HAL Tejas

HAL Tejas
The HAL Tejas (lit. "Brilliance") is an Indian single

Tejas
engine, delta wing, light multirole fighter designed by
the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) in
collaboration with Aircraft Research and Design Centre
(ARDC) of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for
the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy.[9] It was
developed from the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)
programme, which began in the 1980s to replace
India's ageing MiG-21 fighters but later became part of
a general fleet modernisation programme.[10][11] In
2003, the LCA was officially named "Tejas".[12] It is
the smallest and lightest in its class of contemporary
supersonic combat aircraft.[13] A Hal Tejas of No. 18 Squadron IAF
The Tejas is the second fighter developed by HAL with Role Multirole light fighter
the intention of attaining supersonic performance, after National origin India
the HAL HF-24 Marut.[14] The Tejas achieved initial
Manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics
operational clearance in 2011 and final operational
Limited
clearance in 2019. The first Tejas squadron became
operational in 2016, as No. 45 Squadron IAF Flying Design group Aeronautical Development
Daggers was the first to have their MiG-21s replaced Agency
with the Tejas.[8] Aircraft Research and Design
Centre (HAL)
Currently there are three production models of the
Defence Research and
Tejas - the Mark 1, Mark 1A and a trainer version. The
Development Organisation
IAF has ordered 32 Mark 1s, 73 Mark 1As and 18
Mark 1 trainer aircraft. Eventually the IAF plans to National Aerospace
procure a total of 324 aircraft in all variants, including Laboratories
the Tejas Mark 2 which is currently under First flight 4 January 2001[1]
development.[15] The Tejas Mark 2 is expected to be Introduction 17 January 2015[2]
ready for series production by 2026.[16]
Status In production[3]
As of 2022, indigenous content in the Tejas Mark 1 is Primary user Indian Air Force
59.7% by value and 75.5% by number of line
Produced 2001–present
replaceable units.[17] The indigenous content of the
Tejas Mk 1A is expected to be 50% and rise to 60% by Number built 40 (as of
the end of the programme.[18] 30 October 2021)[4][5][6][7][8]
Developed into HAL Tejas Mk2
Development HAL TEDBF
LCA programme
The LCA programme originated in the early 1980s. In 1983, the
Government of India established the LCA project with the initial
goal to develop a new light combat aircraft to replace the ageing
IAF fighters, especially the MiG-21 variants,[19] which had been
the mainstay of the IAF since 1963.[20] At one point the IAF had
operated as many as 874 MiG-21s.[20] The "Long Term Re-
Equipment Plan 1981" noted that most of these IAF fighters were
approaching the end of their service lives by the early-1990s, and
that by 1995, the IAF would be 40 percent short of the aircraft LCA Tejas production partners
needed to fill its projected force structure requirements.[21]
In 1984, the Government of India established Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under the aegis of
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to manage the LCA programme.[19] The ADA
was entrusted with the design and development of LCA while HAL was chosen as the principal
contractor.[22] The government's "self-reliance" goals for the LCA included the three most sophisticated
and challenging systems: the Fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system, multi-mode pulse-doppler radar, and
afterburning turbofan engine.[23]
The project definition phase was commenced in October 1986[19] with France's Dassault-Breguet Aviation
as consultant. Dassault-Breguet's expertise was mainly utilised in the design and system integration of the
Tejas.[24] In 1988, Dassault offered a hybrid fly by wire flight control system for the LCA, consisting of
three digital channels and one analogue channel, with a redundant analogue channel as a back up in case
the digital channels fails. But the ADA was in favour of a quadruplex digital FBW flight control system.[25]
The design of the Tejas was finalised in 1990, as a small tailless compound delta wing design with relaxed
static stability. To provide enhanced manoeuvrability it would be a control configured vehicle incorporating
a digital FBW flight control system.[25] Kota Harinarayana was the Programme Director and Chief
Designer of Tejas.[25][26] In 1992, a dedicated National Control Law (CLAW) team was set up by the
National Aerospace Laboratories to develop India's own state of the art FBW flight control system for the
Tejas. According to FlightGlobal, Lockheed Martin's consultancy was sought earlier, but following a US
embargo in response to India's second nuclear tests in 1998, India was forced to complete the software
independently.[27][28] This delayed the programme partly by about 18 months.[25][29]
The CLAW team completed the design and integration of the flight
control laws with the flight control system software, with the aid of
an Iron Bird test rig. The quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight
control system conducted over 50 hours of pilot testing on Iron Bird
Test Rig. On 4 January 2001, on its maiden flight, the TD-1
successfully flew with an indigenous quadruplex digital FBW flight
control system.[25]
Another critical technology needed for LCA was the multi-mode

Tejas technology demonstrator in
radar (MMR). Initially, the Ericsson/Ferranti PS-05/A I/J-band inverted flight
multi-function radar, also used on Saab's JAS 39 Gripen, was
intended to be used.[30] However, DRDO decided to develop an
indigenous multi-mode radar for the Tejas. HAL's Hyderabad division and the DRDO's Electronics and
Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) laboratory were selected to jointly lead the MMR programme,
and work commenced in 1997.[31] The Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS) was responsible for the
MMR's test programme. An HAL-748 airborne surveillance aircraft was converted for this purpose.[32]
The development of multi-mode was not smooth, as it suffered some setbacks. By 2005, only two radar
modes – the air-to-air look-up and look-down were confirmed to have been successfully tested. The
performance of several other modes that had been tested were suboptimal.[32] The problem with the radar
was mainly attributed to the lack of compatibility between the LRDE/HAL multi mode radar and the
LRDE's advanced signal processor module.[31] Using an "off-the-shelf" foreign radar as an interim option
was considered.[33]
ADA met with success in the development of three of the five key technologies identified at the beginning
of the LCA programme. The successful endeavours were mastery in the FBW flight control system,[34][25]
the development and manufacturing of carbon-fibre composite structures and skins, and a modern glass
cockpit. The Autolay computer-aided design software developed as part of the LCA programme has been
licensed to Airbus for its A380 wide-body aircraft project.[35][23] The development of a multi-mode pulse-
doppler radar, once delayed[33] was completed as the Active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar
and is currently undergoing flight trials.[36] India's self-reliance goal oriented development for the LCA
programme has considerably increased the indigenous components in Tejas and contributed to an aviation
industry expansion in the country.[37][38]
On 20 December 2021, Ministry of Defence (MoD) in a written reply during winter session of Rajya
Sabha clarified that the HAL Tejas is no longer considered as a replacement for the Mikoyan-Gurevich
MiG-21, instead it is now part of a general IAF fleet modernisation programme.[39] On 10 April 2023,
HAL started a third production line at its Nashik Division that will increase production from 16 to 24
aircraft per year.[40]
Prototypes and testing
Prototype testing began in 2003, a year after the first flight of the
second Technology Demonstrator (TD-2).[41] The first prototype
aircraft, PV-1, made its maiden flight in 2003. The first trainer
prototype PV-5 was rolled out in 2009 and made its first flight on
26 November 2009.[41] A total of two trainer prototypes were built
Tejas FOC on wet contact trial from
and designated PV-5 and PV-06. The first naval prototype,
Ilyushin Il-78 tanker
designated NP-1, made its first flight on 27 April 2012. It was a
twin-seater aircraft, while the second naval prototype, designated as
NP-2, was a single seater. Both naval prototypes were used
extensively for various aircraft carrier-related trials at the Shore Based Test Facility in Goa. NP-2 was used
in the actual carrier trials, where it made an arrested recovery and ski-jump assisted take-off from the
aircraft-carrier INS Vikramaditya in January 2020.[42]
The first Limited Series Production aircraft (LSP-1) performed its

maiden flight on 25 April 2007.[41] A total of seven limited series
production (LSP) aircraft were built. The LSPs were extensively
used for developmental trials such as weapon testing – involving
test firing of the R-73[43] and Python-5 close combat missiles, the I-
Derby ER beyond visual range air-to-air missile[44] and guided–
unguided munition releases.[45][46] The LSPs were also used for
sensor trials involving integration and testing of the Israeli Elta Tejas Limited Series Production
[47] [36] aircraft LSP-3 on landing run
EL/M-2032 multi-mode radar, Indian Uttam AESA Radar
and Rafael Litening targeting pod.[32] The Uttam radar was
integrated on the Tejas LSP-2 and LSP-3, and logged about 30
hours of flight testing on the Tejas alone.[36] The high altitude trials[48] and hot weather trials were carried
out with the LSPs and the PV-3 prototype, in IOC[49] and FOC configurations.[48] These trials were
mainly focused on assessing the performance of the various sensors and avionics on board, at temperatures
ranging from below -10 degree Celsius[48] to more than +45 degrees Celsius.[49]
Sea trials to assess the radar performance in air-to-air and air-to-sea modes, at various altitudes were carried
out in 2010. Flutter vibration tests were also carried out in different configurations at high angles of attack
(AoA) to assess the structural integrity across the flight envelope.[50] LSP-4 completed the successful trial
of BDL developed Counter Measure Dispensing System (CMDS) with R-73 missile on 2 December 2010.
It worked well Open Architecture Mission Computer and Digital Stores Management System.[51]
In the second half of 2012, the Tejas fleet was grounded for over three months and the ejection system had
to be modified to resume flight tests by the end of 2012.[52] In 2013, Tejas (LSP-7) conducted an inflight
engine relight test at high altitude to assess the engine response on flameout, a critical parameter for
operational clearance. The inflight engine relight test is crucial for single engine combat aircraft.[53] On 15
April 2023, HAL received a flight clearance certificate for the Aircraft Mounted Accessory Gear Box
(AMAGB) bearings and power take-off shaft. The Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification
(CEMILAC) also gave clearance for the pre-production of landing gear seals developed by the Combat
Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) and Fluoro Carbon Seals Limited.[54]
Operational clearance
In December 2006, the IAF announced that it would form an "LCA

Induction Team" to manage the aircraft's service introduction.[55]
The Tejas was awarded initial operational clearance-I (IOC-I) in
January 2011.[56] To ease up the process of FOC, an interim IOC-II
was issued to Tejas in December 2013. The IOC-II expanded the g-
limit, angle of attack and allowed the aircraft to carry precision
HAL Tejas from No. 45 Squadron
guided munitions and close combat missiles. The IOC-II Tejas have
IAF stationed at Sulur Air Force
an operational radius of 400–500 km.[57][58] The first squadron,
Station.
consisting of Tejas in IOC-II configuration, became operational in
2016.[59] The No. 45 Squadron IAF based at Sulur Air Force
Station, Coimbatore was the first to have their MiG-21s replaced by Tejas aircraft at the base.[8]
The FOC campaign began in December 2014.[60] Two critical parameters set by IAF for FOC clearance
was expansion of angle of attack from 24 degree in IOC-II to 28 degree in FOC and inflight refueling
capability.[58] In February 2018, as part of the FOC campaign, the Tejas carried out a "hot refuelling" -
refuelling with engine running,[1] which shortens the turnaround time[61] by 30% and doubles the sortie
rate.[62] In September 2018, the Tejas successfully completed its mid-air refuelling trials required for the
aircraft to obtain its FOC.[1] In January 2019, HAL received permission from CEMILAC to start
production of the FOC standard Tejas.[63]
On 20 February 2019, during the Aero India 2019 show, FOC was formally awarded to the Tejas.[64] The
second Tejas squadron – No.18 Flying Bullets was formed at Sulur Air Force Station on 27 May 2020 with
the first four serial production FOC aircraft.[59][65]
A full mission simulator (FMS) phase-1 was commissioned at Sulur Air Force Station on 23 October 2021.
The Phase 1 of the FMS features training in aircraft handling and full envelope flying. Phase 2 will further
augment the training with focus on weapons system and advance sensors onboard Tejas.[66]
Upgrades and further development
In May 2015, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)

noted some shortcomings in the then-delivered Tejas Mark 1 IOC
standard aircraft, which according to the CAG would limit the
survivability and operational deployability of the aircraft in actual
combat.[67] A few of these shortcomings, including lack of combat
endurance, were addressed in the Tejas Mark 1 FOC configuration
aircraft.[1] Tejas Mark 1 FOC resolved the issue of onboard fuel
monitoring with an integrated Environmental Control and Fuel Tejas IOC aircraft, each carrying two
Management (ECFM) system. It can now perform aerial refueling drop tanks on inner pylons
from Ilyushin Il-78 and buddy refueling with Sukhoi Su-30MKI.
Tejas is also undergoing butt firing trials and air-to-air firing at
HAL, Nashik facility with Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23.[68]
The shortcomings, such as the increased weight and reduced speed would be addressed in the upcoming
Tejas Mark 1A aircraft by increasing the use of composites in manufacturing and reducing the supersonic
drag by using more aerodynamic pylons. The MK1A will also have AESA radar, a self-protection
jammer,[69] updated avionics and electronic warfare capabilities, among other improvements.[70] The
shortcomings identified by CAG that require redesign and structural modification such as increasing
internal fuel capacity, are planned to be rectified in the Tejas Mark 2.[69]
Tejas Mark 1A
The Tejas Mark 1A, which has more than 40 improvements over the Mark 1 variant,[71] is expected to
begin production in 2023–24.[72] Upgraded Mark 1A aircraft will retain basic Mark 1 airframe while
featuring a new avionic suite centered on EL/M-2052 AESA Radar and Uttam AESA Radar, DARE
Unified Electronic Warfare Suite (UEWS), an externally mounted self protection jammer (SPJ) for
enhanced survivability, instrument flight rules (IFR) capability, Onboard Oxygen Generation System
(OBOGS) developed by Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL) for endurance
and an expanded weapon suite consisting of Astra BVRAAM and ASRAAM.[69][8] HAL will install in-
house developed Combined Interrogator and Transponder (CIT) with digital map generator by Mission and
Combat Systems R&D Centre which helps transfer the required mission map on pilot display, an upgraded
IFF+ from older identification friend or foe system.[73] To better accommodate the pilots, cockpit floor is
also reshaped.[68] The upgraded Tejas Mark 1A will have a reduced turnaround time.[72]
According to HAL Chairman and Director R Madhavan, the design activity of Tejas Mark 1A is moving
ahead and the testing of subsystems will be completed by 2021. The taxi trials will commence in the first
half of 2022 and the first flight of Mark 1A prototype will happen in second half of 2022. Delivery of the
aircraft for the IAF will begin from March 2024.[74][75] BEL will supply 20 types of locally developed
critical avionics and upgrades such as Digital Flight Control Computers from ADA, Air Data Computer
from DRDO, Weapon Computers from ADE, Radar Warning Receiver from Combat Aircraft Systems
Development and Integration Centre (CASDIC) and Head-up display from Central Scientific Instruments
Organisation (CSIO) from 2023 to 2028 for ₹2,400 crore.[76]
On 20 May 2022, the Tejas Mark 1A prototype completed its first flight.[77][78] HAL intends to obtain a
certificate from Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC) within 30 months before
this version enters mass production. Two ASRAAMs are intended for use on Tejas Mark 1A. The
production variant will come equipped with dual-rack pylons with weapon systems integration.[79][73]
HAL is on track to deliver first Tejas Mark 1A by February 2024.The order of 83 aircraft for IAF will be
completed by 2029 at the rate of 16 units per year.[80][74] The original two Tejas production lines were
located in HAL's Bengaluru facility and have a combined production capacity of 16 aircraft per year. In
order to speed up delivery, a third production line in HAL's Nashik factory with a capacity of 8 Tejas
aircraft per year was inaugurated on 5th April 2023 by Defence Secretary Giridhar Aramane, taking the
production capacity of Tejas LCA to a total of 24 aircraft per year.[81]
Tejas Mark 2
The HAL Tejas design has been further developed into the Tejas Mark 2, incorporating a more powerful
General Electric F414 INS6 engine, canards and other design changes. The Tejas Mark 2, which is
expected to be rolled out in 2022, will have an increased payload carrying capacity and internal fuel
capacity, more external hardpoints, improved combat range, a completely redesigned cockpit, and an
integrated infrared search and track (IRST) system, in addition to the AESA radar.[82][62] The Defence
Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT) is developing aircraft health and usage monitoring systems
(HUMS) to integrate the various sensors on board the Tejas Mark 2.[83] The first flight of Tejas Mark 2 is
expected to be in 2023.[84]
Naval variant
The Naval LCA programme was commenced in 2003.[85]

According to ADA, the Naval LCA (N-LCA) Programme was
envisaged to be completed in two phases, under Phase-1 two naval
prototypes were developed - the two-seat NP-1 and the single-seat
NP-2, based on the Tejas Mark 1 design, to carryout carrier
suitability certification and weapons integration. Under Phase 2,
two single-seat prototypes were planned to be built, based on the
Tejas Mark 2 design, with further design optimisation and LCA Navy prototype NP-1
integration of the General Electric F414 INS6 engine.[86] The first
naval prototype NP-1 was rolled out in July 2010,[87] and made its
first flight on 27 April 2012.[88] The naval LCA has stronger landing gear to absorb the forces generated
during carrier take off and arrested recovery.[85][89]
In December 2014, the LCA Navy successfully made its first ski-jump assisted take off from a SBTF at
INS Hansa. The navy variant has a distinctive flight control law mode which allows hands-free take-off.[89]
In December 2016, the Indian Navy (IN) opted out of the programme, owing to the long delay and
technical reasons – such as inadequate thrust to weight ratio of N-LCA for carrier based combat
operations,[90] and issued a fresh RFI for the procurement of 57 multi-role carrier borne fighters.[91]
Because the technologies developed for the Tejas programme will be carried over to other platforms
currently being developed by the ADA, test flying was continued.[92]
In 2019, an LCA navy prototype successfully carried out the first arrested landing at the SBTF in Goa in
day time[93] and night time.[94] As of December 2019, the Naval LCA programme completed 209 test
flights,[93] of these 50 were ski jump take-offs.[95]
In January 2020, the naval prototype NP-2 successfully carried out

its first arrested landing and ski-jump assisted take-off from the
aircraft-carrier INS Vikramaditya.[42][93]
In July 2020, the DRDO announced that the plan to develop an

LCA Mark 2 Navy had been dropped and they were working on a
new carrier-borne fighter according to the Indian Navy's multi-role
Tejas NP-1 landing on INS
carrier borne fighter requirement floated in 2016 to replace the
Vikramaditya
current fleet of MIG-29K/KUB carrier-based fighters.[96] In Aero
India 2021 a new twin engine naval fighter was unveiled, the Twin
Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF).[97][98] The experience gained in the N-LCA programme will help
in the development of TEDBF.[95]
In February 2023, the naval prototype completed its maiden landing and take-off from the indigenous
aircraft carrier INS Vikrant.[99]
Program costs
Development costs
LCA Programme - ₹9,063.96 crore (equivalent to
₹110 billion or US$1.3 billion in 2023) (up to March LCA Tejas maiden landing onboard
2020)[100] INS Vikrant
Kaveri engine programme - ₹2,032 crore (equivalent to
₹24 billion or US$300 million in 2023)[100]
₹1,202 crore (equivalent to ₹13 billion or US$170 million in 2023) additional design and
development (Jan 2021)[101]
Flyaway costs
₹146.2 crore (equivalent to ₹233 crore or US$29 million in 2023) for IOC Mark 1
(2014)[102][103]
₹156 crore (equivalent to ₹348 crore or US$44 million in 2023) for FOC Mark 1 (2010)[103]
₹303 crore (equivalent to ₹339 crore or US$42 million in 2023) for Mark 1A and ₹309 crore
(equivalent to ₹345 crore or US$43 million in 2023) for export variant (2021)[104][105][106]
Design
Overview
The Tejas is a single-engine multirole combat aircraft which has a tailless, compound delta wing design
with "relaxed static stability" for enhanced manoeuvrability and agility. The Tejas is a multi-role combat
aircraft and its flexibility permits it to carry out Interception, air-to-surface and anti-shipping roles in a single
mission.[107] The wind tunnel testing and computational fluid dynamics analysis have optimised the design
of Tejas for minimum transonic and supersonic wave drag, as well low wing-loading.[25]
Tejas has eight hardpoints – one beneath the port-side air-intake,

one under the fuselage (centreline station) and three hardpoints
under each wing, of these, three are wet hardpoints which can carry
drop tanks. The hardpoint beneath the port side air-intake is
dedicated to carrying sensor pods such as FLIR, IRST or laser
rangefinder/designator. These can also be carried on the centreline
pylon and inboard pairs of wing stations.[108] The Mark 1A has an
Tejas airshow demo aerial refuelling probe on the starboard side of the forward
fuselage.[109] The Tejas weapon suite consists of I-Derby ER and
Astra beyond visual range air-to-air missiles and R-73, Python-5
and ASRAAM close combat missiles. [62] The Tejas has an internal 23 mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23
twin-barreled autocannon under the starboard side air-intake.[110] The BrahMos-NG supersonic cruise
missile is being developed for the Tejas.[111]
The relatively smaller size, extensive use of airframe composites, the Y-duct inlet which shields the engine
compressor blades, the application of radar-absorbent material (RAM) coatings[32] and so on, reduces the
overall radar cross-section of the aircraft.[107]
Airframe
Apart from aluminium-lithium alloys and titanium alloys,[112] carbon-fibre composite materials are used in
the construction of the Tejas. The composite materials constitute 45% of the airframe by weight and 90%
by surface area,[113] the highest among contemporary aircraft.[114] The upper and lower wing surfaces,
wing spars and wing ribs are also made out of carbon-fibre composites,[115] while the fin tip is made out of
glass-fibre.[116] The extensive use of composite materials in the airframe not only makes the aircraft lighter
but also gives high strength. This also reduces the number of joints or rivets, increases the aircraft's
structural integrity and lowers its susceptibility to fatigue cracks.[107] The tailfin is a monolithic honeycomb
structure, reducing the manufacturing cost by 80% compared to traditional methods.[117] Initially the Tejas
prototypes were equipped with a radome made out of Kevlar which was replaced with a quartz radome in
the production aircraft.[62]
The naval LCA has a nose droop to provide improved view for carrier landings. In addition to the elevons,
the naval LCA have wing leading–edge vortex controllers (LEVCON) control surfaces that extend from
the wing-root leading edge, which could be deflected to a downward angle or an upward angle to increase
lift and reduce airspeed during approach. The LEVCONs also provides better low-speed handling and
increase controllability at high angles of attack (AoA).[32] The naval Tejas also has a strengthened
undercarriage, stronger landing gear,[89] and an arrestor hook system for carrier landings.[118] The two-seat
LCA Navy variant (NP-1) have aerodynamic commonality with the trainer variant.[119]
Avionics
The avionics of the Tejas Mark 1 is centered around Elta EL/M-2032 radar.[62] Its digital flight control
computer developed by ADE and manufactured BEL.[120][121] It has an electronic warfare (EW) suite
domestically developed by Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE), which consists of a radar
warning receiver (RWR), integrated self-protection jammer,[122] chaff and flare dispenser system.[123][124]
The upgraded variant of the Tejas Mark 1, named the Tejas Mark 1A, will have an AESA radar, new digital
flight control computer, new EW suite and updated avionics.[69]
Some of the production Mark 1A fighters will be equipped with the
Elta EL/M-2052 AESA radar,[8] while rest are expected to fly with
the domestically developed Uttam AESA radar.[36] The new EW
system for the Mark 1A, developed by DARE and known as the
Unified Electronic Warfare suite (UEWS), will have electronic
countermeasures and electronic counter-countermeasure
capabilities, digital radio frequency memory based[125] jamming
and deception capabilities.[72] The Tejas Mark 1A will also carry a Elbit DASH IV Helmet-mounted
pod-mounted self-protection jammer[62] – the Elta ELL- display.
8222WB.[126] The Mark 1A will have software-defined radio-
based secure communications and network-centric warfare
capabilities.[127]
The Tejas can also carry pod-based sensors such as forward looking infrared (FLIR). Currently the Tejas is
cleared to carry the Rafael Litening III targeting/reconnaissance pod,[128] while an advanced version
named Litening 4I will be integrated on the Tejas. The Litening 4I pod, developed by the C4I systems
division of Rafael, enables the aircraft to carry out reconnaissance, surveillance and intelligence gathering,
in addition to target acquisition.[129] The Tejas has an integrated health-monitoring system.[109]
The Tejas has a night vision goggles compatible glass cockpit, equipped with a domestically developed
head-up display (HUD), three multi-function displays, two Smart Standby Displays by Central Scientific
Instruments Organization (CSIO). The Tejas has hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) arrangement to
reduce pilot's workload.[109][32] The displays provide key information on a need-to-know basis, the pilot
interacts with onboard systems through a multi-functional keyboard and several selection panels. The Tejas
has a "get-you-home" panel coupled with an air data computer developed by Bharat Electronics Limited to
assist the pilot in case of an emergency. The cockpit is equipped with Martin-Baker 16LG zero-zero
ejection seat[116] and canopy severance system developed by the DRDO for safe ejection.[109][130] For life
support, Tejas Mark 1 relies on conventional liquid oxygen LOX system, while an onboard oxygen-
generation system (OBOGS) has been developed for Tejas Mark 1A.[131] The ADA has developed virtual
reality assisted cockpit simulator for Tejas,[132] and N-LCA.[89] Currently Tejas pilots are flying with Elbit
DASH IV helmet-mounted display system.[32][133]
Flight control system
The aerodynamic configuration of Tejas is based on a delta-wing

layout with shoulder-mounted wings. The control surfaces include
three-section slats on the wing's outer leading edge while the
inboard sections of the wings have additional slats to generate
vortex lift over the inner wing and high-energy air-flow along the
tail fin to enhance high-AoA stability. The wing trailing edge fits
two-segment elevons to provide pitch and roll control. The only
empennage-mounted control surfaces are the single-piece rudder
N-LCA has additional flight control
and two airbrakes, located in the upper rear part of the fuselage, one
laws (source codes) for LEVCON
each on either side of the fin.[108] Since the Tejas is a relaxed static and hands-free take off
stability design, it is equipped with a NAL-developed full authority
quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight control system[25] and an open
architecture[134] digital flight control computer developed by BEL.[120] Its flight control surfaces are
controlled by hybrid electro-hydraulic actuators through the digital flight control computer.[135] The fly-by-
wire flight control system of the Tejas has an advanced feature called auto low-speed recovery. This enables
envelope protection at low speed and high angles of attack. It prevents the aircraft from entering into
uncontrolled flight while maneuvering. Another feature is disorientation recovery function, once engaged it
will recover the aircraft to an optimal altitude, airspeed and level flight. Some of the flight control laws for
these features were formulated by the IIT Bombay research university.[136]
Propulsion
Developing an indigenous jet engine for Tejas was one of the five self-reliance goals identified at the
beginning of the LCA Programme. A programme led by the Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE)
to design and develop an indigenous powerplant, the Kaveri, was launched as early as in 1986.[137]
However Kaveri jet engine development faced some setbacks, hence the General Electric F404-GE-F2J3
afterburning turbofan engine was procured as an interim solution.[137] Since 2004, uprated General Electric
F404-GE-IN20 engines are powering Tejas variants.[138]
The Tejas Mark 1 is currently powered by the F404 IN20 engine. The Mark 1A variant will be powered by
the same powerplant,[139] while the heavier Tejas Mark 2 will be powered by a General Electric F414
INS6 engine.[139] On 17 August 2021, HAL placed an order of ₹5,375 crore (equivalent to ₹60 billion or
US$750 million in 2023) for 99 F404-GE-IN20 engines.[139][140]
Operational history
The formation of the first Tejas-equipped squadron started in July
2011. The first Tejas squadron—No. 45 Squadron IAF (Flying
Daggers) became operational in July 2016,[59] based at Sulur Air
Force Station in Coimbatore.[141] The second Tejas Mark 1
squadron, Squadron 18, was formed at Sulur on 27 May 2020.[142]
The Tejas Mark 1 made its international debut on 21 January 2016,
at the fourth Bahrain International Airshow.[143]
In April 2018, the IAF's entire fleet of Tejas Mark 1 aircraft IAF Su-30 MKI, French Rafale, IAF
participated in the Gagan Shakti 2018 exercise. It was the IAF's Tejas during Exercise Garuda VII.
largest air exercise, involving 1,100 aircraft and 15,000 military
personnel. During the exercise, the Tejas were deployed to forward
bases and demonstrated their reliability and precision strike capability.[15] In 2019, six Tejas fighter jets
participated in the Vayu Shakti air exercise, where it has demonstrated its "swing role" capability.[144]
According to the commanding officer of No. 45 Squadron – Group Captain Samrath Dhankhar, DASH IV
HMDS enables the Tejas pilot to take full advantage of high off-boresight close combat missiles,[145] such
as – Python-5 and R-73.[146]
On 18 August 2020, IAF deployed the No. 45 Squadron "Flying Dagger" on the western front along the
Pakistani border (line of control). It was the first operational deployment of Tejas.[147]
On 27 April 2021, Tejas Mark 1 successfully test fired Python-5 high off-boresight (HOBS) close combat
missile and further validated enhanced capability of I-Derby ER (extended range) BVR missile. Both
missiles scored direct hits on targets during the trial.[44]
IAF participated in Exercise Desert Flag VIII, with five Tejas and two C-17 Globemaster III aircraft, held
in UAE from 27 February to 17 March 2023. This is the first time Tejas participated in an international
flying exercise outside India.[148]
Orders
To May 2023:
2006 March 31 - Indian Government on behalf of the Indian Airforce placed an initial order
for twenty LCA Tejas, from HAL, for delivery by December 2011. The order comprised 4 twin
seat trainers, and 16 single seat LCA.[149]
2010 December 23 - Indian Government ordered twenty additional LCA Tejas, from HAL, for
delivery by December 2016. The order stipulated four additional trainers, and 16 single seat
LCA.[149]
2021 January 27 - Indian Government signed an order for 83 HAL Tejas, comprising 10
additional twin seat trainers, and 73 single seat MK1A LCA.[150]
Potential operators
HAL proposed exporting the Tejas, with preliminary talks taking place with several friendly countries.[16] It
was reported in March 2020 that HAL is willing to set up logistic facilities in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri
Lanka and Vietnam as part of exporting the Tejas.[151]
Botswana
The Botswana Defence Force Air Wing has approached HAL for potentially replacing Canadair CF-5s
with the Tejas due to its age and problems of acquiring needed parts for maintenance.[152] The BDFAW
has previously considered acquiring Gripens,[153] the F-16,[154] KAI T-50,[155] and the Leonardo M-
346.[152]
Egypt
During the Dubai Airshow 2021, Egyptian officials expressed their interest in procuring 70 LCA Tejas[156]
to replace their 100 Chinese-made Hongdu JL-8 trainers. Following the Dubai Airshow 2021, HAL and
Indian Air Force officials visited Cairo and discussions were going on. As of June 2022, India has offered
to set up local production facilities for the LCA Tejas and also for the Light Utility and Light Combat
Helicopters in Egypt.[157]
During Aero India 2023, it was reported that Egypt is seeking around 20 Tejas for its requirements.[158]
HAL previously reported that 35 LCA Mk-1As were being offered in a contract.[158]
United States
In December 2020, in response to a Request for Information (RFI) from the United States Naval Air
Systems Command (NAVAIR), HAL offered the "Lead In Fighter Trainer" variant of the HAL Tejas —
classified as the "HAL Tejas LIFT", to the United States Navy (USN), as part the latter's initiative to
replace its fleet of T-45 Goshawk trainer aircraft, dubbed the "Undergraduate Jet Training
System".[159][160] Other aircraft participating in the UJTS, are the T-7 Red Hawk — offered by Boeing in
partnership with Saab, and the KAI T-50A Golden Eagle — offered by Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI),
in partnership with Lockheed Martin.[161]
Despite being the only aircraft among the three to be reportedly capable of undertaking operations from an
aircraft carrier, the prospects of the USN selecting the HAL Tejas LIFT are reportedly slim, according to
multiple sources.[160][162][163] Several reasons suggested as the cause of the LIFT's bleak prospects in the
UJTS are that HAL has refrained from partnering with a US-based company to offer the LIFT (unlike the
consortiums of Boeing-Saab and KAI-Lockheed Martin, offering the T-7 and the T-50A, respectively), a
lack of export orders for the type, and its delta-wing design — which makes it less-suitable for low-speed
landing.[164]
Failed bids
Argentina
The Argentine Air Force (FAA) has periodically indicated its interest in possibly purchasing the HAL
Tejas, as part of its modernization initiative.[165] In October 2021, FAA chief-of-staff Brigadier Xavier
Julian Isaac confirmed that HAL had offered the HAL Tejas to the FAA, amidst other offers of the JF-17
from China and the MiG-35 from Russia.[166][167] Multiple sources have also indicated that the HAL Tejas
may likely be a good option for the FAA.[168]
However, any potential sale of the HAL Tejas to Argentina may likely be threatened by UK-imposed arms
sanctions; the United Kingdom has barred any sale of military-equipment consisting of UK-manufactured
parts to Argentina, ever since the British-Argentine Falklands War of 1982.[169] Argentina's earlier efforts
to procure other fighter aircraft, including the Mirage F1M, the IAI Kfir, the JAS 39 Gripen and the KAI
FA-50 were scuttled due to UK-diplomatic pressure, since the aforementioned aircraft were found to
contain UK-origin parts.[170][171]
Given the nature of the Argentine-specific sanctions, the HAL Tejas would essentially be subject to UK-
scrutiny, since it utilizes the British-origin MK16 IN16 GS Tejas ejection seat manufactured by Martin-
Baker, along with other British-origin components — including an aerial-refueling probe and a quartz
radome, both supplied by Cobham Limited.[172][165] Nevertheless, HAL has reportedly offered a
customised-variant of the HAL Tejas to the FAA, which includes a retrofit of about 50-specific components
and the substitution of all major British-origin components — including the ejection seat and the aerial-
refueling probe, with diplomatically suitable alternatives;[173] however, any customisation to the HAL Tejas
would encompass considerable changes to the aircraft's design and additional flight certification.[174]
On September 21, 2022, there was an indication that the Argentine Air Force was willing to look at the JF-
17 because of concerns that the time and money required to modify the Tejas to remove non-British parts
was beyond what Buenos Aires was willing to spend.[175] Furthermore, Tejas uses American engines,
Israeli radar, and a mishmash of avionics from countries that will never authorize re-export.[176]
In December 2022, the Argentine government decided to abandon the decision to acquire new fighter
aircraft.[177] With President Alberto Fernandez stating in an interview that “Argentina has to allocate its
resources to more important things than the purchase of military aircraft. We are in a very unequal
continent, but there are no war problems and unity among countries is sought."[177][178]
On July 20, 2023, Argentinian officials requested HAL retrofit the Tejas with non-British parts.[179]
Australia
In July 2020, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) had issued a tender, seeking a new jet trainer to
replace its fleet of BAE Hawk 127 trainer aircraft.[180] According to HAL's "58th Annual Report"
covering 2020–2021, HAL had offered the HAL Tejas in its "Lead in Fighter Trainer" (LIFT)
configuration to Australia's Department of Defence (DoD) in July 2020.[181] Other aircraft also reported to
be participating in the tender are the Boeing-Saab T-7 Red Hawk, the Aermacchi M-346 Master and the
KAI T-50.[182]
However, the Australian Government rejected a government to government deal proposed by the Indian
government for 35 Tejas LIFT aircraft for US $1 billion.[183] During bilateral defence talks held in
September 2021, The Indian Express reported Australia's lack of interest in the offer.[184]
In February 2022, the Australian government decided to take up a proposal by BAE to upgrade and
refurbish its Hawks with new engines and avionics, extending their lifespan until 2032.[185]
Malaysia
Malaysia had frequently indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the HAL Tejas for the Royal
Malaysian Air Force (RMAF), as part of its attempts to supplement its MiG-29 fleet; reports of Malaysian
interest in procuring the aircraft date back to as early as 2019.[186]
In March 2019, the HAL Tejas made its international debut at the Langkawi International Maritime and
Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA); its presence reportedly generated a great deal of interest, especially amongst
the RMAF and then-Malaysian PM Mahathir bin Mohamad.[187]
However, in mid-2019, HAL's prospects of exporting the HAL Tejas to Malaysia were severely blemished,
owing to diplomatic tussles between India and Malaysia — most particularly Malaysia's contentious
remarks over India's abrogation of Article 370 and India's retaliatory move of boycotting Malaysian-
produced palm oil.[188] The diplomatic skirmishes ceased in 2020, following Mahathir's resignation as PM
and the restitution of the Indo-Malaysian palm oil trade.[189][190][191][192]
In 2021, an RMAF delegation reportedly visited HAL's manufacturing-facility at Bangalore to assess the
suitability of the HAL Tejas, possibly in anticipation of a possible order — reaffirming Malaysia's interest in
the aircraft.[193][194]
In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft - dubbed as
the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing BAE
Hawk 108/208 light-combat aircraft and its MB-339CM trainers.[195][196] The RMAF later issued a
Request for Proposal (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a
submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).[197]
In October 2021, the RMAF confirmed that the HAL — offering the HAL Tejas MK1A, had submitted its
bid for the FLIT/LCA tender, along with five other international firms — Korea Aerospace Industries
(KAI) (offering the KAI FA-50), China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation (CATIC)
(offering the HAIC L-15), Leonardo S.p.A. (offering the Aermacchi M-346), Turkish Aerospace Industries
(offering the TAI Hürjet) and Rosoboronexport (offering the Mikoyan MiG-35).[197] Coincidentally, the
JF-17 — which was reported to be a leading choice for the RMAF, had not participated in the FLIT/LCA
tender.[198][199]
Later that year, HAL signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with MMTC Ltd — a public sector
firm, as a channelizing partner to facilitate the import of palm oil as a counter-trade to any potential sale of
the HAL Tejas to the RMAF; this arrangement was initiated to fulfill a mandatory requirement of the
RMAF — which stipulates that 50% of the total cost of the FLIT/LCA tender must be paid the winning
contender through means of barter trade.[181][200][201] HAL also signed another MOU with Boustead
Heavy Industries Corporation (BHIC) — a major Malaysia-based defense contractor, to fulfill another
mandatory condition of the RMAF — stipulating that the winning contender must locally procure at least
30% of products or services from Malaysian companies in the deal; the HAL-BHIC joint venture would
offer a provision of "Depot Level Maintenance" i.e. providing reliability, availability, maintainability and
supportability (RAMS) to the RMAF, should HAL win the FLIT/LCA tender.[202][203][204] In July 2022,
HAL announced that Malaysia has picked the Tejas to potentially replace its MiG-29s as negotiations are in
the final stage.[205]
However, in February 2023 the Malaysian government announced that the South Korean bid had won the
tender with the Tejas failing to win the contract.[206] Malaysia subsequently ordered 18 KAI FA-50 Block
20 aircraft worth US$920 million.[207] The FA-50 was chosen because of it being a tried-and-tested
platform in service with numerous countries while the Tejas is largely unproven and untested, with the
Indian Air Force being the sole operator. Logistics issues and the FA-50 better meeting the RMAF's
FLIT/LCA requirements were also other factors.[208]
Philippines
In May 2022, India and the Philippines signed an MOU, which mentioned the consideration of purchasing
the Tejas and other Indian-made aircraft.[209] On July 7, 2022, the Tejas was dropped from further
consideration from the multi-role fighter jet (MRF) project. The F-16V Block 70/72 and the JAS-39 Gripen
C/D+ are the main contenders for the Philippine Air Force's MRF project.[210]
Sri Lanka
It has been reported that Sri Lanka has shown interest in purchasing the Tejas to replace its aging fleets of
IAI Kfir and Chengdu J-7 aircraft.[211] The programme is for the acquisition of 8 to 12 aircraft and is to be
pursued through a government-government basic agreement.[212] In 2021, it was decided to overhaul the
Kfirs, instead of buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit for new aircraft,
compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.[213]
United Arab Emirates
The Tejas had attracted interest from the United Arab Emirates (UAE), with some discussions held during a
visit by UAE Minister of State and Defence, Mohammed Ahmed Al Bowardi Al Falacy, during a state visit
in October 2018, as part of growing defence relations between India and UAE.[214] By May 2022, Tejas
had failed to gain any interest[215] with the UAE placing an order for 80 Rafale F4s from France. In
February 2023, the UAE signed a deal for purchase of 12 Hongdu L-15 trainer and light combat aircraft
from China,[216] with options for another 36.[217] UAE officials stated the L-15 order aligned with the
UAE's framework for diversifying the military's sources of equipment.[218]
Variants
Prototypes
Aircraft already built and projected models to be built. Model

designations, tail numbers and dates of first flight are shown.
Technology Demonstrators (TD)

Ski-jump takeoff of by Tejas NP-2 at
TD-1 (KH2001) – 4 January 2001.[41][219] INS Hansa
TD-2 (KH2002) – 6 June 2002.[41]
Prototype Vehicles (PV)
PV-1 (KH2003) – First flight on 25 November 2003.[220]

PV-2 (KH2004) – First flight on 1 December 2005.
PV-3 (KH2005) – First flight on 1 December 2006.
PV-5 (KH-T2009) – First flight on 26 November 2009 – Fighter/Trainer variant.[41]
PV-6 (KH-T2010) – First flight on 8 November 2014 – Fighter/Trainer variant.[221]
Naval Prototypes (NP)
NP-1 (KHN-T3001) – Two-seat naval variant for carrier operations. Rolled out in July
2010.[87] NP-1 made its first flight on 27 April 2012.[222]
NP-2 (NAVY3002) – Single-seat naval variant. First flight on 7 February 2015 with ski-jump
take-off and arrested landing required in STOBAR carrier.[7]
Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft
LSP-1 (KH2011) – 25 April 2007. This LCA is powered

by F404-F2J3 Engine.[223][41]
LSP-2 (KH2012) – 16 June 2008. This is the first LCA
fitted with F404-IN20 engine.[223]
LSP-3 (KH2013) – 23 April 2010. The first aircraft to have
the Hybrid MMR radar[47] and will be close to the IOC
standard.
Tejas LSP-7 (KH2017) firing Python-
LSP-4 (KH2014) – June 2010. The first aircraft that was
5.
flown in the (Mark 1) configuration that will be delivered
to the Indian Air Force.[224] The aircraft flew with the
Hybrid MMR, a Countermeasure Dispensing System, and an identify friend or foe electronic
system.[225]
LSP-5 (KH2015) – 19 November 2010. IOC standard, with all sensors including night
lighting in the cockpit, and an auto-pilot.[226]
LSP-7 (KH2017) – First flight on 9 March 2012.[227]
LSP-8 (KH2018) – First flight trial completed in March 2013. LSP 8 is the final version upon
which production is based.[5]
Production variants
Tejas Mark 1 − Single-seat operational variant for the
Indian Air Force. 16 aircraft have been delivered in IOC
standard constituting No. 45 Squadron IAF. Delivery of
the Tejas Mark 1 in FOC standard has begun and 18
Squadron (Flying Bullets) was equipped with the first
aircraft in May 2020.[59] Delivery of balance 15 aircraft to
No. 18 Squadron is expected to be completed by
September 2021.[228] FOC standard Tejas Mark 1 are
BVRAAM capable, with general flight envelope HAL Tejas at the 2022 Singapore
expansion, increased angle of attack, higher g-limit of +9 Airshow
g,[229] updated avionics and flight control software suite,
as well as capable of hot refueling and aerial
refueling.[59]
Tejas Trainer - Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Air Force; also act as
LiFT (Lead-in Fighter Trainer) and ground-attack aircraft. The first series production trainer
aircraft (LT5201) completed its maiden flight on 5 April 2023.[230]
Tejas Mark 1A - an enhanced Tejas Mark 1 equipped with EL/M-2052 and Uttam AESA
radar, self-protection jammer, radar warning receiver, as well as being able to mount an
external ECM pod.[231][72] The first Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft of the Mark.1A
variant rolled out in April 2022, and meant to be used as a Flying Testbed (FTB). A second
LSP rolled out in late 2022, and shall be used to validate design changes meant to make the
Mark.1A variant lighter than the Mark.1, and to optimize weight distribution.
Future developments
SPORT - Supersonic Omni-Role Trainer (SPORT) aircraft is a two-seater Lead-in Fighter
Training (LiFT) aircraft being developed from the LCA Trainer Mark 1 for export purposes as
light fighter.[232]
Tejas Mark 2 - or Medium Weight Fighter, is an enhanced Tejas Mark 1 design which is
expected to have a more powerful engine and an increased payload carrying capacity.[233]
The Tejas Mark 2 will feature an AESA radar, an on-board oxygen generation system and a
built-in electronic warfare suite among other improvements to avionics.[234] In January 2019,
Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa said that the IAF has committed to procure twelve
squadrons of Tejas Mark 2 aircraft.[235]
CATS MAX - The main component of HAL Combat Air Teaming System (CATS), CATS MAX
will be a twin seater Tejas Mark 1A modified with CATS interface to act as the mothership of
CATS components. The CATS MAX is to be crewed by a pilot and a weapon system officer
(WSO), with the later controlling the CATS.[236][237]
Tejas Trainer - NP-5 based operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy, with IFR-
probe. Indian Navy was reported to be considering HAL's proposal to reestablish a "Carrier
Training Squadron" with 18 Naval Tejas, that would be posted on both of India's carriers and
additionally serve as point defence interceptors.
Cancelled variants
Tejas Mark 1 Navy - Naval Variant based on HAL Tejas Mark 1 powered by F404 engine.
Cancelled in favour of the new twin-engine naval fighter HAL TEDBF.[238]
Tejas Mark 2 Navy - Proposed naval variant based on the Tejas Mark 2. Cancelled in favour
of the HAL TEDBF.[239]
Tejas Trainer IN - Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy. Cancelled in
favour of HAL TEDBF.[239]
Operators
India
Indian Air Force –123 aircraft ordered, 40 delivered.[240]
Tejas Mark 1 : 40 aircraft ordered (20 IOC standard and 20 FOC standard),[241]
Tejas Mark 1A : 83 aircraft on order (73 Mk1A single-seater aircraft, 10 Mk1 FOC trainers), scheduled to
delivered in 2024-2028 timeframe.[242]
Sulur Air Force Station

No. 45 Squadron (Flying Daggers)[243]
No. 18 Squadron (Flying Bullets)[59]
Specifications (Tejas Mark 1)

Data from tejas.gov.in,[244] DRDO Techfocus,[245] Jane's All the
World's Aircraft,[116]
General characteristics
Crew: 1 or 2
Length: 13.2 m (43 ft 4 in)
Wingspan: 8.2 m (26 ft 11 in)
Height: 4.4 m (14 ft 5 in)
Wing area: 38.4 m2 (413 sq ft)
Empty weight: 6,560 kg (14,462 lb)
Gross weight: 9,800 kg (21,605 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 13,500 kg (29,762 lb) [246]
Fuel capacity: 2,458 kg (5,419 lb) internal; 2 × 1,200 L (260 imp gal; 320 US gal), 800 L
(180 imp gal; 210 US gal) drop tank inboard, 725 L (159 imp gal; 192 US gal) drop tank
under fuselage
Payload: 5,300 kg (11,700 lb) external stores[246][247]
Powerplant: 1 × General Electric F404-GE-IN20 afterburning turbofan with FADEC, 85 kN
(19,000 lbf) with afterburner[248]
Performance
Maximum speed: 1,980 km/h (1,230 mph, 1,070 kn)
Maximum speed: Mach 1.6[246]
Range: 1,850 km (1,150 mi, 1,000 nmi)
Combat range: 500 km (310 mi, 270 nmi) with internal fuel[249]
Ferry range: 3,200 km (1,986 mi, 1,726 nmi) with 2 external drop tanks[249]
Service ceiling: 16,000 m (53,500 ft) [246]
g limits: +9/−3.5[250]
Wing loading: 255.2 kg/m2 (52.3 lb/sq ft)
Thrust/weight: 1.07[251][252][253]
Armament
Guns: 1x 23 mm twin-barrel GSh-23 cannon
Hardpoints: 9[246] with a capacity of 5300 kg, with provisions to carry combinations of:
Rockets: S-8 rocket pods (expected)[254]
Missiles:
Air-to-air missiles:
R-73[254]
I-Derby / ER[62]
Python-5[62]
ASRAAM[255] (planned)
Astra Mark 1 (planned)[256]
R-77 (planned)[257]
Air-to-surface missile:
Kh-59ME, Kh-59L, Kh-59T
AASM-Hammer (SBU-38/54/64)[258]
BrahMos-NG ALCM[259] (planned)
Anti-radiation missile:
Rudram-1 (Planned)[260]
Anti-ship missile:
Kh-35
Kh-59MK
Bombs:
Precision-guided munition:
Spice[261]
Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM)[262]
HSLD-100/250/450/500
DRDO Glide Bombs
DRDO SAAW
Tactical Advanced Range Augmentation (TARA)[263]
Laser-guided bomb:
KAB-1500L
GBU-16 Paveway II
Sudarshan
Griffin LGB[264]
Cluster munition:
RBK-500[254]
Unguided bomb:
ODAB-500PM
ZAB-250/350
BetAB-500Shp
FAB-500T
FAB-250
OFAB-250-270
OFAB-100-120
Others:
BDL Chaff/Flare Counter Measure Dispensing System (CMDS)[265]
DARE Targeting pod (Tejas Mk.1 FOC)[266][267]
Rafael Litening III[128]
Avionics
Elta EL/M-2032 hybrid multi-mode fire control radar (Tejas Mk.1)[62]

DARE-Elisra Mayawi self protection suite (Tejas Mk.1)[268][269]
MIL-STD-1553B bus[270]
See also
Aviation portal
India portal
HAL Tejas timeline

HAL AMCA
Related development
HAL Tejas Mark 2

HAL TEDBF
Related lists
List of fighter aircraft
List of active Indian military aircraft
References
Citations
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2996.html). Zee News. 22 January 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021101719
1659/https://zeenews.india.com/india/tejas-fighter-to-get-indigenous-laser-designator-pod-to
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Bibliography
Jackson, Paul; Munson, Kenneth; Peacock, Lindsay, eds. (2005), "ADA Tejas", Jane's All
The World's Aircraft 2005–06 (96th ed.), Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group
Limited, ISBN 978-0-7106-2684-4
Taylor, John W. R.; Munson, Kenneth; Taylor, Michael J. H., eds. (1989), "HAL Light Combat
Aircraft", Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1989–1990, Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's
Information Group Limited, ISBN 978-0-7106-0896-3
Frawley, Gerard (2002), The International Directory of Military Aircraft, Manly NSW, Australia:
Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, ISBN 1-875671-55-2
Hoh, Roger H.; Mitchell, David G. (September 1983), Flying Qualities of Relaxed Static
Stability Aircraft – Volume I: Flying Qualities Airworthiness Assessment and Flight Testing of
Augmented Aircraft (https://web.archive.org/web/20081216115422/http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bi
n/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA128758&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf) (PDF), Federal Aviation
Administration, archived from the original (http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA1
28758&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf) (PDF) on 16 December 2008, retrieved 16 June
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Aronstein, David C.; Piccirillo, Albert C. (1996), The Lightweight Fighter Program: A
Successful Approach to Fighter Technology Transition, Reston, Virginia: AIAA, ISBN 978-1-
56347-193-3
External links
Media related to HAL Tejas at Wikimedia Commons
Official Government of India Tejas site (http://www.tejas.gov.in/) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20151127143351/http://tejas.gov.in/) 27 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine
Features and analysis:
"Flying into the unknown" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070523125531/http://www.hindu.c

om/mp/2007/02/05/stories/2007020501180100.htm) — A feature by The Hindu on the Tejas test
pilots.
"LCA and Economics" by Sunil Sainis and George Joseph (https://web.archive.org/web/200
60613081832/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-5/sainis.html)
"The Light Combat Aircraft Story" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060503102058/http://www.
bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-5/wollen.html), by Air Marshal MSD Wollen (Retd).
The case to support the indigenous LCA programme (https://web.archive.org/web/20080312
201111/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/09/stories/2008030955051000.htm), by Ashok
Parthasarathi and Raman Puri.
Technical:
An Approach to High AoA Testing of the LCA (https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061842/

http://www.csirwebistad.org/aesi/pdf/ftgseminar05/presentations/2005/HIGH_AOA_TEJAS.p
df)
Development Flight Testing of the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0080224025554/http://csirwebistad.org/aesi/pages/tejasflight.htm)
LCA Avionics And Weapon System Mission Computer Software Development: A Case Study
(https://web.archive.org/web/20100928052634/http://www.bitsoftsystems.com/mydocs/Avioni
cs%20Mission%20Computer%20Case%20Study.pdf)
TEJAS The Indian Light Combat Aircraft, official brochure 2015 (https://tejas.gov.in/ADA-Tej
as%20Brochure-2015.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200711071247/https://w
ww.tejas.gov.in/ADA-Tejas%20Brochure-2015.pdf) 11 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
ADA Tejas IOC brochure (https://www.ada.gov.in/images/IOC%20content/ADA-%20Tejas%2
0Brochure%20Final.pdf)
General Electric F404 family turbofan engines datasheet (https://www.geaviation.com/sites/d
efault/files/datasheet-F404-Family.pdf)
General:
"Tejas / Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)", Fighter-planes.com (https://web.archive.org/web/2015

0118032556/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/lca.htm)
"Dawn of Tejas" Aero India special report from flightglobal.com (http://www.flightglobal.com/
Features/Aero-India-special/Dawn-of-Tejas/)
Radiance in Indian Skies - The Tejas Saga by Air Marshal P Rajkumar, BR Srikant (https://w
ww.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/monographs-documents/Radiance%20in%20Indian%20Sk
ies%20The%20Tejas%20Saga.pdf)
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HAL Tejas

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HAL Tejas

The HAL Tejas (lit. "Brilliance") is an Indian single

Another critical technology needed for LCA was the multi-mode

Prototypes and testing

The first Limited Series Production aircraft (LSP-1) performed its

In December 2006, the IAF announced that it would form an "LCA

Upgrades and further development

In May 2015, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)

The Naval LCA programme was commenced in 2003.[85]

In January 2020, the naval prototype NP-2 successfully carried out

In July 2020, the DRDO announced that the plan to develop an

Tejas has eight hardpoints – one beneath the port-side air-intake,

Flight control system

The aerodynamic configuration of Tejas is based on a delta-wing

United Arab Emirates

Aircraft already built and projected models to be built. Model

Technology Demonstrators (TD)

Prototype Vehicles (PV)

PV-1 (KH2003) – First flight on 25 November 2003.[220]

Naval Prototypes (NP)

Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft

LSP-1 (KH2011) – 25 April 2007. This LCA is powered

Indian Air Force –123 aircraft ordered, 40 delivered.[240]

Sulur Air Force Station

Specifications (Tejas Mark 1)

Elta EL/M-2032 hybrid multi-mode fire control radar (Tejas Mk.1)[62]

HAL Tejas timeline

HAL Tejas Mark 2

Features and analysis:

"Flying into the unknown" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070523125531/http://www.hindu.c

An Approach to High AoA Testing of the LCA (https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061842/

"Tejas / Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)", Fighter-planes.com (https://web.archive.org/web/2015

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HAL_Tejas&oldid=1167574436"

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