Concentration and Drying of Fruit Juices

CONCENTRATION AND DRYING OF
FRUIT JUICES
introduction
• Fruit juices are watery mixtures of most unstable volatile compounds.
• The solid content of most liquid food is 8-16% and is expensive to pack,
store for long periods or to transport to distant places. Hence, it is
desirable to remove a part or all of the water from such liquids.
• Fruit juice concentrates are valuable semi-finished products for use in
the production of:
1. fruit juice
2. fruit juice beverage
3. fruit juice powder.
Advantages of concentration
• Provides microbiological stability
• Shelf life extension
• Permits economy in packaging, transportation and
distribution of the finished product.
Methods of concentration
• The methods used for concentration include the following:
1. Evaporative concentration under vacuum
2. Membrane concentration: Ultrafiltration, Reverse
osmosis, Microfiltration
3. Freeze concentration
Thermal evaporation under vacuum
• This process is commonly adopted since it is economical

method of fruit juice concentration.
• Use of multiple effect vacuum condensing plant is used for
the purpose and use of high vacuum helps in evaporating
water from fruit juice at much lower than its boiling
temperature with steam economy too.
The types of evaporators used for
fruit juice concentration are
Disadvantages of conventional
vacuum concentration
• Causes loss of much volatile flavoring compounds as well as
nutritive value.
• Requires use of fining agents, enzymes and centrifugation for
juice clarification
• High temperature promotes oxidation of compounds in the
juice, which may result in chemical alteration of the aroma and
flavor compounds.
Fouling of evaporators
• When pulpy or cloudy juice is required to be concentrated, the
deposition of burnt layer of organic matter on the hot surface of
evaporator causes severe problem.
• The evaporation rate is retarded and it may become difficult to
concentrate such fruit juices in a falling film and plate evaporators.
• In such cases use evaporators having agitators or use Serum
concentration process where the fruit juice is centrifuged to separate the
solid phase (pulp) and the liquid phase (serum) is concentrated in an
evaporator, before mixing with the pulp.
Freeze concentration
• Freeze concentration (FC) of fruit juices is a cold, gentle and selective
concentration procedure, in which two distinctive steps, viz., ice
crystallization and ice separation from the concentrate phase are involved.
A. First stage:
➢Fruit juice is supercooled below its freezing point to allow water to separate
as ice crystals.
➢This uses either (a) Direct contact crystallizer, or (b) Indirect contact
crystallizer.
B. Second stage:
➢The ice crystals are separated from the concentrated fruit juices.
➢This takes help of Presses, Filtering centrifuges, Wash columns or a
combination of these.
Advantages of FC over evaporative
methods
• The energy needed to freeze a unit of water is much less.
• The low process temperature prevents undesirable chemical and
biochemical reactions (minimum color change, non-enzymatic
browning and vitamin losses).
• As vacuum is not involved, the losses of low-boiling flavor and
aromatic esters are completely avoided.
• The flavor profile is better.
Drawbacks of Freeze concentration
• Major problem is the loss of soluble solids of the juice in
the separated ice.
• The final concentration of the concentrated juice is as
low as 40-55% dry matter, due to steep increase in the
viscosity of ice-concentrated mixture.
Multi-stage freeze concentration
• As the juice concentrates, there is increase in viscosity which retards
water crystallization.
• Multi-stage FC overcomes this to a great extent. In such process, the
ice crystals are separated out at the end of each cycle and the
remaining concentrate is fed to the succeeding crystallizing
compartments.
• Here, the ice crystals are separated at different levels of concentration
and viscosity.
Membrane processing
• In the fruit juice industry, membrane technology is
used mainly to clarify the juice by means of
ultrafiltration and microfiltration and to concentrate
it by means of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis.
Ultrafiltration (UF)
• These membrane processes can perform clarification and fractionation
over and above concentrating.
Advantages of UF:
• Produces juice of desirable quality at low cost of operation and with
greater speed.
• In a single step, it performs juice clarification and fining.
• Lower energy consumption (i.e. 20-30 BTU/lb. of water removed vs.
300 BTU for triple effect vacuum condensing plant).
• Increased flavor and aroma retention
Reverse osmosis (RO)
• It is basically a concentration process. Pressure is applied to fruit juice
that is greater than its osmotic pressure. This pressure forces the water
out of the juice.
Advantages of RO:
• Considerable amount of aroma retention at a cost competitive with
evaporation, without undue loss of solids.
• Concentration without phase change or thermal damage.
Drawback of RO:
• It limits the upper concentration level at about 28 degree Brix.
Combined UF and RO
• Initially, the fruit juice is passed through UF system to remove
suspended solids.
• The UF permeate is directed to an RO system to simultaneously
concentrate the flavor and aroma compounds, sugars and amino
acids for eventual reconstitution to single strength juice.
• This allows for concentration of orange juice to levels of ~ 42
degree Brix. On commercial scale up to 45-55 degree Brix can be
achieved.
Drying of Fruit Juices
• Fruit may be dried as a whole (e.g., grapes, various berries, apricot,
plum, etc.), in sliced form (e.g., banana, mango, papaya, kiwi, etc.), in
puree form (e.g., mango, apricot, etc.), as leather, or as a powder by
spray or drum drying. Depending on the physical form of the fruit (e.g.,
whole, paste, slices), different types of dryers must be used for drying.
• The advantages of fruit and vegetable drying are compensated by some
negative changes that occur during drying, for example, heat damage of
heat-sensitive constituents (vitamins, enzymes, etc.); browning,
shrinkage, and case hardening; irreversible loss of ability to rehydrate;
loss of volatile constituents; and changes in moisture distribution within
the product.
Methods of drying fruit juices
• There are several methods of drying the fruit and vegetables, solar
drying being the oldest one. The type of dryers is listed below:
a. Fluidized bed dryers
b. Spray dryers
c. Contact dryers
d. Foam drying
e. Vacuum and
f. Freeze drying
Spray drying
• Some fruit or vegetable powders are produced from juices, concentrates, or pulps by using a
spray drying technique.
• The drying is achieved by spraying of the slurry into an airstream at a temperature of 138°C
to 150°C and introducing cold dry air either into the outlet end of the dryer or to the dryer
walls to cool them to 38°C– 50°C.
• The most commonly used atomizers are rotary wheel and single-fluid pressure nozzle.
• A wide range of fruit and vegetable powders can be dried, agglomerated, and instantized in
spray drying units, specially equipped with an internal static fluidized bed, integral filter, or
external vibro-fluidizer.
• Bananas, peaches, apricots, and to a lesser extent citrus powders are examples of products
dried by such techniques.
• Spray drying of soluble fruit powders and convective drying of fruit and vegetables reduces
the thermo-plasticity of particles and product hygroscopicity.
• They also eliminate the need for adding stabilizers which may adversely affect the sensory
properties of the final product.
Foam drying
• Foam mat and foam spray drying are two foam drying methods. Foam mat dried fruit or
vegetable powders have fewer heat-induced changes in color and flavor than conventional
spray dried or drum dried products.
• It yields product with lower density than that of a conventional dryer. The product density is
about equal to the density of instantized or agglomerated powder.
• A stable gas-liquid foam is a prerequisite. Glycerol monostearate, solubilized soya protein,
and propylene glycol monostearate are the typical additives for the fruit and vegetable foam
formulation from juice or pulp.
• Foam mat drying involves drying a thin layer (0.1–0.5 mm) of the stabilized foam in air at
65°C–70°C for a few minutes, as the foam structure decreases drying time to about one-
third.
• The foam is spread on perforated floor craters as the airstream is forced through the bed. A
continuous belt tray dryer or a modified spray dryer can be used.
• Good quality tomato, apple, grape, orange, and pineapple powders can be produced by this
technique. Optimal initial concentration of feed solids is in the range of 30% for tomato and
55% for orange.
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CONCENTRATION AND DRYING OF

• This process is commonly adopted since it is economical

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