LESSON 8 The LEAP of Science and Technology During The Scientific Revolution

LESSON 8
The LEAP of Science and Technology

during the Scientific Revolution
(A.D. 1600 - A.D. 1700)
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the development of Science and
Technology during Scientific Revolution
Learning Outcomes:
The students will be able to:
1. Describe the development of Science and technology during Scientific Revolution;
2. Explicate and recognize the significance of the technology invented during Scientific
Revolution;
3. Recognize and appreciate the works of the different proponents of the Scientific
Revolution period.
Word Bank:
Scientific revolution, magnet, comet, astronomia nova, telescope, gravitation, alchemy,
tabula rasa
DISCUSSION
The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early
modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and
chemistry transformed the views of society and nature. The scientific revolution began in
Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18th
century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment.
Science and Technology Development:

1. Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium is often cited as
marking the beginning of the scientific revolution.
2. William Gilbert (1544—1603) published books On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies,
and the Great Magnet the Earth in 1600, which laid the foundations of a theory of
magnetism and electricity. Gilbert provided a hyper-empirical study of magnets,
magnetism, and electricity with speculations about cosmology.
3. Tycho Brahe (1546—1601), a Danish nobleman. He is known for his accurate and
comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations. He was assisted by Johannes
Kepler, where the latter used the information to develop his own theories in Astronomy.
In November 1572, He discovered the 'Tycho'$ Star' or the 'Star of 1572', a dramatic
supernova believed to appear in Cassiopeia constellation which became the talk of
Europe and the great Comet of 1577. Proposed a system in which the sun and moon
orbited the earth, while the other planets orbited the sun. (Geo-Heliocentric theory or
tychonic theory). The crater Tycho on the moon is named after him, as in the crater
Tycho Brahe on Mars.
4. Johannes Kepler (1571—1630) first publication in astronomy, called Cosmographic
Mystery presented a stridently Copernican worldview dedicated to drawing together
mathematical astronomy, physics, and a quasi-Pythagorean religious perspective in
hope of a new astronomy; He published the first two of his three laws of planetary motion
in 1609; published his Ad vitellioem paralipomena quibus astronomiae pars optica
traditor (The Optical Part of Astronomy) where he argues that light rays are rectilinear,
that they diminish in intensity by the inverse square of their distance as they travel from
the light source; Astronomia nova (New Astronomy) shows that Mars moves non-
uniformly in an elliptical path and proposes a quasi-magnetic power or virtue emanating
from the sun as partial explanation for the planetary motions; Harmonice mundi
(Harmonies of the World) presents his so-called 'Third Law' which draws attention to the
relationship between the annual periods of the planets and their mean distances from
the sun.
5. Sir Francis Bacon (1561—1626) published Novum Organum in 1620, which outlined a
new system of logic based on the process of reduction, which he offered as an
improvement over Aristotle's philosophical process of syllogism. He was a pivotal figure
in establishing the scientific method of investigation.
6. Galileo Galilei (1564—1642) the famous Italian Astronomer who demonstrated that a
projectile follows a parabolic path; 1608, he invented the telescope ('spyglass') which
employs a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece; 1609, he constructed his
first telescope and turns it toward the heavens and able to discover and argues there
are innumerable stars invisible to the naked eye; He discovered mountains on the Moon
and four moons circling Jupiter; later in 1610, Galileo observes the phases of Venus,
which suggested to him that waning and waxing planet must circle the Sun; discovered
the sunspots; noted that Saturn appeared to have 'handles' and troubled over what could
give rise to such an appearance; 1616, the year of the infamous Injunction against
Galileo, was warned by the Inquisition not to hold or defend the hypothesis asserted in
Copernicus' On the Revolutions, though it has been debated whether he was
admonished not to 'teach in any way' the heliocentric theory. This work was in turn
placed on the Index of Prohibited Books until corrected.
7. René Descartes (1596—1650) published his Discourse on the Method in 1637, which
helped to establish the scientific method.
8. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek (1632—1723) constructed powerful single lens
microscopes and made extensive observations that he published around 1660, opening
up the micro-world of biology.
9. Isaac Newton (1643—1727) built upon the work of Kepler and Galileo. He showed that
an inverse square law for gravity explained the elliptical orbits of the planets, and
advanced the law of universal gravitation; In his Principia, Newton theorized his
axiomatic three laws of motion.
10. Alexandre Koyré, in the 20th century, introduced the term "Scientific Revolution",
centering his analysis on Galileo, and the term was popularized by Butterfield in his
Origins of Modern Science.
11. John Locke is recognized founder of empiricism and proposed in An Essay Concerning
Human Understanding (1689) that the only true knowledge that could be accessible to
the human mind was that which was based on experience. He argued that the human
mind was created as a tabula rasa, a "blank tablet," upon which sensory impressions
were recorded and built up knowledge through a process of reflection.
12. Robert Boyle (1627—1691) an English chemist considered to have refined the modern
scientific method for alchemy and to have separated chemistry further from alchemy.
Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the
founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific
method. Although Boyle was not an original discover, he is best known for Boyle's Law,
which he presented in 1662: the law describes the inversely proportional relationship
between the absolute pressure and volume of gas, if the temperature is kept constant
within a closed system. He built an Air pump and many new instruments were devised
in this period, which greatly aided in the expansion of scientific knowledge.
13. Refracting telescopes first appeared in the Netherlands in 1608. The spectacle makers
Hans Lippershey, Zacharias Janssen and Jacob Metius of Alkmaarall contributed to
its invention.
14. Evangelista Torricelli (1607—1647) was best known for his invention of the mercury
barometer. The motivation for the invention was to improve on the suction pumps that
were used to raise water out of the mines.
DO YOU KNOW?
SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727). English physicist, mathematician, and natural

philosopher, considered one of the most important scientists of all time. Newton formulated
laws of universal gravitation and motion—laws that explain how objects move on Earth as
well as through the heavens.
Newton's first law of motion states that if the vector sum of the forces acting on an
object is zero, then the object will remain at rest or remain moving at constant velocity. The
Law of Inertia.
Newton's second law relates to net force and acceleration. A net force on an object
will accelerate it—that is, change its velocity. The acceleration will be proportional to the
magnitude of the force and in the same direction as the force. The Law of acceleration.
Newton's third law of motion states that an object experiences a force because it is
interacting with some other object. The force that object 1 exerts on object 2 must be of the
same magnitude but in the opposite direction as the force that object 2 exerts on object 1.
The Law of Interaction.
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. The pull of the Earth on objects at its surface
is its pull of gravity.

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The LEAP of Science and Technology

Science and Technology Development:

SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727). English physicist, mathematician, and natural

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