brittle, dry consistency. Following this, the brittle

oregano leaves were pulverized using a grinder, and a fine sieve was employed to isolate the

finely powdered lemongrass.

Preparation of the Oregano Extract

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The preparation of oregano extract commenced with the weighing of the oregano leaves,

totaling 200 grams. These leaves were then thoroughly washed and dried to remove any

impurities. Subsequently, the dried oregano leaves were finely chopped and transferred into a

clean glass container. To facilitate extraction, 500 milliliters of ethanol solution (70%

concentration) were added to the container, ensuring complete coverage of the oregano leaves.

The mixture was tightly sealed and allowed to macerate for a period of one week at room

temperature, with periodic shaking to enhance the extraction process. After the maceration

period, the oregano extract was filtered using cheesecloth to remove solid residues, yielding a

clear liquid solution rich in oregano constituents, ready for further analysis and application in the

study.

Preparing the Mixture

Three experimental mixtures were made. These mixtures have different proportions of

the materials namely; oregano extract, oregano powder, lemongrass powder and the wood

charcoal. A table about the quantities of the components is shown using the two proportions as

guide.

T1- 3:2:1:4 (oregano powder, lemongrass powder, crushed charcoal, oregano extract)

T2- 2:2:1:4 (oregano powder, lemongrass powder, crushed charcoal, oregano extract)

T3- 2:3:1:4 (oregano powder, lemongrass powder, crushed charcoal, oregano extract)

Treatment Oregano Lemongrass Crushed Wood Oregano

Powder Powder Charcoal Extract

T1 3 tsp. 2 tsp. 1 tsp. 4 tsp.

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T2 2 tsp. 2 tsp. 1 tsp. 4 tsp.

T3 2 tsp. 3 tsp. 1 tsp. 4 tsp.

Table 1. Proportions of treatment group

In preparing the mixture, the table shown above was used as a guide to the quantity of the

components. Using a large bowl, the dry leaves were mixed thoroughly, the oregano powder,

crushed wooden charcoal were mixed. The oregano extract was mixed with 3 tbsp. of white

starch (Note: Mix quickly before adding to the dry mixture because this mixture easily

separates). Once mixed thoroughly, oregano grass extract was added. In this preparation, the

consistency of the mixture could still be improved; cooking oil were utilized and was added to

reach the exact consistency.

Making the Mosquito Incense Cone

The mixture from different treatments molded into cones using plastic molds shaped like

cones. The shaped cones were then sun-dried for 7 hours (8 A.M.-3 P.M.)

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

Permission to conduct the survey was obtained from the School Principal and

subsequently approved by the Barangay Captain of Sabnangan, where the study was conducted

from 8:30 to 10:30 AM.

To accomplish this, beginning on May 6th, the researchers distributed incense cones to

five participants, sequentially administering Treatment 1 on May 6th, Treatment 2 on May 7th,

and Treatment 3 on May 8th. Each day, the incense was provided within the same time range,

specifically between 6:00 PM and 6:30 PM. On May 8th, following the completion of the three-
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day incense distribution, the researchers conducted a survey to assess the repellency of the

incense.

This methodology was employed to determine which incense formulation exhibited the

greatest efficacy in repelling mosquitoes.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

The data gathered were statistically treated with the following tools.

1. Weighted Mean– It was used to assess the repellency of oregano and lemongrass against

mosquitos.

2. One-way ANOVA – It was utilized to determine the significant difference between and

among the three treatments in terms of the qualities and repellency.

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CHAPTER III

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the data gathered

that is relevant to the problems in this study.

Problem 1: What are the characteristics of the sample incense cones according to;

a. appearance

b. texture

c. smell

Treatment 1: 3:2:1:4 (oregano powder, lemongrass powder, crushed charcoal, oregano extract)

QUALITIES MEAN DESCRIPTIVE RATING

Appearance 3.8 Good
Texture 3 Acceptable
Smell 3.2 Acceptable
AS A WHOLE 3.33 ACCEPTABLE
Table 2
Numerical Value Range of Means Descriptive Rating
5 4.20-5.00 Very Good (VG)
4 3.40-4.19 Good(G)
3 2.60-3.39 Acceptable (A)
2 1.80-2.59 Poor (P)
1 1.00-1.79 Very Poor (VP)
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Treatment 1 achieved a mean score of 3.33 across appearance, texture, and smell. Its

placement within the range of means, falling between 2.60 and 3.39, indicates that Treatment 1 is

Acceptable based on its favorable evaluation in these aspects. This means that the overall

perception of Treatment 1 by the evaluators is positive, although not exemplary, suggesting that

it meets the basic standards of quality and is satisfactory to the users.

The score signifies that while there may be areas for improvement, Treatment 1 is

generally well-received and performs adequately in key sensory attributes.

Treatment 2: 2:2:1:4 (oregano powder, lemongrass powder, crushed charcoal, oregano extract)

QUALITIES MEAN DESCRIPTIVE RATING

Appearance 4.6 Very Good
Texture 4 Good
Smell 3.8 Good
AS A WHOLE 4.13 GOOD
Table 3

Numerical Value Range of Means Descriptive Rating

5 4.20-5.00 Very Good (VG)
4 3.40-4.19 Good(G)
3 2.60-3.39 Acceptable (A)
2 1.80-2.59 Poor (P)
1 1.00-1.79 Very Poor (VP)

Treatment 2 received a mean score of 4.13 across appearance, texture, and smell. This

places it within the Good range of means, falling between 3.40 and 4.19. This indicates that

Treatment 2 is perceived quite favorably by the evaluators, surpassing the basic acceptability

threshold and demonstrating higher quality in its sensory attributes.

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A mean score of 4.13 suggests that the majority of evaluators found the appearance,

texture, and smell of Treatment 2 to be better than merely acceptable, indicating consistent

positive feedback.

Treatment 3: 2:3:1:4 (oregano powder, lemongrass powder, crushed charcoal, oregano extract)

QUALITIES MEAN DESCRIPTIVE RATING

Appearance 3.6 Good
Texture 4.4 Very Good
Smell 5 Very Good
AS A WHOLE 4.33 VERY GOOD
Table 4

Numerical Value Range of Means Descriptive Rating

5 4.20-5.00 Very Good (VG)
4 3.40-4.19 Good(G)
3 2.60-3.39 Acceptable (A)
2 1.80-2.59 Poor (P)
1 1.00-1.79 Very Poor (VP)

Treatment 3 attained an average score of 4.33 across appearance, texture, and smell,

placing it within the Very Good range of means, which encompasses values falling between 4.20

and 5.00. This high score indicates that Treatment 3 is perceived extremely favorably by the

evaluators, demonstrating superior quality in its sensory attributes.

The mean score of 4.33 signifies that the evaluators consistently rated Treatment 3 as

highly satisfactory, reflecting its excellent performance in terms of appearance, texture, and

smell. This level of acclaim suggests that Treatment 3 not only meets but exceeds user

expectations, indicating a high degree of satisfaction and preference.

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Summary for Problem 1

Treatment 1 achieved a mean score of 3.33, indicating it is Acceptable based on appearance,

texture, and smell. This suggests that while Treatment 1 meets basic quality standards and is

generally satisfactory to users, there is room for improvement.

Treatment 2 received a mean score of 4.13, placing it within the Good range. This higher

score indicates that Treatment 2 is perceived favorably, surpassing basic acceptability and

demonstrating higher quality in its sensory attributes.

Treatment 3 attained an average score of 4.33, categorizing it as Very Good. This high

score reflects superior quality and consistent positive feedback from evaluators, indicating a high

degree of satisfaction and preference.

In conclusion, the evaluations reveal a gradation in quality across the treatments, with

Treatment 3 being the most favorably received, followed by Treatment 2, and finally Treatment

1. The results highlight Treatment 3's exceptional performance in sensory attributes, suggesting

it as the preferred option, while Treatments 1 and 2, though acceptable and good respectively,

offer potential areas for enhancement.

Problem 2: What is the Repellency of oregano and lemongrass against mosquitoes along

with the different treatments?

TREATMENT MEAN DESCRIPTIVE RATING

1 4.4 Very Good
2 4 Good
3 5 Very Good
Table 5
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Numerical Value Range of Means Descriptive Rating
5 4.20-5.00 Very Good (VG)
4 3.40-4.19 Good(G)
3 2.60-3.39 Acceptable (A)
2 1.80-2.59 Poor (P)
1 1.00-1.79 Very Poor (VP)

Treatment 1 exhibits a mean rating of 4.4, indicating a highly effective ability to repel

mosquitoes and categorizing it as Very Good in terms of its repellency efficacy. This high score

demonstrates that Treatment 1 is particularly successful in preventing mosquito bites, reflecting

strong performance in this area.

Treatment 2, with a mean score of 4, is deemed Good in its ability to repel mosquitoes.

This rating suggests that while Treatment 2 effectively repels mosquitoes, it does not perform at

the same high level as Treatment 1 but still provides reliable protection.

On the other hand, Treatment 3 obtains a perfect mean score of 5, classifying it as Very

Good in descriptive rating for its repellency performance against mosquitoes. This indicates that

Treatment 3 is exceptionally effective, offering the highest level of protection among the

treatments evaluated.

In conclusion, the assessments show a clear hierarchy in mosquito repellency efficacy,

with Treatment 3 being the most effective, followed closely by Treatment 1, and then Treatment

2. Treatment 3's perfect score highlights its superior ability to repel mosquitoes, making it the

preferred choice for maximum protection. Meanwhile, Treatments 1 and 2 also demonstrate

strong efficacy, with Treatment 1 being slightly more effective than Treatment 2. These findings
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provide valuable insights for consumers and product developers aiming to select or improve

mosquito repellent treatments.

Problem 3. Is there a significant difference between the three treatments?

Qualities F-computed Critical F- Interpretatio Decision

Value Value probability n

Appearance 2.33 3.89 0.14 Insignificant Reject H o

Texture 4.33 3.89 0.04 Significant Accept H o

Smell 31.5 3.89 1.68 Insignificant Reject H o

Repellency 2.11 3.89 0.16 Insignificant Reject H o

As a Whole 2.54 4.26 0.13 Insignificant Reject H o

Table 6

The table above demonstrates that the three treatments have no significant differences in

appearance, smell, and repellency, except for texture, indicating that they differ significantly in

this attribute. Despite their similar effectiveness in terms of appearance, smell, and overall

repellency, the distinct variation in texture suggests that this factor could influence user

preference and acceptability.

In conclusion, while all three treatments perform comparably well in most sensory

attributes and repellency efficacy, the significant difference in texture highlights a key area that

could affect user satisfaction. Treatment developers should consider this factor when refining

products, as optimizing the smell could enhance overall user experience and acceptance,
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potentially making one treatment more favorable than the others despite similar performance in

other areas.

CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusion and recommendation of the

study. This reveals the data and conclusions that the researchers gathered during the conduct of

the study.

SUMMARY

The study entitled "Utilization of Lemongrass and Oregano as Mosquito Repellent

through Incense Cone" aims to evaluate the efficacy of lemongrass and oregano leaves as

mosquito repellents when incorporated into incense cones. The researchers conducted a survey

involving five randomly selected participants to gather primary data for the study.

The findings of the study indicate that the three treatment methods applied to the incense

cones yielded varying results across the assessed qualities. Treatment 1 received an "acceptable"

descriptive rating for its overall qualities, while Treatment 2 received a "good" descriptive rating

for its appearance, texture, and smell. Treatment 3, on the other hand, received a "very good"

descriptive rating across these three attributes.

In addressing the second research problem, which focused on the repellency of oregano

and lemongrass against mosquitoes under the different treatment conditions, the results were as

follows: Treatment 1 received a "very good" descriptive rating, Treatment 2 received a "good"
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descriptive rating, and Treatment 3 also received a "very good" descriptive rating. The statistical

analysis revealed that the qualities of appearance, smell, and repellency rejected the null

hypothesis, indicating that they were statistically insignificant. Conversely, the texture attribute

accepted the null hypothesis, suggesting a significant difference among the three treatments.

FINDINGS

Based on the collected data, the subsequent findings have been formulated.

1. Treatment 2 exhibits the highest rating in appearance, while treatment 3 receives the highest ratings for

both texture and smell. Among these three attributes—appearance, texture, and smell—treatment 3

garners the highest overall rating, with a mean score of 4.33, qualifying it for the "Very Good" descriptive

rating.

2. Treatments 1, 2, and 3 demonstrate significant efficacy in repelling mosquitoes, positioning

them within the categories of "Very Good" and "Good." Notably, Treatment 3 emerges as the

most effective, boasting the highest mean score of 5, thereby establishing its superior

performance in repelling mosquitoes compared to Treatments 1 and 2.

3. There are no significant differences observed in the appearance, smell, and repellency among

the three treatments. However, there is a notable contrast in texture, indicating a significant

disparity among them.

CONCLUSIONS
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From the gathered data, conclusions have been drawn regarding the efficacy of oregano

and lemongrass-incense cones in repelling mosquitoes.

The findings underscore the promising potential of oregano and lemongrass-incense

cones as effective mosquito repellents. While no significant differences are noted in qualities and

repellency among the treatments, the variation in texture warrants further investigation.

Nonetheless, the demonstrated capacity of these incense cones to repel mosquitoes suggests their

utility in combating mosquito-borne diseases and enhancing overall public health outcomes.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings, the following recommendations are made:

1. Refinement of Treatment Formulation: Given the observed shortcomings of Treatment 1 in

terms of its overall quality and Treatment 2 regarding its scent, it's recommended to refine the

formulation of the incense cones. Adjusting the concentrations of lemongrass and oregano

extracts in these treatments could potentially improve their efficacy as mosquito repellents while

addressing the identified deficiencies.

2. Exploration of Scent Masking Techniques: For Treatment 2 with low smell, exploring scent

masking techniques or incorporating additional fragrances that complement or neutralize the

scent of lemongrass and oregano could enhance its olfactory acceptability. This approach aims to

maintain or improve the repellent properties while minimizing any perceived unpleasant odor.

3. Comparative Evaluation of Ingredients: Conduct comparative studies to assess the efficacy of

different formulations containing lemongrass and oregano in repelling mosquitoes. By testing

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various combinations and concentrations of these ingredients, researchers can identify the most

effective formulation that balances repellency with sensory attributes.

4. Investigation of User Preferences: Consider conducting surveys or focus groups to gather

feedback from potential users regarding their preferences and perceptions of the incense cone

treatments. Understanding consumer preferences can guide further refinement of the

formulations to meet market demands and enhance user satisfaction.

5. Long-Term Field Trials: Undertake long-term field trials to evaluate the durability and

effectiveness of the optimized incense cone treatments under real-world conditions. Monitoring

mosquito activity and gauging community acceptance over an extended period can provide

valuable insights into the practicality and sustainability of using lemongrass and oregano as

mosquito repellents.