NSED 1204

LECTURE 6: ANALYSIS OR EVALUATION OF CURRICULUM

MATERIALS
 LECTURE 6: ANALYSIS OR EVALUATION OF CURRICULUM MATERIALS CONT…

• Curriculum materials: These are materials used by the teacher

and/or students to enhance the teaching and learning process.
• Why do teachers need to know how to evaluate/ analyze
curriculum materials?
1. It helps to determine relevance, validity and usefulness in facilitating
the T/L process and realization of institutional and/or national goals and
objectives
Evaluating of curriculum cont...
2. It helps teachers and administrators to know the features of a
good curriculum
These materials can be in form of
• Physical models
• Printed materials
• Audiovisual or
• Combination of these materials
Categories of Curriculum Materials
• Curriculum materials fall under two broad categories
Evaluating of curriculum cont...
i. Textual materials: These materials include: textbooks,
journals, teacher’s guide, syllabus and reference books,
maps, magazines, pictures etc.
ii. Non-textual materials: real objects, chalk board, charts,
graphs, laboratory equipment, videotape, models, etc.
Factors to Consider When Evaluating Curriculum
Materials
• The kind of the curriculum material, whether textual or
non-textual
Textual materials: Consider the following factors:
i. Clarity of Aims and goals
ii. Relationship of aims and goals with the content
iii. Relationship between the content and students’ mental
maturity
Evaluati of curriculum cont...
iv. Adequacy of learners’ activities across the three domains
of educational objectives.
v. Clarity of illustrations with reference to text
vi. Level of language used in students’ materials in relation to
their mental abilities
vii. Logical sequencing of the content
Non-Textual Materials:
Consider the following factors:
i. Suitability
The T/L material is considered suitable if
 It helps in achieving the objectives of the lesson
 It highlights the important points of the lesson
ii. Lucidity in its presentation (Self-expression) -Clarity in
terms of images and sounds
iii. Learner’s level of understanding
 Evaluating Curriculum Materials
There are four main criteria for curriculum evaluation;
i. Presentation criterion
• Cover design-Soft or hard
• Color used- Is it attractive to readers
• Quality of the papers used- Are they of good or bad quality
• Topic sequencing
• Binding-durability
ii. Knowledge and skills criterion

• Content should focus on achieving aims/objectives of the subject

• Skills emphasized have to reflect learners’ age/ability
iii. Language criterion
• Language should be simple and clear
• It should consider level of understanding of the learners
iv. Evaluation criterion

• Assessment procedures recommended should consider

the age of learners
• End of chapter questions should focus on domains of
educational objectives
1. Analysis of the Syllabus (as an example)
• Analysis of a syllabus should consider the four criteria for evaluating
curriculum materials
• Presentation Criterion
• Knowledge and skills criterion
• Language Criterion
• Evaluation Criterion
When analyzing a syllabus the following are features to be considered
for each criteria.
i. Presentation Criterion:
Cover design, colour of the cover, paper quality and topic
sequencing, binding durability.
ii. Knowledge and skills criterion:
• Content of the particular syllabus should focus on aims and
objectives of education
• Skills emphasized should be appropriate to the age and
ability of learners
• Continuity, sequencing and integration
Method of T/L suggested should:
Promote learners’ interest of the subject
Be relevant to the content,
Be appropriate to the age/ability of learners
iii. Language Criterion: Language used should be simple and
clear to the users
iv. Evaluation Criterion:
• Is the syllabus recommending formative and summative
assessment procedures
•
 TEACHING TOOLS TO BE USED IN TEACHING AND LEARNING

1. Text book
• Textbook – contains the content for a specific class level.
• Teacher’s editions – teacher’s notes on how to present the
lesson.
• There are many commercially produced textbooks.
• Evaluation of such books to determine quality and
appropriateness is vital.
Textbook cont...
• It’s selected and sequenced according to the interest of the
author or publisher
• It may not contain all subject content
• May contain questions to be solved
• It has sequenced and scope which may not be satisfactory
to the teacher.
• Certain textbook proved good if meet curriculum even if
not proved by authority (TIE)
Textbook Analysis:
• Does the book match the syllabus?
• Does it match the national policies and morals?
• Does it use proper language to the level of learners?
• Is the content sufficient?
• Do examples and exercises provided sufficient? Is the book
certified?
• Is the book free from typographic errors?
i.e. spelling mistake, arrangement of the pages etc.
2. Teachers Knowledge

• The teacher must have a good pedagogical content

knowledge to the subject matter
• The teacher should be knowledgeable and competent
enough in subject matter
3. Teacher Annoted Edition (TAE)
• Is also called Teacher Guide for student. There’s TAE for
every subjects
Importance of Teachers Annoted Edition
• It provide ideas to introduce the content
• It provide ideas to how to reinforce the students
• It suggest strategies in classroom environment
• It provide information on how to initiate
4. Auxiliary Materials
• These are supplementary materials which are used to
facilitate teaching and learning for instance magazine,
newspaper among others which help in subject content.
5. Commercial Prepared Materials
• It help in science and arts subjects this includes
Mathematical tables, graph papers, calculators,
blackboards, ruler, compass sets etc.
6. Community resource
• These includes field trips location, resourceful people such
as parents and local leaders,
• Resources materials such as cinema halls, play grounds
• CBO’s Agencies, local business etc
• All these help to connect classroom with community.
7. Media
• These are essential means to display information for
instance newspaper, magazine, radio, television, music,
video games, internet etc
8. Realia
• These are real objects used in classroom teaching. These
includes coins, dice, placards, puzzles meshes,
Designing T-L resources
• It is important to design teaching and learning resources using “low
cost materials” from learners’ environment. (Improvisation)
• A teaching resource: anything that helps to present the concepts
• A learning resource: anything that helps to understand/learn a
concept
• Some resources take a long time to make than others.
• Some resources can be used repeatedly
Designing T-L Reources cont..
• Their preparation depends on the needs and environment
• The teaching resources can be real objects
• Teaching aid can also be an intangible
• Today the movie is on the use of electronic resources

The T-L Resources can be either:

 Commercially produced,
 Locally available and
 Own made by improvising the available local materials
Designing T-L cont.
• Most used resources include the chalkboard and
textbooks.
• Reusable resources should be stored
• Teachers have the obligation to ensure correct and
effective use of resources
• They may help to simplify the work of explaining a concept
by just showing a picture or a real object.
• If not properly prepared and used, they may cause
confusion instead of clarity
Advantages of T-L resources
• Actively involve learners
• Motivate learners
• Makes ideas concrete
• Shows mathematics application in the real world
• Allows different teaching and learning approaches
• Provides opportunities for learners to get hands-on
experiences
Disadvantages of T-L resources:
• Too organizational work in-terms of classroom activities
• Difficulties in monitoring classroom work
• Uses more time in planning the work
• Difficult to assess
• It is difficult to store resources
• May create discipline problems
Effective design and use of T-L resources
• Good T-L resources have to capture students learning needs and interests.
• They have to help learners to master the required skills.
Therefore when designing these resources the teachers must consider:
Coloring
 Size
 Audibility
 Visibility
 Reusability
 Cost
 Interactivity
 Storage
 Attention capturing
 DEVELOPING CLASSROOM PRESENTATION SKILLS TO TEACHERS

Micro teaching
• The term MICRO TEACHING was coined in 1963
• Microteaching is a cycle of teaching and evaluation in
which a short, but complete, lesson is conducted in a small
class by teacher trainees.
Micro teaching cont....
• A microteaching session involves a small group of
prospective teachers teaching short lessons in front of each
other in order to gain feedback on their teaching.
• Micro teaching is a teacher training technique that plays a
significant role in developing teaching skills in the student
teachers.
Why conducting microteaching

 To educate prospective teachers

 To be qualified with self-confidence.
 To establish a nice dialog with the students through
effective questioning, and the use of relevant examples.
 To develop oral presentation skills (voice modulation,
enthusiasm, gestures, non-verbal cues, clarity of
explanations and examples)
Micro teaching cont...
 To develop organization skills (structure of lesson, strong
opening and closing, good transitions between sections,
clear learning objectives, effective use of time)
 Effective use of teaching aids (handouts, blackboard,
presentation software, overhead transparencies, props,
charts, etc.)
Steps in Micro teaching
Micro teaching involves the cycle of teaching.
• The application is done based on the stages of planning,
teaching, feedback, re-planning, re-teaching, and re-
feedback.
The cycle of teaching
Planning a micro lesson
• Teacher trainee should plan the learning objectives,
information and/or activities to be used to achieve those
stated objectives.
• The objective and procedures of the micro lessons should
be clear.
• A variety of aids may be used to facilitate teaching the
micro lessons.
 Teaching a micro lesson
• The teacher trainee now is given the opportunity to present
her lesson with the aim of practicing the teaching skill
concerned.
• It is the interactive stage where the teacher trainee puts into
practice what was planned.
• The trainee teaches the micro lesson, and if possible, it is
videotaped or audio recorded.
• Learners may be real students or fellow teacher trainees.
Teaching a micro lesson cont......
• Microteaching should be in a school setting, because
it allows teachers to use real students.
• Also, school based microteaching creates a positive
atmosphere among participants.
• Fellow teacher trainees take notes that they can use
during reflective discussions.
Feedback

• The micro lesson is reviewed, discussed, analyzed, criticized

and evaluated.
• Feedback is the information the presenter receives regarding
her attempts to master a particular teaching skill.
• It is aimed at making her aware of her progress in mastering
the teaching skill and thus to be able to evaluate and
improve herself.
Re-Planning

• Based on the critiques, evaluation and suggestions, the

trainee teacher revises the lesson plan, makes changes if
necessary.
Re-Teach
• In the re-teaching stage, the teacher trainee re-teaches the
micro lesson, applying those points raised during the
discussion and analysis of the previous microteaching
session.
Re-Feedback

• The second micro lesson is also reviewed, discussed, analyzed, and

evaluated to provide re-feedback.
• The microteaching cycle continues till the skill is well mastered by
the teacher trainees.
Advantages of Microteaching
• It exposes pre-service teachers to the realities of teaching.
• Introduces pre-service teachers to their roles as teachers.
• Helps them to see the importance of planning, decision making, and
implementation of instruction.
Advantages of Microteaching cont...
• Improves teaching skills such as drawing learners’
attention, asking questions, using and managing time
effectively and bringing the lesson to a conclusion.
• Confidence building through preparation, presentation and
evaluation.
• It encourages participants to focus their thinking on
teaching style as well as content.
Advantages of Microteaching cont...
• Through observation, other participants find a chance to
observe and evaluate different teaching strategies and to learn
how to share observations constructively with others
Weaknesses of Micro teaching practices
• The classroom environment formed artificially is not same
with the actual classroom environment in secondary
schools.
• Audience in a microteaching class knows the topic
beforehand, which the presenter may not recognize the
possible difficulties in teaching the same topic in a real
school environment.
Weaknesses of Microteaching practices cont...
• The time to conduct the sample microteaching lesson is less
than the actual duration of a lesson, which may result in
pre-service teachers’ lack of recognizing their own teaching
skills.
• Questions asked to the presenter by the fellow teacher
trainees in a microteaching lesson may not be asked by
students in actual school settings
BB work
 CLASSROOM ORGANISATION

- Classroom organization is the totality of academic,

behavioral and social arrangement of students within the
classroom during teaching and learning.
- There is a need of having a good classroom organization
because of having difference in learning as other have high
learning intelligent, slow learners, high status economically,
low status economically etc.
Classroom cont...
- Teachers are required to perform their task by considering
individual students and as small group
- Classroom management prevent occurrence of non-study
behaviors for instance noise making, unnecessary movements,
bullying etc.
- Classroom organization deals also with the:-
Arrangement of desks
Arrangement of students according to size, age, sex, abilities
of learners etc
Seating Arrangement in the class

• In arranging student to make effecting teaching and

learning, the teacher should consider the following factors;
- Nature of students/abilities of learners
- Physical arrangement of the room
Seating Arrangement in the class cont...
- Number of students
- The size of the class
- Nature of the topic or subject matter
- Age and sex of the students
- Situations in the class
For effective teaching to occur the following should be
done:
- Walk around the room and students
- Ensure more interactive with student in front, center and
back benchers
- The students in the corner and back are likely to be off the
task than those in front. Examples of teaching arrangement:-
Effective teaching cont..
- Rows
- Table rows
- Semi-circle
- Pairs
- Clusters
- Center or activity zone
1. Rows
- This is a traditional way of arranging class by many
teachers in school where tables and desks are arranged in
rows
- It makes student easily access seats and see effectively
- These style make it easy to prevent cheating in class during
examinations and easy manage class from trouble makers
Rows cont...
2. Table Rows
- This style of seating consist of long table put in rows and
students are sitting next or cross from each other
- They are found in science laboratories
- Its good in group discussion in order to share chemical and
other materials in teaching especially laboratory equipment
Table Rows
Advantages of Table Rows

- It help in collaborating learning as it enable students to

work together
- It enable easy sharing of materials if not enough and peer
editing
- It easy to make participation of students in answering
questions
Disadvantages of Table Rows

- Some student will not see instruction in the blackboard that

is sitting at the back and turning around
- Difficulty to watch behavior, reactions and face of student
- It encourage a lot of socializations
- It allowing cheating when doing exams in the style of sitting
- It hard for discussion as students will not hear.
3. Desk Rows

- Is the arrangement of several rows or column facing the

teacher. The teacher is able to walk from front to back and
side to side.
- Map social interaction between students before assigning
seats
Desk Rows cont..
Advantages of Desk Rows

- It easy to monitor the class

- It’s easy to see instructions in front
- It help to prevent cheating among the students
Disadvantages of Desk Rows
- It’s affected by the size of the class
4. Semi- Circle

- Is when desks touch each other facing the front forming a

semi-circle. The teacher use the arrangement for direct
instructions.
- The students can see each other for debates, discussions
Advantages of Semi-Circle

- It allows students to give ideas on what they want

- It’s easy to see direct instructions
- It’s easy to control and manage the class
- Easy to walk around for supervision
- Easy for students to work together in a project and action.
Disadvantages of Semi- Circles

- Not good or applicable in a large class

- It encourage cheating
Semi- Circle cont...
5. Pairs
- Is the arrangement where students sit in pairs. It can be the
pair of two or three students in one desk or table
- It’s the duty of the teacher to decide which pairs to put
together and independently.
Advantages of Pair arrangements
- It’s easy to see instructional aids by the students
- Easy to monitor the class
- It lead to cooperative learning/working together
Disadvantages of Pair arrangement
- It can hinder others to see in-front
- It does not allow wider discussion hence difficult to hear
or see
Pairs arrangement cont..
 Activity zone or Centers
- Is the arrangement of student which is very common in primary
and kindergarten
- This is a set of up of five or six tables. Students do activities while
helping each other
- Students are active engaging in work
Advantage of activity or center
- It allows discovery of skills
Students will like the changes and uses them very quickly
Disadvantages of Activity zone or centers

- It’s difficult to monitor students because of age

- It’ difficult to answer question one by one at a large and
loud class
- It’s hard to follow instruction, listening, direction by the
teacher
7. Cluster
- Is the arrangement of four or five desk together facing each
other. The cluster scattered around, each found apart having
spacing
- Teachers are free to walk around
Cluster cont..
Advantages of Cluster
- It led to cooperative learning
- Easy to share materials or resource in case there is scarcity
for instance books, teaching aids etc
- Allows students to give views, ideas, opinions and other
contribution during teaching and learning
Disadvantages of Cluster

- It’s difficult to monitor behavior and faces

- It allow cheating
- It allow a lot of socialization hence cause troubles in class
- It can hinder others to see in front as other obscure
Special needs seats

• Students with HD/AD hearing impairment should be placed

to sit in front of the class
• Place of the teacher desk
- The teacher desk should be placed at the corner to be seen
by all students in the classroom
- This will led to good monitoring of the class
 LECTURE 7;
DISCPLINE IN THE TEACHING AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

- The teacher should control and manage the students’

behavior. Large class is difficult to manage class behavior
- The common disciplinary action taken or used by teachers
are:
- Activity based
- Corporal punishment
But corporal punishment is bad because it causes:
• Physical and psychological Torture
• Embarrassment
• Humiliations
• Conflict with the teacher
corporal punishmen cont..
• According to circular, corporal punishment, Education Act
25 of 1978 circular 24 of 2002, Corporal punishment is
given in serious discipline actions:
- It’s given by the Head of School or ordered by Head of
school in case of physical violence
- Student to be given punishment must have approval from
recognized medical doctor
- It should not be given to ill health students
Corporal punishmen cont..
- It should not be extreme, excessive or severe, usually not
exceed four strokes
- If punished six stroke, the student should not be given
suspension or sucked from school.
- It should be administered by the authority or supreme
- Any punishment to the student shall be recorded in the
Conduct Registered Book (BLACK BOOK)
Alternative Punishment
• Provide academic task
• Sweeping, slashing
• Canceling service
EXAMINING VERBAL PRESENTATION

There are several ways of examining verbal presentation

- Questioning strategies
- Waiting time
- Reinforcement either positive and negative
- Loudness of voice
- Position and movement
Verbal presentation
For verbal presentation to take place teachers has to:
- Ensure well organized and no interruption and disruption
- Be patient, supportive not embracing students (mistakes are
for learning)
Teachers questioning:
- Is the process of assessing or testing knowledge and
understanding of student and methods
Verbal presentation cont...
Questions should be well constructed to be understood the
purpose
• Well-constructed to give politely give introductions. Get
their attention (signal) then ask
• Ask questions then assign students to answer
• Don’t repeat or rephrase the student response
• Ask question then wait for 50% hands to raise
• Calmly repeat the same question, if there is no answer
 ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE QUESTIONS
i. Equitable distributions
• Involve student in answering even those don’t volunteers
• Consider gender in choosing student to attempt the question
ii. Questioning frequency
• Ask more questions to increase learners’ involvement hence organized and
active teaching and learning
iii. Prompting
Is asking questions on time ready and willing to students. Learners answer the
original question correctly hence maintain interaction.
Teacher should create positive support in the classroom
- They think through and answer questions
v. Repetition for emphasis
-
- Repeat the question asked earlier when writing up the
lesson hence better understand
- Maintain interaction between teachers and learners
- Help the students to follow the direction of complex lessons
vi. Waiting time
- There should be a pause, giving time students to answer.
Pause will enable students to give quality response in the
following ways:
- Lesson will be smoother and more focused
- Teacher become responsible, improve distribution and
increasing participation from minority students
FUNCTIONS OF TEACHER QUESTIONS
i.Develops appreciations: students concentrates on point
taught
ii.Develops students thinking: through questioning students
will think and organize knowledge
iii.Diagnose learning difficulties: the teacher can defect or
determine learning difficulties
TEACHER QUESTIONS cont..
iv. Emphasize major points: important points during
teaching and learning process are emphasized
v. Encourage students: motivates students when attempt
the questions well
vi. Help to evaluate learning: it evaluate if learning has
taken place.
Study Questions
1. Make a library search to study on at least two models of curriculum
evaluation. CIPP model of curriculum evaluation must be one of them.
2. Dicuss the cmponents of bloom taxonomy as revisited by Lorin
Anderson in 1990s