WEEK 13 Unemployment occurs when a person who is

actively is unable to find work. Unemployment

Unemployment is often used as a measure of the health of the
economy. The most frequent measure of
Occurs when a person who is actively searching
unemployment is the unemployment rate,
for employment is unable to find work
which is the number of unemployed people
divided by the number of people in the labor
force.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

· Unemployment occurs when workers

3 Types of Unemployment who want to work are unable to find jobs,
which lowers economic output; however, they
still require subsistence

· High rates of unemployment are a signal

of economic distress, but extremely low rates of
unemployment may signal an overheated
economy

Natural Rate of Unemployment: · Unemployment can be classified as

frictional, cyclical, structural, or institutional
The rate of unemployment that is expected
when an economy is operating at full capacity · Unemployment data are collected and
published by government agencies in a variety
of ways

Understanding Unemployment

Unemployment is a key economic indicator

because it signals the ability (or inability) of
workers to readily obtain gainful work to
contribute to the productive output of the
According to economy. More unemployed workers mean
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/une less total economic production will take place
mployment.asp than might have otherwise. And unlike idle
capital, unemployed workers still need to
What Is Unemployment? (Investopedia) maintain at least subsistence consumption
during their period of unemployment. This
means an economy with high unemployment Frictional unemployment occurs as a result of
has lower output without a proportional people voluntarily changing jobs within an
decline in the need for basic consumption. economy. After a person leaves a company, it
High, persistent unemployment can signal naturally takes time to find another job.
serious distress in an economy and even lead to Similarly, graduates just entering the workforce
social and political upheaval. add to frictional unemployment. Usually, this
type of unemployment is short-lived. It is also
Conversely, a low unemployment rate means the least problematic from an economic
that the economy is more likely to be standpoint. Frictional unemployment is a
producing near its full capacity, maximizing natural result of the fact that market processes
output, and driving wage growth and rising take time and information can be costly.
living standards over time. However, extremely Searching for a new job, recruiting new
low unemployment can also be a cautionary workers, and matching the right workers to the
sign of an overheating economy, inflationary right jobs all take time and effort, resulting in
pressures, and tight conditions for businesses frictional unemployment.
in need of additional workers.

While the definition of unemployment is clear,

economists divide unemployment into many 2. Cyclical unemployment
different categories. The two broadest
Cyclical unemployment is the variation in the
categories of unemployment are voluntary and
number of unemployed workers over the
involuntary unemployment. When
course of economic upturns and downturns,
unemployment is voluntary, it means that a
such as those related to changes in oil
person has left his job willingly in search of
prices. Unemployment rises during
other employment. When it is involuntary, it
recessionary periods and declines during
means that a person has been fired or laid off
periods of economic growth. Preventing and
and must now look for another job. The
alleviating cyclical unemployment during
coronavirus pandemic affecting the U.S. and
recessions is one of the key reasons for the
the world in 2020, for example, is causing
study of economics and the purpose of the
massive levels of involuntary unemployment.
various policy tools that governments employ
on the downside of business cycles to stimulate
the economy.
Types of Unemployment

Digging deeper, unemployment—both

voluntary and involuntary—can be broken 3. Structural unemployment
down into four types.
Structural unemployment comes about
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/une through technological change in the structure
mployment.asp of the economy in which labor markets
operate. Technological changes—such as the
1. Frictional unemployment replacement of horse-drawn transport by
automobiles or the automation of of unemployment may be noted and
manufacturing—lead to unemployment distinguished such as: "normal unemployment,
among workers displaced from jobs that are no seasonal (during certain periods), technological
longer needed. Retraining these workers can be (resulting from labor-displacing inventions,
difficult, costly, and time consuming, and and cyclical (resulting from recurring
displaced workers often end up either depressions)
unemployed for extended periods or leaving
the labor force entirely.
1. The so-called "normal' unemployment refers
to the idleness which arises from the inherent
4. Institutional unemployment irregular nature of some jobs and industries, or
is the result of voluntary turnover of workers,
Institutional unemployment is unemployment or is caused by shifts and changes in industrial
that results from long-term or permanent operations which are unavoidable. It is
institutional factors and incentives in the sometimes termed as "structural"
economy. Government policies, such as high unemployment.
minimum wage floors, generous social benefits
programs, and restrictive occupational
licensing laws; labor market phenomena, such
as efficiency wages and discriminatory hiring; 2. Seasonal Unemployment- In terms of
and labor market institutions, such as high numbers of workers affected and numbers of
rates of unionization, can all contribute to days lost, the most important type of
institutional unemployment. unemployment is probably that described as
seasonal. This type of unemployment is that
According to Ricamora et.al (NSTP2 with which occurs during certain periods resulting
from reductions in demands for labor
COPAR textbook) What is Unemployment?
attributable either to the seasonal pattern of
It is the involuntary idleness on the part of consumer's habits and customs or to variation
those who have failed to find employment or in production associated with climatic change.
have lost their latest jobs, but are able to work, Demand for coal, fuel oil, and heavy clothing
and are looking for work. necessarily vary with climatic change. Similar
variations in employment opportunities result
from seasonal patterns of production,
particularly those in agriculture. Studies reveal
Types of Unemployment
that seasonal. Unemployment creates serious
The National Census and Statistical Survey on problems. The labor force reaches its peak in
Households reports that ea.ch monthly July and is its low point in January and
summary of the unemployed indicates a February.
million or more unemployed numbers and
proportions of those out of work vary from
month to month and year to year. Several types
3. Technological Unemployment - is another unemployed only during economic
type of unemployment which is a consequence depressions and periods of mass
of labor- displacing inventions. It has been unemployment. Thus the disreputable poor,
observed that industrialization, thought of as according to them, cannot be rehabilitated by
the vehicle to progress, was capital-intensive the simple expedient of providing employment
and import-substituting. It is believed that it or preparing them to be incorporated into the
has not brought up the levels of income and work force. They are, from the standpoint of
technical skills of the vast majority of non-farm the welfare agencies, elusive and hard to reach,
labor force. Instead, labor-saving machines and they include among their number a large
have limited, if not displaced, human labor in share of problem families.
industrial production.

Benefits of Unemployment
4. Cylical Unemployment- This type of
unemployment is a result of recurring These are payments made by the state or other
depressions. It is traceable to cyclical authorized bodies to unemployed people. It
fluctuations in business activity. It is believed may be based on a compulsory pm-a-
to be essentially depression unemployment governmental insurance system. Depending on
although it may result in part from the failure the jurisdiction and the status of the person,
of our economy to provide a million or more those sums may be meager, covering only basic
new jobs necessary each year needs (th.us a form of basic welfare), or may
compensate the lost pay somewhat
proportionally to the previous earned salary.
to accommodate our growing labor force. This They often are part of a larger social security
type of unemployment causes wide-spread scheme. Unemployment benefits are generally
concern because prolonged depression and given only to those registering as unemployed;
idleness create personal disorganization and and often on conditions ensuring that they
desperation leading the citizens to accept or seek work and do not currently have a job, In
welcome radical social and political changes. some countries, a significant proportion of
Cyclical unemployment appears as an unemployment benefits are distributed by
accompaniment of the recession and trade/labor unions, an arrangement known as
depression phases of business cycles. These the Ghent system.
periods of reduced activity where cyclical
unemployment tend to disappear are followed
by stages of recovery and prosperity. Broom Establishing an Entitlement to Benefits
and Seimick (1971), however, feel that even
during periods of prosperity when To establish an entitlement to UI benefits an
unemployment is reduced to a relatively low individual must file an application for an initial
level, people who live in extreme poverty determination. If the state's qualifying
remain unemployed or work irregularly. They requirements have been met, an entitlement is
are therefore unlike those who become established specifying: the period during which
benefits may be drawn, the amount that can be The unemployment problem is of grave
received for a week of total unemployment, concern because of the resulting poverty that
and the total amount payable during the afflicts the people. Physical as well as mental
benefit period. Washington claimants do not weakness results from -malnutrition which
have to be unemployed to establish a potential appears to be related to poverty and is an
entitlement to benefits. accompanying syndrome of unemployment
affords, its morale destroying effect in the form
of hopelessness, family discord and the like,
Causes of Unemployment becomes inevitable. The contribution that
these unemployed People do far more than
Unemployment is caused by several factors one their share to the number of relief recipients, to
of which, from Adan's view point, is the crime and delinquency rates, to rates of
unintentional, of the countries in the third alcoholism, to the list of unmarried mothers
world by the more advanced and developed and thus to the number of illegitimate
countries. Leaders of the nation, however, have children, to separations, and to the mentally ill.
attributed the unemployment problem to the
runaway population so that widespread effort
has been address to control of the rate of General Principles of Unemployment
fertility,
Insurance

Unemployment insurance (UI) is a program of

Other reasons why people fall out of work are social insurance providing for temporary,
the following: partial wage; replacement to workers who are
unemployed through no fault of their own.
1. Change of seasons. This is evident in Unemployment insurance replaces other
agriculture and building constructions. There methods for relieving unemployment distress
is much demand for labor during planting and based on need. The unemployed worker no
harvesting seasons and during Christmas. In longer has to rely on public or private relief
between these periods the demand for labor is programs. Properly qualified workers can claim
limited. unemployment benefits as their right in the
same way they can claim benefits in other
2. Lack of adequate technical training and insurance programs. The UI program sustains
education. With the advancement in modern the morale, conserves the skills, and helps
technology and sciences, workers who have no maintain the standard of living of those who
vocational or technical training must give way become- unemployed. It enables them to meet
to those who have (Pulido and Espinelli, 1973). essential expenses for a reasonable period until
they are able to obtain employment. The UI
program provides a way of meeting the costs of
Effects of Unemployment unemployment to the individual and the
community. Properly financed, the syst.cm
makes it possible to accumulate reserves during The ILO describes 4 different methods to
good economic years in order to meet the drain
calculate the unemployment rate:
on the fund during poor years. In this manner,
the full cost of unemployment need not be a 1. Labour Force Sample Surveys are the most
fiscal burden when business and the preferred method of unemployment rate
community are least able to meet it. As one of calculation since they give the most
the built- in stabilizers in the economy, comprehensive results and enables calculation
unemployment insurance maintains consumer of unemployment by different group
purchasing power, on which business categories such as race and gender. This
production plans are based. Payments are made method is the most internationally
promptly and automatically without the delays comparable.
involved in passing new relief legislation. The
program thus provides a brake on down turns 2. Official Estimates are determined by a
in business activity and helps to stabilize the combination of information from one or more
economy. of the other three methods.

Though many people care about the number

of unemployed, economists typically focus on
The use of this method has been declining in
the unemployment rate. This corrects for the
normal increase in the number of people favor of Labour Surveys.
employed due to increases in population and
1. Social Insurance Statistics such as
increases in the labor for relative to the
unemployment benefits are computed base on
population. The unemployment rate is
the number of persons insured representing
expressed as a percentage, and is calculated as
the total labour force and the number of
follows:
persons who are insured that are collecting
Unemployment workers Unemployment rate benefits. This method has been heavily
= criticized due to the expiration of benefits
Total Labor force before the person finds work.

As defined by the International Labour

Organization, "unemployed workers" are those 2. Employment Office Statistics are the least
who are currently not effective being that they only include a
monthly tally of unemployed persons who
working but are willing and able to work for enter employment offices. This method also
pay, currently available to work, and have includes unemployed who are not unemployed
actively searched for work. Since not all per the ILO definition.
unemployment may be "open" and counted by
government agencies, official statistics on
unemployment may not be accurate.
Advantages; Disadvantages of Unemployment
Unemployment may have advantages as well as
disadvantages for the overall economy.
Optimal unemployment has also been
Notably, it may help avert runaway inflation,
defended as at environmental tool to brake the
which negatively affects almost everyone in the
constantly accelerated growth of the GDP to
affected economy and has serious long-term
maintain levels sustainable in the context of
economic costs. However the historic
resource constraints and environmental
assumption that full local employment must
impacts. However the tool of denying jobs to
lead directly to local inflation has been
willing workers seems a. blunt instrument for
attenuated, as recently expanded international
conserving resources and the environment—it
trade has shown itself able to continue to
reduces the consumption of the unemployed
supply low & priced goods even as local
across the board, and only in the short-term
employment rates rise closer to full
employment of the unemployed workforce, all
employment.
focused toward the goal of developing more
environmentally efficient methods for
production and consumption might provide a
The inflation-fighting benefits to the entire more significant and lasting cumulative
economy arising from a presumed optimum environmental benefit and reduced resource
level of unemployment have been studied consumption. If so the future economy and
extensively Before current levels of world trade workforce would benefit from the resultant
were developed, unemployment was structural increases in the sustainable level of
demonstrated to reduce inflation, following GDP growth.
the Phillips curve, or to decelerate inflation,
following the NAIRU/natural rate of
unemployment theory, since it is relatively easy
Some critics of the "culture of work" such as
to geek a new job without losing one's current
anarchist Bob Black see employment as
one, And when more jobs are available for
overemphasized culturally in modern
fewer workers (lower unemployment) , it may
countries. Such critics Often propose quitting
allow workers to find the jobs that better fit
jobs when possible, working less, reassessing
their tastes, talents, and needs.
the cost of living to this end, creation of jobs
which are "fun" as opposed to "work," and
creating cultural norms where work is seen as
As in the Marxian theory of unemployment unhealthy. These people advocate an "anti-
special interests may also benefit; some work" ethic for life.
employers may expect that employees with no
fear of losing their jobs will not work as hardy
or will demand increased wages and benefit,
From a spiritual perspective Dr. Jennifer
According to th.is theory, unemployment may
Howard believes there are may be benefits
promote general labor productivity and
from unemployment. "The good news is that
profitability by increasing employers’
after the initial fear, we might find that the job
monopsony-like power (and profits).
loss is an opportunity for growing into
something better suited for us and in turn help There are certain requirements, however, such
us feel more successful in our life. The as: (1) he must be physically and mentally
important thing is to be kind to ourselves by normal and has the ability to understand what
eating and sleeping well, exercisi.ng, journaling the employer wants to convey; (2) he must be
and taking time to go inside ourselves to reflect literate enough and may be able to
on our various highly charged thoughts and communicate with his co-employees in case he
feelings. will be hired.

Measures to Control
GRAFT AND CORRUPTION
Solution to the Problem of Unemployment
By his fallen nature, man is morally weak. One
common weakness of man is the commission
of evil means to obtain things for his need and
for his family, means which appear to some
people as alright due to moral blindness or
weakness. This act is popularly called graft and
corruption as practiced in offices, or places of
work of public trust.

What is Graft?
Humphrey (1955) suggests that the problem of
unemployment should be approached from It is defined as the acquisition of goods,
the point of view of eliminating its causes money, position and other forms of profit by
rather than that of ameliorating its effects. dishonest or questionable means, oftentimes
Programs as relief through temporary public by the use of one’s office influence or position.
works, unemployment compensation, and the
like to help to make unemployment less It appears in the guise of being legal in the eyes
disastrous, but they actually do little to prevent of man, and this “legality” becomes the basis
unemployment. Prevention lies in programs of for its perpetrators to think that the act is
full employment at adequate wages which therefore allowable.
would allow workingmen to make adequate
purchases of the products of their labor.
What is corruption?
The Kabataang has Baraugay launched a
project intended to reduce the number of It is the inducement of an official or office
underemployment to a minimum. It is being personnel to join or to do an act of graft, the
done by training the out of-school youth in motivate of which is to have a share in the
different factories and after they have been “spoils” (the money or goods to be taken)
trained they are to be provided with jobs.
FORMS OF GRAFT AND CORRUPTION 3. Smuggling – secretly smuggling in of foreign
goods to avoid the payment of tariff to the
1. On money matters government.
a. Malversation of fund - disbursing
money for purposes other than the intended
one for which is appropriated; 4. Other forms

b. Bribery – such as paying trial court a. demanding a job applicant to promise the
judge in order to receive a favor in the case first salary in exchange for the job.
regardless of justice;
b. Demanding a failing student to pay an
c. Gift money to a public official for amount of money for a passing grade.
the award of a project;

d. High percentage “cut” on project PREVALENCE OF GRAFT AND

fund by an awarding official to the result that
only a remaining percentage actually goes to CORRUPTION
the project;
Factor in the perpetration of graft and
e. Not following plan specifications by corruption:
contractors in construction projects in order to
1. Poverty in the country
get more profit;
2. Family interest
f. “grease money” or “under the
table” cash given to an official for quick 3. Low salary
processing of papers and
4. Consumerism
g. Payroll – padding and ghost projects.
5. Excessive discretionary powers

2. Dereliction of duty such as 6. Split-level Christianity

a. Habitual tardiness in reporting to

office work;
GRAFT AND CORRUPTION ACT IS
b. Unpreparedness for work due to MORALLY EVIL
negligence; and
If graft is a dishonest and questionable means
c. Spending office hours in reading of obtaining things for oneself, it is outright
newspaper immoral. So with its sister act, corruption.
Dereliction of duty is a form of negligence of
work for which one receives a pay. Habitual
tardiness and absenteeism, or spending one’s
official hours than for one’s work, are acts of accountability and distorts representation in
deceit towards clients and the taxpayers. policymaking; corruption in the judiciary
Basically, graft and corruption is a subtle form compromises the rule of law; and corruption in
of stealing. In reality, it is a deceit. Hence, it is public administration results in the inefficient
immoral not only illegal. Graft and corruption provision of services. More generally,
deprives the people of what they should corruption erodes the institutional
deserve as taxpayers. Thus, graft and capacity of government as procedures are
corruption is punishable by law. disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and
public offices are bought and sold. At the same
time, corruption undermines the government
Political corruption is the use of legislated and such democratic values as trust and
powers by government officials for illegitimate tolerance.
private gain. Misuse of government power for
other purposes, such as repression of political
opponents and general police brutality, is not Economic effects
considered political corruption. Neither are
illegal acts by private persons or corporations Corruption undermines development by
not directly involved with the government. An generating considerable distortions and
illegal act by an officeholder constitutes inefficiency. In the private sector, corruption
political corruption only if the act is directly increases the cost of business through the price
related to their official duties. of illicit payments themselves. The
management cost of negotiating with officials,
and the risk of breached agreements or
Effects on politics, administration, and detection. Although some claim corruption
reduces costs by cutting red tape, the
institutions availability of bribes can also induce officials to
contrive new rules and delays.

Environmental and social effects

Corruption facilitates environmental

destruction. Corrupt countries may formally
have legislation to protect the environment,
but it cannot be enforced if the officials can be
easily bribed. The same applies to social rights
Corruption poses a serious development
such as worker protection, unionization and
challenge. In the political realm, it undermines
prevention of child labor. Violation of these
democracy and good governance by flouting or
laws and rights enables corrupt countries to
even subverting formal processes. Corruption
gain an illegitimate economic advanta.ge in the
in elections and in legislative bodies reduces
international market.
 persons, as a payment for supporting the
regime, are selected before more able ones.
Types of corruption Bribery

Bribery requires two participants: one to give

the bribe, and one to take it. In some countries 4. Kickbacks
the culture of corruption extends to every
aspect of public life, making it extremely A kickback is an official's share of
difficult for individuals to stay in business misappropriated funds allocated from his or
without resorting to bribes. her organization to an organization involved in
corrupt bidding

1. Trading in influence
Conditions favorable for corruption
Trading in influence, or influence peddling in
certain countries, refers to the situation where It is argued that the following conditions are
a person is setting his/her influence over the favorable for corruption:
decision process involving a third party (person
or The difference with bribery is that this is a
trilateral relation. 1. Information deficits

· Lack of government transparency

2. Graft · Lacking freedom of information

legislation. The Indian Right to Information
While bribery includes an in-tent to influence
Act 2005 has "already engendered mass
or be influenced by another for personal gain,
movements in the country that is bringing the
which is often difficult to prove, graft only
lethargic, often corrupt bureaucracy to its
requires that the official gains something of
knees and changing power equations
value, not part of his official pay, when doing
completely."
his work. Large "gifts" qualify as graft, and
most countries have laws against it. · Lack of investigative reporting in the local
media, o Contempt for or negligence of
exercising freedom of speech and freedom of
3. Patronage the press.

Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for · Weak accounting practices, including lack
example with government employment. This of timely financial management.
may be legitimate, as when a newly elected
government changes the top officials in the
administration in order to effectively
2. Lacking control of the government
implement its policy. It can be seen as
corruption if this means that incompetent
· Democracy absent or dysfunctional. See campaigns with expenses exceeding normal
illiberal democracy. sources of political funding.

· Lacking civic society and non- · Less interaction with officials reduces the
governmental organizations which monitor the opportunities for corruption. For example,
government. using the Internet for sending in required
information, like applications and tax forms,
· An individual voter may have a rational and then processing this with automated
ignorance regarding politics, especially in computer systems. This may also speed up the
nationwide elections, since each vote has little processing and reduce unintentional human
weight. errors. See e-Government. Social conditions

· Weak civil service, and slow pace of · Self-interested closed cliques and "old boy
reform. networks".

· Weak rule of law. · Lacking literacy and education among the

population.
· Weak legal profession.
· Frequent discrimination and bullying
· Weak judicial independence.
among the population.
· Lacking of protection of whistleblowers.
· Tribal solidarity, giving benefits to certain
ethnic groups

3. Opportunities and incentives

· Large, unsupervised public investments Governmental corruption

· Sale of state-owned property and If the highest echelons of the governments also
privatization. take advantage from corruption or
embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is
· Poorly-paid government officials. sometimes referred with the neologism
kleptocracy. Members of the government can
· Government licenses needed to conduct take advantage of the natural resources (e.g.,
business, e.g., import licenses, and encourage diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or
bribing and kickbacks. state-owned productive industries. A number
of corrupt governments have enriched
· Long-time work in the same position may
themselves via foreign aid, which is often spent
create relationships inside and outside the
on showy buildings and armaments.
government which encourage and help conceal
corruption and favoritism. Rotating A corrupt dictatorship typically results in
government officials to different positions and many years of general hardship and suffering
geographic areas may help prevent this; Costly for the vast majority of citizens as civil society
and the rule of taw disintegrate. In addition,
corrupt dictators routinely ignore economic
WEEK 14
and social problems in their quest to amass ever To understand fully the lesson for today, read
more wealth and power-Fighting corruption the information comprehensively.
Mobile telecommunications and radio
broadcasting help to fight corruption, Development Progress: Environment Case
especially in developing regions like Africa, Studies
where other forms of communications are
limited. How are developing countries balancing
environmental concerns with the need for
In the 1990s, initiatives were taken at development?
international level (in particular by the
European Community, the Council of Four new case studies examine the progress
Europe, the OECD) to put a ban on being made in Brazil, Burkina Faso, China and
corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Viet Nam.
Ministers of the Council of Europe, for
Development Progress-Reducing poverty,
instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme
developing sustainability: food, water and
of Action against Corruption and,
energy trade- offs
subsequently, issued a series of anti-corruption
standard-setting instruments: Play Video

The Criminal Law Convention on Corruption We all depend on natural resources like

(ETS 173); · land

· the Civil Law Convention on · energy
C01Tuption (ETS 174);
· water
· the Additional Protocol to the Criminal
Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 191); They are essential for social and economic
the Twenty Guiding Principles for the Fight development but our growing use of such
against Corruption (Resolution (97) 24); resources is unsustainable OD is development
progress project has taken a closer look at four
· the Recommendation on Codes of countries to explore how they are managing
Conduct for Public Officials the challenge of reducing poverty while
(Recommendation No.R(2000) 10); and developing sustainably in
· the Recommendation on Common Rules 1. Vietnam access to electricity
against Corruption in the Funding of Political increased from 14 percent to 97 percent of the
Parties and Electoral Campaigns (Rec12003)4) population in just 20 years bringing energy to
35 million people supply of renewable
electricity has increased fivefold but the use of producing an additional 80 thousand tons of
fossil fuels is also growing. Vietnam shows how food per year benefiting half a million people
a country can rapidly increase access to more support is now needed to join up areas of
electricity especially in rural areas but also the reclaimed land and sustain these fragile gains
risks electricity generation poses for long-term humanity depends on the world's natural
sustainability. resources how we manage them determines not
just who benefits from development but also
2. meanwhile Brazil has more than doubled its the longer term sustainability of these games
energy supply in two decades bringing too often progress in social and economic
electricity to 55 million more people ninety development takes priority over environmental
percent of households are now connected in sustainability it's time we correct this
2010 forty five percent of its energy came from imbalance for our collective future.
renewable sources such as hydropower and
ethanol these lower Brazil's greenhouse gas Environment
emissions but also have consequences for
biodiversity and indigenous communities. It can be defined as all of the external factors
Brazil's challenge is to match progress in energy affecting an organism. These factors may be
production with gains in energy efficiency other living organisms (biotic factors) or
while limiting any negative impacts of its green nonliving variables (abiotic factors), such as
energy supply. temperature, rainfall, day length, wind, and
ocean currents.
3. China has lifted nearly 600 million people
out of poverty since 1990 increased Characteristics of Development
agricultural production has driven progress but Organisms and their environment constantly
has also put pressure on water resources interact, and both are changed by this
especially in the north China is moving interaction. Like all other living creatures,
towards more sustainable agricultural water humans have clearly changed their
management balancing the water needed to environment, but they have done so generally
grow food with the water needed for industry on a grander scale than have all other species.
and urban areas efficiency has also increased to Some of these human-induced changes— such
produce more crop per drop but it now needs as the destruction of the world's tropical rain
to ensure that ambitious national policies forests to create farms or grazing land for cattle
trickle down and are aligned with local — have led to altered climate patterns (Global
interests which may not always prioritize Warming). In turn, altered climate patterns
environmental concerns. have changed the way animals and plants are
distributed in different ecosystems,
4. Northern burkina faso the Sahel
desert is spreading into densely populated areas Cause and Effect
but over the past three decades 200 to 300,000
hectares of land have been reclaimed thanks to A. Population Growth
innovative farming methods that makes
traditional practices with new ideas this is
Human population growth is at the root of destroy a large amount of ozone for an
virtually all of the world's environmental extended period of time.
problems, although the growth rate of the
world’s population has slowed slightly since The consequences of continued depletion of
the 1990s, the world's population increases by the ozone layer would be dramatic. Increased
about 77 million humans being each year. As ultraviolet radiation would lead to a growing
the number of people mole Increases, number of skin cancers and cataracts and also
crowding generates pollution, destroys reduce the ability of immune systems to
habitats, and uses up additional natural respond to infection. Additionally, growth of
resources. the world's oceanic plankton, the base of most
marine food chains, would decline. Plankton
B. Global Warming contains photosynthetic organisms that break
down carbon dioxide. If plankton populations
Like the glass panes in a greenhouse, certain decline, it may lead to increased carbon dioxide
gases in the Darth's atmosphere permit the levels in the atmosphere and thus to global
Sun's radiation to heat Earth. At the same time, warming. Recent studies suggest that global
these gases retard the escape into space of the warming, in turn, may increase the amount of
infrared energy radiated back out by Earth. ozone destroyed. Even if the manufacture of
This process is referred to as the greenhouse CFCs is immediately banned, the chlorine
effect. These gases, primarily carbon dioxide, already released into the atmosphere will
methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor, continue to destroy the ozone layer for many
insulate Earth's surface, helping to maintain decades.
warm temperatures. Without these gases, Earth
would be a frozen planet with an average C. Habitat Destruction and Species Extinction
temperature of about - 180C (about OF)
instead of a comfortable 15 0 C (59 0F). If the Plant and animal species are dying out at an
concentration of these gases rises, they trap unprecedented rate (see Endangered Species).
more heat within the atmosphere, causing Estimates range that from 4,000 to as, many as
worldwide temperatures to rise. 50,000 species per year become extinct. The
leading cause of extinction is habitat
The ozone layer, a thin band in the destruction, particularly of the world's richest
stratosphere (layer of the upper atmosphere), ecosystems— tropical rain forests and coral
serves to shield Earth from the Sun's harmful reefs. If the world's rain forests continue to be
ultraviolet rays. In the 1970s, scientists cut down at the current rate, they may
discovered that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs— completely disappear by the year 2030. In
chemicals used in refrigeration, air- addition, if the world's population continues
conditioning systems, cleaning solvents, and to grow at its present rate and puts even more
aerosol sprays- destroy the ozone layer. CFCs pressure on these habitats, they might well be
release chlorine into the atmosphere; chlorine, destroyed sooner.
in turn, breaks down ozone molecules. Because
chlorine is not affected by its interaction with D. Air Pollution
ozone, each chlorine molecule has the ability to
A significant portion of industry and from nonpoint sources occurs when rainfall or
transportation burns fossil fuels, such as snowmelt moves over and through the ground.
gasoline. When these fuels burn, chemicals and As the runoff moves, it picks up and carries
particulate matter are released into the away pollutants, such as pesticides and
atmosphere. Although a vast number of fertilizers, depositing the pollutants into lakes,
substances contribute- to air pollution. The rivers, wetlands, coastal waters, and even
most common air pollutants contain carbon, underground sources of drinking water.
sulfur, and nitrogen. These chemicals interact Pollution arising from nonpoint sources
with one another and with ultraviolet radiation accounts for a majority of the contaminants in
in sunlight in dangerous ways. Smog, usually streams and lakes. With almost 80 percent of
found in urban areas with large numbers of the Planet covered by oceans, people have long
automobiles, forms when nitrogen oxides react acted as if those bodies of water could serve as a
with hydrocarbons in the air to produce limitless dumping ground for wastes.
aldehydes and ketones. Smog can cause serious However, raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills
health problems. have begun to overwhelm the diluting
capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal
E. Industrial Smokestacks waters are now polluted, threatening marine
wildlife. Beaches around the world dose
Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide and
regularly, often because the surrounding
nitrous oxide transform into sulfonic acid and
waters contain high levels of bacteria from
nitric acid in the atmosphere and come back to
sewage disposal.
Earth in precipitation. Acid rain has made
numerous lakes so acidic that they no longer G. Groundwater Depletion and
support fish populations. Acid rain is also
responsible for the decline of many forest Contamination
ecosystems worldwide, including Germany's
Water that collects beneath the ground is called
Black Forest and forests throughout the eastern
groundwater. Worldwide, groundwater is 40
United States.
times more abundant than fresh water in
F. Water Pollution streams and lakes. In the United States,
approximately half the drinking water comes
Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people from although groundwater is a renewable
worldwide lack safe drinking water and that at resource, reserves replenish relatively slowly.
least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed Presently, in the United States is withdrawn
to waterborne diseases. Water pollution may approximately four times faster than it is
come from point sources or nonpoint sources. naturally replaced. The Ogallala Aquifer, a
Point sources discharge pollutants from huge underground reservoir stretching under
specific locations, such as factories, sewage eight states of the Great Plains, is drawn down
treatment plants, and oil tankers. The at rates exceeding 100 times the replacement
technology exists to monitor and regulate rate. Agricultural practices depending on this
point sources of pollution, although in some source of water need to change within a
areas this occurs only sporadically. Pollution
generation in order to save this groundwater landfills in America are in predominantly black
source. or Hispanic neighborhoods, and three out of
every five black or Hispanic Americans live in
In addition to depletion, scientists worry about the vicinity of an uncontrolled toxic-waste site.
groundwater which arises from leaking Wealth of a community is not nearly as good a
underground storage tanks, poorly designed predictor of hazardous-waste locations as the
industrial waste ponds, and seepage from the ethnic background of the residents, suggesting
deep-well injection of hazardous wastes into that the selection of sites for hazardous waste
underground geologic formations, by some disposal involves racism.
estimates, on average, 25 percent of usable
groundwater is contaminated, and in some Environmental racism takes international
areas as much as 75 percent is contaminated. forms as well. American corporations often
continue to produce dangerous, U.S banned
H. Chemical Risk chemicals and ship them to developing
countries. Additionally, the developed world
A number of toxic substances that humans
has shipped large amounts of toxic waste to
encounter regularly may pose serious health
developing countries for less-than-safe disposal,
risks. Pesticide residues on vegetable crops,
For instance, experts estimate that 50 to 80
mercury in fish, and many industrially
percent of electronic waste produced in the
produced chemicals may cause cancer; birth
United States, including computer parts, is
defects, genetic mutations, or death. Many
shipped to waste sites ill developing countries,
chemicals have been found to mimic estrogen,
such as China and India. At a waste site in
the hormone that controls the development of
Giuyu, China, laborers with no protective
the female reproductive system in a large
clothing regularly burn plastics and circuit
number of animal species. Preliminary results
boards from old computers. They pour add on
indicate that these chemicals, in trace amounts,
electronic parts to extract silver and gold* and
may disrupt development and lead to a host of
they smash tubes from computer monitors to
serious problems in both males and females,
remove lead. These activities so pollute the
including infertility, increased mortality of
groundwater beneath the site that drinking
offspring, and behavioral changes such as
water is trucked in to the area from a town 29
increased aggression.
km (18 mi) away.
I. Environmental Racism

Studies have shown that not all Individuals are

equally exposed to pollution. For example,
worldwide toxic-waste sites are more prevalent
in poorer communities. In the United States
the single roost important factor. In predicting Saving Plane Earth
the location of hazardous-waste sites is the
ethnic composition of a neighborhood. Three
of the five largest commercial hazardous-waste
 Producing recycling paper creates 74% less air
pollution and 35% less water pollution than
producing paper from virgin fibers.

Save Energy in Your Home

Consuming less energy, by being more efficient

in the way you run your home, will naturally
save you money. At the same time, you will be
helping to protect the environment and
safeguarding the future.

What is Waste Minimization? There is a worldwide need to reduce the

amount of energy consumed, and everybody
Waste Minimization is a waste management has their part to play, whether in industry,
approach that focuses on reducing the amount transport, business, construction - or at home.
and toxicity of hazardous waste generated. In
addition to hazardous wastes regulated under
The Resource Conservation and Recovery
(RCRA), EPA encourages the minimization of WEEK 15
all wastes. To understand fully the lesson for today, read
the information comprehensively.
Our primary goal should be to reduce the
quantities of waste, i.e. to use lees paper and to What is Motivation?
recycle what we must use. The programme will
therefore be much more meaningful if it is · It need or desire that energizes behavior
complemented by a campaign to minimize the and direct in towards a goal
consumption of paper. There are many
· It is that internal strength that gets us to
opportunities for reducing paper waste at
move, and take action, to whatever end we
home. Here are some ideas which are not
desire or plan to achieve.
exhaustive and are only meant to rise to future
ideas: RECREATION & LEISURE ACTIVITIES

· Reuse the paper which been used on one

side only for scrap paper;

· Before throwing away your children's

used exercise books, remove the unused pages
and keep them for scrap paper; and

· Send back the junk mail received and ask

to be removed from junk mailing lists.
 ● Students spend their leisure time in
physical activity was for body image or
shape.
● Why you exercise every day? I do
running because I want to control my
weight and it helps me keep good
shape, too”

3. Enjoyment Motivation

● Enjoyment keeps them engaged in

doing the activities, and most recognize
that it is an important factor in
maintain their stress level.

4. Personal Participation

● Students sometimes have their own

hobby and interest activity.
● They master and have knowledge in
this kind activity and it becomes their
daily ex. Watching movies

5. Social Interaction

● Interaction and affiliation with friends

Factor that motivate student to engage in and family members in order to meet
leisure activities new friends and develop close
friendships
1. Healthy Benefit Motivation ● Leisure activities=Social activities
● Gathering with friends, making new
● Health benefits or effects of physical
friends, maintains the relationship with
activity
friends
● Psychological aspects included stress-
● Internet browsing
relief, sense of freshness, great
● Social media build up relationship
endurance, feeling stronger and
strengthening self-confidence 6. Learning Seeking
● The physiological benefits: pain relief,
energy restoration, cardiovascular ● Desire to seek something new and
strengthening, illness prevention, and involves learning, exploring,
weight control discovering, creating, and acquiring
useful skills
2. Body Image Motivation
 ● Expand their knowledge and get to Nothing is clear-cut when it comes to
know new things, through learning understanding the diverse lives of low-income
activities such as magazines, books, people, yet in mainstreamculture the poor fall
journals, news paper into two categories:
● Motivations for people to have leisure
activities usually correspond to the 1. Deserving-DEF: people like the
quality of leisure lives. disabled who are poor through no fault of their
own

2. Undeserving-people like single moms

Barriers or people with addictions who did something
Why children and youth do not participate in “wrong” and who we blame their poverty
recreation?

1. Families may not have access to

transportation or time to travel to recreation
programs. Barriers for Youth

2. Language, culture or feelings of ● Youth in focus groups have identified

isolation may inhibit their participation. factors that reduce their interest, or
prevent them from becoming involved
3. Information about recreational in recreation services
opportunities may not reach them ● Lack of money for registration fees,
equipment, appropriate clothing and
4. Their neighborhood may not have travel expenses
recreation facilities or even safe outdoor to play
*need to work

*part time job for low-income family

● Lack of transportation options

● Lack of information about programs
and services
● Lack of family or parental support-
Girls are not allow to participate those
activity!!!!
● Class discrimination is a serious
problem for aboriginal youth and
viible minorities-they do not feel
comfortable or welcome in mainstream
activities and facilities-communication
Moving Beyond Blame is the main problem
 increased. The rise of so-called active vacations
exemplifies this.

Recreational activities are experiences in which

Barrier for Girls and Young Women
you actively participate in an organized
● 64% of girls between the ages of 12 and activity, generally with others, to have fun aid
19 are not active enough to meet enjoy life. They induce participation in sports,
international guidelines for optimal arts and crafts endeavors, end table games, as
growth and development. wen as sober dances, bowling, touch football,
● 52% of boys are similarly inactive and card games. Some involve physical exercise.
● Girls and woman face barriers which
Leisure activities exe things that you do
are
primarily for relaxation and pleasure; and
● Families responsibilities such as caring
which don't involve much work, These include
for younger siblings
taking walks, having friendly conversations,
● Little family support & lack of money
reading, books, watching movies, or watching
to pay fees or purchase equipment
sports activities.
● Limited choices and awareness of
opportunities Hobbles fit into either category, often involve
● Stereotypes about female participation more commitment, produce a product or
& safety concerns constitute an avocation.

Organized recreation can become an organized

activity by local governments and for-profit
enterprises. Local governments often create
parks boards and/or community centers for
your disposal. Growing interest and funding
via grants and taxation can result in an official
parks and recreation department, which
provides venues and staffing for organized
sports, at-risk-youth activities, arts and crafts,
and senior citizen activity. Several U.S. state
governments operate recreational programs for
their prison populations. Though
Recreation or fun is the expenditure of time in
controversial, these programs intended to
a manner designed for therapeutic refreshment
provide inmates with constructive use of their
of one's body or mind. While leisure is more
time through access to music, hobbies, and
likely a form of entertainment or sleep,
crafts and exercise equipment. Other possible
recreation is active for the participant but in a
benefits include reduced healthcare costs and a
refreshing and diverting manner. As people in
lower recidivism rate. Private organized
the wand's wealthier regions lead increasingly
recreation is usually focused on a specific type
sedentary lifestyles, the need for recreation has
of sport such as river rafting or · Sports Activities information on citywide
mountaineering. and community sports leagues for both youth
and adults.
Types of Recreational Activities
· Therapeutic Recreation Services -
· Civic Dance Arts Program * Classes for Provides sports, recreation, leisure and
both children and adults in various forms of outreach services to persons with physical,
dance including ballet, jazz, tap and theatre. mental and emotional disabilities.

· Senior Citizen Services (Deludes centers,

duos, activities and services throughout the city
catering to the recreational and social needs of The Benefits of Recreational Activities
seniors in our community.
What is recreation? How do recreations differ
from leisure? Recreation is in a way a
rejuvenating experience involving therapeutic;
treatment of the body and whereas leisure is
more of an entertainment activity. It is of bane
of civilized society that along with wealth we
have forgotten our old art of walking and have
become couched potatoes.

We don't mind sitting idle in front of the TV

or internet for days and months at a time. This
curbs our physical activities and we end up
overweight and obese, inviting conditions such
as diabetes, heart disease and depression. But
many take recreations as trivial and consider it
Recreation enhances longevity and counteracts as escapism. Like any other thing, too much
stress recreation time can be harmful and can divert
our attention from necessary work and we
Leisure is more of an entertainment activity
become in yet another way. But research has
Barrier a fence or other obstacle that prevents shown that recreational activities contribute to
movement or access. the satisfaction of life, health and also improve
the quality of the life we lead.
Hobbies an activity done regularly in one's
leisure time for pleasure There is evidence to show that the indigenous
people of the US indulged in many recreational
Social Interaction is an exchange between two activities. Then when did they lose it? The
or more individuals and is a building block of saying "a work and no play makes Jim a dull
society boy" holds ground here. Recreation enhances
longevity and counteracts stress. It is reported
that in the US, stress is idling more and more opportunities also. Recreation special are there
people. So, indulging in recreation can be a real to look after the recreational needs of the
help to live healthier life. In some jurisdictions community and individuals. These people who
many recreations are actually termed legal. are qualified professionals work in parks,
They are gambling, producing erotica recreation centers and in venues of organized
pornography, belly dancing and alcohol sport Indulge in things you love and see the
consumption. Sometimes recreation turns into world through a new perspective.
an organized activity of the government Public
parks are built to facilitate recreational
opportunities for people. It can help you from Art
becoming bored and avoid unnecessary Reading a Book
anxiety. Recreational activities include
organized activities Eke playing baseball Computer Games
football, table tennis, card games, sports and Sledding
arts. Recreation can be both indoor and
outdoor depending on our preference. Some Cycling
people like video games, playing cards or Shopping
playing table tennis white some others may
wish to sweat it out in the sun. Wherever you Dancing
play it is sure to pep you up and provide you Singing
ample relaxation. For people with no passion
Drawing
tor sports they could go on a travel expedition,
Spending time with friends
hiking, hiking, snorkeling, surfing, sailing,
kayaking are all recreational activities. To Eating and Drinking
explore the unexplored, hear the sweet singing and loved ones
of nightingale, to lay back bare on the bosom
of Mother Nature and be one with her. Going to beach
Sports and Exercise
Anything that gives you peace of mind and
happiness is deemed recreation. The world is Hobbies
moving at a fast pace and the need for Travel and Tourism
recreation has been doubled. After the tiring
schedule of workplace, people run short of Humor jokes, riddles
energy, resulting in poor performance both using the internet
official and domestic. An activity that a person
Anecdotes
would love would put them on track to pursue
Video games
he serious goals in life.
Hunting and fishing
This is not restricted to adults, Children
visiting an amusement park
should also get their share of recreation to
develop motor skills. Now there are career
Kite flying #Early childhood (2-4 years)
Watching movies
In our early childhood, we experience ourselves
Music and discover our body. We ask: is it okay to be
Writing me? If we are allowed to discover ourselves,
then we develop self-confidence. If we are not,
Partying we can develop shame and self-doubt. Both
Yoga parents now play a major role.

Martial Arts Stage 3 "Initiative vs. Guilt"

Painting
#Preschool Age (4-5 years)
Pet ownership
In preschool, we take initiative, try out new
WEEK 16 things, and learn basic principles like how
round things roll. We ask: Is it okay for me to
Eight Stages of Personality Development do what I do? If we are encouraged, we can
follow our interests. If we are held back or told
Erikson's Theory of Psycho-social
that what we do is silly, we can develop guilt.
Development identifies eight stages in which a
We are now learning from the entire family.
healthy individual should pass through from
birth to death. At each stages we encounter Stage 4 "Industry vs. Inferiority"
different needs, ask new questions and meet
people who influence our behavior and #School Age (5-12 years)
learning.
Now we discover our own interests and realize
that we are different from others. We want to
show that we can do things right. We ask if we
Play Video can make it in this world. If we receive
recognition from our teachers or peers we
become industrious, which is another word for
Stage 1 "Basic Trust vs. Mistrust"
hard-working. If we get too much negative
#Infancy (1-2 years) feedback, we start to feel inferior and lose
motivation. Our neighbors and schools now
As infants we ask ourselves if we can trust the influence us the most.
world and we wonder if it's safe. We learn that
if we can trust someone now, we can also trust Stage 5 "Identity vs. Role Confusion"
others in the future. If we experience fear, we
#Adolescence (13–19 years)
develop doubt and mistrust. The key to our
development is our mother. During adolescence we learn that we have
different social roles. We are friends, students,
Stage 2 "Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt"
children and citizens. Many experience an
identity crises. If our parents now allow us to develop feelings of contentment and integrity.
go out and explore, we can find identity. If If not, we can experience despair and become
they push us to conform to their views, we can grumpy and bitter. Time to compare us with
face role confusion and feel lost. Key to our mankind. Erik Erikson was a German-
learning are our peers and role models. American psychologist who together with his
wife Joan, became known for his work on
Stage 6 "Intimacy vs. Isolation" psychosocial development. He was influenced
by Sigmund and Anna Freud and became
#Early Adulthood (20-40 years)
famous for coining the phrase "Identity crisis."
As young adults we slowly understand who we Although Erikson lacked even a bachelor's
are and we start to let go of the relationships we degree, he served as a professor at Harvard and
had built earlier in order to fit in. We ask Yale.
ourselves if we can love. If we can make a long-
term commitment, we are confident and
happy. If we cannot form intimate What is Personality Development?
relationships, we might end up feeling isolated
and lonely. Our friends and partners are now Personality development is the development of
center to our development. the organized pattern of behaviors and
attitudes that makes a person distinctive.

Personality development occurs by the

Stage 7 "Generativity vs. Stagnation" ongoing interaction of temperament,
character, and environment.
#Adulthood (40-65)
Personality is what makes a person a unique
When we reach our forties we become
person, and it is recognizable soon after birth.
comfortable, use our leisure time creatively and
A child's personality has several components:
maybe begin contributing to society. Our
temperament, environment, and character.
concern is Generativity. If we think that we are
Temperament is the set of genetically
able to lead the next generation into this world,
determined traits that determine the child's
we are happy. If we did not resolve some
approach to the world and how the child learns
conflicts earlier, we can become pessimistic and
about the world. There are no genes that
experience stagnation. People at home and at
specify personality traits, but some genes do
work are now who influence us most.
control the development of the nervous
Stage 8 "Ego Integrity vs. Despair" system, which in turn controls behavior.

#Maturity (65-death) A second component of personality comes

from adaptive patterns related to a child's
As we grow older we tend to slow down and specific environment. Most psychologists agree
begin to look back over our lives. We ask: how that these two factors—temperament and
have I done? If we think we did well, we environment—influence the development of a
person's personality the most. Temperament, phases satisfactorily. The stages significantly
with its dependence on genetic factors, is influence personality development, with five of
sometimes referred to as "nature," while the them occurring during infancy, childhood, and
environmental factors are called "nurture." adolescence.

While there is still controversy as to which Personality is defined as the distinguishing

factor ranks higher in affecting personality characteristics of an individual which
development, all experts agree that high-quality differentiate him/her from others when
parenting plays a critical role in the displayed in a wide variety of situations and
development of a child's personality. When circumstances especially social ones.
parents understand how their child responds
to certain situations, they can anticipate issues (1). Personality and its development are under
that might be problematic for their child. They influence of some determinants. Environment
can prepare the child for the situation or in is considered the major extrinsic one.
some cases they may avoid a potentially
(2). Cultural, racial, socioeconomic,
difficult situation altogether. Parents who
educational, social guidance and health
know how to adapt their parenting approach
conditions could be environmental factors
to the particular temperament of their child
playing a critical role in personality
can best provide guidance and ensure the
development.
successful development of their child's
personality. (3). The intrinsic factors could be biological
drives, such as the homeostatic, sexual,
Finally, the third component of personality is
defensive and assimilatory drives, and
character—the set of emotional, cognitive, and
hereditary temperamental differences. The
behavioral patterns learned from experience
Psychoanalytic development theory was
that determines how a person thinks, feels, and
modified by Erik Erikson and Stack Sullivan.
behaves. A person's character continues to
The later emphasized the importance of
evolve throughout life, although much
interpersonal transactions between parents and
depends on inborn traits and early experiences.
child and the child's development in a social
Character is also dependent on a person's
system.
moral development.
(4). Generally, the life cycle is divided into
In 1956, psychiatrist Erik Erikson provided an
eight developmental stages the details of each
insightful description as to how personality
of which are going to be discussed in the body
develops based on his extensive experience in
of this essay. These stages are: infancy, toddler
psychotherapy with children and adolescents
hood, preschool child, school child,
from low, upper, and middle-class
adolescence, young adulthood, middle years
backgrounds. According to Erikson, the
and old age, Infancy stage.
socialization process of an individual consists
of eight phases, each one accompanied by a (5). Developmentally, it is during this stage
"psychosocial crisis" that must be solved if the that the infant begins to establish himself as a
person is to manage the next and subsequent
dependent being and begins to establish self- Moreover, frustration, resulting in temper
awareness. Rudimentary social interaction is tantrums, is common (2). During this stage,
developed as the infant begins to explore the the child's curiosity increases, but his verbal
physical world. The nurturing persons must and intellectual abilities lag far behind his
imitate their behavior in addition to fulfilling motor development. The toddler's
their needs such as food and warmth. In psychosocial skills increase at a more rapid rate.
addition, attachment is best established during They now explore new and different
this period of development. dimensions of their relationships with their
parents. This fact reveals itself in that in the
(6). Furthermore, this period of life witnesses past the wild was used to be provided with his
the establishment of foundations of future needs but now he must be delimited.
emotional stability and intellectual
development. Infants need stimulating and
socializing experiences to provide aliment for
Preschool stage:
developing into a. person One cannot recall
infancy experiences although no part of life The preschool stage, also called early
experience will be as solidly incorporated in the childhood, occurs from three to six years of age
individual as infancy. The developmental tasks (4). The preschooler's world is expanding new
of infancy have been identified as learning to experiences and the child's social role are tried
walk, beginning to talk and communicate with during play (3). During this stage, there is
others, beginning to have emotional tremendous growth in vocabulary and
relationships with primary caregivers, learning continues chatter is a characteristic feature of
to eat solid foods and developing stable sleep this stage as intense curiosity was in the
and eating periods (10). previous one. In addition, persistent
questioning is the tool by which the
Toddler hood stage:
preschooler explores and knows more and
The toddler hood stage occurs from one year more about his/her world and environment.
to three years of age (3). During this stage, Moreover, fantasy characterized by making
increased motor development permits unbelievable long stories and pretended play
increased physical autonomy, but the child still mates may worry the parents, but is an
lacks skill and judgment, so limitations are very important component of the child's growth
recommended at this stage for the child's own and development during this period (5)
safety since accidents are very common (2). On During this stage, a child becomes more
the other hand, this may result in clashes with cooperative with his/her family as he/she
parental authority. Autonomy Vs shame and becomes amenable to parental demands spite
doubt is how Erikson. Thought about this of that the child is still emotionally linked and
stage of development in his theory. The desire dependent on his/her parents, the child
for autonomy often results in displays of becomes socially interacting and cooperative
negativism. This is displayed in that the child patterns of play develop (3), According to
now knows the meaning and value of words Erikson’s psychosocial theory, this stage
such as "no" and starts using them frequently. represents the stage of initiative when
stimulated Vs guilt when discouraged 1(4). addition, a sense of responsibility involving a
The developmental tasks of the preschool years capacity and willingness to live up to the
include: increasing the ability to communicate expectations one has aroused evolves at this
and understand others, performing self-care stage of development in the child's personality.
activities, learning the difference between sexes At this stage, children have rigid standards of
and developing sexual modesty, learning right what is right and what is wrong, Industry Vs
from wrong and good from bad and inferiority represent this stage in the
developing family relationships. psychosocial theory of development (4). The
developmental tasks of the school age child are
School age stage: developing the social and physical skills needed
for playing games, learning to get along with
The school age stage occurs from six years to
others, learning behavioral attitudes
twelve years of age. This stage is the time for
appropriate to one's own sex, learning basic
entering school and includes the preadolescent
reading, writing, and arithmetic skills,
period (from ten to twelve years of age) they
developing a conscience and morals, and
now represent their families who want to be
developing a good feeling and attitude about
proud of their child (4). At this stage, the child
oneself. During the latter part of the school age
starts comparing him/ herself with class mates
child's development, often called
or playmates (2). Such circumstances stimulate
preadolescence, the child begins to show more
the child to be as better as possible so that pride
refinement and maturity in the following areas:
of oneself if achieved (3). This is the time when
becoming an independent adult and learning
transition from ascribed to achieved status
to depend on oneself, developing and keeping
starts to take place. In school it does not matter
friendships with peers, understanding the
how a child is in his/her family (loved,
physical, psychological, and social roles of one's
neglected, older or younger sibling) except
sex, developing greater muscular strength,
when. Those factors have affected the child's
coordination, and balance, learning how to
personality in a way or another (5) In school, a
study (10).
child is treated as a part of a collectivity rather
than as individual at home and this requires the
child to forget many desires that may not
enable him to fit into the group (7). All the Adolescence stage:
previous demands organize the child’s
The adolescence stage of growth and
personality so that the child is able to prepare
development, which represent the industry Vs
himself to live within a larger society rather
role confusion stage of the psychosocial theory
than in a family (9). During this stage of
of development, occurs from 12 to 20 years of
development, a sense of belonging which
age. Adolescence is a transitional stage between
makes the child feel accepted and as an integral
childhood and adult life and is characterized by
part of the group and of the broader society
rapid physical growth and psychological,
occurs. This sensation involves identification
mental and social maturity (5). This stage of
of the society the child is a part of, beside
development officially begins at puberty and
commitment to its values and ethics. In
ends with person achieving a level of maturity
enough to deal with and manage realities of life The stage of young adulthood occurs
and be able to bear responsibility of him/ from 20 to 40 years of age. Psychological and
herself and his/her actions (6). The social developments continue during this stage.
developmental tasks faced by the child at this A personal life-cycle develops during this
age are accepting changes in the body and period. Generally, it is during this period that a
appearance, developing appropriate person establishes a relationship with a
relationships with males and females of the significant other, a commitment to something,
same age, accepting the male and female role and competence (5). Marital and vocational
appropriate for one's age, becoming choices represent the determinants of one's
independent from parents and adults overall personality development in general and
developing morals, attitudes, and values future personality development in particular,
needed for functioning in society. Peer groups since they are two of the most significant
play a critical role in the process of socialization decisions of a lifetime whose responsibility is
a social interaction and self-concept is beard by the young adult Commitment of
gradually acquire as a result of reactions of his oneself to a specific way in life takes place
peers towards him (1). A mentioned through marriage and children rising. A person
previously, an adolescent undergoes active has attained adult status with the completion
mental maturity since an adolescent becomes of physical maturation, and, he/she has
capable of more than abstract mode of become sufficiently well integrated and
thinking and the capacity of receiving new emotionally mature to utilize the opportunities
information reaches its peak. This sort of and accept the responsibilities that accompany
development results in endless speculations it (6). His/her independence from their
about abstract issues. In spite of that, the parental families motivates them to achieve an
adolescent still feel uncertain i.e. lacks the interdependence and find their places in
ability to direct him/ herself and the society. Through vocation and marriage, he/
confidence to translate -his/her thoughts and she becomes united to networks of persons,
idea into a definite course of action. Persistent find tasks that demand involvement, and gain
arguing and pretended wisdom are roles into which he/she fit which help define
characteristic features o adolescents (7) their identities This stage of life ends when a
Moreover, an adolescent rethinks about person has achieved stable positions in society
matters of life he learnt to be true from his/her and the time when his/her children no more
parents early in life (3). What the adolescent need his/her attention. Intimacy Vs isolation is
needs by the end of this stage is to find out the representative of this stage in the
what sort of person he or she is and what psychosocial theory (4). Developmental tasks
his/her abilities and limitations are, therefore of young adulthood include: choosing
the period of adolescence can be called the education and occupation, selecting a marriage
period of readjustment (8). partner, learning to live with a spouse or wife
and developing a satisfactory sex life (10).
Young adulthood stage:

Middle adulthood stage:

 The stage of middle adulthood occurs the deeply ingrained and relatively enduring
from the age of 40 to 65 years. This stage of patterns of thought, feeling and behavior. In
development is more stable and comfortable fact, when one refers to personality, it generally
although some people develop a "midlife implies to all what is unique about an
crisis." The "midlife crisis" is a term that individual, the characteristics that makes one
describes the feelings of distress that affect stand out in a crowd. Personalities is the sum
some people when they realize that they are no total of individual’s Psychological traits,
longer young. The term is used most often to characteristics, motives, habits, attitudes,
describe men who strive to recapture their beliefs end outlooks.
sense of lost youth by having extramarital
affairs, suddenly changing jobs, or adopting Personality determinants
youthful fashions This stage is represented by
Heredity
the stage of generativity Vs stagnation in the
Psychosocial theory of development (4). The Heredity refers to those factors that
developmental tasks faced in middle adulthood were determined at conception, Physical
are; adjusting to physical change, having grown structure, facial temperament, composition
children, developing leisure-time activities and and reflexes, energy level, and biological
relating to aging parents. rhythms are characteristics that are generally
considered to be either completely or
Older adulthood stage:
substantially influenced by who your parents
The stage of older adulthood is were, that is by their biological, physiological
considered to begin at 65 years of age. Many and inherent psychological makeup.
physical, psychological, and social changes
Environment
occur during later adulthood. The critical
transition comes at the time of retirement for The environmental factors that exert
both the husband and the wife. In old age pressures on our personality formation are the
persons are moving toward completion of their culture in which we are raised, our early
life cycles. The developmental tasks of the conditioning, the norms among our family,
older adult are: adjusting to decreases. physical friends and social groups, and other influences
strength and loss of health, adjusting to that we experience. The environment to which
retirement and reduced income, coping with we are exposed plays a substantial role in
death of a husband or wife and preparing for shaping our personalities.
one's own death eating periods (10).
Situation

A third factor, the situation, influences

Personality Development
the effects of heredity and environment on
Personality is the sum total of ways in personality. An individual's personality
which an individual reacts and interacts with although generally stable and consistent, does
others. Or Personality is generally defined as change in different situations. The varying
demand of different situation calls forth
different aspects of one’s personality. We The answer is we can programme our mind for
should not therefore look upon personality positive personality traits during the Twilight
patterns in isolation. period just before sleeping and just before
waking up. This is the time when the conscious
Developing Positive Personality mind is active enough to generate the positive
traits for entering into store but inactive to
1. Subconscious Programming
judge/compare and will not obstruct to the
Most of us sometimes get positive traits to enter into the subconscious
programmed / conditioned by a wrong store house.
messages that “do not do that" "don't take the
3. Reinforced Programming / Conscious
risk", "you cannot do that" you are not good
Programming
in ...and so on... You can imagine the bad effect
such message can have on any person. Auto suggestion and Repetition of the positive
traits despite negative response from
2. Subconscious Mind Programming
comparison with the store house also gives
Our Conscious Mind is like a watch man. And success in programming for personality traits.
the Subconscious Mind is a store of all the
Auto-suggestion is a statement made in the
previously programmed or conditioned
present tense, of the kind of person you want
information / knowledge/ believes. Now
to be.
programming personality means putting
positive believes/ information into the store A. Auto-suggestion are like a commercial
with nut the knowledge of the watchman about "Super You", or "Future Super You" for
(conscious mind). yourself what you want to be or achieve. They
influence both your conscious and
Suppose you tell yourself that "you are good at
subconscious mind in the long run shaping
Public Speaking". And the store has stored
your personality and attitude.
based on peoples comments and experience
that "you are poor in communication" "you B. Auto-suggestions are the conscious way to
cannot speak well in public", "you don't have programme the subconscious mind for positive
an impressive body language". The watch man traits. It is the effective method of voluntary
sees your sentence and compares it with the development of positive traits and attitudes.
knowledge in its store and says "this
information is wrong "The watchman throws C. Auto-suggestion should be mixed with
the new information away. He does not allow emotions. All such reinforced / conscious
the new positive information into the store. programming which have been emotionalized
This is the fundamental difficulty in changing (giving feeling) and mixed with applied faith
personality & behavior of a person. begin immediately to translate themselves into
physical or real equivalent.
Now the question is how and when we could
programme our mind for positive personality D. Auto-suggestive thoughts which are mixed
trait without the obstruction of watchman. with any of the feeling of emotions constitute a
"psycho-magnetic" force which attracts other action he would have been taken in my
similar or related thoughts. situation.

Our subconscious mind resembling a fertile a. Winston Churchill the war time British
garden spot, in which weeds will grow in Prime Minister was following this principle.
abundance if you the seeds of more desirable He had his Imaginary Counseling Committee
crops are not sown therein. Auto-suggestion is by the side of his Chamber. Many great
the agency of control through which an decisions he used to take by following these
individual can voluntarily feed his principles.
subconscious mind on thoughts of creative/
positive nature or by neglect permit thoughts b. Mahatma Gandhi, I desire to acquire from
of a destructive nature to find their way into you the ideology of truth and Non-violence
the rich garden of mind. So Caution should be and devotion towards practicing these in every
taken while programming your mind for odd hours and to acquire the magnet
positive traits only. leadership to attract millions to join in the
peaceful struggle for freedom and Humanity.
1. Defensive Approach:
c. Mother Teresa, I desire to acquire from
One of this type of approach is protest or deny you the ability to provide relentless
the negative traits at its very beginning of the humanitarian services to the most
entering in the subconscious store. And the unprivileged, poor diseased and intense spirit
second is to consciously avoid this type of to serve the mankind despite all odds.
environment or situation. In real life situation
it is very difficult because it may lead to d. Mr. Abraham Lincoln, I desire to build
confrontation and argument or Inaction. into my own character the keen sense of
justice, the untiring spirit of patience, the sense
Another problem in this is that most of us have of humor, the human understanding, and the
some negative traits previously in our store tolerance which were your distinguishing
house due to our past experience and characteristics.
conditioning.
e. Albert Einstein, I wish to acquire from you
2. Imaginary Anchoring or Invisible the Scientific Bent, ever inquisitive mind, the
Counseling Committee: spirit to innovate and contribute to Humanity.

While watching a picture we anchor the Hero, f. Bill Gates, I wish to acquire from you the
placing ourselves in place of hero. Similarly, we Brilliant Intelligence, Innovation, Intense drive
can anchor Great men in imagination and let to succeed, persistence, personal intensity and
them shape our personality. conscientiousness dimensions

Another is the Invisible Counseling 3. Physical Action / Body Language Approach:

Committee comprising of great personalities of
your choice. We can counsel from these great
minds at times or situation. What decision or
 In general it is the positive practice or Dominant Apprehensive
experiencing desired traits whether the desired
perfection achieved or not. 5. Serious vs Happy 13. Conservative vs
to Lucky Experimenting
It is generally said that our personality traits
control our body language but it is a fact that 6. Expedient vs 14. Group
the reverse is also true„ This means we can
Conscientious dependant vs Self-
change our negative traits towards positive
traits by consciously practicing the body sufficient
language for positive traits.
7. Timid vs 15. Uncontrolled vs
4. Domino-effect. Direct exposure to good Venturesome Controlled
personalities or environment:
8. Tough-minded vs 16. Relaxed vs Tense
Here the direct environment is the driving Sensitive
force in shaping the personalities. When one
TRAITS FOR BUILDING POSITIVE
constantly remains in direct contact with great
PERSONALITY:
personalities will enriches his own to be the
one. Similarly, the organization culture and 1. Accept Responsibility: The price of
structure also many times influences one’s greatness is the responsibility - Winston
personality. Sometimes it is the guiding Churchill "Responsibility gravitates to the
principle for job satisfaction / recruitment. person who can shoulder them."

Caution should be taken while programming - Elbert Hubbard Society is not destroyed by
your mind for positive traits only. Because the activities of the rascals, but by the inactivity
these processes give results for negative traits of good people.
also. Mahatma Gandhi and Adolf Hitler both
successfully applied these principles, but one 2. Show consideration: Show consideration,
positively and other negatively. courtesy, politeness and caring.

Sixteen primary personality traits: 3. Think Win-Win

1. Reserved vs 9. Trusting vs 4. Choose your words carefully:

Outgoing Suspicious The principle is your speaking must be better
than silent, rather be silent. Words spoken out
2. Less intelligent vs 10. Practical vs
of bitterness can cause irreparable damage. The
More intelligent Imaginative way the parents speak to their children in many
instances shapes their children's destiny.
3. Affected by feeling 11. Forthright vs
vs Emotionally stable Shrewd 5. Never Criticize, Complain and Condemn

4. Submissive vs 12. Self-assured vs Smile and Be Kind:

Smile is the shortest distance between two People who listen to gossip are as guilty
people. as those who do the gossiping.
8. Turn your promises into commitment:
1. Put Positive interpretation on other Commitment leads to enduring
people's behavior: We see the world relationship through thick and thin, it
not as it is, but as we are. So when we shows in a person's personality and
are interpreting other people’s relationship.
behavior negatively we just reflecting 9. Be grateful but do not expect gratitude:
our own mentality to this situation, In
contrast when interpret positively, 10. Be dependable and practice loyalty: An
chances that other people may realize. ounce of loyalty is worth more than a pound of
Its negativity and change or amend cleverness.
this.
2. Be a Good Listener: 11. Avoid bearing grudges: life is too small to
bear grudges. John Kennedy once said "forgive
Effective communication is 50% listening, 25% the other person but don't forget their name."
speaking, 15% reading and 10% writing. Means "if one cheated me once' it is his fault,
So, when we listen carefully then 50% but if cheats me twice then it is my fault."
communication is done.
12. Practice honesty. Integrity and Sincerity:
3. Be Enthusiastic: Lies may have speed, but the truth has
endurance.
Nothing great was ever achieved without
enthusiasm — Ralph Waldo Emersion 13. Practice Humility: Don't be cheated
regularly to forgive. Confidence without
4. Give honest and Sincere Appreciation: humility is arrogance. Sincere Humility is the
foundation of all virtues. It is a sign of
The desire to feel important is one of the
greatness,
greatest craving in most of the human beings
and it can be a g-eat motivator. 14. Be understanding and caring: The best
way to be understood is to be understanding.
5. When you make a mistake, accept it and
make it easy to amend: Mistakes are to be 15. Develop a sense of humor: Have a sense of
learned from. humor and you will possess the ability to laugh
at yourself
6. Discuss but don't argue: Arguing is like
fighting a losing battle. Even if one 16. Don't be sarcastic and put others down:
wins in the argument, the cost may be
more than the worth of victory. An 17. To have a friend be a Friend: Mutual trust
Ignominious victory is a defeat itself. and confidence are the foundation stones of all
7. Don't Gossip: Gossip may lead to friendship.
slander and defamation of character.
18. Show Empathy: Empathy alone is a very
important characteristic of positive
personality.
WEEK 17
KEY TERMS
Participatory Action for Community
Behavior —A stereotyped motor response to
Enhancement (PACE)
an internal or external stimulus.

Character —An individual's set of emotional,

cognitive, and behavioral patterns learned and
accumulated over time.

Cognition —The act or process of knowing or

perceiving.

Cognitive —The ability (or lack of) to think,

learn, and memorize.

Gene —A building block of inheritance, which

contains the instructions for the production of
a particular protein, and is made up of a
molecular sequence found on a section of
DNA. Identity —The condition of being the
same with, or possessing, a character that is
well described, asserted, or defined.

Maturity —A state of full development or

completed growth.

Personality —The organized pattern of

behaviors and attitudes that makes a human
Business communities realize that they don't
being distinctive. Personality is formed by the
have just need but also assets capacities and
ongoing interaction of temperament,
abilities to change the current reality. They also
character, and environment.
help them make a bits of more confident and
Socialization —The process by which new be more resilient and base also a gift or provide
members of a social group are integrated in the the ability communities to work together for a
group. common goal mean. What makes pits unique is
that it embodies our organizational identity in
Temperament —A person's natural values as global communities. So I think it's
disposition or inborn combination of mental our people that make pace you need the
and emotional traits. program we are implementing with the pay's
methodology. Community cysts are thinking and hope reverberates through the community
that they were more just like family. Therefore leaders down to the community level and that
were a big family where they can work together is really where you see the transformational
and to get better conditions in the community change take place over a longer period of time.
that they belong. To somewhere, that they are
not just families living in a place that they can COMMUNITY OUTREACH
construct a better future and what we have
Community Outreach
seen in these 59 for communities has been a
significant increase in government provision of ● It involves reaching people, helping,
services. These are poor communities up hitter serving and taking care of our
too we're almost always neglected. If anything community.
was happening it was this something to show
that the government existed in the city, but we
have gotten the city authority to work more
closely with the communities and we have seen Community outreach programs are a standard
a significant change in how the government way for groups such as social service agencies,
views these communities and the progressive nonprofit groups, and church or other
nature with which government is providing religious groups to identify a certain specific
services in these communities great moment need in its community and provide services to
that when I heard from one of our the people who need it.
Community Development councils or team
Characteristics
when she after one year and a half been
engaging with us saying look you know we Community outreach programs vary greatly.
don't need you anymore because you teach us They are commonly seen in organizations that
or make us now know what we want to do to have a religious, social activist, health oriented
help our communities and to move forward purpose.
and to solve anything we are facing I couldn't
describe you know any moment during my Examples of groups that might conduct
work happy more than this moment because community outreach programs are universities
this is what pace meant to be it's empowering conducting a trial on a new contraceptive
the communities empowering people make product. The community outreach program
transformation in there and they're willing to would have a coordinator who would actively
work together and to solve their their Chinese advertise, recruit people to test the new
or their dishes I've seen pace create and contraceptive and record and analyze the data.
generate transformational change within the Further, this information could be used to plan
key and transformation from a sense of programs to fulfill a need: Contraceptives that
victimization hopelessness dependency to self- young people would use to prevent the
reliance self-determination and empowerment transmission of HIV and AIDS.
and that's transformation you see take place
with the community leaders with whom we Types
work and that that renewed sense of energy
There are many types of community outreach Localize national issues with local solutions to
programs. For example. If a church wanted to avoid being a patronizing outsider with the
help homeless women and their children find answers.
safe shelter, the church would hire a person to
actively organize a team to locate and identify Find a way that those who receive “help” can
homeless women and their children in their “repay” the debt.
community. By talking with these women, the
When offering help to those who don’t have
organizer could identify what their most
the resources to help themselves, the help
pressing needs were: safe shelter, food,
should empower the person in need.
protection from violent ex-husbands and ex-
boyfriends. The goals for this particular Social Change begins by everyone in society
community outreach program would be to owning the problem.
raise funds to support a temporary shelter for
these women and their children, other types (These principles in community problem-
include community outreach programs that solving are based on ideas from the spirit of
are based on health issues: teenage smoking or community, by Amitai Etzioni, who advocates
teenage drug use or teenage pregnancy. In each a new “communitarian” movement.)
case, the goal would be to identify the group of
people, identify their needs, and design a Be inclusive. Personal responsibility and self-
program to help them move out of harm’s way help are the best ways to solve a problem.
by intervention, education and or even People who own the problem need to be
physically providing safety. included in and take control of the problem-
solving, so, if the outreach topic is youth
Principles of Community Outreach Program violence, stations should invite both the gang
leader and the president of the honor society to
In effective outreach campaigns, the be on the youth violence task force. If either
community owns the problem and the the honor student or gang leader is left out of
solution. The station’s primary role is to the problem-solving process, they are unlikely
facilitate communication. As the station lends to accept or work with the task force’s
its services as a broadcaster and communicator solution.
to help the community solve its own problems,
it must ensure that everyone is treated with Localize the outreach effort and (3) allow for
dignity and respect. Having some knowledge reciprocity. The people closest to those in need
of the principles of community problem- of help are the most effective helpers. A friend
solving may help the station act as an effective or community member’s help may be more
facilitator. useful than the help of a social worker.
Localizing solutions avoids a sense that an
The principles of community problem solving: “outsider” is patronizing the person in need of
help. It also allows for the possibility that at
Be inclusive. Involve both sides of a divisive
some point in the future, those who receive
issue in seeking a solution.
help will be able to return the favor. Even in
national outreach campaigns, the goal is to find Neighborhoods need quality schools to ensure
a way to localize solutions. safety, to help schools realize these goals,
society as a whole must contribute toward a
Empower the person in need. Homeless people solution. The need for everyone to be involved
or victims of a natural disaster are examples of in these over- arching issues is summarized in
groups faced with situations where they need the slogan “if you aren’t part of the solution,
more help than they can provide for you are part of the problem.”
themselves.
Taking on an outreach campaign dealing with
When society must play a more decisive role in a macro issue often means shirting the public
devising or implementing solutions on behalf perception on the issue. Long-term public.
of others, it is very important to be respectful Attitudes on drinking and driving have been
of the people in need. Especially in situations influenced by long-term PSA outreach
where those in need are feeling dislocated; campaigns. The same approach used by
restoring some sense of control is essential. national PSA campaigns-chipping away at one
When offering to help implement solutions, be issue overtime-can be applied locally.
sure those in need agree with the suggested
solutions This is a particularly effective strategy for
stations that choose to identify a single issue
For example, an innovative and empowering and commit all the station’s outreach energies
outreach project was launched at a homeless toward working on the various requires a long-
shelter. The shelter installed a voice mail phone term commitment to realize measurable
system so residents seeking jobs could be results.
contacted by potential employers. They
recognized that homeless job seekers often Benefits
couldn’t find jobs because they didn’t have
phones. The solution offered by the agency The greatest benefit of community outreach
was respectful of the broader needs of clients programs is that the programs serve people
they served, and restored some sense of who are often unable to help themselves. These
personal control. people, often called at-risk or underserved, are
easily exploited by unethical people. In other
If a problem belongs to everyone in a large cases, the programs provide education and
community (society), everyone needs to take a services to groups of people who simply are not
role in finding a solution. Some issues are so well-educated or misinformed. Young teens
broad that everyone needs to participate in may believe they are bullet-proof and cannot
finding a solution. For example, improving the become pregnant or contract HIV or AIDS.
public school system concerns almost Outreach programs will provide important
everyone. Businesses need quality schools to education to these people.
educate competent workers, and families need
quality schools to ensure their children’s The importance of community outreach
educational needs are met.
Community outreach is at the heart of Objectives
building a strong and responsive district
program that provides the best possible Learning and ethic of caring for fellow citizens
customer service to the people in your
Learn about the experience other ethnic
community. An inclusive district board will
groups and cultures
reflect the ideas and culture of the entire
community and allow all to share ideas and feel Increasing sensitivity to other ethnic groups
comfortable coming to the conversation and cultures
district for assistance. Achieving an effective
and inclusive community outreach program Exploring personal values, ethics, and ideology
does not happen overnight. it takes time,
energy and commitment to build a strong and Advancing students along a continuum toward
effective district board. Your efforts to include social change
a broad range of community interests should
Definition:
not be driven by outside expectations but
instead an internal desire to see all of the people Formal meeting for discussion of subject: a
of your community served. formal meeting held for the discussion of a
subject, during which individual speakers may
This purpose of the materials contained herein,
make presentations
which updates and expands upon NACD’s
1994 publication, reaching out to minority PUBLISHING published collection of
farmers, is to provide tools and techniques for opinions: a published collection of opinions or
extending conservation programs to all within writings on a subject, often in a periodical
the district community. There are also
included recommendations for building ANCIENT HIST drinking party in ancient
productive working relationships with all Greece: a drinking party in ancient Greece,
groups served by the district. A board that usually with music and philosophical
welcomes and reflects the entire community conversation
not only increases conversation on the
landscape, but also builds a strong and effective Advantages
locally led conversation program.
Rejuvenates the mind and body
Advantage and disadvantages
Encourages and promotes harmonious
The advantage of community outreach relationship with other people.
program is that they can able to help those
people who are depressed, deprived and Exercises the body and promotes health
underserved for them to cope up with their
Promotes enjoyment to life
current situation. The disadvantage of it is that
sometimes other programs might be like an Allows experiencing nature and appreciating
intruder with the other person. its beauty.
Disadvantages Challenges abound,

Some of the recreational activities are costly Strengthening the will in us

Requires time And your mission for us

Some of recreational activities can lead to Is our future

addiction like too much surfing in the internet
that some All hail to Alma mater dear

Other tasks are forgotten. The crowning glory of our dreams

Requires energy and physical involvement

All hail Alma mater dear
Can be too dangerous and risky
Our Bestlink for success
Philippine Constitution (1987)
In this ever changing world
Preamble
In this ever moving life
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring
the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a Challenges abound,
just and humane society and establish a
Government that shall embody our ideals and Strengthening the will in us
aspirations, promote the common good,
conserve and develop our patrimony, and And your mission for us
secure to ourselves and our posterity the
blessings of independence and democracy Is our future
under the rule of law and a regime of truth,
All hail Alma mater dear
justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do
ordain and promulgate this Constitution. The crowning glory of our dreams

(Our Bestlink for success)

Bestlink Hymn

Composed and sung by Mr. Ronnie N. Velez We seek

All hail Alma mater dear We strive

Our Bestlink for success Reaching for the best

In this ever changing world Unique our ways and thoughts

In this ever moving life Global youths are ever ready

 Ever focused alma mater dear In this ever moving life

Challenges abound,

All hail Alma mater dear Strengthening the will in us

Our Bestlink for success And your mission for us

In this ever changing world Is our future

In this ever moving life All hail Alma mater dear

Challenges abound, The crowning glory of our dreams

Strengthening the will in us (Our Bestlink for success)

And your mission for us All hail Alma mater dear

Is our future Our Bestlink to the future

All hail to Alma mater dear

The crowning glory of our dreams Note:

(Our Bestlink for success)

Onward go (onward go)

Upward grow (upward grow)

Brave young men and women

Armed with knowledge

Blessed with your values

Carry on Alma mater dear

All hail Alma mater dear

Our Bestlink for success

In this ever changing world