Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics PDF Doa DR Notes

Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics
21 EDITION
ROBERT M. KLIEGMAN, MD
Professor and Chair Emeritus
Department of Pediatrics
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
JOSEPH W. ST GEME III, MD

Professor of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Chair of the Department of
Pediatrics
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
Chair of the Department of Pediatrics and Physician-in-Chief
Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Endowed Chair in Pediatrics
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
NATHAN J. BLUM, MD
William H. Bennett Professor of Pediatrics
Chief, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
SAMIR S. SHAH, MD, MSCE

Professor of Pediatrics
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Director, Division of Hospital Medicine
Chief Metrics Officer
James M. Ewell Endowed Chair
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
ROBERT C. TASKER, MBBS, MD

Professor of Neurology
Professor of Anesthesia
Harvard Medical School
Senior Associate, Critical Care Medicine
Director, Pediatric NeuroCritical Care Program
Boston Children's Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
KAREN M. WILSON, MD, MPH

Debra and Leon Black Division Chief of General Pediatrics
Vice-Chair for Clinical and Translational Research
Kravis Children's Hospital at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
New York, New York
Editor Emeritus
RICHARD E. BEHRMAN, MD
Nonprofit Healthcare and Educational
Consultants to Medical Institutions
Santa Barbara, California
Table of Contents
Instructions for online access
Cover image
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Videos
Volume 1
Part I The Field of Pediatrics
Chapter 1 Overview of Pediatrics
Vital Statistics About Children's Health Globally
The Changing Pediatric World

The New Morbidities
Chronic Illness and Children With Special Health Care Needs
Systems of Care
Bibliography
Chapter 2 Child Health Disparities
Determinants of Health and Health Disparities
Disparities in Child Health and Healthcare:
Approaches to Eradicating Disparities: Interventions
Keywords
Racism as Social Determinant
Explaining Racial Disparities: A Taxonomy of Racism
Opportunities to Address Racism
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 3 Global Child Health
Global Burden and Trends in Child Health
Social Determinants of Child Health
Evidence-Based Interventions and Innovations to Address Child

Health Inequities
Challenges in Global Health

Bibliography
Chapter 4 Quality and Value in Healthcare for Children
The Need for Improvement in Quality and Value
What Is Quality?
Framework for Quality
Developing Guidelines to Establish the Standard for Quality
Improving Quality
Measuring Quality
Analyzing Quality Data
Comparing and Reporting Quality
Implications of the U.S. Healthcare Reform for Quality
Information Technology and Quality Improvement
Expanding Individual Quality Improvement Initiatives to Scale
Bibliography
Chapter 5 Safety in Healthcare for Children
Error vs Harm
Safety Frameworks
Identifying and Analyzing Harm, Errors, and Latent Threats
Safety Culture
Reliability Science and High-Reliability Organizations

Serious Harm Events and Healthcare-Associated Conditions
Safety Opportunities and Gaps
Emerging Areas of Safety Research and Improvement
Bibliography
Chapter 6 Ethics in Pediatric Care
Assent and Parental Permission
Treatment of Critically Ill Children
Neonatal Ethics
Declaring Death and Organ Donation
Religious or Cultural Objections to Treatment
Pediatric Ethics Committees and Ethics Consultation
Newborn Screening
Genetics, Genomics, and Precision Medicine
Adolescent Healthcare
Research
Balancing Maternal and Fetal Interests
Justice and Pediatric Ethics
Emerging Issues
Bibliography
Chapter 7 Pediatric Palliative Care

Care Settings
Communication, Advance Care Planning, and Anticipatory Guidance
Bibliography
Chapter 8 Domestic and International Adoption
Domestic Adoption
Intercountry Adoption
Role of Pediatricians
Bibliography
Chapter 9 Foster and Kinship Care
Epidemiology
Legislation in the United States
Early Childhood Trauma Leads to Poor Health Outcomes
Health Issues
Healthcare for Children and Adolescents in Foster Care
Bibliography
Chapter 10 Medical Evaluation of the Foreign-Born Child
Commonly Encountered Infections
Immunizations
Bibliography
Chapter 11 Cultural Issues in Pediatric Care
What Is Culture?
Culturally Informed Care
Bibliography
Chapter 12 Maximizing Children's Health
Periodicity Schedule and Guidelines
Tasks of Well-Child Care
Infancy and Early Childhood
Middle Childhood and Adolescence
Office Intervention for Behavioral and Mental Health Issues
Evidence
Caring for the Child and Youth in the Context of the Family and
Community
Bibliography
Chapter 13 Injury Control
Scope of the Problem
Principles of Injury Control
Risk Factors for Childhood Injuries
Mechanisms of Injury
Psychosocial Consequences of Injuries

Bibliography
Chapter 14 Impact of Violence on Children
Impacts of Violence
Keywords
Bullying and Cyberbullying
School Violence
Treatment and Prevention of Bullying and School Violence
Bibliography
Resources
Keywords
Screening
Recommendations (see Table 14.1)
Bibliography
Resources
Keywords
Susceptibility of Children in Times of War
Psychological Impact of War
Efforts to Protect Children From the Effects of War
Role of Pediatricians and Allied Health Professionals
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 15 Child Trafficking for Sex and Labor
Clinical Presentation
Approach to the Potentially Trafficked Child
Examination and Diagnostic Testing
Referrals and Resources
Bibliography
Chapter 16 Abused and Neglected Children
Definitions
Incidence and Prevalence
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
General Principles for Assessing Possible Abuse and Neglect
General Principles for Addressing Child Maltreatment
Outcomes of Child Maltreatment
Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect
Advocacy
Keywords
Definition
Presentation of Sexual Abuse

Role of General Pediatrician in Assessment and Management of
Possible Sexual Abuse
Physical Examination of the Child With Suspected Sexual Abuse
Additional Management
Sexual Abuse Prevention
Bibliography
Keywords
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 17 Strategies for Health Behavior Change
Unified Theory of Behavior Change
Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change
Common Factors Approach
Motivational Interviewing
Shared Decision-Making
Bibliography
Part II Growth, Development, and Behavior

Chapter 18 Developmental and Behavioral Theories
Biopsychosocial Model and Ecobiodevelopmental Framework:

Models of Development
Bibliography
Chapter 19 Positive Parenting and Support
The Importance of Parenting
The Role of the Family
Parenting Styles
Child Temperament
Child Behavioral Problems
Defining Positive Parenting
Parenting as an Intervention
The Role of the Pediatrician
Bibliography
Chapter 20 Assessment of Fetal Growth and Development
Somatic Development
Neurologic Development
Behavioral Development
Psychologic Changes in Parents
Threats to Fetal Development

Bibliography
Chapter 21 The Newborn
Parental Role in Mother–Infant Attachment
The Infant's Role in Mother–Infant Attachment
Implications for the Pediatrician
Bibliography
Chapter 22 The First Year
Age 0-2 Months
Age 2-6 Months
Age 6-12 Months
Bibliography
Chapter 23 The Second Year
Age 12-18 Months
Age 18-24 Months
Bibliography
Chapter 24 The Preschool Years
Structural Development of the Brain
Physical Development
Language, Cognition, and Play

Bibliography
Chapter 25 Middle Childhood
Cognitive Development
Social, Emotional, and Moral Development
Bibliography
Chapter 26 Adolescence
Chapter 27 Assessment of Growth
Techniques to Measure Growth
Growth Curves
Other Growth Considerations
Bibliography
Chapter 28 Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance and Screening
Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance
Developmental and Behavioral Screening
Beyond Surveillance and Screening
Bibliography
Chapter 29 Childcare
Provision, Regulation, and Use of Childcare in America
Childcare's Role in Child Health and Development
Role of Pediatric Providers in Childcare
Bibliography
Chapter 30 Loss, Separation, and Bereavement
Separation and Loss
Divorce
Move/Family Relocation
Separation Because of Hospitalization
Military Families
Parental/Sibling Death
Grief and Bereavement
Developmental Perspective
Role of the Pediatrician in Grief
Treatment
Spiritual Issues
Bibliography
Chapter 31 Sleep Medicine
Basics of Sleep and Chronobiology
Developmental Changes in Sleep

Common Sleep Disorders
Health Supervision
Evaluation of Pediatric Sleep Problems
Bibliography
Part III Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders
Chapter 32 Psychosocial Assessment and Interviewing
Aims of Assessment
Presenting Problems
General Principles of the Psychosocial Interview
Indications for Referral
Psychiatric Diagnostic Evaluation
Special Considerations in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Infants and

Young Children
Bibliography
Chapter 33 Psychopharmacology
Stimulants and Other ADHD Medications
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Mood Stabilizers
Medication Use in Physical Illness

Bibliography
Chapter 34 Psychotherapy and Psychiatric Hospitalization
Psychotherapy
Psychiatric Hospitalization
Bibliography
Chapter 35 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Assessment
Management
Bibliography
Chapter 36 Rumination and Pica
Epidemiology
Etiology and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Epidemiology
Etiology and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 37 Motor Disorders and Habits
Description
Clinical Course
Epidemiology
Differential Diagnosis
Comorbidities
Etiology
Sequelae
Screening
Assessment
Treatment
Description
Clinical Course
Epidemiology
Comorbidity
Etiology
Treatment
Habits
Bibliography
Chapter 38 Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Associated With Medical Conditions
Safety and Efficacy Concerns About SSRIs
Bibliography
Chapter 39 Mood Disorders
Description
Epidemiology
Clinical Course
Comorbidity
Sequelae
Etiology and Risk Factors
Prevention
Screening/Case Finding
Early Intervention
Treatment
Level of Care
Bibliography
Description
Epidemiology
Clinical Course
Comorbidity
Sequelae
Prevention
Case Finding
Treatment
Level of Care
Bibliography
Chapter 40 Suicide and Attempted Suicide
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Assessment and Intervention
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 41 Eating Disorders
Definitions
Epidemiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 42 Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
Description
Epidemiology
Clinical Course
Comorbidity
Sequelae
Prevention
Early Intervention
Treatment
Level of Care
Bibliography
Chapter 43 Tantrums and Breath-Holding Spells
Bibliography
Chapter 44 Lying, Stealing, and Truancy
Lying
Stealing
Truancy
Bibliography
Chapter 45 Aggression
Bibliography
Chapter 46 Self-Injurious Behavior
Bibliography
Chapter 47 Childhood Psychoses
Description
Epidemiology
Clinical Course
Comorbidity
Sequelae
Neuroanatomic Abnormalities
Prevention
Assessment
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Diagnosis and Treatment
Bibliography
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Part IV Learning and Developmental Disorders
Chapter 48 Neurodevelopmental and Executive Function and Dysfunction
Terminology and Epidemiology

Etiology and Pathogenesis
Core Neurodevelopmental Functions
Assessment and Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 49 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 50 Dyslexia
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 51 Math and Writing Disabilities
Keywords
Math Learning Disability Defined
Epidemiology
Causes of Math Learning Disability
Treatment and Interventions
Bibliography
Keywords
Epidemiology
Skill Deficits Associated With Impaired Writing
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 52 Language Development and Communication Disorders
Normal Language Development
Language and Communication Disorders

Motor Speech Disorders
Hearing Impairment
Hydrocephalus
Rare Causes of Language Impairment
Noncauses of Language Delay
Treatment
Prognosis
Comorbid Disorders
Keywords
Epidemiology
Genetics
Etiology
Comorbidities
Developmental Progression
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 53 Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability
Definition
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
Diagnostic Psychologic Testing
Complications
Prevention
Treatment
Supportive Care and Management
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 54 Autism Spectrum Disorder
Definition
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
Epidemiology
Etiology
Comorbid Conditions
Screening
Assessment
Treatment and Management
Outcome
Bibliography
Part V Nutrition
Chapter 55 Nutritional Requirements
Dietary Reference Intakes
Energy
Fat
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fiber
Micronutrients
Water
Measuring Nutritional Adequacy
Bibliography
Chapter 56 Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Feeding During the First Year of Life
Cow's Milk Protein–Based Formulas

Soy Formulas
Protein Hydrolysate Formulas
Amino Acid Formulas
Milk and Other Fluids in Infants and Toddlers
Complementary Feeding
Feeding Toddlers and Preschool-Age Children
Feeding School-Age Children and Adolescents
Nutrition Issues of Importance Across Pediatric Ages
Bibliography
Chapter 57 Nutrition, Food Security, and Health
Malnutrition as the Intersection of Food Insecurity and Health

Insecurity
Food Security
Undernutrition
Severe Acute Malnutrition
Bibliography
Chapter 58 Refeeding Syndrome
Bibliography
Chapter 59 Malnutrition
Etiology and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 60 Overweight and Obesity
Epidemiology
Body Mass Index
Etiology
Comorbidities
Identification
Evaluation
Intervention
Prevention
Keywords
Diagnosis
Management
Etiology: Studies and Hypotheses
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 61 Vitamin A Deficiencies and Excess
Overview of Vitamin A
Metabolism of Vitamin A
Functions of Vitamin A and Mechanisms of Action
Vitamin A Deficiency
Hypervitaminosis A
Bibliography
Chapter 62 Vitamin B Complex Deficiencies and Excess
Keywords
Thiamine Deficiency
Thiamine Toxicity
Bibliography
Keywords
Riboflavin Deficiency
Riboflavin Toxicity
Bibliography
Keywords
Niacin Deficiency
Niacin Toxicity
Bibliography
Keywords
Vitamin B6 Deficiency
Vitamin B6 Toxicity
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Folate Deficiency
Folate Toxicity
Bibliography
Keywords
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Bibliography
Chapter 63 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency and Excess
Dietary Needs and Sources of Vitamin C
Vitamin C Deficiency
Vitamin C Toxicity
Bibliography
Chapter 64 Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets) and Excess
Rickets
Vitamin D Disorders
Calcium Deficiency
Phosphorus Deficiency
Rickets of Prematurity
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Hypervitaminosis D
Bibliography
Chapter 65 Vitamin E Deficiency
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 66 Vitamin K Deficiency
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 67 Micronutrient Mineral Deficiencies
Bibliography
Part VI Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Chapter 68 Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders
Keywords
Total Body Water
Fluid Compartments
Electrolyte Composition
Osmolality
Point-of-Care Testing
Bibliography
Keywords
Regulation of Osmolality
Regulation of Volume
Bibliography
Keywords
Sodium Metabolism
Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia
Bibliography
Keywords
Potassium Metabolism
Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia
Bibliography
Keywords
Magnesium Metabolism
Hypomagnesemia
Hypermagnesemia
Bibliography
Keywords
Phosphorus Metabolism
Hypophosphatemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Bibliography
Keywords
Acid-Base Physiology
Normal Acid-Base Balance
Clinical Assessment of Acid-Base Disorders
Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Bibliography
Chapter 69 Maintenance and Replacement Therapy
Maintenance Therapy
Maintenance Water
Intravenous Solutions
Glucose
Selection of Maintenance Fluids
Variations in Maintenance Water and Electrolytes
Replacement Fluids
Bibliography
Chapter 70 Deficit Therapy

Laboratory Findings
Calculation of the Fluid Deficit
Approach to Severe Dehydration
Monitoring and Adjusting Therapy
Hyponatremic Dehydration
Hypernatremic Dehydration
Bibliography
Chapter 71 Fluid and Electrolyte Treatment of Specific Disorders
Acute Diarrhea
Pyloric Stenosis
Perioperative Fluids
Part VII Pediatric Drug Therapy
Chapter 72 Pediatric Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, and

Pharmacoproteomics
Definition of Terms
Developmental or Pediatric Pharmacogenetics and

Pharmacogenomics
Drug Biotransformation: Applications to Pediatric Therapy
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters

Polymorphisms in Drug Receptors
Current and Future Applications in Pediatrics
Bibliography
Chapter 73 Principles of Drug Therapy
General Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles
Impact of Ontogeny on Drug Disposition
Impact of Ontogeny on Pharmacodynamics
Additional Considerations in Pediatric Therapeutics
Drug Formulation and Administration
Adherence and Compliance
Drug-Drug Interactions
Adverse Drug Reactions
Personalized Medicine
Bibliography
Chapter 74 Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
Preanesthetic Evaluation
Preoperative Preparation
General Anesthesia
Induction of General Anesthesia
Maintenance of Anesthesia
Postanesthesia Care Unit
Postoperative Pain Management
Keywords
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 75 Procedural Sedation
Bibliography
Chapter 76 Pediatric Pain Management
Definition and Categories of Pain
Assessment and Measurement of Pain in Children
Conceptual Framework for Treatment of Pediatric Pain
Unconventional Medications in Pediatric Pain
Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Pain
Invasive Interventions for Treating Pain
Intrathecal Analgesia
Nerve Ablation and Destruction
Considerations for Special Pediatric Populations
Chronic and Recurrent Pain Syndromes
Managing Complex Chronic Pain Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 77 Poisoning
Prevention
Approach to the Poisoned Patient
Principles of Management
Select Compounds in Pediatric Poisoning
Bibliography
Chapter 78 Complementary Therapies and Integrative Medicine
Dietary Supplements
Dietary Supplement Safety
Dietary Supplement Efficacy
Massage and Chiropractic
Mind-Body Therapies
Acupuncture
Cannabis
Bibliography
Part VIII Emergency Medicine and Critical Care
Chapter 79 Emergency Medical Services for Children
Primary Care Physician and Office Preparedness
Pediatric Prehospital Care

The Emergency Department
Keywords
Communications and Dispatch Center
Medical Control Physician
Transport Team
Ground vs Air Ambulance
Transport Physiology
Safety
Family-Centered Care
Referring Hospital Responsibilities
Educational Outreach
Bibliography
Keywords
Outcome Measures in Emergency Medical Services for Children
Risk Adjustment
Bibliography
Keywords
Continuum-of-Care Model
Humanitarian Disasters
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 80 Triage of the Acutely Ill Child
Assessment of Vital Signs
History
Physical Examination
Management
Disposition
Bibliography
Chapter 81 Pediatric Emergencies and Resuscitation
Approach to the Emergency Evaluation of a Child
Recognition and Treatment of Respiratory Distress and Failure
Recognition and Management of Shock
Recognition of Bradyarrhythmias and Tachyarrhythmias
Recognition and Management of Cardiac Arrest
Vascular Access
Nonvascular Emergency Procedures
Postresuscitation Care
Bibliography
Chapter 82 Acute Care of Multiple Trauma

Epidemiology
Regionalization and Trauma Teams
Primary Survey
Secondary Survey
Psychological and Social Support
Bibliography
Chapter 83 Spinal Cord Injuries in Children
Clearing the Cervical Spine in Children
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 84 Care of Abrasions and Minor Lacerations
Lacerations and Cuts
Abrasions
Bibliography
Chapter 85 Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization
Neurocritical Care Principles
Traumatic Brain Injury

Bibliography
Chapter 86 Brain Death
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Observation Periods
Ancillary Studies
Documentation
Supportive Care
Objections to the Idea of Brain Death
Bibliography
Chapter 87 Syncope
Mechanisms
Evaluation
Treatment
Keywords
Diagnosis
Management
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 88 Shock
Epidemiology
Types of Shock
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 89 Respiratory Distress and Failure
Respiratory Distress
Respiratory Failure
Monitoring a Child in Respiratory Distress and Respiratory Failure
Management
Keywords
Basic Concepts of Ventilator Management
Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
Additional Ventilatory Modalities

Conventional Ventilator Settings
Patient-Ventilator Asynchrony
Monitoring Respiratory Mechanics
Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 90 Altitude-Associated Illness in Children (Acute Mountain Sickness)
Etiology
General Effects of Hypobaric Hypoxia
Acute Mountain Sickness
High-Altitude Cerebral Edema
High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema
Special Considerations
Bibliography
Chapter 91 Drowning and Submersion Injury
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Management
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 92 Burn Injuries
Epidemiology
Prevention
Acute Care, Resuscitation, and Assessment
Treatment
Electrical Burns
Bibliography
Chapter 93 Cold Injuries
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Cold-Induced Fat Necrosis (Panniculitis)
Bibliography
Part IX Human Genetics
Chapter 94 Integration of Genetics Into Pediatric Practice
Diagnostic Testing
Predictive Testing
Predispositional Testing
Pharmacogenetic Testing
Talking to Families
Genetic Counseling
Physiologic Therapies
Replacement Therapies
Bibliography
Chapter 95 The Genetic Approach in Pediatric Medicine
The Burden of Genetic Disorders in Childhood
The Changing Paradigm of Genetics in Medicine
Ethics Issues
Bibliography
Chapter 96 The Human Genome
Fundamentals of Molecular Genetics
Genetic Variation
Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Genetic Disease
Human Genome Project
Bibliography
Chapter 97 Patterns of Genetic Transmission

Family History and Pedigree Notation
Mendelian Inheritance
Y-Linked Inheritance
Inheritance Associated With Pseudoautosomal Regions
Digenic Inheritance
Pseudogenetic Inheritance and Familial Clustering
Nontraditional Inheritance
Multifactorial and Polygenic Inheritance
Bibliography
Chapter 98 Cytogenetics
Bibliography
Aneuploidy and Polyploidy
Down Syndrome
Bibliography
Translocations
Inversions
Deletions and Duplications
Insertions
Isochromosomes
Marker and Ring Chromosomes

Bibliography
Turner Syndrome
Klinefelter Syndrome
47,XYY
Bibliography
Bibliography
Pallister-Killian Syndrome
Hypomelanosis of Ito
Uniparental Disomy
Imprinting
Bibliography
Chapter 99 Genetics of Common Disorders
Linkage Mapping
Genetic Association
Bibliography
Chapter 100 Epigenome-Wide Association Studies and Disease
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Disease: Viable Yellow Mouse Model
Epigenetics and Regulation of Gene Expression
Pediatric Diseases Involving Epigenetic Processes
Epigenome-Wide Association Studies: DNA Methylation

Cell Fate Variability as Model for Epigenetics and Disease
Epigenetic Disease and Therapeutic Interventions
Bibliography
Chapter 101 Genetic Approaches to Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases
Scope of Genetic Disease
Clinical Evaluation
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Arrays
Exome Sequencing
Gene Function Studies
Pediatric Issues
The Diagnostic Spectrum
Bibliography
Part X Metabolic Disorders
Chapter 102 An Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Newborn Screening
Clinical Manifestations of Genetic Metabolic Diseases
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 103 Defects in Metabolism of Amino Acids

Keywords
Severe Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency (Classic

Phenylketonuria)
Hyperphenylalaninemia Caused by Deficiency of the Cofactor

Tetrahydrobiopterin
Tetrahydrobiopterin Defects Without Hyperphenylalaninemia
Bibliography
Keywords
Tyrosinemia Type I (Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase Deficiency,

Hepatorenal Tyrosinemia)
Tyrosinemia Type II (Tyrosine Aminotransferase Deficiency, Richner-

Hanhart Syndrome, Oculocutaneous Tyrosinemia)
Tyrosinemia Type III (Primary Deficiency of 4-

Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase)
Hawkinsinuria
Transient Tyrosinemia of the Newborn
Alkaptonuria
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency
Albinism
Bibliography
Keywords
Homocystinuria (Homocystinemia)
Hypermethioninemia
Primary Cystathioninemia (Cystathioninuria)
Bibliography
Keywords
Sulfite Oxidase Deficiency and Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency
Bibliography
Keywords
Hartnup Disorder
Bibliography
Keywords
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Branched-Chain α-Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Kinase Deficiency
Branched-Chain Amino Acid Transporter Deficiency
Isovaleric Acidemia
Multiple Carboxylase Deficiencies (Defects of Biotin Cycle)
3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA Carboxylase Deficiency
3-Methylglutaconic Acidurias
β-Ketothiolase (3-Oxothiolase) Deficiency (Mitochondrial

Acetoacetyl-CoA Thiolase [T2 ] Deficiency)
Cytosolic Acetoacetyl-CoA Thiolase Deficiency
Mitochondrial 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Synthase Deficiency
3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase Deficiency (3-Hydroxy-3-

Methylglutaric Aciduria)
Succinyl-CoA:3-Oxoacid-CoA Transferase Deficiency
Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency
Propionic Acidemia (Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase Deficiency)
Isolated Methylmalonic Acidemias
Combined Methylmalonic Aciduria and Homocystinuria (cbl C, cbl D,

cbl F, cbl J, and cbl X Defects)
Isolated Homocystinuria
Combined Malonic and Methylmalonic Aciduria (ACSF3 -Related

Disorder)
Bibliography
Hypoglycinemia
Hyperglycinemia
Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia (Glycine Encephalopathy)
Sarcosinemia
Primary Trimethylaminuria
Hyperoxaluria and Oxalosis
Bibliography
Keywords
3-Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Phosphoserine Aminotransferase Deficiency

3-Phosphoserine Phosphatase Deficiency
Bibliography
Keywords
Hyperprolinemia Type I
Hyperprolinemia Type II
Prolidase Deficiency
Disorders of De Novo Proline Synthesis
Bibliography
Keywords
Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency
γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Deficiency (Glutathionemia)
Genetic Disorders of Metabolism of γ-Aminobutyric Acid
Bibliography
Keywords
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency (Infantile Parkinsonism, Autosomal

Recessive Dopa-Responsive Dystonia, Autosomal Recessive
Segawa Syndrome)
Aromatic l-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency
Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency
Dopamine β-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Monoamine Oxidase a Deficiency

Disorders of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Metabolism
Defects in Neurotransmitter Transporter Proteins
Histidine Decarboxylase Deficiency
Hyperprolinemia
3-Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Phosphoserine Aminotransferase Deficiency
Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia
Bibliography
Keywords
Genetic Causes of Hyperammonemia
Clinical Manifestations of Hyperammonemia
Diagnosis
Treatment of Acute Hyperammonemia
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase 1 and N -Acetylglutamate

Synthase Deficiencies
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency
Citrullinemia
Argininosuccinate Lyase Deficiency (Argininosuccinic Aciduria)
Arginase 1 Deficiency (Hyperargininemia)
Transient Hyperammonemia of the Newborn
Disorders of Ornithine Metabolism

Congenital Glutamine Deficiency
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6 )–Dependent Epilepsy
Glutaric Aciduria Type 1 (Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency)
Lysinuric Protein Intolerance (Familial Protein Intolerance)
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology and Pathology
Atypical Canavan Disease
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 104 Defects in Metabolism of Lipids
Keywords
Defects in the β-Oxidation Cycle
Defects in the Carnitine Cycle

Defects in the Electron Transfer Pathway
Defects in the Ketone Synthesis Pathway
Defects in Ketone Body Utilization
Bibliography
Keywords
Peroxisomal Disorders
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Bibliography
Keywords
Epidemiology of Blood Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease
Blood Lipids and Atherogenesis
Plasma Lipoprotein Metabolism and Transport
Hyperlipoproteinemias
Bibliography
Keywords
GM1 Gangliosidosis
The GM2 Gangliosidoses
Gaucher Disease
Niemann-Pick Disease
Fabry Disease
Fucosidosis
Schindler Disease
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Multiple-Sulfatase Deficiency
Krabbe Disease
Farber Disease
Wolman Disease and Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease
Bibliography
Keywords
I-Cell Disease
Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy
Bibliography
Chapter 105 Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates
Keywords
Liver Glycogenoses
Muscle Glycogenoses
Bibliography
Keywords
Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl Transferase Deficiency Galactosemia
Galactokinase Deficiency
Uridine Diphosphate Galactose-4-Epimerase Deficiency
Bibliography
Keywords
Deficiency of Fructokinase (Essential or Benign Fructosuria)
Deficiency of Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase (Aldolase B,

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance)
Bibliography
Keywords
Disorders of Gluconeogenesis
Disorders of Pyruvate Metabolism
Bibliography
Keywords
Essential Pentosuria
Transaldolase Deficiency
Ribose-5-Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency
Bibliography
Sialidosis and Galactosialidosis
Aspartylglucosaminuria
α-Mannosidosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Congenital Disorders of Protein N -Glycosylation
Congenital Disorders of Protein O -Glycosylation
Defects in Lipid Glycosylation and in Glycosylphosphatidylinositol

Anchor Biosynthesis
Defects in Multiple Glycosylation Pathways and in Other Pathways,

Including Dolicholphosphate Biosynthesis Defects
Congenital Disorders of Deglycosylation
Therapeutic Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 106 Mitochondrial Disease Diagnosis
Overview of Mitochondrial Disease
When to Suspect Mitochondrial Disease
Mitochondrial Disease Inheritance
Diagnostic Testing for Mitochondrial Disease
Treatment Principles for Mitochondrial Disease
Bibliography
Chapter 107 Mucopolysaccharidoses
Disease Entities
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 108 Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
Gout
Abnormalities in Purine Salvage
Disorders Linked to Purine Nucleotide Synthesis
Disorders Resulting From Abnormalities in Purine Catabolism
Disorders of Pyrimidine Metabolism
Bibliography
Chapter 109 Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (Progeria)
Laboratory Findings
Molecular Pathogenesis
Treatment and Prognosis
Patient Resources
Bibliography
Chapter 110 The Porphyrias
The Heme Biosynthetic Pathway
Classification and Diagnosis of Porphyrias

δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase Deficient Porphyria
Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Hepatoerythropoietic Porphyria
Hereditary Coproporphyria
Variegate Porphyria
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria and X-Linked Protoporphyria
Dual Porphyria
Porphyria Resulting From Tumors
Bibliography
Chapter 111 Hypoglycemia
Definition
Significance and Sequelae
Substrate, Enzyme, and Hormonal Integration of Glucose

Homeostasis
Classification of Hypoglycemia in Infants and Children
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Part XI The Fetus and the Neonatal Infant
Chapter 112 Overview of Morbidity and Mortality
Infant Mortality
Major Causes of Infant Death
Infant Mortality Reduction
Bibliography
Chapter 113 The Newborn Infant
General Appearance
Skin
Skull
Face
Neck
Chest
Lungs
Heart
Abdomen
Genitals
Anus
Extremities
Neurologic Examination
Bibliography
Maintenance of Body Heat
Antiseptic Skin and Cord Care
Newborn Prophylaxis and Screening
Bibliography
Bibliography
Rooming-in and Breastfeeding
Bibliography
Chapter 114 High-Risk Pregnancies
Genetic Factors
Maternal Factors
Bibliography
Chapter 115 The Fetus
Bibliography
Bibliography
Infectious Diseases
Noninfectious Diseases (see Table 114.2)

Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 116 Fetal Intervention and Surgery
Fetal Therapy Ethics
Obstructive Uropathy
Nonobstructive Renal Disease
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation
Myelomeningocele
Other Indications
Fetal Centers
Bibliography
Chapter 117 The High-Risk Infant
Keywords
Monozygotic vs Dizygotic Twins
Incidence
Etiology
Atypical Twinning
Complications
Twin Syndromes (TRAP, TTTS)
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Incidence
Etiology
Assessment of Gestational Age
Nursery Care
Immaturity of Drug Metabolism
Morbidity and Mortality
Bibliography
Keywords
Moderate Preterm Infant
Late Preterm Infant
Bibliography
Keywords
Small for Gestational Age and IUGR
Large-for-Gestational-Age Infants
Postterm Infants
Bibliography
Keywords
Discharge From the Hospital
Postdischarge Follow-Up
Bibliography
Chapter 118 Transport of the Critically Ill Newborn
Regionalized Care of Newborns
Levels of Neonatal Care
Transport of the Critically Ill Neonate
Bibliography
Chapter 119 Clinical Manifestations of Diseases in the Newborn Period
Abnormal Movements
Altered Mental Status
Apnea
Congenital Anomalies
Cyanosis
Gastrointestinal Disturbances
Hypotension
Jaundice
Pain
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 120 Nervous System Disorders
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Prevention
Treatment
Bibliography
Etiology
Pathophysiology and Pathology

Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Bibliography
Brachial Palsy
Phrenic Nerve Paralysis
Facial Nerve Palsy
Bibliography
Chapter 121 Neonatal Resuscitation and Delivery Room Emergencies
Neonatal Resuscitation
Resuscitation of the Preterm Infant
Special Circumstances in the Delivery Room
Injury During Delivery
Ongoing Care After Resuscitation
Bibliography
Chapter 122 Respiratory Tract Disorders
Keywords
The First Breath

Breathing Patterns in Newborns
Keywords
Apnea of Prematurity
Treatment
Prognosis
Apnea of Prematurity and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Bibliography
Keywords
Incidence
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Complications
Bibliography
Keywords
Incidence
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Incidence and Pathophysiology
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Keywords
Prevention
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (Bochdalek)
Bibliography
Bibliography
Keywords
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 123 Digestive System Disorders
Keywords
Meconium Plugs
Meconium Ileus
Meconium Peritonitis
Bibliography
Keywords
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Physiologic Jaundice (Icterus Neonatorum)
Pathologic Hyperbilirubinemia
Jaundice Associated With Breastfeeding
Neonatal Cholestasis
Congenital Atresia of the Bile Ducts
Bibliography
Keywords
Incidence and Prognosis
Prevention
Treatment of Hyperbilirubinemia
Bibliography
Chapter 124 Blood Disorders
Keywords
Normal Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Concentrations in Newborn

Infants
Classification of Anemia and Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment Options for Neonatal Anemia
Bibliography
Keywords
Hemolytic Disease Caused by Rh Incompatibility
Hemolytic Disease Caused by Blood Group A and B Incompatibility
Other Forms of Hemolytic Disease
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy
Neonatal Thrombocytopenia
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 125 The Umbilicus
Umbilical Cord
Hemorrhage
Granuloma
Infections
Umbilical Hernia
Congenital Omphalocele
Tumors
Bibliography
Chapter 126 Abstinence Syndromes
Keywords
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Criteria
Clinical Features
Interventions and Treatment
Outcomes
The Pediatrician's Role
Bibliography
Chapter 127 The Endocrine System
Keywords
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 128 Dysmorphology
Classification of Birth Defects
Molecular Mechanisms of Malformations
Approach to the Dysmorphic Child
Bibliography
Chapter 129 Epidemiology of Infections
Incidence and Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
General Approach to Management
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 130 Healthcare-Acquired Infections
Incidence
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Types of Infection
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 131 Congenital and Perinatal Infections
General Approach
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Specific Infectious Agents
General Approach
Pathogenesis
Specific Infectious Agents
Diagnosis
Bibliography
Part XII Adolescent Medicine
Chapter 132 Adolescent Physical and Social Development
Neurologic, Cognitive, and Moral Development
Psychosocial Development
Implications for Providers, Parents, and Policymakers
Bibliography
Chapter 133 Gender and Sexual Identity
Terms and Definitions
Factors That Influence Sexual Identity Development
Nonconformity in Gender Expression Among Children and

Adolescents
Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Identities Among Children

and Adolescents
Bibliography
Chapter 134 Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents
Prevalence of Homosexuality and Bisexuality in Youth
Development of Sexual Orientation in Childhood and Adolescence
Stigma, Risk, and Resilience
Health
Recommendations for Care
Bibliography
Chapter 135 Transgender Care
Cultural and Clinical Competence
Gender Literacy
Assessment
Treatment
Families
Bibliography
Chapter 136 The Epidemiology of Adolescent Health Problems
Access to Healthcare
Bibliography
Chapter 137 Delivery of Healthcare to Adolescents
Bibliography
Interviewing the Adolescent
Psychosocial Assessment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 138 Transitioning to Adult Care
Bibliography
Chapter 139 Violent Behavior
Epidemiology
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 140 Substance Abuse
Etiology
Epidemiology
Screening for Substance Abuse Disorders
Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Pharmacology and Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Cigarettes
Pharmacology
Electronic Cigarettes (E-Cigarettes)
Hookah
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Synthetic Marijuana
Bibliography
Keywords
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Phencyclidine
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Withdrawal
Overdose Syndrome
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 141 The Breast

Female Disorders
Male Disorders
Bibliography
Chapter 142 Menstrual Problems
Normal Menstruation
Menstrual Irregularities
Keywords
History and Physical Examination
Laboratory Studies
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Irregular Menstrual Bleeding
Heavy and Prolonged Menstrual Bleeding
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 143 Contraception
Contraceptive Effectiveness
Keywords
Sexual Activity
Use of Contraception Among Teens
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Intrauterine Devices
Implants
Bibliography
Keywords
Depo-Provera
Progestin-Only Pills
Bibliography
Keywords
Combined Oral Contraceptives

Transdermal Patch
Vaginal Ring
Contraindications
Bibliography
Keywords
Copper IUD
Ulipristal Acetate
Levonorgestrel
Bibliography
Keywords
Condoms
Bibliography
Keywords
Diaphragm, Cervical Cap, and Sponge
Keywords
Spermicides
Withdrawal
Fertility Awareness–Based Methods
Lactational Amenorrhea Method
Bibliography
Chapter 144 Adolescent Pregnancy
Epidemiology
Etiology
Diagnosis
Pregnancy Counseling and Initial Management
Adolescent Fathers
Medical Complications of Mothers and Babies
Psychosocial Outcomes/Risks for Mother and Child
Prevention of Teen Pregnancies
Bibliography
Chapter 145 Adolescent Sexual Assault
Epidemiology
Types of Rape
Interview and Physical Examination
Laboratory Data
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 146 Sexually Transmitted Infections
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Screening
Common Infections and Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 147 Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions
Prevalence
Symptom/Disorder Overlap
Psychiatric Comorbidities
Predisposing Factors
Natural History
Proposed Pathophysiology
Treatment
Keywords
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
Bibliography
Bibliography
Part XIII Immunology
Section 1 Evaluation of the Immune System
Chapter 148 Evaluation of Suspected Immunodeficiency
Advanced Testing
Bibliography
Section 2 The T-, B-, and NK-Cell Systems
Chapter 149 Lymphocyte Development and Function
Lymphopoiesis in the Fetus
Postnatal Lymphocyte Behavior
Inheritance of Abnormalities in T-, B-, and NK-Cell Development

Bibliography
Chapter 150 Primary Defects of Antibody Production
X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia
Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Selective IgA Deficiency
IgG Subclass Deficiencies
Immunoglobulin Heavy- and Light-Chain Deletions
Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy
Class Switch Defects
X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Disease
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 151 Primary Defects of Cellular Immunity
Chromosome 22Q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
T-Cell Activation Defects
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis–Ectodermal Dysplasia
Bibliography
Chapter 152 Immunodeficiencies Affecting Multiple Cell Types

Keywords
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Genetics
Bibliography
Keywords
Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
Autosomal Dominant Hyper-IgE Syndrome
DOCK8 Deficiency
Bibliography
Keywords
Interferon-γ Receptors 1 and 2, IL-12 Receptor β1 , and IL-12P40

Defects
IL-1R–Associated Kinase 4 Deficiency and Myeloid Differentiation

Factor 88
Natural Killer Cell Deficiency
Defects in Innate Responses to Viral Infection
Defects in Innate Responses to Fungi

Bibliography
Keywords
Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
Immune Dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-Linked

Syndrome
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA4) Deficiency
Lipopolysaccharide (Lps)-Responsive Beige-Like Anchor Protein

(LRBA) Deficiency
Activated Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) δ Syndromes
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) Pathway

Defects
Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway Defects
Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain 7A (TTC7A) Deficiency
Deficiency of Adenosine Deaminase 2 (DADA2)
Bibliography
Section 3 The Phagocytic System
Chapter 153 Neutrophils
The Phagocytic Inflammatory Response
Hematopoiesis
Neutrophil Maturation and Kinetics

Neutrophil Function
Bibliography
Chapter 154 Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells
Development
Activation
Functional Activities
Dendritic Cells
Abnormalities of Monocyte-Macrophage or Dendritic Cell Function
Bibliography
Chapter 155 Eosinophils
Diseases Associated With Eosinophilia
Bibliography
Chapter 156 Disorders of Phagocyte Function
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
Treatment
Prognosis
Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome
Myeloperoxidase Deficiency
Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Bibliography
Chapter 157 Leukopenia
Neutropenia
Lymphopenia
Bibliography
Chapter 158 Leukocytosis
Neutrophilia
Additional Forms of Leukocytosis
Bibliography
Section 4 The Complement System
Chapter 159 Complement Components and Pathways
Classical and Lectin Pathways
Alternative Pathway
Membrane Attack Complex
Control Mechanisms
Participation in Host Defense
Bibliography
Chapter 160 Disorders of the Complement System
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Section 5 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Chapter 161 Principles and Clinical Indications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell

Transplantation
HSCT From an HLA-Identical Sibling Donor
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia

Myelodysplastic Syndromes Other Than Juvenile Myelomonocytic
Leukemia
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Hodgkin Disease
Acquired Aplastic Anemia
Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
Thalassemia
Sickle Cell Disease
Immunodeficiency Disorders
Inherited Metabolic Diseases
Bibliography
Chapter 162 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation From Alternative Sources

and Donors
Unrelated Donor Transplants
Umbilical Cord Blood Transplants
Haploidentical Transplants
Donor Versus Recipient NK-Cell Alloreactivity
Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Bibliography
Chapter 163 Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Rejection, and Venoocclusive Disease
Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Graft Failure
Venoocclusive Disease
Bibliography
Chapter 164 Infectious Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell

Transplantation
Bibliography
Chapter 165 Late Effects of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Endocrine Effects
Cardiovascular Effects
Secondary Malignancy
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Other Effects
Special Considerations
Bibliography
Part XIV Allergic Disorders
Chapter 166 Allergy and the Immunologic Basis of Atopic Disease
Key Elements of Allergic Diseases
Mechanisms of Allergic Tissue Inflammation

Genetic Basis of Atopy
Bibliography
Chapter 167 Diagnosis of Allergic Disease
Allergy History
Diagnostic Testing
Bibliography
Chapter 168 Allergic Rhinitis
Etiology and Classification
Pathogenesis
Complications
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 169 Childhood Asthma
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 170 Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)
Etiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Avoiding Triggers
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 171 Insect Allergy
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 172 Ocular Allergies
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 173 Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema
Physical Urticaria
Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria and Angioedema

Treatment
Hereditary Angioedema
Bibliography
Chapter 174 Anaphylaxis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 175 Serum Sickness
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 176 Food Allergy and Adverse Reactions to Foods
Genetics
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 177 Adverse Reactions to Drugs
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Part XV Rheumatic Diseases of Childhood

(Connective Tissue Disease, Collagen Vascular
Diseases)
Chapter 178 Evaluation of Suspected Rheumatic Disease
Symptoms Suggestive of Rheumatic Disease
Signs Suggestive of Rheumatic Disease
Laboratory Testing
Imaging Studies
Bibliography
Chapter 179 Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases
Pediatric Rheumatology Teams and Primary Care Physicians
Therapeutics
Bibliography
Chapter 180 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 181 Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Spondyloarthritides
Epidemiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 182 Reactive and Postinfectious Arthritis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications and Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 183 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Keywords
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 184 Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 185 Scleroderma and Raynaud Phenomenon
Classification
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 186 Behçet Disease
Epidemiology

Bibliography
Chapter 187 Sjögren Syndrome
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 188 Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes and Other Systemic

Autoinflammatory Diseases
Classification of Autoinflammatory Disorders
Autoinflammatory Diseases With Periodic or Prominent Fevers
Other Mendelian Autoinflammatory Diseases
Genetically Complex Autoinflammatory Diseases
Bibliography
Chapter 189 Amyloidosis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 190 Sarcoidosis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 191 Kawasaki Disease
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathology
Laboratory and Radiology Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 192 Vasculitis Syndromes
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Bibliography
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Bibliography
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Bibliography
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 193 Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 194 Miscellaneous Conditions Associated With Arthritis
Relapsing Polychondritis
Mucha-Habermann Disease/Pityriasis Lichenoides Et Varioliformis

Acuta
Sweet Syndrome
Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy
Plant Thorn Synovitis
Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
Bibliography
Part XVI Infectious Diseases

Section 1 General Considerations
Chapter 195 Diagnostic Microbiology
Specimen Collection
Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial and Fungal Infections
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Point-of-Care Diagnostics
Laboratory Detection of Parasitic Infections
Serologic Diagnosis
Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections
Bibliography
Chapter 196 The Microbiome and Pediatric Health
Measuring the Microbiome
Early Childhood Development of the Microbiome
The Microbiome and Physiologic Development
Contributions of Microbiome to Disease
Therapeutic Manipulation of the Microbiome
Bibliography
Section 2 Preventive Measures

Chapter 197 Immunization Practices
Passive Immunity
Active Immunization
Vaccination System in the United States
Recommended Immunization Schedule
Vaccines Recommended in Special Situations
Precautions and Contraindications
Medical Exemptions
Improving Immunization Coverage
Vaccine Hesitancy
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 198 Infection Prevention and Control
Hand Hygiene
Standard Precautions
Isolation
Additional Measures
Surgical Prophylaxis
Employee Health
Bibliography
Chapter 199 Childcare and Communicable Diseases
Epidemiology
Respiratory Tract Infections
Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
Skin Diseases
Invasive Organisms
Herpesviruses
Bloodborne Pathogens
Antibiotic Use and Bacterial Resistance
Prevention
Standards
Bibliography
Chapter 200 Health Advice for Children Traveling Internationally
The Pediatric Travel Medicine Consultation
Safety and Preventive Counseling Topics
Routine Childhood Vaccinations Required for Pediatric Travel
Specialized Pediatric Travel Vaccinations
Traveler's Diarrhea
Insect-Borne Infections
Malaria Chemoprophylaxis
The Returning Traveler
The Adolescent Traveler
Bibliography
Chapter 201 Fever
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Evaluation
Management
Bibliography
Chapter 202 Fever Without a Focus in the Neonate and Young Infant
Etiology and Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 203 Fever in the Older Child
Diagnosis
General Approach
Evaluation
Management
Bibliography
Chapter 204 Fever of Unknown Origin
Etiology
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 205 Infections in Immunocompromised Persons
Abnormalities of the Phagocytic System
Defective Splenic Function, Opsonization, or Complement Activity
B Cell Defects (Humoral Immunodeficiencies)
T Cell Defects (Cell-Mediated Immunodeficiencies)
Combined B Cell and T Cell Defects
Bibliography
Acquired Immunodeficiency From Infectious Agents

Malignancies
Fever and Neutropenia
Fever Without Neutropenia
Transplantation
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 206 Infection Associated With Medical Devices
Intravascular Access Devices
Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts
Urinary Catheters
Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters
Orthopedic Prostheses
Bibliography
Section 3 Antibiotic Therapy
Chapter 207 Principles of Antibacterial Therapy
Age- and Risk-Specific Use of Antibiotics in Children
Antibiotics Commonly Used in Pediatric Practice
Bibliography
Section 4 Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Chapter 208 Staphylococcus
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 209 Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 210 Group A Streptococcus
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 211 Group B Streptococcus
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 212 Non–Group A or B Streptococci
Bibliography
Chapter 213 Enterococcus
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 214 Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae )
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Supportive Care
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 215 Listeria monocytogenes
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 216 Actinomyces
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 217 Nocardia
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical and Radiographic Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Section 5 Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Chapter 218 Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 219 Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 220 Kingella kingae
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Disease
Spondylodiscitis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 221 Haemophilus influenzae
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 222 Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Bibliography
Chapter 223 Moraxella catarrhalis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis of Infection
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 224 Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis )
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 225 Salmonella
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 226 Shigella
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Immunity
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 227 Escherichia coli
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli
Diffusely Adherent Escherichia coli
Enteroaggregative Hemorrhagic Escherichia coli
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention of Illness
Bibliography
Chapter 228 Cholera
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Complications
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 229 Campylobacter
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 230 Yersinia
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 231 Aeromonas and Plesiomonas
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 232 Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Supportive Care
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Keywords
Burkholderia mallei (Glanders)
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Melioidosis)
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 233 Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 234 Brucella
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 235 Legionella
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 236 Bartonella
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Bacillary Angiomatosis
Bacillary Peliosis
Bacteremia and Endocarditis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Bibliography
Section 6 Anaerobic Bacterial Infections
Chapter 237 Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Supportive Care
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 238 Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Supportive Care
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 239 Clostridium difficile Infection
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 240 Other Anaerobic Infections
Diagnosis
Treatment
Common Anaerobic Pathogens
Bibliography
Section 7 Mycobacterial Infections
Chapter 241 Principles of Antimycobacterial Therapy
Agents Used Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Agents Used Against Mycobacterium Leprae
Agents Used Against Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Bibliography
Chapter 242 Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Diagnostic Tools
Mycobacterial Sampling, Susceptibility and Culture
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 243 Hansen Disease (Mycobacterium leprae)
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Disease Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
Long-Term Complications
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 244 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Section 8 Spirochetal Infections
Chapter 245 Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 246 Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 247 Leptospira
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 248 Relapsing Fever (Borrelia)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 249 Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Transmission
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Section 9 Mycoplasmal Infections
Chapter 250 Mycoplasma pneumoniae
The Organism
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 251 Genital Mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma

genitalium , and Ureaplasma urealyticum )
Etiology
Epidemiology
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Section 10 Chlamydial Infections
Chapter 252 Chlamydia pneumoniae
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 253 Chlamydia trachomatis
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
Bibliography
Keywords
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Keywords
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 254 Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Section 11 Rickettsial Infections

Chapter 255 Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses
Etiology
Epidemiology
Transmission
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Supportive Care
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Etiology
Epidemiology
Transmission

Diagnosis
Treatment and Supportive Care
Complications
Prevention
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 256 Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Transmission
Treatment and Supportive Care
Complications
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 257 Typhus Group Rickettsioses

Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Transmission
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Supportive Care
Complications
Prevention
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Transmission
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 258 Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Transmission
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 259 Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Transmission

Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Section 12 Fungal Infections
Chapter 260 Principles of Antifungal Therapy
Polyenes
Pyrimidine Analogs
Azoles
Echinocandins
Bibliography
Chapter 261 Candida
Keywords
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Prophylaxis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Oral Candidiasis
Diaper Dermatitis
Ungual and Periungual Infections
Vulvovaginitis
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Primary Immune Defects
Bibliography
Chapter 262 Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 263 Malassezia
Bibliography
Chapter 264 Aspergillus
Asthma
Extrinsic Alveolar Alveolitis
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Allergic Aspergillus Sinusitis
Bibliography
Keywords
Pulmonary Aspergilloma
Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Sinusitis
Otomycosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Cutaneous Aspergillosis
Invasive Sinonasal Disease
Central Nervous System
Eye
Bone
Heart
Empirical Antifungal Therapy
Bibliography
Chapter 265 Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 266 Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis and Blastomyces

gilchristii )
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 267 Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides Species)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 268 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 269 Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 270 Mucormycosis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 271 Pneumocystis jirovecii
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Supportive Care
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Section 13 Viral Infections
Chapter 272 Principles of Antiviral Therapy
Antivirals Used for Herpesviruses

Antivirals Used for Respiratory Viral Infections
Antivirals Used for Hepatitis
Antiviral Immune Globulins
Bibliography
Chapter 273 Measles
Etiology
Epidemiology
Transmission
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Modified Measles Infection
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 274 Rubella
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Diagnoses
Differential Diagnoses
Complications
Treatment
Supportive Care
Prognosis
Prevention
Vaccination
Bibliography
Chapter 275 Mumps
Etiology
Epidemiology

Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 276 Polioviruses
Etiology
Epidemiology
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 277 Nonpolio Enteroviruses
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 278 Parvoviruses
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 279 Herpes Simplex Virus
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 280 Varicella-Zoster Virus*
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 281 Epstein-Barr Virus
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Complications
Oncogenesis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 282 Cytomegalovirus
The Virus and Its Interaction With the Host
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 283 Roseola (Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathology/Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 284 Human Herpesvirus 8
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 285 Influenza Viruses*
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Complications
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Supportive Care
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 286 Parainfluenza Viruses*
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 287 Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 288 Human Metapneumovirus
Etiology
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 289 Adenoviruses
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 290 Rhinoviruses
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 291 Coronaviruses
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis of SARS and MERS
Diagnosis
Bibliography
Chapter 292 Rotaviruses, Caliciviruses, and Astroviruses
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 293 Human Papillomaviruses
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 294 Arboviral Infections
Etiology
Diagnosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Management
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 295 Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, and Severe Dengue
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 296 Yellow Fever
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 297 Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 298 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings

Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 299 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 300 Rabies
Epidemiology
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 301 Polyomaviruses
Bibliography
Chapter 302 Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency

Syndrome
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 303 Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (1 and 2)

Etiology
Epidemiology and Modes of Transmission
Diagnosis
Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-1–Associated Myelopathy
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-2
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 304 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Genetic Counseling
Prognosis
Family Support
Prevention
Bibliography
Section 14 Antiparasitic Therapy
Chapter 305 Principles of Antiparasitic Therapy
Selected Antiparasitic Drugs for Protozoans
Selected Antiparasitic Drugs for Helminths and Ectoparasites
Section 15 Protozoan Diseases
Chapter 306 Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 307 Amebiasis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 308 Giardiasis and Balantidiasis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 309 Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora, Cyclospora, and Microsporidia
Cryptosporidium
Diagnosis
Cystoisospora
Cyclospora
Microsporidia
Bibliography
Chapter 310 Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 311 Leishmaniasis (Leishmania)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 312 African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness; Trypanosoma brucei

Complex)
Etiology
Life Cycle
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 313 American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease; Trypanosoma cruzi )

Etiology
Life Cycle
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 314 Malaria (Plasmodium)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications of Plasmodium Falciparum MALARIA
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 315 Babesiosis (Babesia)

Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 316 Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Systemic Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Section 16 Helminthic Diseases
Chapter 317 Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 318 Hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma spp.)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 319 Trichuriasis (Trichuris trichiura)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 320 Enterobiasis (Enterobius vermicularis)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 321 Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 322 Lymphatic Filariasis (Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Wuchereria
bancrofti )
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 323 Other Tissue Nematodes
Onchocerciasis (Onchocerca Volvulus)
Loiasis (Loa Loa)
Infection With Animal Filariae
Angiostrongylus Cantonensis
Angiostrongylus Costaricensis
Dracunculiasis (Dracunculus Medinensis)
Gnathostoma Spinigerum
Bibliography
Chapter 324 Toxocariasis (Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 325 Trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 326 Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 327 Flukes (Liver, Lung, and Intestinal)
Liver Flukes
Lung Flukes
Intestinal Flukes
Bibliography
Chapter 328 Adult Tapeworm Infections
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Diphyllobothriasis (Diphyllobothrium Spp.)
Hymenolepiasis (Hymenolepis)
Dipylidiasis (Dipylidium Caninum)
Bibliography
Chapter 329 Cysticercosis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 330 Echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus

multilocularis )
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Volume 2
Part XVII The Digestive System
Section 1 Clinical Manifestations of Gastrointestinal
Disease
Chapter 331 Normal Digestive Tract Phenomena
Bibliography
Chapter 332 Major Symptoms and Signs of Digestive Tract Disorders
Dysphagia
Regurgitation
Anorexia
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Constipation
Abdominal Pain
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Abdominal Distention and Abdominal Masses
Bibliography
Section 2 The Oral Cavity
Chapter 333 Development and Developmental Anomalies of the Teeth

Development of Teeth
Bibliography
Chapter 334 Disorders of the Oral Cavity Associated With Other Conditions
Chapter 335 Malocclusion
Variations in Growth Patterns
Crossbite
Open and Closed Bites
Dental Crowding
Digit Sucking
Chapter 336 Cleft Lip and Palate
Incidence and Epidemiology
Treatment
Postoperative Management
Sequelae
Velopharyngeal Dysfunction
Bibliography
Chapter 337 Syndromes With Oral Manifestations
Bibliography
Chapter 338 Dental Caries
Etiology
Epidemiology
Complications
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 339 Periodontal Diseases
Gingivitis
Aggressive Periodontitis in Children (Prepubertal Periodontitis)
Aggressive Periodontitis in Adolescents
Cyclosporine- or Phenytoin-Induced Gingival Overgrowth
Acute Pericoronitis
Necrotizing Periodontal Disease (Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative

Gingivitis)
Bibliography
Chapter 340 Dental Trauma
Injuries to Teeth
Injuries to Periodontal Structures

Prevention
Additional Considerations
Bibliography
Chapter 341 Common Lesions of the Oral Soft Tissues
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Aphthous Ulcers
Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
Recurrent Herpes Labialis
Parulis
Cheilitis
Ankyloglossia
Geographic Tongue
Fissured Tongue
Developmental (Normal) Variations
Bibliography
Chapter 342 Diseases of the Salivary Glands and Jaws
Parotitis
Ranula
Mucocele
Congenital Lip Pits

Eruption Cyst
Xerostomia
Salivary Gland Tumors
Histiocytic Disorders
Tumors of the Jaw
Bibliography
Chapter 343 Diagnostic Radiology in Dental Assessment
Bibliography
Section 3 The Esophagus
Chapter 344 Embryology, Anatomy, and Function of the Esophagus
Embryology
Anatomy
Function
Keywords
Diagnostic Aids
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 345 Congenital Anomalies

Keywords
Presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Outcome
Bibliography
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 346 Obstructing and Motility Disorders of the Esophagus
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Bibliography
Chapter 347 Dysmotility
Upper Esophageal and Upper Esophageal Sphincter Dysmotility

(Striated Muscle)
Lower Esophageal and Lower Esophageal Sphincter Dysfunction

(Smooth Muscle)
Bibliography
Chapter 348 Hiatal Hernia

Chapter 349 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology and Natural History
Diagnosis
Management
Keywords
Esophageal: Esophagitis and Sequelae—Stricture, Barrett

Esophagus, Adenocarcinoma
Nutritional
Extraesophageal: Respiratory (“Atypical”) Presentations
Apnea and Stridor
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 350 Eosinophilic Esophagitis, Pill Esophagitis, and Infective

Esophagitis
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Infective Esophagitis
Pill Esophagitis
Bibliography
Chapter 351 Esophageal Perforation
Bibliography
Chapter 352 Esophageal Varices
Bibliography
Chapter 353 Ingestions
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Section 4 Stomach and Intestines
Chapter 354 Normal Development, Structure, and Function of the Stomach and
Intestines
Development
Digestion and Absorption
Chapter 355 Pyloric Stenosis and Other Congenital Anomalies of the Stomach
Etiology
Treatment
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Chapter 356 Intestinal Atresia, Stenosis, and Malrotation
Treatment
Bibliography
Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis

Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Chapter 357 Intestinal Duplications, Meckel Diverticulum, and Other Remnants

of the Omphalomesenteric Duct
Diagnosis
Bibliography
Chapter 358 Motility Disorders and Hirschsprung Disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Chapter 359 Ileus, Adhesions, Intussusception, and Closed-Loop Obstructions
Bibliography
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 360 Foreign Bodies and Bezoars
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 361 Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Primary Ulcers
Secondary Ulcers
“Stress” Ulceration
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 362 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Keywords
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 363 Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
Bibliography
Chapter 364 Disorders of Malabsorption
Clinical Approach
Keywords
Investigations for Carbohydrate Malabsorption

Investigations for Fat Malabsorption
Investigations for Protein-Losing Enteropathy
Investigations for Exocrine Pancreatic Function
Investigations for Intestinal Mucosal Disorders
Imaging Procedures
Bibliography
Keywords
Genetics and Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation and Associated Disorders
Diagnosis
Treatment
The Spectrum of Gluten-Related Disorders
Bibliography
Keywords
Defects of Enterocyte Differentiation and Polarization
Microvillus Inclusion Disease (Congenital Microvillus Atrophy)
Tufting Enteropathy (Congenital Tufting Enteropathy)
Tricho-Hepato-Enteric Syndrome (Syndromic Diarrhea)
Defects in Enteroendocrine Cells Differentiation

Enteric Anendocrinosis
Proprotein Convertase 1/3 Deficiency
Mitchell-Riley Syndrome
Aristaless-Related Homeobox Gene Mutations
Autoimmune Enteropathy
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1
Abetalipoproteinemia
Homozygous Hypobetalipoproteinemia
Chylomicron Retention Disease (Anderson Disease)
DGAT1 Mutation
Wolman Disease
Tangier Disease
Sitosterolemia
Bile Acid Malabsorption
Protein-Losing Enteropathy
Bibliography
Keywords
Postinfectious Diarrhea
Proximal Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
Environmental Enteropathy (Tropical Sprue)

Whipple Disease
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Treatment
Complications
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Carbohydrate Malabsorption
Lactase Deficiency
Fructose Malabsorption
Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency
Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
Enterokinase (Enteropeptidase) Deficiency

Trehalase Deficiency
Trypsinogen Deficiency
Bibliography
Keywords
Keywords
Disorders of Carbohydrate Absorption
Disorders of Amino Acid and Peptide Absorption
Disorders of Fat Transport
Disorders of Vitamin Absorption
Disorders of Electrolyte and Mineral Absorption
Bibliography
Chapter 365 Intestinal Transplantation in Children With Intestinal Failure
Indications for Intestinal Transplant
Transplantation Operation
Bibliography
Chapter 366 Acute Gastroenteritis in Children
Burden of Childhood Diarrhea
Pathogens
Epidemiology in the United States and Other Middle- and High-

Income Countries
Epidemiology in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Pathogenesis of Infectious Diarrhea
Clinical Manifestation of Diarrhea
Intestinal and Extraintestinal Complications
Treatment
Prevention
Keywords
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 367 Chronic Diarrhea
Definition of Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation of Patients
Investigations
Treatment
KeyWords
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 368 Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders
Functional Defecation Disorders
Bibliography
Chapter 369 Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome
Bibliography
Chapter 370 Acute Appendicitis
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Appendicitis Risk Scoring Systems
Laboratory Findings
Imaging Studies
Antibiotics
Surgical Intervention
Perforated Appendicitis
Nonoperative Management of Uncomplicated Appendicitis
Recurrent Appendicitis
Interval Appendectomy
Incidental Appendicoliths
Bibliography
Chapter 371 Surgical Conditions of the Anus and Rectum
Keywords
Embryology
Associated Anomalies
Manifestations and Diagnosis
Approach to the Patient
Operative Repair
Outcome
Bibliography
Keywords
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 372 Tumors of the Digestive Tract
Hamartomatous Tumors
Adenomatous Tumors
Other Gastrointestinal Tumors
Bibliography
Chapter 373 Inguinal Hernias

Embryology and Pathogenesis
Evaluation of Acute Inguinal–Scrotal Swelling
Direct Inguinal Hernia
Femoral Hernia
Complications
Bibliography
Section 5 Exocrine Pancreas
Chapter 374 Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Pancreas
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 375 Pancreatic Function Tests
Direct Test
Bibliography
Chapter 376 Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas
Disorders Associated With Pancreatic Insufficiency
Cystic Fibrosis (see Chapter 432)
Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome (see Chapter 157)

Pearson Syndrome
Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome
Isolated Enzyme Deficiencies
Other Syndromes Associated With Pancreatic Insufficiency
Bibliography
Chapter 377 Treatment of Pancreatic Insufficiency
Bibliography
Chapter 378 Pancreatitis
Keywords
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 379 Pancreatic Fluid Collections
Treatment of Fluid Collections and Necrosis
Bibliography
Chapter 380 Pancreatic Tumors
Bibliography
Section 6 The Liver and Biliary System
Chapter 381 Morphogenesis of the Liver and Biliary System
Hepatic Ultrastructure
Metabolic Functions of the Liver
Bibliography
Chapter 382 Manifestations of Liver Disease
Pathologic Manifestations
Keywords
Biochemical Tests
Liver Biopsy
Hepatic Imaging Procedures
Diagnostic Approach to Infants With Jaundice
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 383 Cholestasis

Mechanisms
Evaluation
Intrahepatic Cholestasis
Bile Acid-Coenzyme a Ligase Deficiency
Disorders of Embryogenesis
Biliary Atresia
Management of Chronic Cholestasis
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 384 Metabolic Diseases of the Liver
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Type I (Glucuronyl Transferase Deficiency)
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Type II (Partial Glucuronyl Transferase

Deficiency)
Inherited Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
Bibliography
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
α1 -Antitrypsin Deficiency
Citrin Deficiency
Bibliography
Chapter 385 Viral Hepatitis
Issues Common to All Forms of Viral Hepatitis
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Approach to Acute or Chronic Hepatitis
Bibliography
Chapter 386 Liver Abscess
Bibliography
Chapter 387 Liver Disease Associated With Systemic Disorders
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Bacterial Sepsis
Celiac Disease
Cardiac Disease
Cholestasis Associated With Chronic Total Parenteral Nutrition
Cystic Fibrosis
Bone Marrow Transplantation
Hemoglobinopathies
Histiocytic Disorders
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 388 Mitochondrial Hepatopathies
Epidemiology
Primary Mitochondrial Hepatopathies
Treatment of Mitochondrial Hepatopathies
Bibliography
Chapter 389 Autoimmune Hepatitis

Autoimmune Hepatitis
Etiology
Pathology
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 390 Drug- and Toxin-Induced Liver Injury
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 391 Acute Hepatic Failure
Etiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 392 Cystic Diseases of the Biliary Tract and Liver
Choledochal Cysts
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Liver Disease
Bibliography
Chapter 393 Diseases of the Gallbladder
Anomalies
Acute Hydrops
Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis
Biliary Dyskinesia
Bibliography
Chapter 394 Portal Hypertension and Varices
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 395 Liver Transplantation
Indications
Technical Innovations
Immunosuppression
Complications
Outcomes
Bibliography
Section 7 Peritoneum
Chapter 396 Peritoneal Malformations
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Chapter 397 Ascites
Bibliography
Chapter 398 Peritonitis

Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Etiology
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 399 Epigastric Hernia
Bibliography
Part XVIII The Respiratory System
Section 1 Development and Function
Chapter 400 Diagnostic Approach to Respiratory Disease

History
Blood Gas Analysis
Transillumination of the Chest
Radiographic Techniques
Pulmonary Function Testing
Microbiology: Examination of Lung Secretions
The Microbiome (see Chapter 196)
Airway Visualization and Lung Specimen–Based Diagnostic Tests
Bibliography
Chapter 401 Chronic or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms
Judging the Seriousness of Chronic Respiratory Complaints
Recurrent or Persistent Cough
Frequently Recurring or Persistent Stridor
Recurrent or Persistent Wheeze
Recurrent and Persistent Lung Infiltrates
Evaluation
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 402 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Epidemiology
Pathology
Environmental Risk Factors
Genetic Risk Factors
Gene-Environment Interactions
Infant Groups at Increased Risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Clinical Strategies
Keywords
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Risk Factors
Outcome
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 403 Brief Resolved Unexplained Events and Other Acute Events in
Infants
Background
Definition
Epidemiology
Initial History
Bibliography
Section 2 Disorders of the Respiratory Tract
Chapter 404 Congenital Disorders of the Nose
Normal Newborn Nose
Physiology
Congenital Disorders
Choanal Atresia
Congenital Defects of the Nasal Septum
Pyriform Aperture Stenosis
Congenital Midline Nasal Masses
Bibliography
Chapter 405 Acquired Disorders of the Nose
Keywords
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
Bibliography
Keywords
Anatomy
Etiology
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 406 Nasal Polyps
Etiology
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 407 The Common Cold
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 408 Sinusitis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 409 Acute Pharyngitis

Infectious Etiologies
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chronic Group a Streptococcus Carriers
Recurrent Pharyngitis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 410 Retropharyngeal Abscess, Lateral Pharyngeal (Parapharyngeal)

Abscess, and Peritonsillar Cellulitis/Abscess
Retropharyngeal and Lateral Pharyngeal Abscess
Peritonsillar Cellulitis and/or Abscess
Bibliography
Chapter 411 Tonsils and Adenoids
Anatomy
Normal Function
Pathology
Treatment
Complications
Chronic Airway Obstruction
Bibliography
Chapter 412 Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction (Croup,

Epiglottitis, Laryngitis, and Bacterial Tracheitis)
Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 413 Congenital Anomalies of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi
Keywords
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Diagnosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 414 Foreign Bodies in the Airway
Epidemiology and Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 415 Laryngotracheal Stenosis and Subglottic Stenosis
Keywords
Keywords
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 416 Bronchomalacia and Tracheomalacia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 417 Neoplasms of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi
Keywords
Keywords
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 418 Wheezing, Bronchiolitis, and Bronchitis
Keywords
General Pathophysiology of Wheezing in Infants
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Keywords
Acute Bronchitis
Chronic Bronchitis
Cigarette Smoking and Air Pollution
Bibliography
Chapter 419 Plastic Bronchitis
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 420 Emphysema and Overinflation
Localized Obstructive Overinflation
Generalized Obstructive Overinflation
Bibliography
Chapter 421 α1 -Antitrypsin Deficiency and Emphysema
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Supportive Therapy
Bibliography
Chapter 422 Other Distal Airway Diseases
Keywords
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keyword
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 423 Congenital Disorders of the Lung
Clinical Manifestations and Prognosis
Bibliography
Bibliography
Pathology
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Congenital Lobar Emphysema and Pulmonary Cysts
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
Bronchobiliary Fistula
Bibliography
Chapter 424 Pulmonary Edema
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 425 Aspiration Syndromes
Aspiration Syndromes
Gastric Contents
Hydrocarbon Aspiration
Bibliography
Chapter 426 Chronic Recurrent Aspiration
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 427 Immune and Inflammatory Lung Disease
Keywords
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations and Classification
Laboratory
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Classification and Pathogenesis
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis
Sarcoidosis
Berylliosis
Granulomatous Lung Disease in Primary Immune Deficiency
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Löffler Syndrome
Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (the Churg-Strauss

Syndrome)
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
Bibliography
Keywords
Classification and Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease (Anti-GBM Disease)
Bibliography
Keywords
Background/Summary
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Natural Course and Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Evaluation
Treatment
Outcomes
Bibliography
Chapter 428 Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Complications
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 429 Pleurisy, Pleural Effusions, and Empyema
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Complications
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathology
Laboratory Findings
Complications
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 430 Bronchiectasis
Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 431 Pulmonary Abscess
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 432 Cystic Fibrosis
Genetics
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Diagnosis and Assessment
Treatment
Treatment of Pulmonary Complications
Treatment of Intestinal Complications
Other Complications
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 433 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome, Kartagener

Syndrome)
Normal Ciliary Ultrastructure and Function
Genetics of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Clinical Manifestations of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 434 Diffuse Lung Diseases in Childhood
Pathology
Deficiency of Surfactant Protein B (Surfactant Metabolism

Dysfunction, Pulmonary, 1; Smdp1; Omim #265120)
Surfactant Protein C Gene Abnormalities (Surfactant Metabolism

Disease Caused by Mutations in ABCA3 (Surfactant Metabolism

Disease Caused by Mutations in NKX2-1 (Thyroid Transcription

Factor 1, Choreoathetosis, Hypothyroidism, and Neonatal
Respiratory Distress, Omim #600635)
Treatment of Surfactant Dysfunction Disorders
Bibliography
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 435 Pulmonary Hemosiderosis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathophysiology
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 436 Pulmonary Embolism, Infarction, and Hemorrhage
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 437 Atelectasis
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 438 Pulmonary Tumors
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations and Evaluation
Bibliography
Chapter 439 Pneumothorax
Pathogenesis

Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 440 Pneumomediastinum
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Complications
Bibliography
Chapter 441 Hydrothorax
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 442 Hemothorax
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 443 Chylothorax
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Complications
Bibliography
Chapter 444 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 445 Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Pectus Carinatum
Treatment
Sternal Clefts
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keyword
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Keyword
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 446 Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency
Epidemiology
Modalities for Respiratory Support
Other Management Considerations
Preparing for Discharge

Care by the General Pediatrician
Care by the Subspecialty Team
Weaning Off the Ventilator
Psychosocial Considerations
Adult Transition
Bibliography
Keywords
Genetics
Management
Bibliography
Myelomeningocele With Arnold-Chiari Type II Malformation
Management
Rapid-Onset Obesity, Hypothalamic Dysfunction, and Autonomic

Dysregulation
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
Management
Acquired Alveolar Hypoventilation
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Spinal Cord Injury

Metabolic Disease
Keywords
Goals and Decision-Making
Noninvasive and Transtracheal Supports
Augmented Secretion Clearance
Aerodigestive and Communication Considerations
Gas-Exchange Goals and Ventilator Strategies
Cardiopulmonary Interactions
Chest Wall/Thoracic Configuration
Nutrition and Weight Gain
Developmental Considerations
Projected Interventions and Needs
Monitoring
Transitioning From Acute Care to Rehabilitation or Community

Setting
Routine Health Maintenance
Long-Term Mechanical Ventilation Weaning and Tracheal

Decannulation
Bibliography
Part XIX The Cardiovascular System

Section 1 Developmental Biology of the
Cardiovascular System
Chapter 447 Cardiac Development
Bibliography
Chapter 448 The Fetal to Neonatal Circulatory Transition
Keywords
Bibliography
Section 2 Evaluation of the Cardiovascular System

and the Child with A Heart Murmur
Chapter 449 History and Physical Examination in Cardiac Evaluation
History
General Physical Examination
Cardiac Examination
Bibliography
Chapter 450 Laboratory Cardiac Evaluation
Keywords
Developmental Changes
Rate and Rhythm
P Waves
QRS Complex
P-R and Q-T Intervals
ST Segment and T-Wave Abnormalities
Bibliography
M-Mode Echocardiography
Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
Doppler Echocardiography
Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
Transesophageal Echocardiography
Fetal Echocardiography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization
Thermodilution Measurement of Cardiac Output
Angiocardiography
Interventional Cardiac Catheterization
Bibliography
Section 3 Congenital Heart Disease
Chapter 451 Epidemiology and Genetic Basis of Congenital Heart Disease
Prevalence
Etiology
Next-Generation Genome Sequencing and Congenital Heart

Disease
Genetic Counseling
Bibliography
Chapter 452 Evaluation and Screening of the Infant or Child With Congenital
Heart Disease
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Lesions
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Lesions
Bibliography
Chapter 453 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Bibliography
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Complications
Treatment
Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Low-Birthweight Infants
Bibliography
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Bibliography
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Postcoarctectomy Syndrome
Prognosis
Bibliography
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 456 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Cardiac Disease Leading to Cyanosis
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Complications
Associated Anomalies
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Diagnosis
Treatment
Diagnosis
Bibliography
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis

Treatment
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 459 Other Congenital Heart and Vascular Malformations
Right Aortic Arch
Vascular Rings
Bibliography
Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery From Pulmonary Artery
Anomalous Origin of Right Coronary Artery From Pulmonary Artery
Ectopic Origin of a Coronary Artery From the Aorta With Aberrant

Proximal Course
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 460 Pulmonary Hypertension

Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Pathophysiology
Pathology and Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 461 General Principles of Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease
Interstage Management
Long-Term Management
Keywords
Long-Term Medical Considerations
Specific Lesions
Pregnancy and Congenital Heart Disease
Contraception
Adolescent Transition
Bibliography
Bibliography
Section 4 Cardiac Arrhythmias
Chapter 462 Disturbances of Rate and Rhythm of the Heart
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 463 Sudden Death
Mechanism of Sudden Death
Congenital Heart Disease
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiac Arrhythmia
Miscellaneous Causes
Evaluation and Therapy for Resuscitated Patients
Medication for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Prevention of Sudden Death
Bibliography
Section 5 Acquired Heart Disease
Chapter 464 Infective Endocarditis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 465 Rheumatic Heart Disease
Patterns of Valvular Disease
Bibliography
Section 6 Diseases of the Myocardium and

Pericardium
Chapter 466 Diseases of the Myocardium
Keywords
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Prognosis and Management
Bibliography
Keywords
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 467 Diseases of the Pericardium
Keywords
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 468 Tumors of the Heart

Bibliography
Section 7 Cardiac Therapeutics
Chapter 469 Heart Failure
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Electrophysiologic Approaches to Heart Failure Management
Mechanical Circulatory Support
Bibliography
Chapter 470 Pediatric Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation
Indications
Recipient and Donor Selection
Perioperative Management
Diagnosis and Management of Acute Graft Rejection
Complications of Immunosuppression
Bibliography
Bibliography
Section 8 Diseases of the Peripheral Vascular System
Chapter 471 Diseases of the Blood Vessels (Aneurysms and Fistulas)
Keywords
Treatment
Arterial Calcifications Caused by Deficiency of CD73
Bibliography
Chapter 472 Systemic Hypertension
Prevalence of Hypertension in Children
Definition of Hypertension
Blood Pressure Measurement in Children
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Bibliography
Part XX Diseases of the Blood

Section 1 The Hematopoietic System
Chapter 473 Development of the Hematopoietic System
Hematopoiesis in the Human Embryo and Fetus
Fetal Granulocytopoiesis
Fetal Thrombopoiesis
Fetal Erythropoiesis
Red Cell Life Span in the Fetus and Neonate
Bibliography
Chapter 474 The Anemias
Laboratory Studies
Bibliography
Section 2 Anemias of Inadequate Production
Chapter 475 Congenital Hypoplastic Anemia (Diamond-Blackfan Anemia)
Etiology
Epidemiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 476 Pearson Syndrome
Bibliography
Chapter 477 Acquired Pure Red Blood Cell Anemia
Transient Erythroblastopenia of Childhood
Red Cell Aplasia Associated With Parvovirus B19 Infection
Other Red Cell Aplasias in Children
Bibliography
Chapter 478 Anemia of Chronic Disease and Renal Disease
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 479 Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias
Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia Type I
Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia Type II
Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia Type III
Bibliography
Chapter 480 Physiologic Anemia of Infancy
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 481 Megaloblastic Anemias
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Metabolism
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 482 Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Prevention
Treatment
Keywords
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 483 Other Microcytic Anemias
Infantile Poikilocytosis and Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis
Copper Deficiency
Defects of Iron Metabolism
Bibliography
Section 3 Hemolytic Anemias
Chapter 484 Definitions and Classification of Hemolytic Anemias
Bibliography
Chapter 485 Hereditary Spherocytosis
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 486 Hereditary Elliptocytosis, Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis, and

Related Disorders
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 487 Hereditary Stomatocytosis
Hereditary Xerocytosis
Hereditary Hydrocytosis
Intermediate Syndromes and Other Variants
Other Disorders Associated With Stomatocytosis
Bibliography
Chapter 488 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria and Acanthocytosis
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Acanthocytosis
Bibliography
Chapter 489 Hemoglobinopathies

Hemoglobin Disorders
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis and Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia (HbSS)
Therapeutic Considerations
Other Sickle Cell Syndromes
Anticipatory Guidance
Bibliography
Bibliography
Hemoglobin C
Hemoglobin E
Hemoglobin D
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Homozygous β-Thalassemia (Thalassemia Major, Cooley Anemia)
Other β-Thalassemia Syndromes
α-Thalassemia Syndromes
Bibliography
Chapter 490 Enzymatic Defects
Keywords
Etiology
Treatment
Keywords
Deficiencies of Enzymes of Hexose Monophosphate Pathway
Keywords
Episodic or Induced Acute Hemolytic Anemia
Chronic Hemolytic Anemias Associated With Deficiency of G6PD or

Related Factors
Bibliography
Chapter 491 Hemolytic Anemias Resulting from Extracellular Factors—Immune

Hemolytic Anemias
Immune Hemolytic Anemias
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias Associated With “Warm” Antibodies
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias Associated With “Cold” Antibodies
Bibliography
Chapter 492 Hemolytic Anemias Secondary to Other Extracellular Factors
Fragmentation Hemolysis
Thermal Injury
Renal Disease
Liver Disease
Toxins and Venoms
Wilson Disease
Bibliography
Section 4 Polycythemia (Erythrocytosis)
Chapter 493 Polycythemia
Clonal (Primary) Polycythemia (Polycythemia Vera)
Bibliography
Chapter 494 Nonclonal Polycythemia
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Section 5 The Pancytopenias
Chapter 495 Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes With Pancytopenia
Fanconi Anemia
Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
Dyskeratosis Congenita
Congenital Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia
Other Inherited Aplastic Anemias
Other Inherited Syndromes With Occasional Significant Bone

Marrow Failure
Unclassified Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
Bibliography
Chapter 496 The Acquired Pancytopenias
Clinical Manifestations, Laboratory Findings, and Differential

Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Pancytopenia Caused by Marrow Replacement
Bibliography
Section 6 Blood Component Transfusions
Chapter 497 Red Blood Cell Transfusions and Erythropoietin Therapy

RBC Transfusion in Children and Adolescents
RBC Transfusion in Preterm Infants and Neonates
RBC Product and Dose
Storage Age of RBC Units
Bibliography
Chapter 498 Platelet Transfusions
Children and Adolescents
Infants and Neonates
Platelet Products and Dosing
Bibliography
Chapter 499 Neutrophil (Granulocyte) Transfusions
Granulocyte Transfusions for Children
Granulocyte Transfusion for Neonates
Granulocyte Product
Bibliography
Chapter 500 Plasma Transfusions
Plasma Products and Patient Testing
Plasma Transfusion in Children
Plasma Transfusion in Neonates

Bibliography
Chapter 501 Risks of Blood Transfusions
Infectious Risks of Transfusion
Noninfectious Risks of Transfusion
Bibliography
Section 7 Hemorrhagic and Thrombotic Diseases
Chapter 502 Hemostasis
The Hemostatic Process
Pathology
Keywords
Clinical History
Laboratory Tests
Developmental Hemostasis
Bibliography
Chapter 503 Hereditary Clotting Factor Deficiencies (Bleeding Disorders)
Keywords
Pathophysiology
Genetics and Classification
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Supportive Care
Chronic Complications
Comprehensive Care
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 504 Von Willebrand Disease
Pathophysiology
Classification
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 505 Hereditary Predisposition to Thrombosis
Bibliography
Chapter 506 Thrombotic Disorders in Children
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory Testing
Treatment
Complications
Keywords
Unfractionated Heparin
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin
Warfarin
Direct Oral Anticoagulants
Thrombolytic Therapy
Thromboprophylaxis
Antiplatelet Therapy
Bibliography
Chapter 507 Postneonatal Vitamin K Deficiency
Bibliography
Chapter 508 Liver Disease
Bibliography
Chapter 509 Acquired Inhibitors of Coagulation

Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 510 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 511 Platelet and Blood Vessel Disorders
Megakaryopoiesis
Thrombocytopenia
Keywords
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Outcome
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Chronic Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Other Hereditary Disorders of Platelet Function
Treatment of Patients With Platelet Dysfunction
Bibliography
Keywords
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Other Acquired Disorders
Bibliography
Section 8 The Spleen
Chapter 512 Anatomy and Function of the Spleen
Anatomy
Function
Bibliography
Chapter 513 Splenomegaly
Bibliography
Chapter 514 Hyposplenism, Splenic Trauma, and Splenectomy

Hyposplenism
Splenic Trauma
Splenectomy
Bibliography
Section 9 The Lymphatic System
Chapter 515 Anatomy and Function of the Lymphatic System
Bibliography
Chapter 516 Abnormalities of Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic Malformations
Lymphangiectasia
Lymphedema
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Lymphangitis
Bibliography
Chapter 517 Lymphadenopathy
Diagnosis
Treatment
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Bibliography
Part XXI Cancer and Benign Tumors
Chapter 518 Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer
Influencing the Incidence of Cancer
Bibliography
Chapter 519 Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer
Genes Involved in Oncogenesis
Syndromes Predisposing to Cancer
Other Factors Associated With Oncogenesis
Bibliography
Chapter 520 Principles of Cancer Diagnosis
Signs and Symptoms
Age-Related Manifestations
Early Detection
Ensuring the Diagnosis
Staging
Bibliography
Chapter 521 Principles of Cancer Treatment
Diagnosis and Staging
A Multimodal, Multidisciplinary Approach
Discussing the Treatment Plan With the Patient and Family
Treatments
Acute Toxic Effects and Supportive Care
Late Adverse Effects
Palliative Care
Bibliography
Chapter 522 The Leukemias
Epidemiology
Etiology
Cellular Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
Supportive Care
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Epidemiology
Cellular Classification
Diagnosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 523 Lymphoma

Keywords
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Relapse
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Chapter 524 Brain Tumors in Childhood

Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Specific Tumors
Complications and Long-Term Management
Bibliography
Chapter 525 Neuroblastoma
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 526 Neoplasms of the Kidney
Keywords
Epidemiology
Etiology: Genetics and Molecular Biology

Treatment
Recurrent Disease
Prognosis
Late Effects
Keywords
Mesoblastic Nephroma
Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney
Rhabdoid Tumor of the Kidney
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Bibliography
Chapter 527 Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Other Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Bibliography
Chapter 528 Neoplasms of Bone
Keywords
Osteosarcoma
Ewing Sarcoma
Keywords
Characteristic Lesions of the Tibia
Histiocytosis
Diagnostic Considerations
Vascular Tumors of Bone
Bibliography
Chapter 529 Retinoblastoma
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Screening
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 530 Gonadal and Germ Cell Neoplasms
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 531 Neoplasms of the Liver
Hepatoblastoma
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Bibliography
Chapter 532 Benign Vascular Tumors
Keywords
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 533 Rare Tumors
Keywords
Benign Thyroid Tumors
Malignant Thyroid Tumors
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 534 Histiocytosis Syndromes of Childhood
Classification and Pathology
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Part XXII Nephrology

Section 1 Glomerular Disease
Chapter 535 Introduction to Glomerular Diseases
Bibliography
Bibliography
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Bibliography
Section 2 Conditions Particularly Associated with

Hematuria
Chapter 536 Clinical Evaluation of the Child With Hematuria
Bibliography
Chapter 537 Isolated Glomerular Diseases Associated With Recurrent Gross

Hematuria
Pathology and Pathologic Diagnosis
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations
Bibliography
Genetics
Pathology
Diagnosis
Bibliography
Bibliography
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Complications
Prevention
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Bibliography
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Bibliography
Classification
Bibliography
Chapter 538 Multisystem Disease Associated With Hematuria
Bibliography
Keywords
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations
Bibliography
Keywords
Pathology
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis

Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Background
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory and Radiologic Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 539 Tubulointerstitial Disease Associated With Hematuria
Keywords
Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Bibliography
Keywords

Diagnosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis (see also Chapter 550.1)
Bibliography
Chapter 540 Vascular Diseases Associated with Hematuria
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Pathology
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 541 Anatomic Abnormalities Associated With Hematuria
Keywords
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 542 Lower Urinary Tract Causes of Hematuria
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Section 3 Conditions Particularly Associated with

Proteinuria
Chapter 543 Clinical Evaluation of the Child With Proteinuria
Normal Physiology
Pathophysiology of Proteinuria
Measurement of Urine Protein
Clinical Considerations
Bibliography
Chapter 544 Conditions Associated With Proteinuria
Keywords
Bibliography
Bibliography
Keywords
Glomerular Proteinuria
Tubular Proteinuria
Bibliography
Chapter 545 Nephrotic Syndrome
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Consequences of Nephrotic Syndrome
Keywords
Pathology
Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Bibliography
Section 4 Tubular Disorders
Chapter 546 Tubular Function
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Phosphate
Magnesium
Acidification and Concentrating Mechanisms
Developmental Considerations
Bibliography
Chapter 547 Renal Tubular Acidosis

Normal Urinary Acidification
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations of Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis and

Fanconi Syndrome
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis
Diagnostic Approach to Renal Tubular Acidosis
Bibliography
Chapter 548 Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Bibliography
Chapter 549 Inherited Tubular Transport Abnormalities
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 550 Renal Failure
Keywords
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Dialysis
Prognosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment and Management
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 551 Renal Transplantation
Incidence and Etiology of End-Stage Renal Disease
Indications for Renal Transplantation
Characteristics of Kidney Donors and Recipients
Evaluation and Preparing for Kidney Transplantation
Immunosuppression
Fluid Management in Infants and Small Children Following Kidney

Transplantation
Rejection of Kidney Transplant
Graft Survival of Kidneys
Complications of Immunosuppression
Long-Term Outcome of Kidney Transplantation
Bibliography
Part XXIII Urologic Disorders in Infants and

Children
Chapter 552 Congenital Anomalies and Dysgenesis of the Kidneys
Embryonic and Fetal Development
Renal Agenesis
Renal Dysgenesis: Dysplasia, Hypoplasia, and Cystic Anomalies
Renal Cysts in Children
Anomalies in Shape and Position
Associated Physical Findings
Bibliography
Chapter 553 Urinary Tract Infections
Prevalence and Etiology
Clinical Manifestations and Classification
Diagnosis
Imaging Findings
Treatment
Imaging Studies in Children With a Febrile UTI
Prevention of Recurrences
Bibliography
Chapter 554 Vesicoureteral Reflux
Classification
Diagnosis
Natural History
Treatment
Current Vesicoureteral Reflux Guidelines
Bibliography
Chapter 555 Obstruction of the Urinary Tract
Etiology
Diagnosis
Physical Findings
Imaging Studies
Specific Types of Urinary Tract Obstruction and Their Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 556 Anomalies of the Bladder
Bladder Exstrophy
Other Exstrophy Anomalies
Bladder Diverticula
Urachal Anomalies
Bibliography
Chapter 557 Neuropathic Bladder
Neural Tube Defects
Associated Disorders
Bibliography
Chapter 558 Enuresis and Voiding Dysfunction
Normal Voiding and Toilet Training
Diurnal Incontinence
Overactive Bladder (Diurnal Urge Syndrome)
Nonneurogenic Neurogenic Bladder (Hinman Syndrome)
Infrequent Voiding (Underactive Bladder)
Vaginal Voiding
Other Causes of Incontinence in Females
Voiding Disorders Without Incontinence
Nocturnal Enuresis
Bibliography
Chapter 559 Anomalies of the Penis and Urethra
Hypospadias
Chordee Without Hypospadias
Phimosis and Paraphimosis
Circumcision
Penile Torsion
Inconspicuous Penis
Micropenis
Priapism
Other Penile Anomalies
Meatal Stenosis
Other Male Urethral Anomalies
Urethral Prolapse (Female)
Other Female Urethral Lesions
Bibliography
Chapter 560 Disorders and Anomalies of the Scrotal Contents
Undescended Testis (Cryptorchidism)
Scrotal Swelling
Testicular (Spermatic Cord) Torsion
Torsion of the Appendix Testis/Epididymis
Epididymitis
Varicocele
Spermatocele
Hydrocele
Inguinal Hernia
Testicular Microlithiasis
Testicular Tumor
Bibliography
Chapter 561 Trauma to the Genitourinary Tract
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 562 Urinary Lithiasis
Stone Formation
Diagnosis
Metabolic Evaluation
Pathogenesis of Specific Renal Calculi
Treatment
Stone Prevention
Bibliography
Part XXIV Gynecologic Problems of Childhood
Chapter 563 Gynecologic History and Physical Examination

History
Gynecologic Examination
Bibliography
Chapter 564 Vulvovaginitis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Bibliography
Chapter 565 Vaginal Bleeding in the Prepubertal Child
Bibliography
Chapter 566 Breast Concerns
Breast Development
Breast Evaluation
Breast Self-Awareness
Abnormal Development
Breast Masses
Cosmetic Surgery
Bibliography
Chapter 567 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hirsutism
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Hirsutism
Bibliography
Chapter 568 Gynecologic Neoplasms and Adolescent Prevention Methods for

Human Papillomavirus
Overview of Gynecologic Malignancies in Children and Adolescents
Impact of Cancer Therapy on Fertility
Ovarian Neoplasms
Uterine Malignancies
Vaginal Malignancies
Vulvar Malignancies
Cervical Malignancies and Their Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 569 Vulvovaginal and Müllerian Anomalies
Embryology
Epidemiology
Laboratory Findings
Uterine Anomalies
Vaginal Anomalies
Cervical Anomalies
Vulvar and Other Anomalies
Bibliography
Chapter 570 Gynecologic Care for Girls With Special Needs
Sexuality and Sexual Education
Abuse
Pelvic Examination
Menstruation
Contraception
Bibliography
Chapter 571 Female Genital Mutilation
Background
Complications
Clinical Management of FGM
Bibliography
Part XXV The Endocrine System

Section 1 Disorders of the Hypothalamus and
Pituitary Gland
Chapter 572 Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Anatomy
Embryology
Vascular Supply
Anterior Pituitary Cell Types
Posterior Pituitary Cell Types
Bibliography
Chapter 573 Hypopituitarism
Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiency
Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency and Insensitivity
Growth Hormone Insensitivity
Laboratory Findings
Radiologic Findings
Treatment
Complications and Adverse Effects of Growth Hormone Treatment

Bibliography
Chapter 574 Diabetes Insipidus
Physiology of Water Balance
Approach to the Patient With Polyuria, Polydipsia, and

Hypernatremia
Causes of Hypernatremia
Treatment of Central Diabetes Insipidus
Treatment of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Bibliography
Chapter 575 Other Abnormalities of Arginine Vasopressin Metabolism and

Action
Causes of Hyponatremia
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 576 Hyperpituitarism, Tall Stature, and Overgrowth Syndromes
Hyperpituitarism
Tall Stature
Sotos Syndrome (Cerebral Gigantism)
Treatment of Normal Variant Tall Stature
Excess Growth Hormone Secretion and Pituitary Gigantism

Hypersecretion of Other Pituitary Hormones
Bibliography
Chapter 577 Physiology of Puberty
Bibliography
Chapter 578 Disorders of Pubertal Development
Keywords
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Keywords
Hepatic Tumors
Intracranial Tumors
Tumors in Other Locations
Peripheral Precocious Puberty
Bibliography
Keywords
Extragonadal Manifestations
Bibliography
Keywords
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Premature Thelarche
Premature Pubarche (Adrenarche)
Premature Menarche
Bibliography
Keywords
Keywords
Diagnostic Approach to Delayed Puberty
Treatment of Delayed Puberty
Bibliography
Section 2 Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
Chapter 579 Thyroid Development and Physiology
Fetal Development
Thyroid Physiology
Thyroid Regulation
Serum Thyroid Hormones
Fetal and Newborn Thyroid
Serum Thyroxine-Binding Globulin
Radionuclide Studies
Thyroid Ultrasonography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 580 Disorders of Thyroxine-Binding Globulin
Bibliography
Chapter 581 Hypothyroidism

Congenital Hypothyroidism
Acquired Hypothyroidism
Bibliography
Chapter 582 Thyroiditis
Thyroiditis With Pain
Thyroiditis Without Pain
Other Causes of Thyroiditis
Bibliography
Chapter 583 Goiter
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Keywords
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Iodide Goiter
Simple Goiter (Colloid Goiter)
Multinodular Goiter
Toxic Goiter (Hyperthyroidism)
Bibliography
Chapter 584 Thyrotoxicosis
Keywords
Epidemiology
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 585 Carcinoma of the Thyroid

Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 586 Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes
Monogenic Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1
Immune Dysregulation-Polyendocrinopathy-Enteropathy X-Linked
Other Monogenic Immune Dysregulation Disorders
Polygenic Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome (APS-2)
Chromosomal Abnormalities Associated With Autoimmune

Polyglandular Syndrome
Nongenetic Autoimmune Causes of Multiple Endocrinopathy
Bibliography
Chapter 587 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2A
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B
Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Management of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
Bibliography
Section 3 Disorders of the Parathyroid Gland
Chapter 588 Hormones and Peptides of Calcium Homeostasis and Bone

Metabolism
Parathyroid Hormone
Parathyroid Hormone–Related Peptide
Vitamin D
Calcitonin
Bibliography
Chapter 589 Hypoparathyroidism
Etiology
Aplasia or Hypoplasia of the Parathyroid Glands
X-Linked Recessive Hypoparathyroidism

Autosomal Recessive Hypoparathyroidism With Dysmorphic
Features
Hypoparathyroidism, Sensorineural Deafness, and Renal Anomaly

Syndrome
Suppression of Neonatal Parathyroid Hormone Secretion Because of

Maternal Hyperparathyroidism
Autosomal Dominant Hypoparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism Associated With Mitochondrial Disorders
Surgical Hypoparathyroidism
Autoimmune Hypoparathyroidism
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism
Bibliography
Chapter 590 Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Type Ia
Type Ib
Acrodysostosis With Hormone Resistance
Bibliography
Chapter 591 Hyperparathyroidism
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia (Familial Benign

Hypercalcemia)
Granulomatous Diseases
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy
Miscellaneous Causes of Hypercalcemia
Bibliography
Section 4 Disorders of the Adrenal Gland
Chapter 592 Physiology of the Adrenal Gland
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis
Fetoplacental Unit
Bibliography
Keywords
Regulation of Cortisol Secretion
Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion
Regulation of Adrenal Androgen Secretion
Bibliography
Keywords
Actions of Glucocorticoids
Metabolic Effects
Actions of Mineralocorticoids
Actions of the Adrenal Androgens
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 593 Adrenocortical Insufficiency
Keywords
Inherited Etiologies
Acquired Etiologies
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance
Cortisone Reductase Deficiency
Altered End-Organ Sensitivity to Mineralocorticoids
Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess
Liddle Syndrome
Bibliography
Chapter 594 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Related Disorders
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Genetics
Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Prenatal Diagnosis
Newborn Screening
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Manifestations
Epidemiology
Laboratory Findings
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Genetic Counseling
Bibliography
Chapter 595 Adrenocortical Tumors and Masses
Epidemiology
Keywords
Etiology
Pathologic Findings
Treatment
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 596 Virilizing and Feminizing Adrenal Tumors
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Chapter 597 Cushing Syndrome
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 598 Primary Aldosteronism
Etiology
Epidemiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 599 Pheochromocytoma
Etiology
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Section 5 Disorders of the Gonads
Chapter 600 Development and Function of the Gonads
Genetic Control of Embryonic Gonadal Differentiation

Function of the Testes
Function of the Ovaries
Diagnostic Testing
Therapeutic Use of Sex Steroids
Bibliography
Chapter 601 Hypofunction of the Testes
Keywords
Etiology
Diagnosis
Noonan Syndrome
Klinefelter Syndrome
XX Males
45,X Males
47,XXX Males
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Diagnosis
Bibliography
Chapter 602 Pseudoprecocity Resulting From Tumors of the Testes
Bibliography
Chapter 603 Gynecomastia
Physiologic Forms of Gynecomastia
Evaluation of Gynecomastia
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 604 Hypofunction of the Ovaries
Keywords
Turner Syndrome
XX Gonadal Dysgenesis
45,X/46,XY Gonadal Dysgenesis
XXX, XXXX, and XXXXX Females
Noonan Syndrome
Other Ovarian Defects
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Diagnosis
Bibliography
Chapter 605 Pseudoprecocity Resulting From Lesions of the Ovary
Estrogenic Lesions of the Ovary
Androgenic Lesions of the Ovary
Bibliography
Chapter 606 Disorders of Sex Development
Sex Differentiation
Diagnostic Approach to the Patient With Atypical or Ambiguous

Genitalia
Keywords
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Aromatase Deficiency
Cortisol Resistance Due to Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Mutation
Virilizing Maternal Tumors
Exposure to Androgenic Drugs by Women During Pregnancy
Bibliography
Keywords
Defects in Testicular Differentiation
Defiency of Testicular Hormone Production
Defects in Androgen Action
Undetermined Causes
Bibliography
Keywords
Diagnosis and Management of Disorders of Sex Development
Bibliography
Bibliography
Section 6 Diabetes Mellitus in Children
Chapter 607 Diabetes Mellitus
Keywords
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Other Specific Types of Diabetes
Other Etiologies of Diabetes
Prediabetes
Keywords
Epidemiology
Genetics
Environmental Factors
Pathogenesis and Natural History of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Prediction and Prevention

Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Initiation of Subcutaneous Insulin Therapy
Cognitive Function
Coping Styles
Nonadherence
Anxiety and Depression
Fear of Self-Injecting and Self-Testing
Eating Disorders
Long-Term Complications: Relation to Glycemic Control
Diabetic Neuropathy
Prognosis
Pancreas and Islet Transplantation and Regeneration
Natural History
Epidemiology
Genetics
Epigenetics and Fetal Programming
Environmental and Lifestyle-Related Risk Factors

Clinical Features
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
Keywords
Genetic Defects of β-Cell Function
Genetic Defects of Insulin Action
Cystic Fibrosis–Related Diabetes
Endocrinopathies
Drugs
Genetic Syndromes Associated With Diabetes Mellitus
Autoimmune Diseases Associated With T1DM
Bibliography
Part XXVI The Nervous System
Chapter 608 Neurologic Evaluation
History
Neurologic Examination
General Examination
Special Diagnostic Procedures
Bibliography
Chapter 609 Congenital Anomalies of the Central Nervous System
Hydrocephalus
Etiology
Prevention
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Bibliography
Lissencephaly
Schizencephaly
Neuronal Heterotopias
Polymicrogyrias
Focal Cortical Dysplasias
Porencephaly
Bibliography
Holoprosencephaly
Bibliography
Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders
Brainstem and Cerebellar Disorders

Bibliography
Etiology
Treatment
Bibliography
Physiology
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Megalencephaly
Hydranencephaly
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Development and Etiology
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 610 Deformational Plagiocephaly

Examination and Differentiating Between Deformational
Plagiocephaly and Craniosynostosis
Treatment
Outcomes
Bibliography
Chapter 611 Seizures in Childhood
Evaluation of the First Seizure
Keywords
Genetic and Other Factors Leading to Febrile Seizures
Evaluation
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
History and Examination
Long-Term Approach to the Patient and Additional Testing
Bibliography
Keywords
Focal Seizures With Preserved Awareness
Focal Seizures With Impaired Awareness

Focal to Bilateral Tonic-Clonic Seizures
Benign Epilepsy Syndromes With Focal Seizures
Severe Epilepsy Syndromes With Focal Seizures
Bibliography
Keywords
Absence Seizures
Generalized Motor Seizures
Benign Generalized Epilepsies
Severe Generalized Epilepsies
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Deciding on Long-Term Therapy
Counseling
Mechanisms of Action of Antiepileptic Drugs
Choice of Drug According to Seizure Type and Epilepsy Syndrome
Choice of Drug: Other Considerations
Initiating and Monitoring Therapy
Side Effects
Additional Treatments
Approach to Epilepsy Surgery
Discontinuation of Therapy
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP)
Bibliography
Keywords
Pathophysiology
Types of Neonatal Seizures
Etiology
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Mechanisms
Therapy
Bibliography
Keyword
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 612 Conditions That Mimic Seizures
Syncope and Other Generalized Paroxysms
Movement Disorders and Other Paroxysmal Movements and

Postures
Oculomotor and Visual Abnormalities
Sleep-Related Disorders
Bibliography
Chapter 613 Headaches
Epidemiology
Classification and Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 614 Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Management
Genetic Counseling
Bibliography
Management
Bibliography
Etiology
Diagnosis
Management
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Management
Bibliography
Chapter 615 Movement Disorders
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Keywords
Inherited Primary Dystonias
Drug-Induced Dystonias
Cerebral Palsy
Metabolic Disorders
Other Disorders
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 616 Encephalopathies
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and

Stroke-Like Episodes
Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged Red Fibers
Neuropathy, Ataxia, and Retinitis Pigmentosa (NARP) Syndrome
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS)

Reversible Infantile Cytochrome C Oxidase Deficiency Myopathy
Leigh Disease (Subacute Necrotizing Encephalomyopathy)
Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome
Reye Syndrome
Bibliography
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Encephalopathy
Lead Encephalopathy
Burn Encephalopathy
Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Radiation Encephalopathy
Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy
Cystic Leukoencephalopathy
Bibliography
Keywords
Anti-N -Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis
Other Types of Encephalitis Associated With Antibodies Against

Neuronal Cell Surface Antigens
Acquired Demyelinating Syndromes With Encephalopathy
Hashimoto Encephalopathy
Opsoclonus–Myoclonus and Other Types of Brainstem–Cerebellar

Encephalitis
Bickerstaff Encephalitis
Chronic Lymphocytic Inflammation With Pontine Perivascular

Enhancement Responsive to Steroids
Autoimmune Encephalopathies Associated With Epilepsy and Status

Epilepticus
Other Suspected Types of Autoimmune Encephalitis
Bibliography
Chapter 617 Neurodegenerative Disorders of Childhood
Keywords
Gangliosidoses
Krabbe Disease (Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy)
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease
Alexander Disease
Canavan Spongy Degeneration

Other Leukodystrophies
Menkes Disease
Rett Syndrome
Neurodegeneration With Brain Iron Accumulation
Bibliography
Chapter 618 Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Neuroimaging
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Epidemiology
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Pathogenesis
Imaging and Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 619 Pediatric Stroke
Perinatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Vasculitic Processes: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Spinal Cord Embolism
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Migraine
Seizure
Infection
Demyelination
Hypoglycemia
Global Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Vestibulopathy and Ataxia
Channelopathies
Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood
Chapter 620 Central Nervous System Vasculitis
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 621 Central Nervous System Infections
Epidemiology
Pathology and Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 622 Brain Abscess
Pathology
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 623 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)
Etiology
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 624 Spinal Cord Disorders
Treatment
Outcome
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Outcome
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Part XXVII Neuromuscular Disorders
Chapter 625 Evaluation and Investigation of Neuromuscular Disorders
Genetic Testing
Laboratory Findings
Imaging of Muscles and the Central Nervous System
Muscle Biopsy
Nerve Biopsy
Cardiac Assessment
Bibliography
Chapter 626 Developmental Disorders of Muscle
Myogenic Regulatory Genes and Genetic Loci of Inherited Diseases

of Muscle
Treatment of Congenital Myopathies
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Genetics
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Genetics
Treatment
Bibliography
Laboratory Findings
Genetics
Bibliography
Laboratory Findings
Genetics

Bibliography
Clinical Manifestations and MFM Subtypes According to Genetic

Background
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Fetal Movement and the Link to Arthrogryposis
Basic Categories, Etiologies, and Classifications
Diagnostic Approach and Laboratory Evaluation
Genetic Counseling and Prenatal Diagnosis
Management
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 627 Muscular Dystrophies
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Genetic Etiology and Pathogenesis
Treatment
Bibliography
Genetics
Diagnostics
Bibliography
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Genetics
Treatment
Other Myotonic Syndromes
Bibliography
Bibliography
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 628 Endocrine and Toxic Myopathies
Thyroid Myopathies
Steroid-Hormone Induced Myopathy
Statin-Induced Rhabdomyolysis With Myoglobinuria
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Toxic Myopathies
Critical Illness Myopathy
Bibliography
Chapter 629 Metabolic Myopathies and Channelopathies
Treatment
Other Muscle Channelopathies
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Investigations
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 630 Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission and of Motor Neurons
Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis
Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes
Rare Other Causes of Myasthenia
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Other Causes of Neuromuscular Blockade
Bibliography
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations and Course
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Genetics
Management
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 631 Hereditary Motor-Sensory Neuropathies
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 632 Toxic Neuropathies
Bibliography
Chapter 633 Autonomic Neuropathies
Pathology
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Congenital Insensitivity to Pain and Anhidrosis
Allgrove Syndrome (Triple a Syndrome)
Bibliography
Chapter 634 Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 635 Bell Palsy
Treatment
Prognosis
Facial Palsy at Birth
Bibliography
Part XXVIII Disorders of the Eye
Chapter 636 Growth and Development of the Eye
Bibliography
Chapter 637 Examination of the Eye
Visual Acuity
Visual Field Assessment
Color Vision Testing
Pupillary Examination
Ocular Motility
Binocular Vision
External Examination
Biomicroscopy (Slit-Lamp Examination)
Fundus Examination (Ophthalmoscopy)
Refraction
Tonometry
Bibliography
Chapter 638 Abnormalities of Refraction and Accommodation
Hyperopia
Myopia
Astigmatism
Anisometropia
Accommodation
Bibliography
Chapter 639 Disorders of Vision
Amblyopia
Diplopia
Suppression
Amaurosis
Nyctalopia
Psychogenic Disturbances
Dyslexia
Bibliography
Chapter 640 Abnormalities of Pupil and Iris
Aniridia
Coloboma of the Iris
Microcoria
Congenital Mydriasis
Dyscoria and Corectopia
Anisocoria
Dilated Fixed Pupil
Tonic Pupil
Marcus Gunn Pupil
Horner Syndrome
Paradoxical Pupil Reaction
Persistent Pupillary Membrane
Heterochromia
Other Iris Lesions
Leukocoria
Bibliography
Chapter 641 Disorders of Eye Movement and Alignment
Strabismus
Congenital Ocular Motor Apraxia
Nystagmus
Other Abnormal Eye Movements
Bibliography
Chapter 642 Abnormalities of the Lids

Ptosis
Epicanthal Folds
Lagophthalmos
Lid Retraction
Ectropion, Entropion, and Epiblepharon
Blepharospasm
Blepharitis
Hordeolum (Stye)
Chalazion
Coloboma of the Eyelid
Tumors of the Lid
Bibliography
Chapter 643 Disorders of the Lacrimal System
The Tear Film
Dacryostenosis
Alacrima and “Dry Eye”
Bibliography
Chapter 644 Disorders of the Conjunctiva
Conjunctivitis
Bibliography
Chapter 645 Abnormalities of the Cornea
Megalocornea
Microcornea
Keratoconus
Neonatal Corneal Opacities
Sclerocornea
Peters Anomaly
Corneal Dystrophies
Dermoids
Dendritic Keratitis
Corneal Ulcers
Phlyctenules
Interstitial Keratitis
Corneal Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Bibliography
Chapter 646 Abnormalities of the Lens
Cataracts
Ectopia Lentis
Other Disorders of the Lens
Bibliography
Chapter 647 Disorders of the Uveal Tract
Uveitis (Iritis, Cyclitis, Chorioretinitis)
Bibliography
Chapter 648 Disorders of the Retina and Vitreous
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Persistent Fetal Vasculature
Retinoblastoma
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Stargardt Disease (Fundus Flavimaculatus)
Best Vitelliform Degeneration
Cherry-Red Spot
Phakomas
Retinoschisis
Retinal Detachment
Coats Disease
Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Diabetic Retinopathy
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
Blood Disorders
Trauma-Related Retinopathy
Myelinated Nerve Fibers
Coloboma of the Fundus
Bibliography
Chapter 649 Abnormalities of the Optic Nerve
Optic Nerve Aplasia
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
Optic Nerve Coloboma
Morning Glory Disc Anomaly
Tilted Disc
Drusen of the Optic Nerve
Papilledema
Optic Neuritis
Leber Optic Neuropathy
Optic Atrophy
Optic Nerve Glioma
Traumatic Optic Neuropathies
Bibliography
Chapter 650 Childhood Glaucoma
Bibliography
Chapter 651 Orbital Abnormalities
Hypertelorism and Hypotelorism
Exophthalmos and Enophthalmos
Orbital Inflammation
Tumors of the Orbit
Bibliography
Chapter 652 Orbital Infections
Dacryoadenitis
Dacryocystitis
Preseptal Cellulitis
Orbital Cellulitis
Bibliography
Chapter 653 Injuries to the Eye
Ecchymosis and Swelling of the Eyelids
Lacerations of the Eyelids
Superficial Abrasions of the Cornea
Foreign Body Involving the Ocular Surface

Hyphema
Open Globe
Optic Nerve Trauma
Chemical Injuries
Orbital Fractures
Penetrating Wounds of the Orbit
Child Abuse
Fireworks-Related Injuries
Sports-Related Ocular Injuries and Their Prevention
Handheld Laser Retinal Injury
Bibliography
Part XXIX The Ear
Chapter 654 General Considerations and Evaluation of the Ear
Facial Paralysis
Bibliography
Chapter 655 Hearing Loss
Incidence and Prevalence

Types of Hearing Loss
Etiology
Effects of Hearing Impairment
Hearing Screening
Identification of Hearing Impairment
Clinical Audiologic Evaluation
Treatment
Genetic Counseling
Bibliography
Chapter 656 Congenital Malformations of the Ear
Pinna Malformations
Congenital Stenosis or Atresia of the External Auditory Canal
Congenital Middle-Ear Malformations
Congenital Inner Ear Malformations
Congenital Cholesteatoma
Bibliography
Chapter 657 External Otitis (Otitis Externa)
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Other Diseases of the External Ear
Bibliography
Chapter 658 Otitis Media
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Examination of the Tympanic Membrane
Prevention
Immunoprophylaxis and Vaccination Status
Treatment
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
Management of Otitis Media With Effusion
Intracranial Complications
Possible Developmental Sequelae
Bibliography
Chapter 659 Acute Mastoiditis
Anatomy
Epidemiology
Microbiology
Imaging
Management
Special Situations
Bibliography
Chapter 660 The Inner Ear and Diseases of the Bony Labyrinth
Other Diseases of the Inner Ear
Bibliography
Chapter 661 Traumatic Injuries of the Ear and Temporal Bone
Auricle and External Auditory Canal
Tympanic Membrane and Middle Ear
Temporal Bone Fractures
Acoustic Trauma
Bibliography
Chapter 662 Tumors of the Ear and Temporal Bone
Bibliography
Part XXX The Skin

Chapter 663 Morphology of the Skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous Tissue
Appendageal Structures
Bibliography
Chapter 664 Dermatologic Evaluation of the Patient
Biopsy of Skin
Wood Lamp
Potassium Hydroxide Preparation
Tzanck Smear
Immunofluorescence Studies
Connective Tissue Diseases
Vasculitides
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Cutaneous Manifestations of Malignancy
Cutaneous Reactions in the Setting of Immunosuppression
Drug Rash With Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS

Syndrome)
Serum Sickness–Like Reaction
Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis
Bibliography
Chapter 665 Principles of Dermatologic Therapy
Wet Dressings
Bath Oils, Colloids, Soaps
Lubricants
Shampoos
Shake Lotions
Powders
Pastes
Keratolytic Agents
Tar Compounds
Antifungal Agents
Topical Antibiotics
Topical Corticosteroids
Topical Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents
Sunscreens
Laser Therapy
Bibliography
Chapter 666 Dermatologic Diseases of the Neonate
Sebaceous Hyperplasia
Milia
Sucking Blisters
Cutis Marmorata
Harlequin Color Change
Nevus Simplex (Salmon Patch)
Dermal Melanocytosis (Mongolian Spots)
Erythema Toxicum
Transient Neonatal Pustular Melanosis
Infantile Acropustulosis
Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis
Bibliography
Chapter 667 Cutaneous Defects
Skin Dimples
Redundant Skin
Amniotic Constriction Bands
Preauricular Sinuses and Pits
Accessory Tragi
Branchial Cleft and Thyroglossal Cysts and Sinuses

Supernumerary Nipples
Aplasia Cutis Congenita (Congenital Absence of Skin)
Focal Facial Dermal Dysplasias
Focal Dermal Hypoplasia (Goltz-Gorlin Syndrome)
Dyskeratosis Congenita (Zinsser-Engman-Cole Syndrome)
Cutis Verticis Gyrata
Bibliography
Chapter 668 Ectodermal Dysplasias
Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
Hidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia (Clouston Syndrome)
Bibliography
Chapter 669 Vascular Disorders
Vascular Malformations
Lymphatic Malformations
Arteriovenous Malformation
Klippel-Trenaunay and Parkes-Weber Syndromes
Phakomatosis Pigmentovascularis
Nevus Anemicus
Vascular Tumors
Bibliography
Chapter 670 Cutaneous Nevi
Acquired Melanocytic Nevus
Atypical Melanocytic Nevus
Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
Melanoma
Halo Nevus
Spitz Nevus (Spindle and Epithelioid Cell Nevus)
Zosteriform Lentiginous Nevus (Agminated Lentigines)
Nevus Spilus (Speckled Lentiginous Nevus)
Nevus of Ota and Nevus of Ito
Blue Nevi
Nevus Depigmentosus (Achromic Nevus)
Epidermal Nevi
Nevus Comedonicus
Connective Tissue Nevus
Smooth Muscle Hamartoma
Bibliography
Chapter 671 Hyperpigmented Lesions
Disorders of Pigment
Ephelides (Freckles)
Lentigines
Café-Au-Lait Spots
Incontinentia Pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger Disease)
PostInflammatory Pigmentary Changes
Bibliography
Chapter 672 Hypopigmented Lesions
Albinism
Melanoblast Migration Abnormalities
Bibliography
Chapter 673 Vesiculobullous Disorders
Keywords
Etiology
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Bibliography
Keywords
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex
Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa
Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa
Kindler Syndrome
Bibliography
Keywords
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Pemphigus Foliaceus
Bullous Pemphigoid
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology/Pathogenesis
Pathology
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Pathology
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 674 Eczematous Disorders
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
Diaper Dermatitis
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Etiology
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 675 Photosensitivity
Acute Sunburn Reaction
Photosensitive Reactions
Porphyrias
Colloid Milium
Hydroa Vacciniforme
Solar Urticaria
Polymorphous Light Eruption
Actinic Prurigo
Cockayne Syndrome
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome
Bloom Syndrome
Hartnup Disease
Bibliography
Chapter 676 Diseases of the Epidermis
Pathology
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Pathology
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Histology
Treatment
Bibliography
Histology
Treatment
Bibliography
Histology
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Histology
Treatment
Bibliography
Histology
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Histology
Treatment
Bibliography
Histology
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 677 Disorders of Keratinization
Disorders of Cornification
Collodion Baby
Nonsyndromic Ichthyoses
Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyoses
Keratinopathic Ichthyoses
Other Nonsyndromic Ichthyoses
Syndromic Ichthyoses
Other Syndromes With Ichthyosis
Bibliography
Chapter 678 Diseases of the Dermis
Keloid
Striae Cutis Distensae (Stretch Marks)
Corticosteroid-Induced Atrophy
Granuloma Annulare
Necrobiosis Lipoidica
Lichen Sclerosus
Morphea
Scleredema (Scleredema Adultorum, Scleredema of Buschke)

Lipoid Proteinosis (Urbach-Wiethe Disease, Hyalinosis Cutis Et
Mucosae)
Macular Atrophy (Anetoderma)
Cutis Laxa (Dermatomegaly, Generalized Elastolysis)
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Elastosis Perforans Serpiginosa
Reactive Perforating Collagenosis
Xanthomas
Fabry Disease
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Mastocytosis
Keywords
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 679 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Classification of the 6 Most Common Subtypes of Ehlers-Danlos

Syndrome
General Approach to Management
Bibliography
Chapter 680 Diseases of Subcutaneous Tissue
Corticosteroid-Induced Atrophy
Erythema Nodosum
Post-Steroid Panniculitis
Lupus Erythematosus Profundus (Lupus Erythematosus Panniculitis)
Alpha1 -Antitrypsin Deficiency
Pancreatic Panniculitis
Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis
Sclerema Neonatorum
Cold Panniculitis
Chilblains (Pernio)
Factitial Panniculitis
Bibliography
Partial Lipodystrophy
Generalized Lipodystrophy
Bibliography
Chapter 681 Disorders of the Sweat Glands
Anhidrosis
Hyperhidrosis
Miliaria
Bromhidrosis
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Fox-Fordyce Disease
Bibliography
Chapter 682 Disorders of Hair
Hypertrichosis
Hypotrichosis and Alopecia
Traumatic Alopecia (Traction Alopecia, Hair Pulling, Trichotillomania)
Alopecia Areata
Acquired Diffuse Hair Loss
Congenital Diffuse Hair Loss
Bibliography
Chapter 683 Disorders of the Nails
Abnormalities in Nail Shape or Size
Changes in Nail Color
Nail Separation
Nail Changes Associated With Skin Disease
Trachyonychia (20-Nail Dystrophy)
Nail Infection
Paronychial Inflammation
Paronychial Tumors
Bibliography
Chapter 684 Disorders of the Mucous Membranes
Angular Cheilitis
Aphthous Stomatitis (Canker Sores)
Fordyce Spots
Epstein Pearls (Gingival Cysts of the Newborn)
Mucocele
Fissured Tongue
Geographic Tongue (Benign Migratory Glossitis)
Black Hairy Tongue
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (Vincent Stomatitis,

Fusospirochetal Gingivitis, Trench Mouth)
Noma
Cowden Syndrome (Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome)
Bibliography
Chapter 685 Cutaneous Bacterial Infections
Complications
Treatment
Bibliography
Cellulitis
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Bibliography
Histology
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Blastomycosis-Like Pyoderma (Pyoderma Vegetans)
Blistering Distal Dactylitis
Perianal Infectious Dermatitis
Erysipelas
Folliculitis
Abscesses and Furuncles
Pitted Keratolysis
Erythrasma
Erysipeloid
Tuberculosis of the Skin
Bibliography
Chapter 686 Cutaneous Fungal Infections
Tinea Versicolor
Dermatophytoses
Candidal Infections (Candidosis, Candidiasis, and Moniliasis)
Bibliography
Chapter 687 Cutaneous Viral Infections
Wart (Verruca)
Molluscum Contagiosum
Bibliography
Chapter 688 Arthropod Bites and Infestations
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Norwegian (Crusted) Scabies
Canine Scabies
Other Types of Scabies
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 689 Acne
Acne Vulgaris
Drug-Induced Acne
Halogen Acne
Chloracne
Neonatal Acne
Infantile Acne
Mid-Childhood Acne
Tropical Acne
Acne Conglobata
Acne Fulminans (Acute Febrile Ulcerative Acne)
Bibliography
Chapter 690 Tumors of the Skin

Epidermal Inclusion Cyst (Epidermoid Cyst)
Milium
Fibrofolliculomas
Pilar Cyst (Trichilemmal Cyst)
Pilomatricoma (Pilomatrixoma)
Trichoepithelioma
Eruptive Vellus Hair Cysts
Steatocystoma Multiplex
Syringoma
Infantile Digital Fibroma
Dermatofibroma (Histiocytoma)
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma
Lipoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (Basal Cell Nevus

Syndrome, Gorlin Syndrome)
Melanoma
Mucosal Neuroma Syndrome (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type

Iib)
Bibliography
Chapter 691 Nutritional Dermatoses

Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency
Kwashiorkor
Cystic Fibrosis
Pellagra
Scurvy (Vitamin C or Ascorbic Acid Deficiency)
Vitamin a Deficiency
Bibliography
Part XXXI Bone and Joint Disorders
Section 1 Orthopedic Problems
Chapter 692 Growth and Development
In Utero Positioning
Growth and Development
Centers of Ossification
Gait/Functional Maturation
Bibliography
Chapter 693 Orthopedic Evaluation of the Child
History
Limping
Back Pain
Neurologic Evaluation
Radiographic Assessment
Laboratory Studies
Bibliography
Chapter 694 The Foot and Toes
Radiographic Evaluation
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Juvenile Hallux Valgus (Bunion)
Curly Toes
Overlapping 5Th Toe
Polydactyly
Syndactyly
Hammer Toe
Mallet Toe
Claw Toe
Annular Bands
Macrodactyly
Subungual Exostosis
Ingrown Toenail
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 695 Torsional and Angular Deformities of the Limb
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Foot Progression Angle
Femoral Anteversion
Tibial Rotation
Foot Shape and Position
Bibliography
Keywords
Femoral Anteversion
Medial Tibial Torsion
External Femoral Torsion
Lateral Tibial Torsion
Metatarsus Adductus
Bibliography
Keywords
Genu Varum
Tibia Vara
Genu Valgum (Knock-Knees)
Bibliography
Keywords
Posteromedial Tibial Bowing
Anteromedial Tibial Bowing (Postaxial Hemimelia)
Anterolateral Tibial Bowing
Tibial Longitudinal Deficiency
Bibliography
Chapter 696 Leg-Length Discrepancy
Diagnosis and Clinical Findings
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 697 The Knee
Normal Development of the Knee
Anatomy and Range of Motion
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 698 The Hip
Vascular Supply
Keywords
Classification
Epidemiology
Pathoanatomy
Clinical Findings
Diagnostic Testing
Treatment
Complications
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Classification
Natural History and Prognosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Classification
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Complications
Bibliography
Chapter 699 The Spine
Normal Spinal Curvatures
Keywords
Definition
Etiology
Epidemiology
Classification of Idiopathic Scoliosis
Clinical Presentation of Idiopathic Scoliosis
Physical Examination of Idiopathic Scoliosis
Radiographic Evaluation of Idiopathic Scoliosis
Natural History of Idiopathic Scoliosis
Treatment of Idiopathic Scoliosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Definition
Etiology
Associated Conditions
Classification of Congenital Scoliosis
Natural History of Congenital Scoliosis
Treatment of Congenital Scoliosis
Special Circumstance: Thoracic Insufficiency Syndrome
Bibliography
Keywords
Neuromuscular Scoliosis
Syndromes and Genetic Disorders
Compensatory Scoliosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Flexible Kyphosis (Postural Kyphosis)
Structural Kyphosis
Congenital Kyphosis
Bibliography
Keywords
Clinical Evaluation
Medical Decision Making
Radiographic and Laboratory Evaluation

Bibliography
Keywords
Physical Exam
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Apophysis
Etiology
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 700 The Neck
Keywords
Congenital Muscular Torticollis
Other Causes of Torticollis
Atlantoaxial Rotatory Displacement
Bibliography
Keywords
Etiology and Classification
Radiologic Investigation
Treatment
Bibliography
Keywords
OS Odontoideum
Bibliography
Chapter 701 The Upper Limb
Shoulder
Elbow
Wrist
Hand
Bibliography
Chapter 702 Arthrogryposis
Etiology
Classification
Management of Orthopedic Problems of Arthrogryposis
Foot Problems
Knee Problems
Hip Problems
Upper-Extremity Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 703 Common Fractures
Keywords
Fracture Remodeling
Overgrowth
Progressive Deformity
Rapid Healing
Bibliography
Keywords
Plastic Deformation
Buckle or Torus Fracture
Greenstick Fracture
Complete Fractures
Epiphyseal Fractures
Child Abuse
Bibliography
Keywords
Phalangeal Fractures
Forearm Fractures
Distal Humeral Fractures
Proximal Humerus Fractures
Clavicular Fractures
Bibliography
Keywords
Hip Fracture
Femoral Shaft Fractures
Proximal Tibia Fractures
Tibia and Fibula Shaft Fractures
Toddler Fracture
Triplane and Tillaux Fractures
Metatarsal Fractures
Toe Phalangeal Fractures
Bibliography
Keywords
Surgical Techniques
Bibliography
Keywords
Complications Resulting From Injury
Complications of Treatment
Late Complications of Trauma
Chapter 704 Osteomyelitis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 705 Septic Arthritis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Radionuclide Imaging
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Section 2 Sports Medicine
Chapter 706 Epidemiology and Prevention of Injuries
Preparticipation Sports Examination
Bibliography
Chapter 707 Management of Musculoskeletal Injury

Mechanism of Injury
Initial Evaluation of the Injured Extremity
Transition From Immediate Management to Return to Play
Imaging
Differential Diagnoses of Musculoskeletal Pain
Bibliography
Clavicle Fractures
Acromioclavicular Joint Separation
Anterior Glenohumeral Dislocation
Rotator Cuff Injury
Bibliography
Acute Injuries
Bibliography
Spondylolysis, Spondylolisthesis, and Facet Syndrome
Lumbar Disk Herniation, Strain, and Contusion
Other Causes
Bibliography
Bibliography
Initial Treatment of Acute Knee Injuries
Chronic Injuries
Bibliography
Bibliography
Examination and Injury Grading Scale
Radiographs
Initial Treatment of Ankle Sprains
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 708 Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury (Concussion)
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Assessment of the Injured Player
Management and Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 709 Cervical Spine Injuries
Soft Tissue Injury
Spear Tackler's Spine
Cervical Fractures
Stingers (Burners)
Transient Quadriparesis
Congenital Spinal Stenosis
Spinal Cord Injury
Bibliography
Chapter 710 Heat Injuries
Bibliography
Chapter 711 Female Athletes
Bibliography
Chapter 712 Performance-Enhancing Aids
Bibliography
Chapter 713 Specific Sports and Associated Injuries
Sports Participation, Early Specialization, Injury Risk and Burnout
Football
Baseball/Softball
Basketball/Volleyball
Tennis
Lacrosse
Swimming/Diving
Soccer
Ice Hockey
Field Hockey
Skiing and Snowboarding
Skateboarding
Cycling and Motocross
Wrestling
Running
Cheerleading
Gymnastics
Dance
Adaptive Sports
Bibliography
Section 3 The Skeletal Dysplasias
Chapter 714 General Considerations in Skeletal Dysplasias
Diagnosis
Molecular Genetics
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 715 Disorders Involving Cartilage Matrix Proteins
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasias/Type 2 Collagenopathies
Kniest Dysplasia
Late-Onset Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia
Aggrecan-Related Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasias
Stickler Syndrome/Dysplasia (Hereditary

Osteoarthroophthalmopathy)
Schmid Metaphyseal Dysplasia
Pseudoachondroplasia and Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia
Bibliography
Chapter 716 Disorders Involving Transmembrane Receptors
Achondroplasia Group
Jansen Metaphyseal Dysplasia
Bibliography
Chapter 717 Disorders Involving Ion Transporters
Autosomal Recessive Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia
Bibliography
Chapter 718 Disorders Involving Transcription Factors

Campomelic Dysplasia
Cleidocranial Dysplasia
Nail-Patella Syndrome
Bibliography
Chapter 719 Disorders Involving Defective Bone Resorption
Osteopetrosis
Treatment
Pyknodysostosis
Bibliography
Chapter 720 Other Inherited Disorders of Skeletal Development
Ellis–Van Creveld Syndrome
Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy (See Also Chapter 445.3)
Short-Rib Polydactyly Syndromes
Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia–Anauxetic Spectrum Disorders
Metatropic Dysplasia
Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia, Kozlowski Type
Disorders Involving Filamins
Juvenile Osteochondroses
Caffey Disease (Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis)

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
Bibliography
Chapter 721 Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Other Genes for Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Laboratory Findings
Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
Genetic Counseling
Bibliography
Chapter 722 Marfan Syndrome
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Management
Current Therapies
Emerging Therapeutic Strategies
Prognosis
Genetic Counseling
Bibliography
Section 4 Metabolic Bone Disease
Chapter 723 Bone Structure, Growth, and Hormonal Regulation
Bibliography
Chapter 724 Hypophosphatasia
Bibliography
Chapter 725 Hyperphosphatasia
Bibliography
Chapter 726 Osteoporosis
Bibliography
Part XXXII Rehabilitation Medicine
Chapter 727 Evaluation of the Child for Rehabilitative Services
Child Characteristics
Family Characteristics
The Physical Environment
The Previously Healthy Child
Chapter 728 Rehabilitation for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Pathophysiology
Severity
Medical Complications
Spasticity
Bibliography
Chapter 729 Spinal Cord Injury and Autonomic Dysreflexia Management
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 730 Spasticity
Oral Medications
Surgical Management
Bibliography
Chapter 731 Birth Brachial Plexus Palsy
Evaluation
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 732 Meningomyelocele (Spina Bifida)
Etiology
Prevention
Prenatal Screening
Clinical Implications
Adolescence and Transition to Adulthood
Bibliography
Chapter 733 Ambulation Assistance
Orthoses
Prostheses
Assistive Mobility Devices
Wheelchair
Bibliography
Chapter 734 Health and Wellness for Children With Disabilities
Health Promotion Definitions and Background for Disability
Anticipatory Guidance, Counseling, and Preventive Care
Physical Activity and Exercise
Nutrition and Obesity
Emotional Health and Leisure Activities
Dental Care
Role of Healthcare Providers
Keywords
Preparation
Community Resources
Subacute Care
Emergency and Acute Care
Quality of Life
Bibliography
Bibliography
Part XXXIII Environmental Health
Chapter 735 Overview of Environmental Health and Children

Global Climate Change
Localized Environmental Hazards
Toxins Versus Toxicants
Mycotoxins
Food-Borne Diseases Caused by Environmental Exposures
Bibliography
Chapter 736 Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Children
Basic Principles
Biologic Effects of Radiation
Radiation Exposure in Diagnostic Imaging of Children
Decreasing Unnecessary Diagnostic Radiation in Children While Still

Obtaining Diagnostic Images
Radiation Therapy—Acute and Late Effects
Whole-Body Irradiation
Internal Contamination
External Contamination
Bibliography
Chapter 737 Chemical Pollutants
Synthetic Chemicals and Human Health
Children's Unique Susceptibility to Synthetic Chemicals

Safety Testing of Synthetic Chemicals
Synthetic Chemicals and Disease in Children
Chemical Pollutants of Major Concern
Health Hazards of Unconventional Natural Gas Development

(Fracking)
The Physician's Role
Keywords
Composition of Second-Hand Smoke and Toxicities
Tobacco Use and Exposure Is A Health Risk Disparity
Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Tobacco Smoke Exposure

During Pregnancy
Postnatal Second-Hand Smoke Exposure—Effects on the Child
Treatment for Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke Exposure
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 738 Heavy Metal Intoxication
Arsenic
Mercury
Treatment of Arsenic and Mercury Intoxication
Bibliography
Chapter 739 Lead Poisoning
Public Health History
Sources of Exposure
Metabolism
Clinical Effects
Clinical Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 740 Nonbacterial Food Poisoning
Keywords
Gastrointestinal: Delayed Onset
Renal: Delayed Onset
Autonomic Nervous System: Rapid Onset
Central Nervous System: Rapid Onset
Gastrointestinal: Rapid Onset
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Keywords
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning
Scombroid (Pseudoallergic) Fish Poisoning
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning
Pufferfish Poisoning
Azaspiracid Poisoning
Bibliography
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 741 Biologic and Chemical Terrorism*
Etiology
Epidemiology and Pediatric-Specific Concerns
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 742 Mass Psychogenic Illness

Clinical Features and Diagnosis
Treatment Strategies
Bibliography
Chapter 743 Animal and Human Bites
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 744 Rat Bite Fever
Etiology
Clinical Course
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 745 Monkeypox
Etiology
Clinical Course
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 746 Envenomations
General Approach to the Envenomated Child
Snake Bites
Spider Bites
Scorpion Stings
Hymenoptera Stings
Marine Envenomation
Bibliography
Part XXXIV Laboratory Medicine
Chapter 747 Laboratory Testing in Infants and Children
Accuracy and Precision of Laboratory Tests
Sensitivity, Accuracy, and Analytic Testing
Predictive Value of Laboratory Tests
Neonatal Screening Tests
Testing in Refining a Differential Diagnosis
Bibliography
Chapter 748 Reference Intervals for Laboratory Tests and Procedures
Bibliography (for Table 748.5)
Index
Copyright
NELSON TEXTBOOK OF PEDIATRICS, TWENTY-FIRST EDITION ISBN:
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IE ISBN: 978-0-323-56890-6
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Dedication
To the Child's Physician who through their expressed confidence in

past editions of this book have provided the stimulus for this revision.
May we continue to be a resource of helpful information for clinicians
who care for all of our children.
R.M. Kliegman
Contributors
Nadia Y. Abidi MD
Resident Physician
Department of Dermatology
University of Missouri School of Medicine
Columbia, Missouri
Cutaneous Defects
Ectodermal Dysplasias
Mark J. Abzug MD
Vice Chair for Academic Affairs
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Children's Hospital Colorado
Aurora, Colorado
Nonpolio Enteroviruses
David R. Adams MD, PhD
Associate Investigator, Undiagnosed Diseases Program
Senior Staff Clinician
National Human Genome Research Institute
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
Genetic Approaches to Rare and Undiagnosed
Diseases
Nicholas S. Adams MD
Plastic Surgery Resident
Spectrum Health Hospitals
Michigan State University
Grand Rapids, Michigan
Deformational Plagiocephaly
Stewart L. Adelson MD
Assistant Clinical Professor
Department of Psychiatry
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor
Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University
New York, New York
Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents

Shawn K. Ahlfeld MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Attending Neonatologist, Perinatal Institute
Cincinnati, Ohio
Respiratory Tract Disorders
Osman Z. Ahmad MD
Fellow in Pediatric Gastroenterology
University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
Birmingham, Alabama
Clostridium difficile Infection
John J. Aiken MD, FACS, FAAP
Professor of Surgery
Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery
The Children's Hospital of Wisconsin
Acute Appendicitis
Inguinal Hernias
Epigastric Hernia
Incisional Hernia
Cezmi A. Akdis MD
Professor of Immunology
Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research
Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education
Davos, Switzerland;
Medical Faculty, University of Zurich
Zurich, Switzerland
Allergy and the Immunologic Basis of Atopic Disease
Evaline A. Alessandrini MD, MSCE
Professor of Clinical Pediatrics
Division of Emergency Medicine
Director, Quality Scholars Program in Health Care Transformation
Cincinnati, Ohio
Outcomes and Risk Adjustment of Emergency Medical

Services
Michael A. Alexander MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Rehabilitation Medicine
Thomas Jefferson Medical College
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
Emeritus Medical Staff
Nemours Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Wilmington, Delaware
Evaluation of the Child for Rehabilitative Services
Omar Ali MD
Pediatric Endocrinology
Valley Children's Hospital
Madera, California
Hyperpituitarism, Tall Stature, and Overgrowth

Syndromes
Hypofunction of the Testes
Pseudoprecocity Resulting from Tumors of the Testes
Gynecomastia
Karl E. Anderson MD, FACP
Professor of Preventive Medicine and Community Health and Internal Medicine
Director, Porphyria Laboratory and Center
University of Texas Medical Branch
Galveston, Texas
The Porphyrias
Kelly K. Anthony PhD, PLLC
Assistant Professor
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, North Carolina
Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes
Alia Y. Antoon MD, DCH
Senior Fellow
American Academy of Pediatrics
Honorary Pediatrician
MassGeneral Hospital for Children
Burn Injuries
Cold Injuries
Susan D. Apkon MD
Professor
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
University of Colorado
Denver, Colorado;
Chief, Pediatric Rehabilitation
Aurora, Colorado
Ambulation Assistance
Stacy P. Ardoin MD, MHS
Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine
Division of Adult and Pediatric Rheumatology
The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
Nationwide Children's Hospital
Columbus, Ohio
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Vasculitis Syndromes
Alexandre Arkader MD
Attending Orthopaedic Surgeon
Common Fractures
Thaís Armangué MD, PhD
Pediatric Neurologist
Neuroimmunology Program
IDIBAPS—Hospital Clinic–Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (Barcelona)
University of Barcelona
Barcelona, Spain
Autoimmune Encephalitis
Carola A.S. Arndt MD
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota
Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Paul L. Aronson MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine
Yale School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut
Fever in the Older Child
David M. Asher MD
Supervisory Medical Officer and Chief
Laboratory of Bacterial and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Agents
Division of Emerging and Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases
US Food and Drug Administration
Silver Spring, Maryland
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
Ann Ashworth PhD, Hon FRCPCH
Professor Emeritus
Department of Population Health
Nutrition Group
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
London, United Kingdom
Nutrition, Food Security, and Health

Amit Assa MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Sackler Faculty of Medicine
Tel Aviv University
Tel Aviv, Israel;
Head, IBD Unit
Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Liver Diseases
Schneider Children's Medical Center
Petah Tikva, Israel
Immunodeficiency Disorders
Barbara L. Asselin MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Oncology
University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Golisano Children's Hospital and Wilmot Cancer Institute
Rochester, New York
Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer
Christina M. Astley MD, ScD
Instructor in Pediatrics
Attending Physician
Division of Endocrinology
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes
Joann L. Ater MD
Professor
Department of Pediatrics Patient Care
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, Texas
Brain Tumors in Childhood

Neuroblastoma
Norrell Atkinson MD, FAAP
Drexel University College of Medicine
Child Protection Program
St. Christopher's Hospital for Children
Adolescent Sexual Assault
Erika U. Augustine MD
Associate Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics
Associate Director, Center for Health + Technology
University of Rochester Medical Center
Rochester, New York
Dystonia
Marilyn C. Augustyn MD
Boston University School of Medicine
Boston Medical Center
Impact of Violence on Children
Yaron Avitzur MD
Associate Professor
University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
The Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto, Canada
Short Bowel Syndrome
Carlos A. Bacino MD
Professor and Vice Chair of Clinical Affairs
Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
Baylor College of Medicine
Director, Pediatrics Genetics Clinic
Texas Children's Hospital
Houston, Texas
Cytogenetics
Zinzi D. Bailey ScD, MSPH
Assistant Scientist
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Miami, Florida
Racism and Child Health

Binod Balakrishnan MBBS
Assistant Professor
Division of Pediatric Critical Care
Children's Hospital of Wisconsin
Brain Death
Frances B. Balamuth MD, PhD, MSCE
Associate Director of Research
Co-Director, Pediatric Sepsis Program
Triage of the Acutely Ill Child
Robert N. Baldassano MD
Colman Family Chair in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Professor of
Pediatrics
Director, Center for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
Keith D. Baldwin MD, MSPT, MPH
Assistant Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Attending Physician
Neuromuscular Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Trauma

Evaluation of the Child
Torsional and Angular Deformities
Common Fractures
Christina Bales MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicineMedical Director,
Intestinal Rehabilitation Program
Intestinal Atresia, Stenosis, and Malrotation

William F. Balistreri MD
Medical Director Emeritus, Pediatric Liver Care Center
Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
Cincinnati, Ohio
Morphogenesis of the Liver and Biliary System
Manifestations of Liver Disease
Cholestasis
Metabolic Diseases of the Liver
Viral Hepatitis
Liver Disease Associated with Systemic Disorders
Mitochondrial Hepatopathies
Allison Ballantine MD, MEd
Co-Director Med Ed Program, Graduate School of Education
Section Chief, Inpatient Services
Division of General Pediatrics
Malnutrition
Robert S. Baltimore MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Epidemiology
Clinical Professor of Nursing
Professor of Pediatrics and Epidemiology
Clinical Professor of Nursing
Associate Director of Hospital Epidemiology (for Pediatrics)
Yale–New Haven Hospital
Listeria monocytogenes
Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas
Infective Endocarditis
Manisha Balwani MBBS, MS
Associate Professor of Medicine and Genetics and Genomic Sciences
New York, New York
The Porphyrias
Vaneeta Bamba MD
Medical Director, Diagnostic and Research Growth Center
Assessment of Growth
Brenda L. Banwell MD
Grace R. Loeb Endowed Chair in Neurosciences
Chief, Division of Neurology
Director, Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Clinic
Central Nervous System Vasculitis
Sarah F. Barclay PhD
Department of Medical Genetics
Cumming School of Medicine at University of Calgary
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Rapid-Onset Obesity with Hypothalamic Dysfunction,
Hypoventilation, and Autonomic Dysregulation
(ROHHAD)
Maria E. Barnes-Davis MD, PhD
Attending Neonatologist
Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology
Cincinnati, Ohio
The High-Risk Infant
Karyl S. Barron MD
Deputy Director
Division of Intramural Research
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Bethesda, Maryland
Amyloidosis
Donald Basel MBBCh
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Genetics
Chief, Medical Genetics Division
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Dorsey M. Bass MD
Stanford University School of Medicine
Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology
Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital
Palo Alto, California
Rotaviruses, Caliciviruses, and Astroviruses
Mary T. Bassett MD, MPH
FXB Professor of the Practice of Public Health and Human Rights
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Christian P. Bauerfeld MD
Wayne State University School of Medicine
Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
Children's Hospital of Michigan
Detroit, Michigan
Mechanical Ventilation
Rebecca A. Baum MD
Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics
The Ohio State University College of Medicine
Chief, Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics
Columbus, Ohio
Positive Parenting and Support
Michael J. Bell MD
Professor, Pediatrics and Critical Care Medicine
Chief, Critical Care Medicine
Children's National Medical Center
The George Washington University School of Medicine
Washington, DC
Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization

Nicole R. Bender MD
Resident Physician
Morphology of the Skin
Dermatologic Evaluation of the Patient
Eczematous Disorders
Photosensitivity
Diseases of the Epidermis
Daniel K. Benjamin Jr, MD, PhD, MPH
Kiser-Arena Professor of Pediatrics
Duke Clinical Research Institute
Principles of Antifungal Therapy
Candida
Michael J. Bennett PhD, FRCPath, FACB
Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Director, Michael J. Palmieri Metabolic Disease Laboratory
Disorders of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation
Daniel Bernstein MD
Alfred Woodley Salter and Mabel G. Salter Endowed Professor in Pediatrics
Associate Dean for Curriculum and Scholarship
Cardiac Development
The Fetal to Neonatal Circulatory Transition
History and Physical Examination in Cardiac
Evaluation
Laboratory Cardiac Evaluation
Epidemiology and Genetic Basis of Congenital Heart
Disease
Evaluation and Screening of the Infant or Child with
Congenital Heart Disease
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Left-to-Right
Shunt Lesions
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: The Obstructive
Lesions
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Regurgitant
Lesions
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Evaluation of the
Critically Ill Neonate with Cyanosis and Respiratory
Distress
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Lesions: Lesions
Associated with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Lesions
Associated with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow
Other Congenital Heart and Vascular Malformations
Pulmonary Hypertension
General Principles of Treatment of Congenital Heart
Disease
Diseases of the Blood Vessels (Aneurysms and
Fistulas)
Henry H. Bernstein DO, MHCM, FAAP
Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York
New Hyde Park, New York
Immunization Practices
Diana X. Bharucha-Goebel MD
Assistant Professor, Neurology and Pediatrics
Washington, DC;
Clinical Research Collaborator
National Institutes of Health/NINDS
Neurogenetics Branch/NNDCS
Bethesda, Maryland
Muscular Dystrophies
Myasthenia Gravis
Giant Axonal Neuropathy
Holly M. Biggs MD, MPH
Medical Epidemiologist
Respiratory Viruses Branch, Division of Viral Diseases
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Atlanta, Georgia
Parainfluenza Viruses
Samra S. Blanchard MD
Associate Professor
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children

Joshua A. Blatter MD, MPH
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary
Medicine
Researcher, Patient Oriented Research Unit
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
St. Louis, Missouri
Congenital Disorders of the Lung
Archie Bleyer MD, FRCP (Glasg)
Clinical Research Professor
Knight Cancer Center
Oregon Health & Science University
Chair, Institutional Review Board for St. Charles Health System
Portland, Oregon;
Houston, Texas
Principles of Cancer Treatment
The Leukemias
Nathan J. Blum MD
William H. Bennett Professor of Pediatrics
Chief, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
Steven R. Boas MD, FAAP, FACSM

Director, The Cystic Fibrosis Center of Chicago
President and CEO, The Cystic Fibrosis Institute
Glenview, Illinois;
Clinical Professor of Pediatrics
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
Emphysema and Overinflation
α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Emphysema
Other Distal Airway Diseases
Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function
Walter O. Bockting PhD
Professor of Medical Psychology (in Psychiatry and Nursing)
Research Scientist, New York State Psychiatric Institute
Division of Gender, Sexuality, and Health
Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York, New York
Gender and Sexual Identity
Transgender Care
Mark Boguniewicz MD
Division of Allergy-Immunology
National Jewish Health
Denver, Colorado
Ocular Allergies
Michael J. Boivin PhD, MPH
Professor of Psychiatry and of Neurology and Ophthalmology
Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine
East Lansing, Michigan
Nodding Syndrome
Daniel J. Bonthius MD, PhD
Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology
University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
Iowa City, Iowa
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Brett J. Bordini MD, FAAP
Division of Hospital Medicine
Nelson Service for Undiagnosed and Rare Diseases
Director, Medical Spanish Curriculum
Plastic Bronchitis
Kristopher R. Bosse MD
Attending Physician
Division of Oncology
Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer
Bret L. Bostwick MD
Assistant Professor
Houston, Texas
Genetics of Common Disorders
Kenneth M. Boyer MD
Professor and Woman's Board Chair, Emeritus
Rush University Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)

Jennifer M. Brady MD
Perinatal Institute
Division of Neonatology
Cincinnati, Ohio
Transport of the Critically Ill Newborn
Neonatal Resuscitation and Delivery Room
Emergencies
Patrick W. Brady MD, MSc
Attending Physician, Division of Hospital Medicine
Cincinnati, Ohio
Safety in Healthcare for Children
Rebecca C. Brady MD
Cincinnati, Ohio
Congenital and Perinatal Infections
Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides Species)
Samuel L. Brady MS, PhD
Clinical Medical Physicist
Cincinnati Children's Hospital
Associate Professor of Radiology
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio
Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Children

Amanda M. Brandow DO, MS
Associate Professor
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
Enzymatic Defects
Hemolytic Anemias Resulting from Extracellular
Factors—Immune Hemolytic Anemias
Hemolytic Anemias Secondary to Other Extracellular
Factors
Polycythemia
Nonclonal Polycythemia
David T. Breault MD, PhD
Diabetes Insipidus
Other Abnormalities of Arginine Vasopressin
Metabolism and Action
Cora Collette Breuner MD, MPH
Adjunct Professor of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
University of Washington School of Medicine
Division of Adolescent Medicine
Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Seattle Children's Hospital
Seattle, Washington
Substance Abuse
Adolescent Pregnancy
Carolyn Bridgemohan MD
Co-Director Autism Spectrum Center
Division of Developmental Medicine
Autism Spectrum Disorder
William J. Britt MD
Charles A. Alford Professor of Pediatrics
Professor of Microbiology and Neurobiology
University of Alabama Birmingham School of Medicine
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Children's of Alabama
Birmingham, Alabama
Cytomegalovirus
Laura Brower MD
Cincinnati, Ohio
Fever Without a Focus in the Neonate and Young

Infant
Rebeccah L. Brown MD
Professor of Clinical Surgery and Pediatrics
Co-Director of Pectus Program
Associate Director of Trauma Services
Cincinnati, Ohio
Meconium Ileus, Peritonitis, and Intestinal
Obstruction
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
J. Naylor Brownell MD
Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Meghen B. Browning MD
The Medical College of Wisconsin
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology
Pancreatic Tumors
Nicola Brunetti-Pierri MD
Associate Professor
Department of Translational Medicine
University of Naples Federico II
Associate Investigator, Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)
Naples, Italy
Management and Treatment of Genetic Disorders

Phillip R. Bryant DO
Professor
Division of Rehabilitation Medicine
Rehabilitation for Severe Traumatic Brain injury
Spinal Cord Injury and Autonomic Dysreflexia
Management
Rebecca H. Buckley MD
J. Buren Sidbury Professor of Pediatrics
Professor of Immunology
Duke University School of Medicine
Evaluation of Suspected Immunodeficiency
The T-, B-, and NK-Cell Systems
T Lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes, and Natural Killer
Cells
Primary Defects of Antibody Production
Treatment of B-Cell Defects
Primary Defects of Cellular Immunity
Immunodeficiencies Affecting Multiple Cell Types
Cynthia Etzler Budek MS, APN/NP, CPNP-AC/PC
Pediatric Nurse Practitioner
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Transitional Care/Pulmonary Habilitation Unit
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Other Conditions Affecting Respiration
Supinda Bunyavanich MD, MPH, MPhil
Associate Professor
Associate Director, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute
Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences
New York, New York
Diagnosis of Allergic Disease

Carey-Ann D. Burnham PhD D(ABMM), FIDSA, F(AAM)
Professor of Pathology and Immunology, Molecular Microbiology, Pediatrics,
and Medicine
Medical Director, Microbiology
Barnes Jewish Hospital
St. Louis, Missouri
Diagnostic Microbiology
Gale R. Burstein MD, MPH
Clinical Professor
University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Commissioner, Erie County Department of Health
Buffalo, New York
The Epidemiology of Adolescent Health Problems

Transitioning to Adult Care
The Breast
Menstrual Problems
Contraception
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Amaya L. Bustinduy MD, PhD, MPH
Associate Professor in Tropical Pediatrics
Department of Clinical Research
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma)
Flukes (Liver, Lung, and Intestinal)
Jill P. Buyon MD
Professor of Medicine (Rheumatology)
Director, Division of Rheumatology
New York University School of Medicine
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, New York
Neonatal Lupus
Miguel M. Cabada MD, MSc
Assistant Professor
Division of Infectious Diseases
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
Galveston, Texas
Echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus and
Echinococcus multilocularis)
Michaela Cada MD, FRCPC, FAAP, MPH
Assistant Professor
Director, Education Training Program
Division of Hematology/Oncology
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes with
Pancytopenia
Derya Caglar MD
Associate Professor
Fellowship Director, Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Attending Physician
Seattle, Washington
Drowning and Submersion Injury

Mitchell S. Cairo MD
Professor
Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
and Cell Biology and Anatomy
New York Medical College
Chief, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell
Transplantation
Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center
Valhalla, New York
Lymphoma
Diane P. Calello MD
Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine
Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School
Executive and Medical Director
New Jersey Poison Information and Education System
Newark, New Jersey
Nonbacterial Food Poisoning

Lauren E. Camarda MD
Pediatric Pulmonology
Advocate Children's Hospital
Park Ridge, Illinois
Bronchitis
Lindsay Hatzenbuehler Cameron MD, MPH
Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Houston, Texas
Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Bruce M. Camitta MD
Rebecca Jean Slye Professor of Pediatrics
Midwest Children's Cancer Center
Polycythemia
Nonclonal Polycythemia
Anatomy and Function of the Spleen
Splenomegaly
Hyposplenism, Splenic Trauma, and Splenectomy
Anatomy and Function of the Lymphatic System
Abnormalities of Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphadenopathy
Angela J.P. Campbell MD, MPH
Medical Officer
Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division
Atlanta, Georgia
Influenza Viruses
Parainfluenza Viruses
Rebecca F. Carlin MD
Attending Physician
Division of General and Community Pediatrics
Children's National Health System
George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Washington, DC
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Michael R. Carr MD
Division of Cardiology
Chicago, Illinois
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Robert B. Carrigan MD
Assistant Clinical Professor
Pediatric Hand Surgeon
The Upper Limb

Michael S. Carroll
Research Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Chicago, Illinois
Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome

Rebecca G. Carter MD
Assistant Professor
Baltimore, Maryland
The Second Year
The Preschool Years
Mary T. Caserta MD
Golisano Children's Hospital
Rochester, New York
Roseola (Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7)
Human Herpesvirus 8
Jennifer I. Chapman MD
Program Director, Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellowship
Washington, DC
Principles Applicable to the Developing World
Ira M. Cheifetz MD, FCCM, FAARC
Professor of Pediatrics and Anesthesiology
Executive Director and Chief Medical Officer
Duke Children's Hospital
Associate Chief Medical Officer
Duke University Hospital
Pediatric Emergencies and Resuscitation
Shock
Gisela G. Chelimsky MD
Children's Hospital Milwaukee
Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions

Postural Tachycardia Syndrome
Thomas C. Chelimsky MD
Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome
Wassim Chemaitilly MD
Associate Member and Director
Department of Pediatric Medicine
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Memphis, Tennessee
Physiology of Puberty
Disorders of Pubertal Development
Yuan-Tsong Chen MD, PhD
Professor of Pediatrics and Genetics
Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates

Jennifer A. Chiriboga PhD
Pediatric and School Psychologist
Assistant Professor
Department of Counseling, Psychology, and Special Education
Duquesne University School of Psychology
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Anxiety Disorders
Yvonne E. Chiu MD
Associate Professor of Dermatology and Pediatrics
Division of Pediatric Dermatology
Morphology of the Skin
Dermatologic Evaluation of the Patient
Eczematous Disorders
Photosensitivity
Diseases of the Epidermis
Christine B. Cho MD
Division of Allergy-Immunology
Denver, Colorado
Ocular Allergies
Adverse Reactions to Drugs
Hey Jin Chong MD, PhD
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Chief, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh
Infections in Immunocompromised Persons

Stella T. Chou MD
Associate Professor
Development of the Hematopoietic System
John C. Christenson MD
Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health
Indiana University School of Medicine
Indianapolis, Indiana
Health Advice for Children Traveling Internationally
Robert H. Chun MD
Associate Professor of Pediatric Otolaryngology
Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences
Acute Mastoiditis
Michael J. Chusid MD
Professor (Infectious Disease)
Medical Director, Infection Prevention and Control
Infection Prevention and Control

Other Anaerobic Infections
Theodore J. Cieslak MD, MPH, FAAP, FIDSA
Associate Professor of Epidemiology
Associate Director, Center for Biosecurity, Biopreparedness, and Emerging
Infectious Diseases
University of Nebraska Medical Center
College of Public Health
Omaha, Nebraska
Biologic and Chemical Terrorism
Donna J. Claes MD, MS, BS Pharm
Division of Pediatric Nephrology
Cincinnati, Ohio
Chronic Kidney Disease
End-Stage Renal Disease
Jeff A. Clark MD
Associate Professor
Detroit, Michigan
Respiratory Distress and Failure

John David Clemens MD, PhD (Hon)
Professor and Vice Chair
Department of Epidemiology
Founding Director, Center for Global Infectious Diseases
UCLA Fielding School of Public Health
Los Angeles, California;
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
Dhaka, Bangladesh
International Immunization Practices
Thomas D. Coates MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Pathology
University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
Head, Section of Hematology
Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases
Children's Hospital of Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California
Neutrophils
Disorders of Phagocyte Function
Susan E. Coffin MD, MPH
Distinguished Chair in the Department of Pediatrics
Associate Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases
Childcare and Communicable Diseases
Joanna S. Cohen MD
George Washington University School of Medicine
Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Washington, DC
Care of Abrasions and Minor Lacerations

Mitchell B. Cohen MD
Katharine Reynolds Ireland Endowed Chair in Pediatrics
Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics
University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
Physician-in-Chief
Children's of Alabama
Birmingham, Alabama
Clostridium difficile Infection

Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez MD
Duke Clinical Research Institute
Robert A. Colbert MD, PhD
Acting Clinical Director
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
Chief, Pediatric Translational Branch
Bethesda, Maryland
Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Spondylarthritides

Reactive and Postinfectious Arthritis
F. Sessions Cole III, MD
Assistant Vice-Chancellor for Children's Health
Park J. White Professor of Pediatrics
Professor of Cell Biology and Physiology
Chief Medical Officer
Vice-Chairman, Department of Pediatrics
Director of Newborn Medicine
St. Louis Children's Hospital
St. Louis, Missouri
Inherited Disorders of Surfactant Metabolism

Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
J. Michael Collaco MD, MS, MBA, MPH, PhD
Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
John L. Colombo MD
University of Nebraska College of Medicine
Division of Pediatric Pulmonology
Nebraska Regional Cystic Fibrosis Center
Omaha, Nebraska
Aspiration Syndromes
Chronic Recurrent Aspiration
Joseph A. Congeni MD
Director, Sports Medicine Center
Akron Children's Hospital
Akron, Ohio;
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Sports Medicine
Northeast Ohio Medical University
Rootstown, Ohio;
Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Sports Medicine
Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine
Athens, Ohio
Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury (Concussion)

Cervical Spinal Spine Injuries
Lindsay N. Conner MD, MPH
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Benefis Health System
Great Falls, Montana
Breast Concerns
Sarah M. Creighton MBBS
Professor and Consultant Gynaecologist
Department of Women's Health
University College London Hospitals
Female Genital Mutilation
James E. Crowe Jr, MD
Ann Scott Carell Chair and Professor of Pediatrics
Professor of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
Director, Vanderbilt Vaccine Center
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Nashville, Tennessee
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Human Metapneumovirus
Steven J. Czinn MD
Professor and Chair
Baltimore, Maryland
Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children
Aarti S. Dalal DO
Division of Pediatric Cardiology
St Louis Children's Hospital
St. Louis, Missouri
Syncope
Disturbances of Rate and Rhythm of the Heart
Sudden Death
Josep O. Dalmau MD, PhD
Research Professor ICREA-IDIBAPS
Service of Neurology
Hospital Clinic
University of Barcelona
Barcelona, Spain;
Adjunct Professor of Neurology
Autoimmune Encephalitis
Lara A. Danziger-Isakov MD, MPH
Director, Immunocompromised Host Infectious Disease
Cincinnati, Ohio
Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum)

Toni Darville MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases
Vice-Chair of Pediatric Research
North Carolina Children's Hospital
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus)

Robert S. Daum MD, CM, MSc
Professor of Medicine
Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health
Baltimore, Maryland
Haemophilus influenzae
Loren T. Davidson MD
Clinical Professor
University of California, Davis School of Medicine
Davis, California;
Director, Spinal Cord Injury
Shriners Hospital for Children
Sacramento, California
Spasticity
Richard S. Davidson MD
Emeritus Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
The Foot and Toes

Leg-Length Discrepancy
Arthrogryposis
H. Dele Davies MD, MS, MHCM
Vice-Chancellor for Academic Affairs
Dean for Graduate Studies
Omaha, Nebraska
Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)

Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections
Leptospira
Relapsing Fever (Borrelia)
Najat C. Daw MD
Professor
Division of Pediatrics
Houston, Texas
Neoplasms of the Kidney

Shannon L. Dean MD, PhD
Instructor in Neurology and Pediatrics
Rochester, New York
Dystonia
Helen M. Oquendo Del Toro, MD
Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
Clinical Assistant Professor
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Vulvovaginitis
David R. DeMaso MD
Psychiatrist-in-Chief
The Leon Eisenberg Chair in Psychiatry
Boston Children's Hospital;
George P. Gardner and Olga E. Monks Professor of Child Psychiatry
Psychosocial Assessment and Interviewing

Psychopharmacology
Psychotherapy and Psychiatric Hospitalization
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Rumination and Pica
Motor Disorders and Habits
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Suicide and Attempted Suicide
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
Tantrums and Breath-Holding Spells
Lying, Stealing, and Truancy
Aggression
Self-Injurious Behavior
Childhood Psychoses
Mark R. Denison MD
Craig-Weaver Professor of Pediatrics
Professor of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt
Coronaviruses
Arlene E. Dent MD, PhD
Center for Global Health and Diseases
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
Cleveland, Ohio
Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)

Trichuriasis (Trichuris trichiura)
Enterobiasis (Enterobius vermicularis)
Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis)
Lymphatic Filariasis (Brugia malayi, Brugia timori,
and Wuchereria bancrofti)
Other Tissue Nematodes
Toxocariasis (Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans)
Trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis)
Robert J. Desnick MD, PhD
Dean for Genetics and Genomic Medicine
Professor and Chair Emeritus, Genetics and Genomic Sciences
Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Oncological Sciences, and Obstetrics,
Gynecology and Reproductive Science
New York, New York
Lipidoses (Lysosomal Storage Disorders)

Mucolipidoses
Disorders of Glycoprotein Degradation and Structure
The Porphyrias
Robin R. Deterding MD
Chief, Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine
Director, Breathing Institute
Co-Chair, Children's Interstitial and Diffuse Lung Disease Research Network
Medical Director, Children's Colorado Innovation Center
Aurora, Colorado
Fibrotic Lung Disease

Prasad Devarajan MD, FAAP
Louise M. Williams Endowed Chair
Professor of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology
Director of Nephrology and Hypertension
CEO, Dialysis Unit
Cincinnati, Ohio
Multisystem Disease Associated with Hematuria
Tubulointerstitial Disease Associated with Hematuria
Vascular Disease Associated with Hematuria
Anatomic Abnormalities Associated with Hematuria
Lower Urinary Tract Causes of Hematuria
Acute Kidney Injury
Gabrielle A. deVeber MD, MHSc
Children's Stroke Program
Division of Neurology
Senior Scientist Emeritus, Research Institute
Hospital for Sick Children
Pediatric Stroke
Vineet Dhar BDS, MDS, PhD,
Clinical Professor and Chairman
Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry
Director, Advanced Specialty Education Program, Pediatric Dentistry
Diplomate, American Board of Pediatric Dentistry
University of Maryland School of Dentistry
Baltimore, Maryland
Development and Developmental Anomalies of the

Teeth
Disorders of the Oral Cavity Associated with Other
Conditions
Malocclusion
Cleft Lip and Palate
Syndromes with Oral Manifestations
Dental Caries
Periodontal Diseases
Dental Trauma
Common Lesions of the Oral Soft Tissues
Diseases of the Salivary Glands and Jaws
Diagnostic Radiology in Dental Assessment
Anil Dhawan MD, FRCPCH
Professor of Pediatric Hepatology
Pediatric Liver GI and Nutrition Centre
MowatLabs King's College London School of Medicine at King's College
Hospital NSH Foundation Trust
Liver and Biliary Disorders Causing Malabsorption
André A.S. Dick MD, MPH, FACS
Associate Professor of Surgery
Division of Transplantation
Section of Pediatric Transplantation
Seattle, Washington
Intestinal Transplantation in Children with Intestinal

Failure
Harry C. Dietz III, MD
Victor A. McKusick Professor of Medicine and Genetics
Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Molecular Biology and Genetics
Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Institute of Genetic Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Marfan Syndrome
Daren A. Diiorio MD
Resident Physician
Principles of Dermatologic Therapy
Cutaneous Bacterial Infections
Cutaneous Fungal Infections
Cutaneous Viral Infections
Arthropod Bites and Infestations
Linda A. DiMeglio MD, MPH
Professor
Indiana University Clinical and Translational Science Institute
Riley Hospital for Children
Hypophosphatasia
Hyperphosphatasia
Bradley P. Dixon MD, FASN
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine
Renal Section, Department of Pediatrics
Kidney Center
Aurora, Colorado
Tubular Function
Renal Tubular Acidosis
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Inherited Tubular Transport Abnormalities
Nomazulu Dlamini MBBS, PhD
Staff Physician in Neurology
Director, Children's Stroke Program
Hospital for Sick Children
Pediatric Stroke
Sonam N. Dodhia MD
Resident Physician
New York-Presbyterian Hospital
New York, New York
Congenital Disorders of the Nose
Acquired Disorders of the Nose
Nasal Polyps
General Considerations and Evaluation of the Ear
Hearing Loss
Congenital Malformations of the Ear
External Otitis (Otitis Externa)
The Inner Ear and Diseases of the Bony Labyrinth
Traumatic Injuries of the Ear and Temporal Bone
Tumors of the Ear and Temporal Bone
Patricia A. Donohoue MD
Chief, Pediatric Endocrinology
Medical Director, Pediatric Endocrinology
Development and Function of the Gonads
Hypofunction of the Testes
Pseudoprecocity Resulting from Tumors of the Testes
Gynecomastia
Hypofunction of the Ovaries
Pseudoprecocity Resulting from Lesions of the Ovary
Disorders of Sex Development
Kevin J. Downes MD
Attending Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)

Brucella
Alexander J. Doyle MBBS, MDRes, FRCA
William Harvey Research Institute
Barts and The London School of Medicine
Queen Mary University of London
Marfan Syndrome
Daniel A. Doyle MD
Thomas Jefferson University Sidney Kimmel Medical College
Chief, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology
Hormones and Peptides of Calcium Homeostasis and
Bone Metabolism
Hypoparathyroidism
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Albright Hereditary
Osteodystrophy)
Hyperparathyroidism
Jefferson J. Doyle MBBChir, PhD, MHS
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Wilmer Eye Institute
Johns Hopkins Hospital
Affiliate Member, Institute of Genetic Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Marfan Syndrome
Stephen C. Dreskin MD, PhD
Professor of Medicine and Immunology
Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Department of Medicine
Aurora, Colorado
Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema

Sherilyn W. Driscoll MD
Division Chair, Pediatric Rehabilitation
Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Pediatric and
Adolescent Medicine
Mayo Clinic Children's Center
Specific Sports and Associated Injuries

Yigal Dror MD, FRCPC
Professor
Head, Hematology Section
Director, Marrow Failure and Myelodysplasia Program
The Inherited Pancytopenias
Jill N. D'Souza MD
Assistant Professor
Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery
Houston, Texas
Congenital Anomalies of the Larynx, Trachea, and

Bronchi
Howard Dubowitz MD, MS, FAAP
Head, Division of Child Protection
Director, Center for Families
Baltimore, Maryland
Abused and Neglected Children

J. Stephen Dumler MD
Professor and Chair
Joint Department of Pathology
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Bethesda, Maryland
Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses
Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi)
Typhus Group Rickettsioses
Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis
Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Janet Duncan MSN, CPNP
Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Pediatric Palliative Care
Jeffrey A. Dvergsten MD
Division of Pediatric Rheumatology
Duke University Health System
Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases

Michael G. Earing MD
Professor of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics
Division of Adult Cardiovascular Medicine and Division of Pediatric Cardiology
Director, Wisconsin Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program (WAtCH)
Congenital Heart Disease in Adults

Matthew D. Eberly MD
Program Director, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellowship
Bethesda, Maryland
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
S. Derrick Eddy MD
Sports Medicine Education Director
Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Akron, Ohio
Cervical Spinal Spine Injuries
Marie E. Egan MD
Professor of Pediatrics (Respiratory) and Cellular and Molecular Physiology
Director, Cystic Fibrosis Center
Vice Chair for Research
Cystic Fibrosis
Jack S. Elder MD, FACS
Chief of Pediatric Urology
Massachusetts General Hospital
Congenital Anomalies and Dysgenesis of the Kidneys

Urinary Tract Infections
Vesicoureteral Reflux
Obstruction of the Urinary Tract
Anomalies of the Bladder
Neuropathic Bladder
Enuresis and Voiding Dysfunction
Anomalies of the Penis and Urethra
Disorders and Anomalies of the Scrotal Contents
Trauma to the Genitourinary Tract
Urinary Lithiasis
Elizabeth Englander PhD
Professor of Psychology
Founder and Director, Massachusetts Aggression Reduction Center
Bridgewater State University
Bridgewater, Massachusetts
Bullying, Cyberbullying, and School Violence

Elizabeth Enlow MD, MS
Cincinnati, Ohio
Clinical Manifestations of Diseases in the Newborn
Period
Stephen C. Eppes MD
Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University
Vice Chair, Department of Pediatrics
Christiana Care Health System
Newark, Delaware
Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)

Jessica Ericson MD
Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease
Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
Hershey, Pennsylvania
Candida
Elif Erkan MD, MS
Cincinnati, Ohio
Nephrotic Syndrome
Yokabed Ermias MPH
Fellow, Division of Reproductive Health
Atlanta, Georgia
Contraception
Ashley M. Eskew MD
Fellow, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
St. Louis, Missouri
Vulvovaginal and Müllerian Anomalies
Ruth A. Etzel MD, PhD
Milken Institute School of Public Health
George Washington University
Washington, DC
Overview of Environmental Health and Children

Matthew P. Fahrenkopf MD
Plastic Surgery Resident
Spectrum Health Hospitals
Michigan State University
Marni J. Falk MD
Executive Director, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program
Mitochondrial Disease Diagnosis

John J. Faria MD
Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics
University of Rochester
Rochester, New York
Acute Mastoiditis
John H. Fargo DO
Showers Family Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders
Akron, Ohio
The Acquired Pancytopenias

Kristen A. Feemster MD, MPH, MSPHR
Director of Research for the Vaccine Education Center
Medical Director of the Immunization Program and Acute Communicable
Diseases
Philadelphia Department of Public Health
Adjunct Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Human Papillomaviruses
Susan Feigelman MD
Professor, Department of Pediatrics
Baltimore, Maryland
Developmental and Behavioral Theories
Assessment of Fetal Growth and Development
The First Year
The Second Year
The Preschool Years
Middle Childhood
Jeffrey A. Feinstein MD, MPH
Dunlevie Family Professor of Pulmonary Vascular Disease
Professor, by courtesy, of Bioengineering
Medical Director, Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension Program
Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford
Pulmonary Hypertension
Amy G. Feldman MD, MSCS
Denver, Colorado;
Program Director, Liver Transplant Fellowship
Children's Hospital Colorado Research Institute
Aurora, Colorado
Drug- and Toxin-Induced Liver Injury
Acute Hepatic Failure
Eric I. Felner MD, MS
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology
Director, Pediatric Clerkships
Emory University School of Medicine
Atlanta, Georgia
Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary

Hypopituitarism
Edward C. Fels MD
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine
Tufts University School of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts;
Maine Medical Center
Portland, Maine
Sing-Yi Feng MD, FAAP
Associate Professor
Children's Medical Center of Dallas
Medical Toxicologist
North Texas Poison Center
Parkland Memorial Hospital
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
Dallas, Texas
Envenomations
Thomas W. Ferkol Jr, MD
Alexis Hartmann Professor of Pediatrics
Director, Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome,
Kartagener Syndrome)
Karin E. Finberg MD, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Pathology
Iron-Refractory Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Jonathan D. Finder MD
The University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Attending Pediatric Pulmonologist
Division of Pediatric Pulmonology
Le Bonheur Children's Hospital
Memphis, Tennessee
Bronchomalacia and Tracheomalacia
Congenital Disorders of the Lung
Laura H. Finkelstein MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics
Baltimore, Maryland
Assessment of Fetal Growth and Development

Middle Childhood
Kristin N. Fiorino MD
Suzie and Scott Lustgarten Motility Center
Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
Motility Disorders and Hirschsprung Disease

Philip R. Fischer MD
Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Adult Tapeworm Infections
Cysticercosis
Brian T. Fisher DO, MSCE
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Epidemiology
Fellowship Program Director
Actinomyces
Nocardia
Veronica H. Flood MD
Associate Professor
Hemostasis
Hereditary Clotting Factor Deficiencies (Bleeding
Disorders)
von Willebrand Disease
Postneonatal Vitamin K Deficiency
Liver Disease
Acquired Inhibitors of Coagulation
Platelet and Blood Vessel Disorders
Francisco X. Flores MD
Medical Director, Clinical Services and MARS Program
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
Cincinnati, Ohio
Clinical Evaluation of the Child with Hematuria
Isolated Renal Disease Associated with Hematuria
Clinical Evaluation of the Child with Proteinuria
Conditions Associated with Proteinuria
Joseph T. Flynn MD, MS
Dr. Robert O. Hickman Endowed Chair in Pediatric Nephrology
Chief, Division of Nephrology
Seattle, Washington
Systemic Hypertension
Patricia M. Flynn MD
Senior Vice President and Medical Director of Quality and Patient Care
Deputy Clinical Director
Member, Department of Infectious Diseases
Arthur Ashe Chair in Pediatric AIDS Research
Memphis, Tennessee
Infection Associated with Medical Devices

Cryptosporidium, Isospora, Cyclospora, and
Microsporidia
Joel A. Forman MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine
Vice-Chair for Education
New York, New York
Chemical Pollutants
Michael M. Frank MD
Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Immunology

Robert W. Frenck Jr, MD
Medical Director, Division of Infectious Diseases
Cincinnati, Ohio
Liver Abscess
Deborah M. Friedman MD
Pediatric Cardiology
Maria Fareri Children's Hospital
Westchester Medical Center
Valhalla, New York
Neonatal Lupus
Erika Friehling MD
Principles of Cancer Diagnosis
The Leukemias
Stephanie A. Fritz MD, MSCI
University of Washington School of Medicine in St. Louis
St. Louis, Missouri
Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)

Donald P. Frush MD, FACR, FAAP
Professor of Radiology
Stanford, California
Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Children
Anne M. Gadomski MD, MPH
Director, Bassett Research Institute
Bassett Medical Center
Cooperstown, New York;
Columbia University Medical Center
New York, New York
Strategies for Health Behavior Change
James T. Gaensbauer MD, MScPH
Denver Health Medical Center and Children's Hospital Colorado
Denver, Colorado
Staphylococcus
Sheila Gahagan MD, MPH
Chief, Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Child Development, and
Community Health
Martin Stein Endowed Chair, Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics
University of California, San Diego School of Medicine
La Jolla, California
Overweight and Obesity
William A. Gahl MD, PhD
Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute
Director, NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program
Bethesda, Maryland
Diseases
Patrick G. Gallagher MD
Professor of Pediatrics, Genetics, and Pathology
Yale University School of Medicine
Attending Physician
Yale New Haven Children's Hospital
Definitions and Classification of Hemolytic Anemias
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Hereditary Elliptocytosis, Hereditary
Pyropoikilocytosis, and Related Disorders
Hereditary Stomatocytosis
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria and
Acanthocytosis
Hayley A. Gans MD
Measles
Rubella
Mumps
Cristina Garcia-Mauriño MD
Physician Scientist
Center for Vaccines and Immunity
The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
Columbus, Ohio
Hansen Disease (Mycobacterium leprae)
Paula M. Gardiner MD, MPH
Associate Professor
Associate Research Director
Department of Family Medicine and Community Health
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts
Complementary Therapies and Integrative Medicine

Luigi R. Garibaldi MD
Clinical Director
Children's Hospital of UPMC
Physiology of Puberty
Disorders of Pubertal Development
Gregory M. Gauthier MD, MS
Associate Professor of Medicine
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Madison, Wisconsin
Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis)
Jeffrey S. Gerber MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Epidemiology
Legionella
Anne A. Gershon MD
NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital
New York, New York
Saied Ghadersohi MD
Resident Physician
Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery
Chicago, Illinois
Neoplasms of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi
Mark Gibson MD
Professor (Clinical) Emeritus
Chief, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology
University of Utah School of Medicine
Salt Lake City, Utah
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hirsutism

Francis Gigliotti MD
Professor and Chief of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Microbiology and
Immunology
Vice Chair for Academic Affairs
School of Medicine and Dentistry
Rochester, New York
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Walter S. Gilliam MSEd, PhD
Professor of Child Psychiatry and Psychology
Child Study Center
Director, The Edward Zigler Center in Child Development and Social Policy
Childcare
Salil Ginde MD, MPH
Congenital Heart Disease in Adults

John A. Girotto MD
Section Chief
Pediatric Plastic Surgery and Dermatology Center
Helen DeVos Children's Hospital
Samuel B. Goldfarb MD
Medical Director
Pediatric Lung and Heart/Lung Transplant Programs
Division of Pulmonary Medicine
Medical Director, Solid Organ Transplant Center
University of Pennsylvania
Perelman School of Medicine
Heart-Lung and Lung Transplantation
David L. Goldman MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Montefiore Medical Center
Bronx, New York
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii
Stanton C. Goldman MD
Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant
Medical City Children's Hospital
Texas Oncology, PA
Dallas, Texas
Neal D. Goldstein PhD, MBI

Assistant Research Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health
Infectious Disease Epidemiologist
Christiana Care Health System
Newark, Delaware
Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)
Stuart L. Goldstein MD, FAAP, FNKF
Clark D. West Endowed Chair and Professor of Pediatrics
Director, Center for Acute Care Nephrology
Cincinnati, Ohio
End-Stage Renal Disease

Joseph Gonzalez-Heydrich MD
Associate Professor of Psychiatry
Senior Attending Psychiatrist
Childhood Psychoses
Denise M. Goodman MD, MS
Attending Physician, Division of Critical Care Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
Bronchitis
Chronic Respiratory Failure and Long-Term
Tracy S. Goodman MA
Technical Officer, Expanded Programme on Immunization
Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals
World Health Organization
Geneva, Switzerland

Catherine M. Gordon MD, MSc
Professor
Chief, Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine
Robert P. Masland Jr. Chair of Adolescent Medicine
Bone Structure, Growth, and Hormonal Regulation
Osteoporosis
Leslie B. Gordon MD, PhD
Professor of Pediatrics Research
Hasbro Children's Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown
University
Providence, Rhode Island;
Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
Medical Director, The Progeria Research Foundation
Peabody, Massachusetts
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (Progeria)

Collin S. Goto MD
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Attending Physician
Children's Medical Center
Dallas, Texas
Envenomations
W. Adam Gower MD, MS
University of North Carolina School of Medicine
Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of Infancy
Neera K. Goyal MD
Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University
The Newborn Infant

Jaundice and Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn
Kernicterus
Nicholas P. Goyeneche MD
Ochsner Health Center–Covington
Covington, Louisiana
Management of Musculoskeletal Injury
Kevin W. Graepel PhD
Medical Scientist Training Program
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Coronaviruses
Robert J. Graham MD
Associate Professor
Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine
Home Mechanical Ventilation and Technology
Dependence
John M. Greally DMed, PhD, FACMG
Professor of Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics
Department of Genetics
Children's Hospital at Montefiore
Bronx, New York
Epigenome-Wide Association Studies and Disease
Cori M. Green MD, MSc
Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics
Weill Cornell Medicine
New York-Presbyterian Komansky Children's Hospital
New York, New York

Michael Green MD, MPH
Professor of Pediatrics, Surgery, and Clinical and Translational Science
Director, Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention

Larry A. Greenbaum MD, PhD
Marcus Professor of Pediatrics
Director, Division of Pediatric Nephrology
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets) and Excess

Vitamin E Deficiency
Vitamin K Deficiency
Micronutrient Mineral Deficiencies
Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders
Maintenance and Replacement Therapy
Deficit Therapy
V. Jordan Greenbaum MD
International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children
Alexandria, Virginia
Child Trafficking for Sex and Labor
James M. Greenberg MD
Director, Division of Neonatology
Co-Director, Perinatal Institute
Cincinnati, Ohio
Overview of Morbidity and Mortality
Clinical Manifestations of Diseases in the Newborn
Period
Anne G. Griffiths MD
Pediatric Pulmonologist
Children's Respiratory and Critical Care Specialists
Director, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Center
Children's Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Chronic or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms
Kenneth L. Grizzle PhD
Child Development Center
Math and Writing Disabilities
Child-Onset Fluency Disorder
Judith A. Groner MD
Section of Ambulatory Pediatrics
Columbus, Ohio
Tobacco
Alfredo Guarino MD
Department of Translational Medical Sciences
Napoli, Italy
Intestinal Infections and Infestations Associated with
Malabsorption
Juan P. Gurria MD
Fellow in Pediatric Trauma
Cincinnati, Ohio
Meconium Ileus, Peritonitis, and Intestinal
Obstruction
Anat Guz-Mark MD
Attending Physician
Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Disease
Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel
Petah Tikva, Israel;
Tel Aviv University
Tel Aviv, Israel;
Chronic Diarrhea
Gabriel G. Haddad MD
Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics and Neuroscience
Chairman, Department of Pediatrics
Physician-in-Chief and Chief Scientific Officer
Rady Children's Hospital–San Diego
Diagnostic Approach to Respiratory Disease
Joseph Haddad Jr, MD
Lawrence Savetsky Professor Emeritus
Columbia University Irving Medical Center
New York, New York
Congenital Disorders of the Nose

Acquired Disorders of the Nose
Nasal Polyps
General Considerations and Evaluation of the Ear
Hearing Loss
Congenital Malformations of the Ear
External Otitis (Otitis Externa)
The Inner Ear and Diseases of the Bony Labyrinth
Traumatic Injuries of the Ear and Temporal Bone
Tumors of the Ear and Temporal Bone
Joseph F. Hagan Jr, MD, FAAP
Clinical Professor
The Robert Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont College of
Medicine
Hagan, Rinehart, and Connolly Pediatricians, PLLC
Burlington, Vermont
Maximizing Children's Health: Screening,
Anticipatory Guidance, and Counseling
James S. Hagood MD
Professor of Pediatrics (Pulmonology)
Director, Program in Rare and Interstitial Lung Disease
Diagnostic Approach to Respiratory Disease
Suraiya K. Haider MD
Sleep Physician
Fairfax Neonatal Associates
Fairfax, Virginia
Pleurisy, Pleural Effusions, and Empyema
Goknur Haliloglu MD
Department of Pediatric Neurology
Hacettepe University Children's Hospital
Ankara, Turkey
Nemaline Rod Myopathy

Core Myopathies
Myofibrillar Myopathies
Brain Malformations and Muscle Development
Arthrogryposis
Spinal Muscular Atrophies
Other Motor Neuron Diseases
Scott B. Halstead MD
Adjunct Professor
Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics
Bethesda, Maryland
Arboviral Infections
Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, and
Severe Dengue
Yellow Fever
Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Allison R. Hammer MSN, APRN, CPNP-PC
Advanced Practice Nurse
Chicago, Illinois
Foreign Bodies in the Airway
Margaret R. Hammerschlag MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine
Director, Pediatric Infectious Disease Fellowship Program
SUNY Down State Medical Center
Brooklyn, New York
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
Aaron Hamvas MD
Raymond and Hazel Speck Barry Professor of Neonatology
Head, Division of Neonatology
Chicago, Illinois

James C. Harris MD
Professor of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Mental Health, and
History of Medicine
Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Director, Developmental Neuropsychiatry
Baltimore, Maryland
Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
Douglas J. Harrison MD, MS
Director of Patient Care and Programs
Co-Chair Pediatric Solid Tumor and Sarcoma Team
The Children's Cancer Hospital of MD Anderson
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, Texas
Neuroblastoma
Corina Hartman MD
Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit
Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center
Haifa, Israel
Other Malabsorptive Syndromes
Mary E. Hartman MD, MPH
St. Louis, Missouri
Pediatric Emergencies and Resuscitation

David B. Haslam MD
Director, Antimicrobial Stewardship Program
Cincinnati, Ohio
Epidemiology of Infections
Healthcare-Acquired Infections
Non–Group A or B Streptococci
Enterococcus
H. Hesham Abdel-Kader Hassan MD, MSc
Chief, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
The University of Arizona College of Medicine
Tucson, Arizona
Cholestasis
Fern R. Hauck MD, MS
Spencer P. Bass MD Twenty-First Century Professor of Family Medicine
Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences
University of Virginia School of Medicine
Charlottesville, Virginia

Fiona P. Havers MD, MHS
Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division
Atlanta, Georgia
Influenza Viruses
Ericka V. Hayes MD
Associate Professor
Medical Director, Pediatric and Adolescent HIV Program
Medical Director, Infection Prevention
St. Louis, Missouri
Campylobacter
Yersinia
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Jacqueline T. Hecht PhD
Professor and Division Head
Pediatric Research Center
Vice-Chair for Research
Leah L. Lewis Distinguished Chair
McGovern Medical School at UTHealth
Associate Dean for Research
UTHealth School of Dentistry
Houston, Texas
General Considerations in Skeletal Dysplasias

Disorders Involving Cartilage Matrix Proteins
Disorders Involving Transmembrane Receptors
Disorders Involving Ion Transporters
Disorders Involving Transcription Factors
Disorders Involving Defective Bone Resorption
Other Inherited Disorders of Skeletal Development
Sabrina M. Heidemann MD
Professor
Director, Intensive Care Unit
Co-Director of Transport
Detroit, Michigan
Jennifer R. Heimall MD
Attending Physician
Division of Allergy and Immunology
Cheryl Hemingway MBChB, PhD
Consultant Pediatric Neurologist
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children
Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous

System
J. Owen Hendley MD †
Professor of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Sinusitis
Retropharyngeal Abscess, Lateral Pharyngeal
(Parapharyngeal) Abscess, and Peritonsillar
Cellulitis/Abscess
Michelle L. Hernandez MD
Chief Medical Officer
UNC Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology
Hypersensitivity Pneumonia
Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease
Andrew D. Hershey MD, PhD, FAAN, FAHS
Endowed Chair and Director, Division of Neurology
Headache Medicine Specialist
Cincinnati Children's Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
Headaches
Cynthia E. Herzog MD
Houston, Texas
Retinoblastoma
Gonadal and Germ Cell Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the Liver
Benign Vascular Tumors
Melanoma
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma of the Colon and Rectum
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
Jesse P. Hirner MD
Resident Physician
Columbia, Missouri
Tumors of the Skin

Jessica Hochberg MD
Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant
Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center
Valhalla, New York
Lymphoma
Deborah Hodes MBBS, BSc, DRCOG, FRCPCH
Consultant Community Paediatrician
Department of Paediatrics
University College London Hospitals
Female Genital Mutilation
Holly R. Hoefgen MD
Assistant Professor
Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
Co-Director, Integrated Care and Fertility Preservation Program
St. Louis, Missouri
Vulvovaginitis
Lauren D. Holinger MD, FAAP, FACS
Paul H. Holinger MD Professor
Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology
Chicago, Illinois
Other Laryngeal Neoplasms

Tracheal Neoplasms
Cynthia M. Holland-Hall MD, MPH
Section of Adolescent Medicine
Columbus, Ohio
Adolescent Physical and Social Development
The Breast
David K. Hooper MD, MS
Medical Director of Kidney Transplantation
Cincinnati, Ohio
Renal Transplantation
Julie E. Hoover-Fong MD, PhD
Associate Professor
McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine
Director, Greenberg Center for Skeletal Dysplasias
Baltimore, Maryland

Jeffrey D. Hord MD
The LOPen Charities and Mawaka Family Chair in Pediatric
Hematology/Oncology
Director, Showers Family Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders
Akron, Ohio
The Acquired Pancytopenias
B. David Horn MD
Associate Professor
The Hip
Helen M. Horstmann MD
Associate Professor
Attending Physician
Arthrogryposis
William A. Horton MD
Professor
Department of Molecular Medical Genetics
Oregon Health & Science University
Director Emeritus of Research
Shriners Hospitals for Children
Portland, Oregon

Disorders Involving Cartilage Matrix Proteins
Other Inherited Disorders of Skeletal Development
Peter J. Hotez MD, PhD
Dean, National School of Tropical Medicine
Professor, Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology
Head, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine
Baylor College of Medicine;
Endowed Chair of Tropical Pediatrics
Center for Vaccine Development
Texas Children's Hospital;
Professor, Department of Biology
Baylor University
Waco, Texas;
Baker Institute Fellow in Disease and Poverty
Rice University
Houston, Texas
Hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma
spp.)
Samantha A. House DO
Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and The Dartmouth Institute
Hanover, New Hampshire
Wheezing in Infants: Bronchiolitis

Evelyn Hsu MD
Medical Director, Liver Transplantation
Seattle, Washington
Liver Transplantation
Katherine Hsu MD, MPH, FAAP
Boston University Medical Center
Medical Director, Division of STD Prevention and HIV/AIDS Surveillance
Director, Ratelle STD/HIV Prevention Training Center
Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences
Massachusetts Department of Public Health
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
Felicia A. Scaggs Huang, MD
Clinical Fellow
Cincinnati, Ohio
Congenital and Perinatal Infections
Heather G. Huddleston MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine
San Francisco, California

Sarah P. Huepenbecker MD
Resident Physician
St. Louis, Missouri
Gynecologic Neoplasms and Adolescent Prevention
Methods for Human Papillomavirus
Vicki Huff PhD
Professor
Department of Genetics
Houston, Texas

Winston W. Huh MD
Assistant Professor of Clinical Care
Gonadal and Germ Cell Neoplasms
Adenocarcinoma of the Colon and Rectum
Stephen R. Humphrey MD
Assistant Professor
Principles of Dermatologic Therapy

Cutaneous Bacterial Infections
Cutaneous Fungal Infections
Cutaneous Viral Infections
Arthropod Bites and Infestations
Stephen P. Hunger MD
Professor and Jeffrey E. Perelman Distinguished Chair
Chief, Division of Pediatric Oncology
Director, Center for Childhood Cancer Research
Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer

David A. Hunstad MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology
St. Louis, Missouri
Central Nervous System Infections
Animal and Human Bites
Rat Bite Fever
Monkeypox
Carl E. Hunt MD
Research Professor of Pediatrics
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Bethesda, Maryland;
Adjunct Professor of Pediatrics
Washington, DC

Stacey S. Huppert PhD
Division of Developmental Biology
Cincinnati, Ohio
Morphogenesis of the Liver and Biliary System

Anna R. Huppler MD
Assistant Professor
Infectious Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Transplantation
Patricia I. Ibeziako MBBS
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry
Director, Psychiatry Consultation Service
Samar H. Ibrahim MBChB
Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Mayo Clinic
Mitochondrial Hepatopathies
Allison M. Jackson MD, MPH, FAAP
Division Chief, Child and Adolescent Protection Center
Washington Children's Foundation
Professor of Child and Adolescent Protection
The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Washington, DC
Adolescent Sexual Assault

Elizabeth C. Jackson MD
Professor Emerita of Pediatrics
Division of Nephrology
Cincinnati, Ohio
Mary Anne Jackson MD
University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine
Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics
Kansas City, Missouri
Orbital Infections
Ashlee Jaffe MD, MEd
Attending Physician, Division of Rehabilitation Medicine
Spinal Cord Injury and Autonomic Dysreflexia

Management
Andrew B. Janowski MD
Instructor in Infectious Diseases
St. Louis, Missouri
Central Nervous System Infections

Tara C. Jatlaoui MD, MPH
Division of Reproductive Health
Atlanta, Georgia
Contraception
Elena J. Jelsing MD
Assistant Professor
Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Division of Sports
Medicine
Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center
M. Kyle Jensen MD
Associate Professor
University of Utah School of Medicine
Primary Children's Hospital
Salt Lake City, Utah
Viral Hepatitis
Brian P. Jenssen MD, MSHP
Assistant Professor
Tobacco and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
Karen E. Jerardi MD, MEd
Attending Physician, Division of Hospital Medicine
Cincinnati, Ohio
Chandy C. John MD, MS
Ryan White Professor of Pediatrics
Director, Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health
Health Advice for Children Traveling Internationally
Giardiasis and Balantidiasis
Malaria (Plasmodium)
Brian D. Johnston MD, MPH
Associate Chief of Clinical Services
Chief of Service, Department of Pediatrics
Harborview Medical Center
Seattle, Washington
Injury Control
Michael V. Johnston MD
Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer
Kennedy Krieger Institute
Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology
Baltimore, Maryland
Congenital Anomalies of the Central Nervous System

Encephalopathies
Richard B. Johnston Jr, MD
Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics
Aurora, Colorado;
Denver, Colorado
Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells
The Complement System
Disorders of the Complement System
Bridgette L. Jones MD
Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
University of Missouri – Kansas City School of Medicine
Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Innovation
Children's Mercy
Principles of Drug Therapy
Marsha Joselow MSW, LICSW
Cassandra D. Josephson MD
Professor of Pathology and Pediatrics
Director of Clinical Research, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies
Program Director, Transfusion Medicine
Fellowship Medical Director
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Blood, Tissue, and Apheresis Services
Atlanta, Georgia
Red Blood Cell Transfusions and Erythropoietin

Therapy
Platelet Transfusions
Neutrophil (Granulocyte) Transfusions
Plasma Transfusions
Risks of Blood Transfusions
Nicholas Jospe MD
Rochester, New York
Diabetes Mellitus
Joel C. Joyce MD
Pediatric Dermatologist
NorthShore University Health System
Skokie, Illinois;
Clinical Assistant Professor of Dermatology
University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
Hyperpigmented Lesions
Hypopigmented Lesions
Vesiculobullous Disorders
Nutritional Dermatoses
Marielle A. Kabbouche MD, FAHS
Director, Acute and Inpatient Headache Program
Division of Neurology
Cincinnati, Ohio
Headaches
Joanne Kacperski MD, FAHS
Headache Medicine Specialist, Division of Neurology
Director, Post-Concussion Headache Program
Director, Headache Medicine Fellowship
Cincinnati, Ohio
Headaches
Deepak Kamat MD, PhD
Vice Chair for Education
Designated Institutional Official
Detroit, Michigan
Fever
Beena D. Kamath-Rayne MD, MPH
Attending Neonatologist, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology
Cincinnati, Ohio
Neonatal Resuscitation and Delivery Room
Emergencies
Alvina R. Kansra MD
Hypofunction of the Ovaries
Pseudoprecocity Resulting From Lesions of the Ovary
David M. Kanter MD
Assistant Professor
State University of New York
SUNY Upstate Medical University
Syracuse, New York
Health and Wellness for Children With Disabilities
Aaron M. Karlin MD
Clinical Associate Professor
Louisiana State University School of Medicine
Chair, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Section Head, Pediatric Rehabilitation
Ochsner Clinic Medical Center
Ochsner Children's Health Center
New Orleans, Louisiana

Jacob Kattan MD, MSCR
Assistant Professor
Jaffe Food Allergy Institute
New York, New York

James W. Kazura MD
Distinguished University Professor
Adel A. Mahmoud Professorship in Global Health and Vaccines
Director, Center for Global Health and Diseases
Cleveland, Ohio
Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)
Trichuriasis (Trichuris trichiura)
Enterobiasis (Enterobius vermicularis)
Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis)
Lymphatic Filariasis (Brugia malayi, Brugia timori,
and Wuchereria bancrofti)
Other Tissue Nematodes
Toxocariasis (Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans)
Trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis)
Gregory L. Kearns PharmD, PhD, FAAP
President, Arkansas Children's Research Institute
Senior Vice President and Chief Research Officer
Arkansas Children's
Ross and Mary Whipple Family Distinguished Research Scientist
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Little Rock, Arkansas

Andrea Kelly MD, MSCE
Attending Physician
Assessment of Growth
Desmond P. Kelly MD
University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville
Chief Medical Research Officer
Health Sciences Center
Prisma Health-Upstate
Greenville, South Carolina
Neurodevelopmental and Executive Function and
Dysfunction
Kevin J. Kelly MD
Professor of Pediatrics (Emeritus)
Hypersensitivity Pneumonia
Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease
Granulomatous Lung Disease
Eosinophilic Lung Disease
Interstitial Lung Disease
Matthew S. Kelly MD, MPH
Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Michael Kelly MD, PhD
Chief Research Officer
Akron, Ohio

Lymphadenopathy
Kimberly M. Ken MD
Resident Physician
Columbia, Missouri
Disorders of the Sweat Glands
Disorders of Hair
Disorders of the Nails
Melissa A. Kennedy MD
Intestinal Duplications, Meckel Diverticulum, and

Other Remnants of the Omphalomesenteric Duct
Eitan Kerem MD
Professor and Chair
Hadassah University Medical Center
Jerusalem, Israel
Effects of War on Children

Joseph E. Kerschner MD
Dean of the Medical School, Provost and Executive Vice President
Professor of Otolaryngology and Microbiology and Immunology
Otitis Media
Seema Khan MD
Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Washington, DC
Embryology, Anatomy, and Function of the Esophagus
Obstructing and Motility Disorders of the Esophagus
Dysmotility
Hiatal Hernia
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Eosinophilic Esophagitis, Pill Esophagitis, and
Infective Esophagitis
Esophageal Perforation
Esophageal Varices
Ingestions
Ameneh Khatami BHB, MBChB, MD
Clinical Senior Lecturer
Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health
University of Sydney
Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
The Children's Hospital at Westmead
Sydney, Australia
Aeromonas and Plesiomonas
Soumen Khatua MD
Section Chief, Neuro-Oncology
Houston, Texas

Alexandra Kilinsky DO
Fellow, Pediatric Hospital Medicine
Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York
New Hyde Park, New York
Chong-Tae Kim MD, PhD
Associate Professor
Division of Rehabilitation Medicine
Rehabilitation for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Wendy E. Kim DO
Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics
Division of Pediatric Dermatology
Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
Evanston, Illinois
Diseases of the Dermis

Diseases of Subcutaneous Tissue
Disorders of the Mucous Membranes
Acne
Charles H. King MD
Professor Emeritus of International Health
Center for Global Health and Diseases
Cleveland, Ohio
Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma)
Flukes (Liver, Lung, and Intestinal)
Paul S. Kingma MD, PhD
University of Cincinnati of College of Medicine
Neonatal Director, Cincinnati Fetal Center
Co-Director, Cincinnati Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Center
The Perinatal Institute
Cincinnati, Ohio
Fetal Intervention and Surgery
Stephen L. Kinsman MD
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, South Carolina
Congenital Anomalies of the Central Nervous System

Priya S. Kishnani MD, MBBS
C.L. and Su Chen Professor of Pediatrics
Chief, Division of Medical Genetics
Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates

Bruce L. Klein MD
Interim Director, Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Director, Pediatric Transport
Johns Hopkins Children's Center
Baltimore, Maryland
Interfacility Transport of the Seriously Ill or Injured
Pediatric Patient
Acute Care of Multiple Trauma
Care of Abrasions and Minor Lacerations
Bruce S. Klein MD
Professor of Pediatrics, Internal Medicine, and Medical Microbiology and
Immunology
Chief, Pediatric Infectious Disease Division
Madison, Wisconsin
Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis)
Robert M. Kliegman MD
Professor and Chairman Emeritus
Culture-Specific Beliefs
Refeeding Syndrome
Generalized Arterial Calcification of
Infancy/Idiopathic Infantile Arterial Calcification
Arterial Tortuosity
William C. Koch MD
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU
Richmond, Virginia
Parvoviruses
Patrick M. Kochanek MD, MCCM
Ake N. Grenvik Professor of Critical Care Medicine
Vice Chair, Department of Critical Care Medicine
Professor of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, Bioengineering, and Clinical and
Translational Science
Director, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research
John G. Rangos Research Center
Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization
Eric Kodish MD
Lerner College of Medicine
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, Ohio
Ethics in Pediatric Care
Stephan A. Kohlhoff MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine
Chief, Pediatric Infectious Diseases
SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Brooklyn, New York
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
Mark A. Kostic MD
Professor of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics
Associate Medical Director
Wisconsin Poison Center
Poisoning
Karen L. Kotloff MD
Division Head, Infectious Disease and Tropical Pediatrics
Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health
Baltimore, Maryland
Acute Gastroenteritis in Children
Elliot J. Krane MD, FAAP
Professor of Pediatrics, and Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine
Chief, Pediatric Pain Management
Stanford Children's Health
Pediatric Pain Management
Peter J. Krause MD
Senior Research Scientist in Epidemiology (Microbial Diseases), Medicine
(Infectious Diseases), and Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases)
Lecturer in Epidemiology (Microbial Diseases)
Yale School of Public Health
Babesiosis (Babesia)
Richard E. Kreipe MD, FAAAP, FSAHM, FAED
Dr. Elizabeth R. McArnarney Professor in Pediatrics funded by Roger and
Carolyn Friedlander
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine
Director, New York State ACT for Youth Center of Excellence
Medical Director, Western New York Comprehensive Care Center for Eating
Disorders
Rochester, New York
Eating Disorders
Steven E. Krug MD
Chicago, Illinois
Emergency Medical Services for Children
Janet L. Kwiatkowski MD, MSCE
Professor
Division of Hematology
Hemoglobinopathies
Jennifer M. Kwon MD
Professor of Child Neurology
Department of Neurology
Madison, Wisconsin
Neurodegenerative Disorders of Childhood
Catherine S. Lachenauer MD
Director, Infectious Diseases Outpatient Practice
Group B Streptococcus
Stephan Ladisch MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology
George Washington University School of Medicine
Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and
Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders
Children's Research Institute
Washington, DC
Histiocytosis Syndromes of Childhood
Oren J. Lakser MD
Associate Clinician Specialist
Chicago, Illinois
Bronchiectasis
Pulmonary Abscess
Philip J. Landrigan MD, MSc, FAAP
Director, Global Public Health Program
Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society
Professor of Biology
Boston College
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
Chemical Pollutants
Gregory L. Landry MD
Professor Emeritus
University of Wisconsin – Madison
School of Medicine and Public Health
Madison, Wisconsin
Epidemiology and Prevention of Injuries

Heat Injuries
Female Athletes: Menstrual Problems and the Risk of
Osteopenia
Performance-Enhancing Aids
Wendy G. Lane MD, MPH, FAAP
Associate Professor
Department Epidemiology and Public Health
Baltimore, Maryland
Abused and Neglected Children
A. Noelle Larson MD
Associate Professor, Orthopedic Surgery
Division of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery
Mayo Clinic
Benign Tumors and Tumor-Like Processes of Bone

Phillip S. LaRussa MD
NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital
New York, New York
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Oren J. Lakser MD
Chicago, Illinois
Bronchiectasis
Pulmonary Abscess
J. Todd R. Lawrence MD, PhD
Assistant Professor
The Knee
Brendan Lee MD, PhD
Robert and Janice McNair Endowed Chair
in Molecular and Human Genetics
Professor and Chairman
Houston, Texas
Integration of Genetics into Pediatric Practice

The Genetic Approach in Pediatric Medicine
The Human Genome
Patterns of Genetic Transmission
Cytogenetics
Genetics of Common Disorders
K. Jane Lee MD, MA
Associate Professor
Division of Pediatric Special Needs
Brain Death
J. Steven Leeder PharmD, PhD
Marion Merrell Dow / Missouri Endowed Chair in Pediatric Pharmacology
Chief, Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology
Kansas City, Missouri;
Adjunct Professor
Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics
Kansas University School of Medicine
Kansas City, Kansas
Pediatric Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, and
Pharmacoproteomics
Jennifer W. Leiding MD
University of South Florida College of Medicine
St. Petersburg, Florida

Michael J. Lentze MD
Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde
Universitätsklinikum Bonn
Bonn, Germany
Enzyme Deficiencies
Steven O. Lestrud MD
Medical Director, Respiratory Care
Chicago, Illinois
Chronic Respiratory Failure and Long-Term
Donald Y.M. Leung MD, PhD
Edelstein Family Chair of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology
Denver, Colorado
Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)
Michael N. Levas MD
Violent Behavior
Rona L. Levy MSW, PhD, MPH
Professor and Director
Behavioral Medicine Research Group
Assistant Dean for Research
School of Social Work
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington

B U.K. Li MD
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome
Chris A. Liacouras MD
Co-Director, Center for Pediatric Eosinophilic Disorders
Normal Digestive Tract Phenomena
Major Symptoms and Signs of Digestive Tract
Disorders
Normal Development, Structure, and Function of the
Stomach and Intestines
Pyloric Stenosis and Other Congenital Anomalies of
the Stomach
Ileus, Adhesions, Intussusception, and Closed-Loop
Obstructions
Foreign Bodies and Bezoars
Functional Abdominal Pain
Malformations
Ascites
Peritonitis
Christopher W. Liebig MD
Rootstown, Ohio;
Director, Sports Medicine in Mahoning Valley
Boardman, Ohio
Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury (Concussion)
Paul H. Lipkin MD
Director, Medical Informatics
Director, Interactive Autism Network
Baltimore, Maryland
Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance and
Screening
Deborah R. Liptzin MD, MS
Associate Director, Colorado chILD
Aurora, Colorado
Andrew H. Liu MD
Professor
Aurora, Colorado
Childhood Asthma
Lucinda Lo MD
Physician Advisor, CDI and CM
Malnutrition
Stanley F. Lo PhD
Associate Professor of Pathology
Technical Director, Clinical Chemistry, POCT, and Biochemical Genetics
Director, Reference Standards Library
Laboratory Testing in Infants and Children
Reference Intervals for Laboratory Tests and
Procedures
Kathleen A. Long MD
Department of Child Health
Columbia, Missouri
Dermatologic Diseases of the Neonate
Sarah S. Long MD
Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella

parapertussis)
Anna Lena Lopez MD, MPH
Director, Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Research Associate Professor
University of the Philippines Manila–National Institutes of Health
Manila, Philippines
Cholera
Santiago M.C. Lopez MD
University of South Dakota School of Medicine
Sanford Children's Hospital/Specialty Clinic
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
The Common Cold

Steven V. Lossef MD
Head, Pediatric Interventional Radiology
Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology
Washington, DC

parapertussis)
Jennifer A. Lowry MD
Director, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic
Innovation
Children's Mercy

Ian R. Macumber MD, MS
University of Connecticut School of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Connecticut Children's Medical Center
Hartford, Connecticut
Systemic Hypertension
Mark R. Magnusson MD, PhD
Co-Director, Diagnostic and Complex Care Center
Medical Director, Spina Bifida Program
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Pilar L. Magoulas MS
Assistant Professor, Clinical Program
Houston, Texas
Genetic Counseling
Prashant V. Mahajan MD, MPH, MBA
Professor of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics
Vice-Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine
Division Chief, Pediatric Emergency Medicine
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Heavy Metal Intoxication

Joseph A. Majzoub MD
Thomas Morgan Rotch Professor of Pediatrics
Diabetes Insipidus
Other Abnormalities of Arginine Vasopressin
Metabolism and Action
Robert J. Mann MD
The Karl and Patricia Betz Family
Endowed Director of Research
Helen DeVos Children's Hospital
Irini Manoli MD, PhD
Bethesda, Maryland
Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine, and Related Organic

Acidemias
Asim Maqbool MD
Nutritional Requirements
Normal Digestive Tract Phenomena
Major Symptoms and Signs of Digestive Tract
Disorders
Normal Development, Structure, and Function of the
Stomach and Intestines
Pyloric Stenosis and Other Congenital Anomalies of
the Stomach
Ileus, Adhesions, Intussusception, and Closed-Loop
Obstructions
Foreign Bodies and Bezoars
Peritoneal Malformations
Ascites
Peritonitis
Ashley M. Maranich MD
Program Director, Pediatrics Residency
Tripler Army Medical Center
Honolulu, Hawaii
Malassezia
Nicole Marcantuono MD
Associate Professor
Thomas Jefferson Medical College
Attending Physician
Alfred I. du Pont Hospital for Children
Evaluation of the Child for Rehabilitative Services

David Margolis MD
Professor and Associate Chair
Program Director, Bone Marrow Transplantation
Principles and Clinical Indications of Hematopoietic
Stem Cell Transplantation
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation from
Alternative Sources and Donors
Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Rejection, and
Late Effects of Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Transplantation
Mona Marin MD
Division of Viral Diseases
Atlanta, Georgia
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Joan C. Marini MD, PhD
Chief, Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch
National Institute for Child Health and Development
Bethesda, Maryland
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Thomas C. Markello MD, PhD
Associate Staff Clinician,
Medical Genetics Branch
Bethesda, Maryland
Diseases
Morri Markowitz MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine
Director, Lead Poisoning Prevention and Treatment Program
The Children's Hospital at Montefiore
Bronx, New York
Lead Poisoning
Stacene R. Maroushek MD, PhD, MPH
Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and General Pediatrics
University of Minnesota Medical School
Hennepin County Medical Center
Medical Evaluation of the Foreign-Born Child

Principles of Antimycobacterial Therapy
Justin D. Marsh MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatric Ophthalmology
University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine
Growth and Development of the Eye

Examination of the Eye
Abnormalities of Refraction and Accommodation
Disorders of Vision
Abnormalities of Pupil and Iris
Disorders of Eye Movement and Alignment
Abnormalities of the Lids
Disorders of the Lacrimal System
Disorders of the Conjunctiva
Abnormalities of the Cornea
Abnormalities of the Lens
Disorders of the Uveal Tract
Disorders of the Retina and Vitreous
Abnormalities of the Optic Nerve
Childhood Glaucoma
Orbital Abnormalities
Orbital Infections
Injuries to the Eye
Kari L. Martin MD
Assistant Professor of Dermatology and Child Health
Columbia, Missouri
Dermatologic Diseases of the Neonate
Cutaneous Defects
Ectodermal Dysplasias
Vascular Disorders
Cutaneous Nevi
Disorders of Keratinization
Disorders of the Sweat Glands
Disorders of Hair
Disorders of the Nails
Tumors of the Skin
Maria G. Martinez MD
Clinical Fellow, Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine
Cincinnati, Ohio
Wilbert H. Mason MD, MPH
Professor Emeritus of Clinical Pediatrics
University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
Chief, Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Measles
Rubella
Mumps
Reuben K. Matalon MD, PhD
Professor of Pediatrics and Genetics
University of Texas Children's Hospital
Galveston, Texas
N-Acetylaspartic Acid Aspartic Acid (Canavan
Disease)
Sravan Kumar Reddy Matta, MD
Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Washington, DC
Embryology, Anatomy, and Function of the Esophagus

Obstructing and Motility Disorders of the Esophagus
Dysmotility
Hiatal Hernia
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Aletha Maybank MD, MPH
Deputy Commissioner
Founding Director, Center for Health Equity
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
Long Island City, New York
Robert L. Mazor MD
Clinical Associate Professor
Division of Critical Care and Cardiac Surgery
Clinical Director, CICU
Seattle Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center
Seattle, Washington
Pulmonary Edema
Jennifer McAllister MD, IBCLC
Medical Director, West Chester Hospital Special Care Nursery and University of
Cincinnati Medical Center Newborn Nursery
Medical Director, NICU Follow Up Clinic–NAS Clinic
Cincinnati, Ohio
Maternal Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and
Neonatal Behavioral Syndromes
Megan E. McCabe MD, FAAP
Director, Pediatric Residency Program
Director, Pediatric Critical Care Fellowship Program
The University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Bronx, New York
Loss, Separation, and Bereavement
Megan E. McClean MD
Resident Physician
Columbia, Missouri
Cutaneous Nevi
Susanna A. McColley MD
Associate Chief Research Officer for Clinical Trials
Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute
Chicago, Illinois
Extrapulmonary Diseases with Pulmonary

Manifestations
Pulmonary Tumors
Patrick T. McGann MD, MS
Cincinnati, Ohio
Anemia in the Newborn Infant

Margaret M. McGovern MD, PhD
Knapp Professor of Pediatrics
Physician-in-Chief
Stony Brook Children's Hospital
Dean for Clinical Affairs
Stony Brook University School of Medicine
Stony Brook, New York
Lipidoses (Lysosomal Storage Disorders)
Mucolipidoses
Disorders of Glycoprotein Degradation and Structure
Sharon A. McGrath-Morrow MD, MBA
Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences
Baltimore, Maryland
Jeffrey S. McKinney MD, PhD
Vice Chair for Education
Harry W. Bass Jr. Professorship in Pediatric Education
Distinguished Teaching Professor
UT Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas
Salmonella
Matthew J. McLaughlin MD
Division of Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Pharmacoproteomics
Rima McLeod MD
Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Science and Pediatrics
Medical Director, Toxoplasmosis Center
University of Chicago Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
Asuncion Mejias MD, PhD, MSCS
Principal Investigator, Center for Vaccines and Immunity
Columbus, Ohio
Hansen Disease (Mycobacterium leprae)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Genital Mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis,
Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma
urealyticum)
Peter C. Melby MD
Professor of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Microbiology and
Immunology, and Pathology
Director, Division of Infectious Diseases
Director, Center for Tropical Diseases
University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)
Galveston, Texas
Leishmaniasis (Leishmania)
Marlene D. Melzer-Lange MD
Program Director, Project Ujima
Violent Behavior
Matthew D. Merguerian MD, PhD
Fellow, Division of Pediatric Oncology
Department of Oncology
Johns Hopkins Hospital
Pediatric Oncology Branch
National Cancer Institute
Baltimore, Maryland
Definitions and Classification of Hemolytic Anemias
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Hereditary Elliptocytosis, Hereditary
Pyropoikilocytosis, and Related Disorders
Hereditary Stomatocytosis
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria and
Acanthocytosis
Stephanie L. Merhar MD, MS
Attending Neonatologist, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology
Research Director, NICU Follow-Up Clinic
Cincinnati, Ohio
Nervous System Disorders
Diane F. Merritt MD
Professor
Director, Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
St. Louis, Missouri
Gynecologic History and Physical Examination

Vaginal Bleeding in the Prepubertal Child
Breast Concerns
Neoplasms and Adolescent Prevention Methods for
Human Papillomavirus
Vulvovaginal and Müllerian Anomalies
Kevin Messacar MD
Section of Hospital Medicine
Aurora, Colorado
Nonpolio Enteroviruses
Marian G. Michaels MD, MPH
Professor of Pediatrics and Surgery

Thomas F. Michniacki
Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Fellow
University of Michigan Medical School
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Leukopenia
Leukocytosis
Mohamad A. Mikati MD
Wilburt C. Davison Professor of Pediatrics
Professor of Neurobiology
Chief, Division of Pediatric Neurology
Seizures in Childhood
Conditions That Mimic Seizures
Henry Milgrom MD
Denver, Colorado
Allergic Rhinitis
Jonathan W. Mink MD, PhD
Frederick A. Horner MD Endowed Professor in Pediatric Neurology
Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics
Chief, Division of Child Neurology
Vice-Chair, Department of Neurology
Rochester, New York
Mass Psychogenic Illness

Movement Disorders
R. Justin Mistovich MD
Assistant Professor
MetroHealth Medical Center University Hospitals
Rainbow and Babies Children's Hospital
Cleveland, Ohio
The Spine
The Neck
Jonathan A. Mitchell PhD, MsC
Research Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Mark M. Mitsnefes MD, MS
Director, Clinical and Translational Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
Chronic Kidney Disease

Sindhu Mohandas MD
Keck School of Medicine
University of Southern California
Other Anaerobic Infections

Rachel Y. Moon MD
Head, Division of General Pediatrics
Joan P. Moran BSN, RN
Infection Preventionist

Eva Morava MD, PhD
Tulane University Medical School
Clinical Biochemical Geneticist
Hayward Genetics Center
New Orleans, Louisiana
Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation
Megan A. Moreno MD, MSEd, MPH
Division Chief, General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Vice Chair of Digital Health
Madison, Wisconsin
Bullying, Cyberbullying, and School Violence

Media Violence
Esi Morgan MD, MSCE
Division of Rheumatology
James M. Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence
Cincinnati, Ohio

Peter E. Morrison DO
Senior Instructor
Rochester, New York
Ataxias
Lovern R. Moseley PhD
Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry
Aggression
Yael Mozer-Glassberg MD
Head, Pediatric Liver Transplant Program
Petah Tikva, Israel
Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease

Louis J. Muglia MD, PhD
Co-Director, Perinatal Institute
Director, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth
Director, Division of Human Genetics
Cincinnati, Ohio
The Endocrine System

Kevin P. Murphy MD
Medical Director, Pediatric Rehabilitation
Sanford Health Systems
Bismarck, North Dakota;
Medical Director, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare
Duluth Clinic
Duluth, Minnesota
Timothy F. Murphy MD
SUNY Distinguished Professor of Medicine
Senior Associate Dean for Clinical and Translational Research
Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
University at Buffalo, State University of New York
Buffalo, New York
Moraxella catarrhalis
Karen F. Murray MD
Professor and Interim-Chair
Chief, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Interim Pediatrician-In-Chief
Seattle, Washington
Tumors of the Digestive Tract

Thomas S. Murray MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Medical Sciences
Quinnipiac University Frank H Netter MD School of Medicine
Hamden, Connecticut
Listeria monocytogenes
Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas
Infective Endocarditis
Sona Narula MD
Assistant Professor of Clinical Neurology
Mindo J. Natale PsyD
Assistant Professor of Psychology
University of South Carolina School of Medicine
Senior Staff Psychologist
GHS Children's Hospital
Greenville, South Carolina
Neurodevelopmental and Executive Function and

Dysfunction
Amy T. Nathan MD
Medical Director, Perinatal Institute
Cincinnati, Ohio
The Umbilicus
Dipesh Navsaria MD, MPH, MSLIS, FAAP
Madison, Wisconsin
Maximizing Children's Health: Screening,
Anticipatory Guidance, and Counseling
William A. Neal MD
West Virginia University School of Medicine
Morgantown, West Virginia
Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism and Transport
Grace Nehme MD
Fellow, Department of Pediatrics
Houston, Texas

Edward J. Nehus MD, MS
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
Cincinnati, Ohio
Introduction to Glomerular Diseases
Maureen R. Nelson MD
Associate Professor of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Pediatrics
Medical Director, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
The Children's Hospital of San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas
Birth Brachial Plexus Palsy
Caitlin M. Neri MD
Complementary Therapies and Integrative Medicine

Mark I. Neuman MD, MPH
Department of Emergency Medicine
Fever in the Older Child
Mary A. Nevin MD, FAAP, FCCP
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
Pulmonary Hemosiderosis
Pulmonary Embolism, Infarction, and Hemorrhage
Jane W. Newburger MD
Commonwealth Professor of Pediatrics
Associate Cardiologist-in-Chief, Research and Education
Director, Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Program
Kawasaki Disease
Jonathan Newmark MD, MM, FAAN
Adjunct Professor of Neurology
F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine
Bethesda, Maryland;
Clinical Assistant Professor of NeurologyGeorge Washington University School
of Medicine and Health Sciences
Staff Neurologist
Washington DC VA Medical Center
Washington, DC
Biologic and Chemical Terrorism
Linda S. Nield MD
Assistant Dean for Admissions
Professor of Medical Education and Pediatrics
Fever
Omar Niss MD
Cincinnati, Ohio
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

Neonatal Polycythemia
Zehava L. Noah MD
Chicago, Illinois
Other Conditions Affecting Respiration
James J. Nocton MD
Section of Pediatric Rheumatology
Mast Cell Activation Syndrome

Lawrence M. Nogee MD
Eudowood Neonatal Pulmonary Division
Baltimore, Maryland
Corina Noje MD
Assistant Professor
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
Medical Director, Pediatric Transport
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Children's Center
Baltimore, Maryland
Interfacility Transport of the Seriously Ill or Injured
Pediatric Patient
Laura E. Norton MD, MS
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology
Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
Anna Nowak-Węgrzyn MD, PhD
Division of Allergy and Immunology
New York, New York
Serum Sickness
Food Allergy and Adverse Reactions to Foods
Stephen K. Obaro MD, PhD
Professor of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Director, Pediatric International Research
Omaha, Nebraska
Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections
Relapsing Fever (Borrelia)
Makram M. Obeid MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Pediatric Epileptologist, Division of Child Neurology
Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology
American University of Beirut
Beirut, Lebanon
Conditions That Mimic Seizures
Hope L. O'Brien MD, MBA, FAHS, FAAN
Program Director, Headache Medicine Education
Co-Director Young Adult Headache Program
Cincinnati, Ohio
Headaches
Jean-Marie Okwo-Bele MD, MPH
Director, Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals
World Health Organization
Geneva, Switzerland

Joyce L. Oleszek MD
Associate Professor
Denver, Colorado
Spasticity
Scott E. Olitsky MD
Professor of Ophthalmology
University of Kansas School of Medicine
Section Chief, Ophthalmology
Growth and Development of the Eye
Examination of the Eye
Abnormalities of Refraction and Accommodation
Disorders of Vision
Abnormalities of Pupil and Iris
Disorders of Eye Movement and Alignment
Abnormalities of the Lids
Disorders of the Lacrimal System
Disorders of the Conjunctiva
Abnormalities of the Cornea
Abnormalities of the Lens
Disorders of the Uveal Tract
Disorders of the Retina and Vitreous
Abnormalities of the Optic Nerve
Childhood Glaucoma
Orbital Abnormalities
Orbital Infections
Injuries to the Eye
John M. Olsson MD, CPE
Medical Director, Well Newborn Services
The Newborn
Amanda K. Ombrello MD
Associate Research Physician
Bethesda, Maryland
Amyloidosis
Meghan E. O'Neill MD
Fellow in Neurodevelopment Disabilities
Baltimore, Maryland
Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability
Mutiat T. Onigbanjo MD
Assistant Professor
Baltimore, Maryland
The First Year
Walter A. Orenstein MD, DSc (Hon)
Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Global Health
Emory University
Associate Director, Emory Vaccines Center
Atlanta, Georgia;
Former Deputy Director for Immunization Programs
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Seattle, Washington;
Former Director, National Immunization Program
Atlanta, Georgia
Rachel C. Orscheln MD
Director, Ambulatory Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Director, International Adoption Center
St. Louis, Missouri
Bartonella
Marisa Osorio DO
Assistant Professor
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
Seattle, Washington
Christian A. Otto MD, MMSc
Director of TeleOncology
Associate Attending Physician
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
New York, New York
Altitude-Associated Illness in Children (Acute

Mountain Sickness)
Judith A. Owens MD, MPH
Director of Sleep Medicine
Sleep Medicine
Seza Özen MD
Professor of Paediatrics
Divisions of Paediatric Rheumatology
Hacettepe University
Ankara, Turkey
Behçet Disease
Lee M. Pachter DO
Professor of Pediatrics and Population Health
Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson College of Population Health
Thomas Jefferson University
Director, Community and Clinical Integration
Wilmington, Delaware;
Director, Health Policy Program
Jefferson College of Population Health
Overview of Pediatrics
Child Health Disparities
Cultural Issues in Pediatric Care
Amruta Padhye MD
Assistant Professor of Clinical Child Health
Columbia, Missouri
Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)

Suzinne Pak-Gorstein MD, PhD, MPH
Adjunct Associate Professor of Global Health
Seattle, Washington
Global Child Health
Jennifer Panganiban MD
Director, Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Clinic
Diane E. Pappas MD, JD
Director of Child Advocacy
Sinusitis
Retropharyngeal Abscess, Lateral Pharyngeal
(Parapharyngeal) Abscess, and Peritonsillar
Cellulitis/Abscess
John J. Parent MD, MSCR
Section of Cardiology
Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health
Diseases of the Myocardium

Diseases of the Pericardium
Tumors of the Heart
Alasdair P.J. Parker MBBS (Lond), MRCP, MD, MA (Camb)
Consultant in Pediatric Neurology
Addenbrooke's Hospital
Associate Lecturer
University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine
Cambridge, United Kingdom
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor
Cerebri)
Elizabeth Prout Parks MD, MSCE
Briana C. Patterson MD, MS
Director, Pediatric Endocrine Fellowship Program
Atlanta, Georgia
Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary

Hypopituitarism
Maria Jevitz Patterson MD, PhD
Professor Emeritus of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
Michigan State University College of Human Medicine
East Lansing, Michigan
Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
Anna L. Peters MD, PhD
Clinical Fellow
Cincinnati, Ohio
Metabolic Diseases of the Liver

Timothy R. Peters MD
Wake Forest School of Medicine
Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)
Rachel A. Phelan MD, MPH
Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT
Principles and Clinical Indications of Hematopoietic

Stem Cell Transplantation
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation from
Alternative Sources and Donors
Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Rejection, and
Late Effects of Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Transplantation
Anna Pinto MD, PhD
Lecturer of Neurology
Co-Director, Sturge Weber Clinic
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Brenda B. Poindexter MD, MS
Director of Clinical and Translational Research
Perinatal Institute
Cincinnati, Ohio

Transport of the Critically Ill Newborn
Andrew J. Pollard FRCPCH, PhD, FMedSci
Professor of Paediatric Infection and Immunity
Department of Paediatrics
University of Oxford
Children's Hospital
Oxford, United Kingdom
Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus)

Diego Preciado MD, PhD
Professor of Pediatrics, Surgery, and Integrative Systems Biology
Vice-Chief, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology
Washington, DC
Otitis Media
Mark R. Proctor MD
Franc D. Ingraham Professor of Neurosurgery
Neurosurgeon-in-Chief
Spinal Cord Injuries in Children

Spinal Cord Disorders
Howard I. Pryor II, MD
Instructor of Surgery
Division of Pediatric Surgery
Johns Hopkins Children's Center
Baltimore, Maryland
Lee A. Pyles MD, MS
Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism and Transport

Molly Quinn MD
Fellow, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
University of California, San Francisco
Elisabeth H. Quint MD
Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Director, Fellowship in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Gynecologic Care for Girls with Special Needs

Amy E. Rabatin MD
Fellow, Pediatric Rehabilitation and Board Certified Sports Medicine
Mayo Clinic Children's Center
C. Egla Rabinovich MD, MPH
Co-Chief, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology
Evaluation of Suspected Rheumatic Disease

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Scleroderma and Raynaud Phenomenon
Sjögren Syndrome
Miscellaneous Conditions Associated With Arthritis
Leslie J. Raffini MD
Associate Professor
Hemostasis
Hereditary Predisposition to Thrombosis
Thrombotic Disorders in Children
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Shawn L. Ralston MD, MS
Associate Professor and Vice Chair for Clinical Affairs
Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
Chief, Section of Pediatric Hospital Medicine
Children's Hospital at Dartmouth-Hitchcock
Hanover, New Hampshire
Wheezing in Infants: Bronchiolitis
Sanjay Ram MD
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts

Octavio Ramilo MD
Henry G. Cramblett Chair in Medicine
Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases
Columbus, Ohio
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Kacy A. Ramirez MD
Wake Forest School of Medicine
Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)
Casey M. Rand BS
Project Manager, Center for Autonomic Medicine in Pediatrics
Chicago, Illinois
(ROHHAD)
Adam J. Ratner MD, MPH
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Microbiology
New York University School of Medicine
Chief, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
New York University Langone Medical Center
New York, New York
Aeromonas and Plesiomonas

Lee Ratner MD, PhD
Professor of Molecular Microbiology and of Pathology and Immunology
St. Louis, Missouri
Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (1 and 2)
Gerald V. Raymond MD
University of Minnesota School of Medicine
Chief of Pediatric Neurology
University of Minnesota Medical Center, Fairview
Disorders of Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids and Other
Peroxisomal Functions
Ann M. Reed MD
Chair, Department of Pediatrics
Physician-in-Chief
Duke Children's
Duke University
Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Shimon Reif MD
Chairman, Department of Pediatrics
Hadassah Medical Center
Hebrew University
Jerusalem, Israel
Diarrhea From Neuroendocrine Tumors

Megan E. Reller MD, PhD, MPH
Associate Professor of Medicine
Associate Research Professor of Global Health
Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses
Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi)
Typhus Group Rickettsioses
Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis
Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Caroline H. Reuter MD, MSCI
Associate Medical Director, Pharmacovigilance
Bioverativ
Waltham, Massachusetts
Group A Streptococcus
Jorge D. Reyes MD
Professor and Roger K. Giesecke Distinguished Chair
Department of Surgery
Chief, Division of Transplant Surgery
Seattle, Washington
Intestinal Transplantation in Children with Intestinal
Failure
Liver Transplantation
Firas Rinawi MD
Attending Physician
Petah Tikva, Israel
Evaluation of Children with Suspected Intestinal

Malabsorption
A. Kim Ritchey MD
Professor and Vice-Chair of International Affairs
Division of Hematology/Oncology
Principles of Cancer Diagnosis

The Leukemias
Frederick P. Rivara MD, MPH
Seattle Children's Guild Endowed Chair in Pediatrics
Professor and Vice-Chair, Department of Pediatrics
Seattle, Washington
Injury Control
Eric Robinette MD
Attending Physician in Infectious Diseases
Akron, Ohio
Osteomyelitis
Septic Arthritis
Angela Byun Robinson MD, MPH
Associate Professor
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Staff, Pediatrics Institute
Cleveland Clinic Children's
Cleveland, Ohio
Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Miscellaneous Conditions Associated with Arthritis
Kristine Knuti Rodrigues MD, MPH
Denver Health Medical Center
Denver, Colorado
Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction

(Croup, Epiglottitis, Laryngitis, and Bacterial
Tracheitis)
David F. Rodriguez-Buritica MD
Assistant Professor
Division of Medical Genetics
McGovern Medical School at UTHealth
Houston, Texas
Rosa Rodríguez-Fernández MD, PhD
Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM)
Madrid, Spain;
Center for Vaccines and Immunity
Columbus, Ohio
Genital Mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis,

Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma
urealyticum)
Genie E. Roosevelt MD, MPH
Professor of Emergency Medicine
Department of Emergency Medicine
Denver Health Medical Center
Denver, Colorado
Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction

(Croup, Epiglottitis, Laryngitis, and Bacterial
Tracheitis)
David R. Rosenberg MD
Chair, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences
Chief of Child Psychiatry and Psychology
Detroit, Michigan
Anxiety Disorders
Cindy Ganis Roskind MD
Program Director
Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellowship
Children's Hospital of New York–Presbyterian
New York, New York
A. Catharine Ross PhD
Professor and Dorothy Foehr Huck Chair
Department of Nutritional Sciences
The Pennsylvania State University
College of Health and Human Development
University Park, Pennsylvania
Vitamin A Deficiencies and Excess
Joseph W. Rossano MD, MS
Chief, Division of Cardiology
Co-Executive Director, The Cardiac Center
Jennifer Terker Endowed Chair in Pediatric Cardiology
Heart Failure
Pediatric Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation
Jennifer A. Rothman MD
Associate Professor
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Other Microcytic Anemias
Ranna A. Rozenfeld MD
The Warren Alpert Medical School
Brown University
Hasbro Children's Hospital
Providence, Rhode Island
Atelectasis
Colleen A. Ryan MD
Instructor in Psychiatry
Monique M. Ryan M Med BS, FRACP
Professor of Paediatric Neurology
Director, Department of Neurology
Honorary Fellow, Murdoch Children's Research Institute
University of Melbourne
Royal Children's Hospital
Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Autonomic Neuropathies
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Bell Palsy
Julie Ryu MD
Interim Chief, Division of Respiratory Medicine
Chief Research Informatics Officer
Rady Children's Hospital–San Diego
San Diego, California
H.P.S. Sachdev MD, FIAP, FAMS, FRCPCH

Senior Consultant
Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Epidemiology
Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research
New Delhi, India
Vitamin B Complex Deficiencies and Excess

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Manish Sadarangani MRCPCH, DPHIL, BM.BCh, MA
Sauder Family Chair in Pediatric Infectious Diseases
University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine
Director, Vaccine Evaluation Center
British Columbia Children's Hospital
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus)

Rebecca E. Sadun MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Adult and Pediatric Rheumatology
Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics
Mustafa Sahin MD, PhD
Director, Translational Neuroscience Center
Nina N. Sainath MD
Robert A. Salata MD
Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine
Physician-in-Chief
University Hospitals Case Medical Center
Cleveland, Ohio
Amebiasis
Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)
African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness;
Trypanosoma brucei complex)
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease;
Trypanosoma cruzi)
Edsel Maurice T. Salvana MD
Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine
University of the Philippines College of Medicine
Director, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Manila, The Philippines;
Adjunct Professor of Global Health
Amebiasis
Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)
African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness;
Trypanosoma brucei complex)
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease;
Trypanosoma cruzi)
Hugh A. Sampson MD
Kurt Hirschhorn Professor of Pediatrics
New York, New York
Anaphylaxis
Chase B. Samsel MD
Instructor in Psychiatry
Rumination and Pica

Thomas J. Sandora MD, MPH
Hospital Epidemiologist
Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Tracy L. Sandritter PharmD
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Innovation
Children's Mercy
Adjunct Clinical Professor
University of Missouri – Kansas City School of Pharmacy
Wudbhav N. Sankar MD
Associate Professor
The Hip
Eric J. Sarkissian MD
Resident Physician
Osgood-Schlatter Disease and Sinding-Larsen-

Johansson Syndrome
Ajit A. Sarnaik MD
Director, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Fellowship Program
Detroit, Michigan
Ashok P. Sarnaik MD
Professor and Former Interim Chair
Former Pediatrician-in-Chief
Detroit, Michigan
Harvey B. Sarnat MD, MS, FRCPC
Professor of Pediatrics, Pathology (Neuropathology), and Clinical Neurosciences
University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine
Division of Pediatric Neurology
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Evaluation and Investigation of Neuromuscular
Disorders
Developmental Disorders of Muscle
Endocrine and Toxic Myopathies
Metabolic Myopathies
Hereditary Motor-Sensory Neuropathies
Toxic Neuropathies
Joshua K. Schaffzin MD, PhD
Director, Infection Prevention and Control
Cincinnati, Ohio
Liver Abscess
Laura E. Schanberg MD
Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes
Michael S. Schechter MD, MPH
Chief, Division of Pulmonary Medicine
Director, Cystic Fibrosis Center
Director, UCAN Community Asthma Program
Richmond, Virginia
Cystic Fibrosis
Mark R. Schleiss MD
American Legion and Auxiliary Heart Research Foundation Endowed Chair
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology
Principles of Antibacterial Therapy

Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
Principles of Antiviral Therapy
Principles of Antiparasitic Therapy
Nina F. Schor MD, PhD
Deputy Director
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
National Institute of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
Neurologic Evaluation
James W. Schroeder Jr, MD, FACS, FAAP
Associate Professor
Chicago, Illinois
Congenital Anomalies of the Larynx, Trachea, and

Bronchi
Foreign Bodies in the Airway
Laryngotracheal Stenosis and Subglottic Stenosis
Neoplasms of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi
Elaine E. Schulte MD, MPH
Vice Chair, Academic Affairs and Faculty Development
Division of Academic General Pediatrics
Bronx, New York
Domestic and International Adoption
Mark A. Schuster MD, PhD
Founding Dean and CEO
Professor
Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine
Pasadena, California
Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents

Daryl A. Scott MD, PhD
Assistant Professor
Houston, Texas
The Genetic Approach in Pediatric Medicine
The Human Genome
Patterns of Genetic Transmission
J. Paul Scott MD
Professor
Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin
Hemostasis
Hereditary Clotting Factor Deficiencies (Bleeding
Disorders)
von Willebrand Disease
Hereditary Predisposition to Thrombosis
Thrombotic Disorders in Children
Postneonatal Vitamin K Deficiency
Liver Disease
Acquired Inhibitors of Coagulation
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Platelet and Blood Vessel Disorders
John P. Scott MD
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics
Divisions of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Pediatric Critical Care
Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
Procedural Sedation
Patrick C. Seed MD, PhD, FAAP, FIDSA
Children's Research Fund Chair in Basic Science
Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology
Division Head, Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Associate Chief Research Officer of Basic Science
Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute
Director, Host-Microbial Interactions, Inflammation, and Immunity (HMI3)
Program
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital
Chicago, Illinois
The Microbiome and Pediatric Health
Shigella
Escherichia coli
Janet R. Serwint MD
Professor
Baltimore, Maryland
Loss, Separation, and Bereavement
Apurva S. Shah MD, MBA
Assistant Professor
Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Common Fractures
Dheeraj Shah MD, FIAP, MAMS
Professor
University College of Medical Sciences
Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital
New Delhi, India
Vitamin B Complex Deficiencies and Excess
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Samir S. Shah MD, MSCE
Director, Division of Hospital Medicine
Chief Metrics Officer
James M. Ewell Endowed Chair
Cincinnati, Ohio
Quality and Value in Healthcare for Children

Fever Without a Focus in the Neonate and Young
Infant
Osteomyelitis
Septic Arthritis
Ala Shaikhkhalil MD
Pediatric Nutrition Fellow
Raanan Shamir MD
Tel-Aviv University
Tel Aviv, Israel;
Chairman, Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Liver Diseases
Schneider Children's Medical Center of Petah
Tikva, Israel
Disorders of Malabsorption
Chronic Diarrhea
Christina M. Shanti MD
Chief, Division of Pediatric Surgery
Detroit, Michigan
Surgical Conditions of the Anus and Rectum
Bruce K. Shapiro MD
The Arnold J. Capute MD, MPH Chair in Neurodevelopmental Disabilities
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Vice-President, Training
Baltimore, Maryland
Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability
Erin E. Shaughnessy MD, MSHCM
Division Chief, Hospital Medicine
Phoenix Children's Hospital
Phoenix, Arizona
Jaundice and Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn

Kernicterus
Bennett A. Shaywitz MD
Charles and Helen Schwab Professor in Dyslexia and Learning Development
Co-Director, Center for Dyslexia and Creativity
Chief, Child Neurology
Dyslexia
Sally E. Shaywitz MD
Audrey G. Ratner Professor in Learning Development
Co-Director, Center for Dyslexia and Creativity
Dyslexia
Oleg A. Shchelochkov MD
Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch
Bethesda, Maryland
An Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Nicole M. Sheanon MD, MS
Cincinnati, Ohio
The Endocrine System

Benjamin L. Shneider MD
Houston, Texas
Stanford T. Shulman MD
Virginia H. Rogers Professor of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Chief Emeritus, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Chicago, Illinois
Group A Streptococcus
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Scott H. Sicherer MD
Elliot and Roslyn Jaffe Professor of Pediatrics, Allergy, and Immunology
Director, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute
New York, New York
Allergy and the Immunologic Basis of Atopic Disease

Allergic Rhinitis
Childhood Asthma
Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)
Insect Allergy
Ocular Allergies
Anaphylaxis
Serum Sickness
Adverse Reactions to Drugs
Mark D. Simms MD, MPH
Medical Director
Child Development Center
Language Development and Communication

Disorders
Adoption
Jeffery M. Simmons MD, MSc
Associate Division Director for Quality
Safety Officer
Cincinnati, Ohio
Quality and Value in Healthcare for Children

Safety in Healthcare for Children
Eric A.F. Simões MBBS, DCH, MD
Aurora, Colorado
Polioviruses
Kari A. Simonsen MD
Omaha, Nebraska
Leptospira
Keneisha Sinclair-McBride PhD
Assistant Professor of Psychology
Staff Psychologist
Aggression
Vidya Sivaraman MD
Division of Adult and Pediatric Rheumatology
The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
Columbus, Ohio
Anne M. Slavotinek MB BS, PhD
University of California San Francisco School of Medicine
Director, Medical Genetics and Genomics
UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital
Dysmorphology
Jessica R. Smith MD
Clinical Director, Thyroid Program
Thyroid Development and Physiology
Disorders of Thyroxine-Binding Globulin
Hypothyroidism
Thyroiditis
Goiter
Thyrotoxicosis
Carcinoma of the Thyroid
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome
Stephanie H. Smith MD
Resident Physician
St. Louis, Missouri
Gynecologic Neoplasms and Adolescent Prevention

Methods for Human Papillomavirus
Kim Smith-Whitley MD
Professor, Department of Pediatrics
Clinical Director, Division of Hematology
Director, Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center
Hemoglobinopathies
Mary Beth F Son MD
Assistant Professor in Pediatrics
Staff Physician, Division of Immunology
Kawasaki Disease
Laura Stout Sosinsky PhD
Research Scientist
Research and Evaluation Group
Public Health Management Corporation
Childcare
Emily Souder MD

parapertussis)
Joseph D. Spahn MD
Professor
Aurora, Colorado
Childhood Asthma
Paul Spearman MD
Albert B. Sabin Professor of Pediatrics
Director, Division of Infectious Diseases
Cincinnati, Ohio
Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (1 and 2)
Mark A. Sperling MD
Professor Emeritus and Chair
Professorial Lecturer
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes
New York, New York
Hypoglycemia
David A. Spiegel MD
Professor
Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon
The Spine
The Neck
Jaclyn B. Spitzer PhD
Professor Emerita of Audiology and Speech Pathology in Otolaryngology
New York, New York
Jürgen W. Spranger MD
University of Mainz School of Medicine
Children's Hospital
Mainz, Germany
Mucopolysaccharidoses
James E. Squires MD, MS
Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh
Manifestations of Liver Disease
Siddharth Srivastava MD, PhD
Instructor in Neurology
Joseph W. St Geme III, MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Chair of the Department of
Pediatrics
Chair of the Department of Pediatrics and Physician-in-Chief
Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Endowed Chair in Pediatrics
Amy P. Stallings MD
Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
Virginia A. Stallings MD
Director, Nutrition Center
Kathryn C. Stambough MD
Resident Physician
St. Louis, Missouri
Gynecologic History and Physical Examination
Lawrence R. Stanberry MD, PhD
Associate Dean for International Programs
Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York, New York
Herpes Simplex Virus

Charles A. Stanley MD
Disorders of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation
Jeffrey R. Starke MD
Houston, Texas
Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Taylor B. Starr DO, MPH
Division of Adolescent Medicine
Rochester, New York
Eating Disorders
Andrew P. Steenhoff MBBCh, DCH, FAAP
Medical Director, Global Health Center
Fever of Unknown Origin
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii)
Ronen E. Stein MD
Attending Physician
Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
William J. Steinbach MD
Professor of Pediatrics, Molecular Genetics, and Microbiology
Chief, Pediatric Infectious DiseasesDuke University Medical Center

Aspergillus
Mucormycosis
Janet Stewart MD
Associate Professor Emerita
Spina Bifida Clinic
Denver, Colorado
Meningomyelocele (Spina Bifida)
Gregory A. Storch MD
Ruth L. Siteman Professor of Pediatrics
St. Louis, Missouri
Diagnostic Microbiology
Polyomaviruses
Ronald G. Strauss MD
Professor Emeritus
Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology
University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
Iowa City, Iowa;
Medical Director, Vitalant (formerly LifeSource)
Rosemont, Illinois
Red Blood Cell Transfusions and Erythropoietin

Therapy
Platelet Transfusions
Neutrophil (Granulocyte) Transfusions
Plasma Transfusions
Risks of Blood Transfusions
Gina S. Sucato MD, MPH
Director, Adolescent Center
Washington Permanente Medical Group
Adjunct Investigator, Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute
Seattle, Washington
Menstrual Problems
Frederick J. Suchy MD
Associate Dean for Child Health Research
Denver, Colorado;
Chief Research Officer and Director
Children's Hospital Colorado Research Institute
Aurora, Colorado
Drug- and Toxin-Induced Liver Injury
Acute Hepatic Failure
Fulminant Hepatic Failure
Cystic Diseases of the Biliary Tract and Liver
Diseases of the Gallbladder
Portal Hypertension and Varices
Kristen R. Suhrie MD
Assistant Professor
Neonatologist, Perinatal Institute
Cincinnati, Ohio
High-Risk Pregnancies
The Fetus
Kathleen E. Sullivan MD, PhD
Chief, Division of Allergy and Immunology
Frank R. Wallace Endowed Chair in Infectious Diseases
Evaluation of Suspected Immunodeficiency
The T-, B-, and NK-Cell Systems
Primary Defects of Antibody Production
Treatment of B-Cell Defects
Primary Defects of Cellular Immunity
Moira Szilagyi MD, PhD
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Section Chief, Developmental Studies
UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital
Foster and Kinship Care
Sammy M. Tabbah MD
Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist, Cincinnati Fetal Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
High-Risk Pregnancies
The Fetus
Robert R. Tanz MD
Division of Academic General Pediatrics and Primary Care
Chicago, Illinois
Acute Pharyngitis
Cristina Tarango MD
Medical Director, Hemophilia Treatment Center
Clinical Director, Hematology Program
Cincinnati, Ohio
Hemorrhage in the Newborn Infant
Nonimmune Hydrops
Nidale Tarek MD
American University of Beirut
Beirut, Lebanon
Retinoblastoma
Neoplasms of the Liver
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
Robert C. Tasker MBBS, MD
Professor of Anesthesia
Senior Associate, Critical Care Medicine
Director, Pediatric NeuroCritical Care Program
Outcomes and Risk Adjustment of Pediatric

Emergency Medical Services
Dmitry Tchapyjnikov MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology
Seizures in Childhood
Brenda L. Tesini MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics
Rochester, New York
Roseola (Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7)

Jillian L. Theobald MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine
Toxicologist, Wisconsin Poison Center
Poisoning
Beth K. Thielen MD, PhD
Fellow, Infectious Diseases and International Medicine
Department of Medicine
Fellow, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyDepartment of
PediatricsUniversity of Minnesota Medical School
Principles of Antiparasitic Therapy
Anita A. Thomas MD, MPH
Assistant Professor
Attending Physician
Seattle, Washington
Drowning and Submersion Injury

Cameron W. Thomas MD, MS
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology
Fetal and Neonatal Neurology Specialist, Division of Neurology
Cincinnati, Ohio
Nervous System Disorders
Courtney D. Thornburg MD, MS
University of California San Diego School of Medicine
La Jolla, California;
Medical Director, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Treatment Center
Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego
San Diego, California
The Anemias
Congenital Hypoplastic Anemia (Diamond-Blackfan
Anemia)
Pearson Syndrome
Acquired Pure Red Blood Cell Anemia
Anemia of Chronic Disease and Renal Disease
Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias
Physiologic Anemia of Infancy
Megaloblastic Anemias
Joel S. Tieder MD, MPH
Seattle, Washington
Brief Resolved Unexplained Events and Other Acute

Events in Infants
Cynthia J. Tifft MD, PhD
Director, Pediatric Undiagnosed Diseases Program
Medical Genetics Branch
Bethesda, Maryland

Diseases
James K. Todd MD
Jules Amer Chair in Community Pediatrics
Section Head, Epidemiology (Pediatrics)
Director, Epidemiology, Clinical Outcomes, and Clinical Microbiology
Denver, Colorado
Staphylococcus
Victor R. Tolentino Jr, JD, MPH, NP
Healthcare Consultant
Jackson Heights, New York
Camilo Toro MD
Director, Adult Undiagnosed Diseases Program
Bethesda, Maryland
Diseases
Richard L. Tower II, MD, MS
Assistant Professor

Lymphadenopathy
Joseph M. Trapasso MD
Resident Physician
University of Texas Children's Hospital
Galveston, Texas
N-Acetylaspartic Acid (Canavan Disease)

Riccardo Troncone MD
Professor and Director
Napoli, Italy
Celiac Disease
Elaine Tsao MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
Seattle, Washington
David G. Tubergen MD
Medical Director, Host Program
MD Anderson Physicians Network
Houston, Texas
The Leukemias
Lisa K. Tuchman MD, MPH
Chief, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine
Center for Translational Science, Children's Research Institute
Washington, DC

Margaret A. Turk MD
Professor
Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Pediatrics
State University of New York
SUNY Upstate Medical University
Syracuse, New York
David A. Turner MD
Associate Professor
Director, Pediatric Critical Care Fellowship Program
Medical Director, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Shock
Christina Ullrich MD, PhD
Nicole Ullrich MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Neurology
Director, Neurologic Neuro-Oncology
Associate Director, Clinical Trials
Neurofibromatosis Program
Krishna K. Upadhya MD, MPH
Assistant Professor
Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine
Washington, DC
Menstrual Problems
David K. Urion MD
Associate Professor and Charles F. Barlow Chair of Neurology
Harvard University Medical School
Director, Behavioral Neurology Clinics and Programs
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Taher Valika MD
Clinical Instructor of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery
Attending Physician, Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery
Chicago, Illinois
Laryngotracheal Stenosis and Subglottic Stenosis
George F. Van Hare MD
Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis
St Louis Children's Hospital
St. Louis, Missouri
Syncope
Disturbances of Rate and Rhythm of the Heart
Sudden Death
Heather A. Van Mater MD, MS
Scleroderma and Raynaud Phenomenon
Charles D. Varnell Jr, MD, MS
Instructor of Pediatrics
Cincinnati, Ohio
Renal Transplantation
Ana M. Vaughan MD, MPH, FAAP
Assistant in Medicine
Associate Hospital Epidemiologist
Childcare and Communicable Diseases

Timothy J. Vece MD
Medical Director, Airway Center
North Carolina Children's Hospital
Granulomatous Lung Disease

Eosinophilic Lung Disease
Interstitial Lung Disease
Aarthi P. Vemana MD
Pediatric Sleep Physician
Fairfax Neonatal Associates
Fairfax, Virginia
Charles P. Venditti MD, PhD
Head, Organic Acid Research Section
Senior Investigator, National Human Genome Research Institute
Bethesda, Maryland
An Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Sarah Vepraskas MD
Section of Hospital Medicine
Sudden Unexpected Postnatal Collapse
James W. Verbsky MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics (Rheumatology) and Microbiology and
Immunology
Medical Director, Clinical Immunology Research Laboratory
Medical Director, Clinical and Translational Research
Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes and Other

Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases
Jennifer A. Vermilion MD
Instructor in Neurology and Pediatrics
Rochester, New York
Chorea, Athetosis, Tremor

Brian P. Vickery MD
Director, Food Allergy Center at Emory and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia
Eosinophils
Bernadette E. Vitola MD, MPH
Liver Disease Associated with Systemic Disorders
Judith A. Voynow MD
Edwin L. Kendig Jr. Professor of Pediatric Pulmonology
Richmond, Virginia
Cystic Fibrosis
Jonathan B. Wagner DO
Pharmacoproteomics
Steven G. Waguespack MD, FACE
Professor
Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders
Houston, Texas
Thyroid Tumors
Adrenal Tumors
David M. Walker MD
Chief, Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Joseph M. Sanarzi Children's Hospital
Hackensack University Medical Center
Hackensack, New Jersey

Kelly J. Walkovich MD
Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Leukopenia
Leukocytosis
Heather J. Walter MD, MPH
Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics
Senior Attending Psychiatrist
Senior Lecturer on Psychiatry
Psychosocial Assessment and Interviewing
Psychopharmacology
Psychotherapy and Psychiatric Hospitalization
Rumination and Pica
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Suicide and Attempted Suicide
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
Aggression
Childhood Psychoses
Jennifer A. Wambach MD
Division of Newborn Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri

Julie Wang MD
New York, New York
Insect Allergy
Anaphylaxis
Michael F. Wangler MD
Assistant Professor of Molecular and Human Genetics
Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute
Houston, Texas
Disorders of Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids and Other
Peroxisomal Functions
Russell E. Ware MD, PhD
Director, Division of Hematology
Co-Director, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute
Director, Global Health Center
Marjory J. Johnson Chair of Hematology Translational Research
Cincinnati, Ohio
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

Neonatal Polycythemia
Hemorrhage in the Newborn Infant
Nonimmune Hydrops
Stephanie M. Ware MD, PhD, FACMG
Professor of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics
Vice Chair of Clinical Affairs in Medical and Molecular Genetics
Program Leader in Cardiovascular Genetics
Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
Diseases of the Myocardium
Diseases of the Pericardium
Tumors of the Heart
Matthew C. Washam MD, MPH
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum)

Ari J. Wassner MD
Director, Thyroid Program
Thyroid Development and Physiology
Disorders of Thyroxine-Binding Globulin
Hypothyroidism
Thyroiditis
Goiter
Thyrotoxicosis
Carcinoma of the Thyroid
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome
Rachel Wattier MD, MHS
University of California San Francisco School of Medicine
Mucormycosis
David R. Weber MD, MSCE
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes
Pediatric Bone Health Program
Rochester, New York
Diabetes Mellitus
Debra E. Weese-Mayer MD
Beatrice Cummings Mayer Professor of Pediatrics and Pediatric Autonomic
Medicine
Chief, Division of Pediatric Autonomic Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
(ROHHAD)
Jason B. Weinberg MD
Associate Professor of Microbiology and Immunology
C. S. Mott Children's Hospital
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Epstein-Barr Virus
Adenoviruses
Jason P. Weinman MD
Aurora, Colorado

Kathryn L. Weise MD, MA
Program Director, Cleveland Fellowship in Advanced Bioethics
Department of Bioethics
The Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Cleveland, Ohio
Ethics in Pediatric Care
Anna K. Weiss MD, MSEd
Director of Pediatric Resident Education
Triage of the Acutely Ill Child
Pamela F. Weiss MD, MSCE
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Epidemiology
Division of Rheumatology
Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Spondylarthritides

Reactive and Postinfectious Arthritis
Carol Weitzman MD
Director, Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Program
Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Morgan P. Welebir MD
Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center
Burbank, California
Vaginal Bleeding in the Prepubertal Child
Lawrence Wells MD
Associate Professor

Evaluation of the Child
Torsional and Angular Deformities
The Hip
Common Fractures
Jessica W. Wen MD
Ascites
Peritonitis
Danielle Wendel MD
Assistant Professor
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Seattle, Washington
Tumors of the Digestive Tract

Steven L. Werlin MD
The Medical College of Wisconsin
Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the
Pancreas
Pancreatic Function Tests
Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas
Treatment of Pancreatic Insufficiency
Pancreatitis
Pseudocyst of the Pancreas
Pancreatic Tumors
Michael R. Wessels MD
John F. Enders Professor of Pediatrics
Professor of Medicine (Microbiology)
Group B Streptococcus
Ralph F. Wetmore MD
Professor
Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
E. Mortimer Newlin Professor and Chief
Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology
Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania
Tonsils and Adenoids
Scott L. Wexelblatt MD
Associate Professor
Medical Director Regional Newborn Services
Cincinnati, Ohio
Neonatal Abstinence (Withdrawal)
Isaiah D. Wexler MD, PhD
Associate Professor
Hadassah University Medical Center
Jerusalem, Israel
Effects of War on Children

A. Clinton White Jr, MD
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
Galveston, Texas
Adult Tapeworm Infections

Cysticercosis
Perrin C. White MD
Audre Newman Rapoport Distinguished Chair in Pediatric Endocrinology
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas
Physiology of the Adrenal Gland

Adrenocortical Insufficiency
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Related
Disorders
Cushing Syndrome
Primary Aldosteronism
Adrenocortical Tumors and Masses
Virilizing and Feminizing Adrenal Tumors
Cushing Syndrome
Primary Aldosteronism
Pheochromocytoma
John V. Williams MD
Henry L. Hillman Professor of Pediatrics
Professor of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
Chief, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Adenoviruses
Rhinoviruses
The Common Cold
Rodney E. Willoughby Jr, MD
Rabies
Michael Wilschanski MBBS
The Hebrew University–Hadassah School of Medicine
Director, Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit
Hadassah University Hospitals
Jerusalem, Israel
Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the
Pancreas
Pancreatic Function Tests
Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas
Treatment of Pancreatic Insufficiency
Pancreatitis
Pseudocyst of the Pancreas
Pancreatic Tumors
Karen M. Wilson MD, MPH
Debra and Leon Black Division Chief of General Pediatrics
Vice-Chair for Clinical and Translational Research
New York, New York
Pamela Wilson MD
Associate Professor
Denver, Colorado
Meningomyelocele (Spina Bifida)
Jennifer J. Winell MD
Clinical Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
The Foot and Toes

Glenna B. Winnie MD
Director, Pediatric and Adolescent Sleep Center
Fairfax Neonatal Associates, PC
Fairfax, Virginia
Emphysema and Overinflation
α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Emphysema
Pneumothorax
Pneumomediastinum
Hydrothorax
Hemothorax
Chylothorax
Lawrence Wissow MD, MPH
James P. Connaughton Professor of Community Psychiatry
Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland

Peter Witters MD
Metabolic Center
University Hospitals Leuven
Leuven, Belgium
Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation

Joshua Wolf MBBS
Assistant Member, St. Jude Faculty
Memphis, Tennessee
Infection Associated with Medical Devices
Peter M. Wolfgram MD
Assistant Professor
Delayed or Absent Puberty

Joanne Wolfe MD, MPH
Chief, Division of Pediatric Palliative Care
Director, Pediatric Palliative Care
Brandon T. Woods MD
Fellow, Critical Care Medicine
Seattle, Washington
Pulmonary Edema
Benjamin L. Wright MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology
Mayo Clinic
Scottsdale, Arizona;
Phoenix Children's Hospital
Phoenix, Arizona
Eosinophils
Joseph L. Wright MD, MPH
Adjunct Research Professor
Department of Family Science
University of Maryland School of Public Health
Adjunct Professor of Emergency Medicine and Health Policy
George Washington University
Washington, DC
Emergency Medical Services for Children
Terry W. Wright PhD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases)
School of Medicine and Dentistry
Rochester, New York
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Eveline Y. Wu MD
Assistant Professor
Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Sarcoidosis
Pablo Yagupsky MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Clinical Microbiology (Emeritus)
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Soroka Medical Center
Beer-Sheva, Israel
Kingella kingae
E. Ann Yeh MD, MA
Associate Professor of Pediatrics (Neurology)
Director, MS and Demyelinating Disorders ProgramHospital for Sick Children
Spinal Cord Lesions Associated with Vascular
Processes
Anusha K. Yeshokumar MD
Assistant Professor
Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics
New York, New York
Wafik Zaky MD
Professor
Houston, Texas

Lauren B. Zapata PhD
Epidemiologist, Division of Reproductive Health
Atlanta, Georgia
Contraception
Lonnie K. Zeltzer MD
Distinguished Research Professor
Departments of Anesthesiology, Psychiatry, and Biobehavioral Science
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Amy Zhou BA
Clinical Research Coordinator
Center for Autonomic Medicine in Pediatrics
Chicago, Illinois

(ROHHAD)
Barry S. Zuckerman MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Chair Emeritus
Boston Medical Center
Impact of Violence on Children
† Deceased
Preface
Whoever saves one life it is considered as if they saved an entire world.
— Babylonian Talmud
The 21st edition of Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics continues its tradition of
being an essential resource for general pediatric providers and pediatric
subspecialists as they diagnose and treat infants, children, and adolescents
throughout the world. The 21st edition has been thoroughly revised, updated,
and edited to keep up with the huge advances in clinical care derived from basic,
clinical, and population-based research. The promise that translational medicine
will improve the lives of children has become a daily reality for most but not all
children. Knowledge of human development, behavior, and diseases from the
molecular to sociologic levels has led to greater understanding of health and
illness in children and substantial improvements in health quality for those who
have access to health care. These exciting scientific advances also provide hope
to effectively address prevention and treatment of new and emerging diseases
threatening children and their families.
The field of pediatrics encompasses advocacy for all children throughout the
world and must address societal inequalities of important resources required for
normal development, as well as protection from natural and man-made disasters.
Unfortunately, many children throughout the world have not benefited from the
significant advances in the prevention and treatment of health-related problems.
For our increasing knowledge to benefit all children and youth, medical
advances and good clinical practice must always be coupled with effective
advocacy to overcome unconscious bias, lack of political will, and misplaced
priorities.
This new edition of Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics attempts to provide the
essential information that practitioners, house staff, medical students, and all
other care providers involved in pediatric health care throughout the world need
to understand to effectively address the enormous range of biologic,
psychologic, and social problems that our children and youth face. In addition,
pediatric subspecialists will benefit from the details of coexisting disorders often
seen in their patients. Our goal is to be comprehensive yet concise and reader
friendly, embracing both new advances in clinical science and the time-honored
art of pediatric practice.
The 21st edition is reorganized and revised from the previous edition. There
are many additions of new diseases and new chapters, as well as substantial
expansion or significant modification of others. In addition, many more tables,
photographs, imaging studies, and illustrative figures, as well as up-to-date
references, have been added. This new edition has greatly benefited by the
addition of four new associate editors with an extremely broad base of clinic
experiences: Dr. Nathan Blum, Chief, Division of Developmental and
Behavioral Pediatrics at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Dr. Samir S.
Shah, Director, Division of Hospital Medicine and Chief Metrics Officer,
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Dr. Robert Tasker, Director,
Pediatric NeuroCritical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital; and Dr.
Karen Wilson, Division Chief of General Pediatrics, Vice-Chair for Clinical and
Translational Research, Kravis Children's Hospital at the Icahn School of
Medicine at Mount Sinai, have all contributed to the planning and editing of the
21st edition.
Although, to an ill child and their family and physician, even the rarest
disorder is of central importance, all health problems cannot possibly be covered
with the same degree of detail in one general textbook of pediatrics. Thus,
leading articles and subspecialty texts are referenced and should be consulted
when more information is desired. In addition, as new recommendations or
policies are developed, they will be updated on our website.
The outstanding value of the 21st edition of the textbook is due to its many
expert and authoritative contributors. We are all indebted to these dedicated
authors for their hard work, knowledge, thoughtfulness, and good judgment. Our
sincere appreciation also goes to Jennifer Shreiner and Sarah Barth at Elsevier
and to Carolyn Redman in the Pediatric Department of the Medical College of
Wisconsin. We have all worked hard to produce an edition that will be helpful to
those who provide care for children and youth and to those desiring to know
more about children's health worldwide.
In this edition we have had informal assistance from many faculty and house
staff of the department of pediatrics at the Medical College of Wisconsin,
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, University of
Cincinnati College of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and the Kravis
Children's Hospital at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. The help of
these individuals and of the many practicing pediatricians from around the world
who have taken the time to offer thoughtful feedback and suggestions is always
greatly appreciated and helpful.
Last and certainly not least, we especially wish to thank our families for their
patience and understanding about the great time commitment we as editors have
spent reading and editing this edition.
Robert M. Kliegman MD
Joseph W. St. Geme III, MD
Nathan J. Blum MD
Samir S. Shah MD, MSCE
Robert C. Tasker MBBS, MD
Karen M. Wilson MD, MPH
Videos
Video 116.1 Fetoscopic open neural tube defect repair

895
Video 330.1 Echinococcus granulosus protoscolex
1898
Video 616.1 Severely limited level of consciousness
and movement disorder in patient with anti-NMDAR
encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis 3182
Video 616.2 Improved level of consciousness in
patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis after
immunotherapy 3182
Video 616.3 Intact cognition in patient with anti-
NMDAR encephalitis after immunotherapy and
prolonged follow-up 3182
Video 626.1 Physical examination of mother of
newborn baby presenting with arthrogryposis 3278
Video 626.2 Infant with arthrogryposis, respiratory
insufficiency, and fractures at birth 3278
Video 630.1 Spinal muscular atrophy type I 3312
Video 630.2 Kugelberg-Welander disease (spinal
muscular atrophy type III) 3312
Video 630.3 Hand polyminimyoclonus (tremor),
typical of spinal muscular atrophy type III 3312
Volume 1
OUTLINE
Part I The Field of Pediatrics

Part II Growth, Development, and Behavior
Part III Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders
Part IV Learning and Developmental Disorders
Part V Nutrition
Part VI Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Part VII Pediatric Drug Therapy
Part VIII Emergency Medicine and Critical Care
Part IX Human Genetics
Part X Metabolic Disorders
Part XI The Fetus and the Neonatal Infant
Part XII Adolescent Medicine
Part XIII Immunology
Part XIV Allergic Disorders
Part XV Rheumatic Diseases of Childhood (Connective Tissue
Disease, Collagen Vascular Diseases)
Part XVI Infectious Diseases

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Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics

JOSEPH W. ST GEME III, MD

SAMIR S. SHAH, MD, MSCE

ROBERT C. TASKER, MBBS, MD

KAREN M. WILSON, MD, MPH

Instructions for online access

Chapter 1 Overview of Pediatrics

Vital Statistics About Children's Health Globally

The Changing Pediatric World

Chronic Illness and Children With Special Health Care Needs

Chapter 2 Child Health Disparities

Determinants of Health and Health Disparities

Disparities in Child Health and Healthcare:

Approaches to Eradicating Disparities: Interventions

Racism as Social Determinant

Explaining Racial Disparities: A Taxonomy of Racism

Opportunities to Address Racism

Chapter 3 Global Child Health

Global Burden and Trends in Child Health

Social Determinants of Child Health

Evidence-Based Interventions and Innovations to Address Child

Challenges in Global Health

Chapter 4 Quality and Value in Healthcare for Children

The Need for Improvement in Quality and Value

Framework for Quality

Developing Guidelines to Establish the Standard for Quality

Analyzing Quality Data

Comparing and Reporting Quality

Implications of the U.S. Healthcare Reform for Quality

Information Technology and Quality Improvement

Expanding Individual Quality Improvement Initiatives to Scale

Chapter 5 Safety in Healthcare for Children

Identifying and Analyzing Harm, Errors, and Latent Threats

Reliability Science and High-Reliability Organizations

Safety Opportunities and Gaps

Emerging Areas of Safety Research and Improvement

Chapter 6 Ethics in Pediatric Care

Assent and Parental Permission

Treatment of Critically Ill Children

Declaring Death and Organ Donation

Religious or Cultural Objections to Treatment

Pediatric Ethics Committees and Ethics Consultation

Genetics, Genomics, and Precision Medicine

Balancing Maternal and Fetal Interests

Justice and Pediatric Ethics

Chapter 7 Pediatric Palliative Care

Communication, Advance Care Planning, and Anticipatory Guidance

Chapter 8 Domestic and International Adoption

Chapter 9 Foster and Kinship Care

Legislation in the United States

Early Childhood Trauma Leads to Poor Health Outcomes

Healthcare for Children and Adolescents in Foster Care

Chapter 10 Medical Evaluation of the Foreign-Born Child

Commonly Encountered Infections

Culturally Informed Care

Chapter 12 Maximizing Children's Health

Periodicity Schedule and Guidelines

Tasks of Well-Child Care

Infancy and Early Childhood