VELAMMAL MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL , THENI.

STD: 12 UNIT: 6 SOLID STATE SUB: CHEMISTRY

1. Graphite and diamond are

a) Covalent and molecular crystals
b) ionic and covalent crystals
c) both covalent crystals
d) both molecular crystals
2. An ionic compound AxBy crystallizes in fcc type crystal structure with B ions at the centre
of each face and A ion occupying entre of the cube. the correct formula of AxBy is
a) AB b) AB3 c) A3B d) A8B6
3. The ratio of close packed atoms to tetrahedral hole in cubic packing is
a) 1:1 b) 1:2 c) 2:1 d) 1:4
4. Solid CO2 is an example of
a) Covalent solid b) metallic solid c) molecular solid d) ionic solid
5. Assertion : monoclinic sulphur is an example of monoclinic crystal system
Reason: for a monoclinic system, a≠b≠c and α = γ = 90o ; β≠ 90o
a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation
of assertion.
b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation
of assertion.
c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
d) Both assertion and reason are false.
6. In calcium fluoride, having the flurite structure the coordination number of Ca 2+ ion and
F- Ion are (NEET)
a) 4 and 2 b) 6 and 6 c) 8 and 4 d) 4 and 8
7. The number of unit cells in 8 gm of an element X ( atomic mass 40) which crystallizes in bcc
pattern is (NA is the Avogadro number)
a) 6.023 X 1023 b) 6.023 X 1022 c) 60.23 X 1023 d) [ (6.023 x 1023 ) / (8 x 40) ]
8. The number of carbon atoms per unit cell of diamond is
a) 8 b) 6 c) 1 d) 4
9. In a solid atom M occupies ccp lattice and (1/3) of tetrahedral voids are occupied by atom
N. find the formula of solid formed by M and N.
a) MN b) M3N c) MN3 d) M3N2
10. The composition of a sample of wurtzite is Fe 0.93 O1.00 what % of Iron present in the form of
Fe3+?
a) 16.05% b) 15.05% c) 18.05% d) 17.05%
11. The ionic radii of A and B are 0.98 x 10
+ − −10 m and 1.81 x 10 −10 m . the coordination number
of each ion in AB is
a) 8 b) 2 c) 6 d) 4
12. CsCl has bcc arrangement, its unit cell edge length is 400pm, its inter atomic distance is
a) 400pm b) 800pm c) 3 ×100pm d) ( 3 / 2 ) x 400 pm
13. A solid compound XY has NaCl structure. if the radius of the cation is 100pm , the radius of
the anion will be
a) (100 /0.414) b) (0 .732 / 100) c) 100 × 0.414 d) (0. 414 / 100)
14. The vacant space in bcc lattice unit cell is
a) 48% b) 23% c) 32% d) 26%
15. The radius of an atom is 300pm, if it crystallizes in a face centered cubic lattice, the length of
the edge of the unit cell is
a) 488.5pm b) 848.5pm c) 884.5pm d) 484.5pm
16. The fraction of total volume occupied by the atoms in a simple cubic is
a) ( π / 4 2) b) (π / 6 ) c) ( π /4) d) ( π / 3 2 )
17. The yellow colour in NaCl crystal is due to
a) excitation of electrons in F centers b) reflection of light from Cl- ion on the surface
c) refraction of light from Na+ ion d) all of the above
18. if ‘a’ stands for the edge length of the cubic system ; sc , bcc, and fcc. Then the ratio of radii
of spheres in these systems will be respectively.
a) (a/2 : 3 a/2 : 2 a /2) b) ( 1 a : 3 a : 2 a )
c) ( 1 a / 2 : 3 a /4 : 1 a / 2 2) d) (1 a /2 : 3 a : 1 a / 2 )
19. If ‘a’ is the length of the side of the cube, the distance between the body centered atom and
one corner atom in the cube will be
a) (2 / 3 )a b) (4 / 3 )a c) ( 3 / 4 ) a d) ( 3 / 2 )a
20. Potassium has a bcc structure with nearest neighbor distance 4.52 A 0 . its atomic weight
is 39. its density will be
a) 915 kg m-3 b) 2142 kg m-3 c) 452 kg m-3 d) 390 kg m-3
21. Schottky defect in a crystal is observed when
a) unequal number of anions and anions are missing from the lattice
b) equal number of cations and anions are missing from the lattice
c) an ion leaves its normal site and occupies an interstitial site
d) no ion is missing from its lattice.
22. The cation leaves its normal position in the crystal and moves to some interstitial position,
the defect in the crystal is known as
a) Schottky defect b) F center c) Frenkel defect d) non-stoichiometric defect
23. Assertion: due to Frenkel defect, density of the crystalline solid decreases.
Reason: in Frenkel defect cation and anion leaves the crystal.
a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
d) Both assertion and reason are false
24. The crystal with a metal deficiency defect is
a) NaCl b) FeO c) ZnO d) KCl
25. A two dimensional solid pattern formed by two different atoms X and Y is shown below.
The black and white squares represent atoms X and Y respectively. the simplest formula for
the compound based on the unit cell from the pattern is
 26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34.
35.36.37.38.39.40.41.42.43.
44.45.46.47.48.49.50.51.52.
53.54.55.56.57.58.59.60.61.
62.63.64.65.66.67.68.69.70.
71.72.73.74.75.76.77.78.79.
80.81.82.83.84.85.86.87.88.
89.90.91.92.93.94.95.96.97.
98.99.100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.

a) XY8 b) X4Y9 c) XY2 d) XY4

1. What are the characteristics of solids?

 Solids have definite volume and shape.
 Solids are rigid and incompressible
 Solids have strong cohesive forces.
 Solids have short inter atomic, ionic or molecular distances.
 Their constituents ( atoms , ions or molecules) have fixed positions and can only
oscillate about their mean positions

2. How are solids classified?

We can classify solids into the following two major types based on the arrangement of
their constituents.

1. Crystalline solids 2. Amorphous solids Ex: Glass, rubber

etc
 Ionic crystals Ex: NaCl ,KCl
 Covalent crystals Ex: Diamond, SiO2
 Molecular crystals Ex: naphthalene, anthracene, glucose
 Metallic crystals Ex: All metallic elements (Na, Mg,Cu,Au,Ag etc..)
 Atomic solids Ex: frozen elements of Group 18

3. Define Isotropy and Anisotropy.

Isotropy
 Isotropy means uniformity in all directions.
 amorphous solids having identical values of physical properties such as refractive
index, electrical conductance etc., in all directions,
Anisotropy
 Anisotropy means non uniformity in all direction.
 Crystalline solids are anisotropic.
 They show different values of physical properties when measured along different
directions
4. Differentiate crystalline solids and amorphous solids.

S.NO CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS AMORPHOUS SOLIDS

1 Long range orderly arrangement of Short range, random arrangement of
constituents. constituents.
2 Definite shape Irregular shape
3 Generally crystalline solids are They are isotropic* like liquids
anisotropic in nature
4 They are true solids They are considered as pseudo solids
(or) super cooled liquids
5 Definite Heat of fusion Heat of fusion is not definite
6 They have sharp melting points. Gradually soften over a range of
temperature and so can be moulded.
7 Examples: NaCl , diamond etc., Examples: Rubber , plastics, glass etc

5. Explain Ionic solids with their characteristics:

 In an ionic crystal the lattice points are occupied by cations and anions.
 They are bound together by strong electrostatic attractive forces (ionic bond).
 Ionic crystals possess definite crystal structure.
 Many solids are cubic close packed.
 Example: The arrangement of Na+ and Cl- ions in NaCl crystal.
 Characteristics:
 Ionic solids have high melting points.
 These solids do not conduct electricity, because the ions are fixed in
their lattice positions.
 They do conduct electricity in molten state (or) when dissolved in
water because, the ions are free to move in the molten state or
solution.
 They are hard as only strong external force can change the relative
positions of ions.

6. Write short a note on Covalent solids.

 In covalent solids, lattice points are occupied by neutral atoms
 They are bound together in a three dimensional network entirely by covalent
bonds.
 Examples: Diamond, silicon carbide etc.
 Properties:
 covalent network crystals are very hard, and have high melting point.
 They are usually poor thermal and electrical conductors.
7. Explain types of Molecular solids.
 In molecular solids, lattice points are occupied by neutral molecules.
 They are held together by weak van der Waals forces.
 Generally molecular solids are soft and they do not conduct electricity.

These molecular solids are further classified into three types.

(i) Non-polar molecular solids:
 In non polar molecular solids, molecules are held together by weak
dispersion forces or London forces.
 They have low melting points and are usually in liquids or gaseous state at
room temperature.
 Examples: naphthalene, anthracene etc.
(ii) Polar molecular solids
 The constituents are molecules formed by polar covalent bonds.
 They are held together by strong dipole-dipole interactions.
 They have higher melting points than the non-polar molecular solids.
 Examples: solid CO2 , solid NH3 etc.
(iii) Hydrogen bonded molecular solids
 The molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds.
 They are generally soft solids under room temperature.
 Examples: solid ice (H2O), glucose, urea etc.,

8. Write short a note on Metallic solids.

 In metallic solids, the lattice points are occupied by positive metal ions and a cloud
of electrons held with strong metallic bonding..
 They are hard, and have high melting point.
 Metallic solids possess excellent electrical and thermal conductivity.
 They possess bright lustre.
 Examples: Metals and metal alloys - Cu, Fe, Zn, Ag ,Au, Cu- Zn etc.

9. Define Unit cell and crystal lattice:

 A basic smallest repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid is called a unit
cell.
 The regular arrangement of identical constituents in space throughout the crystal is
called a crystal lattice.

10. What is coordination number?

The number of nearest neighbours that surrounding a particle in a crystal is called the
coordination number of that particle.
Example:
 Sodium chloride crystal has coordination number is six. Here each sodium ion
(Na+) surrounded with six chloride ion(Cl-) and vice versa.
 Cesium chloride coordination number is eight.
11. What is primitive and non primitive unit cell?
 A unit cell that contains only one lattice point is called a primitive unit cell,
which is made up from the lattice points at each of the corners.
 Non-primitive unit cells, there are additional lattice points, either on a face of
the unit cell or with in the unit cell.
Example: body centered cubic unit cell, face centered cubic unit cell.

12. Write seven types of unit cell.

 There are seven primitive crystal systems; cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic,
hexagonal, monoclinic, triclinic and rhombohedral.
 They differ in the arrangement of their crystallographic axes and angles.

13. Write a note on the assignment of atoms per unit cell in(BCC) CsCl crystal.

Number of atoms = 1 + 1 = 2

14. Calculate number of atoms in simple cubic unit cell .

 In the simple cubic unit cell, each corner is occupied by an identical atoms or
ions or molecules. And they touch along the edges of the cube, do not touch
diagonally.
 The coordination number of each atom is 6.
 Each atom in the corner of the cubic unit cell is shared by 8 neighboring unit
cells .
𝑵𝒄 8
 The total number of atoms per simple cubic unit cell = =8 =1
𝟖

15. Calculate number of atoms per unit cell in FCC.

 In a face centered cubic unit cell, identical atoms lie at each corner as well as in
the centre of each face.
 The atoms in the face centre is being shared by two unit cells.
 A face atom is shared equally between two unit cells and therefore a face atom
𝑁
contributes only ( 2𝑓 ) to the unit cell.
𝑵𝒄 𝑵𝒇
 The number of atoms per unit cell in fcc = 𝟖
+ 𝟐
8 6
=8+2 =1+3=4
 Nf = Number of atoms at the faces. Nc = Number of atoms at the corners
 16. Calculate the number of atoms per unit cell in BCC.
 In a body centered cubic unit cell, each corner is occupied by an identical particle
and in addition to that one atom occupies the body centre.
 In a bcc lattice, the body centred atom belongs exclusively to the unit cell.
𝑵𝒄 𝑵𝒃
 The total number of atoms per unit cell in bcc = +
𝟖 𝟏
8 1
= 8 +1 = 1 + 1 = 2
 Nb = Number of atoms inside the body

17. Calculate number of atoms in Edge centred cubic unit cell (ECC).
 An edge atom and edge centred is common to four unit cells and there are twelve
edges of the unit cell. The contribution from each edge atom is therefore 1/4.

𝑵𝒄 𝑵𝒆
 The number of atoms per unit cell in edge centre = +
𝟖 𝟒
8 12
=8+ =1+3=4
4
 Ne = Number of atoms at the edge centre

18. State Bragg’s Law? (or)Bragg’s equation.

A simple relation between the wavelengths of the X-rays, the inter planar
distance in the crystal and the angle of reflection, is known as Bragg’s equation.
n = 2dsin
𝐧
d = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧
n -is the order of reflection,
- is the wavelength of X-rays,
d- is the interplanar distance in the crystal,
- is the angle of reflection.
Using these values the edge of the unit cell can be calculated.

19. What is Imperfection in solids:

 In some of the solids found to have some defects in the arrangement of their
constituent particles.
 Such a deviation of the ideally perfect crystal from the periodic arrangement of its
constituents is called imperfection in solids.
 These defects affect the physical and chemical properties of the solid and also play
an important role in various processes.
 Crystal defects are classified as follows
1) Point defects
2) Line defects
3) Interstitial defects
4) Volume defects
20. What is point defect?
 If the deviation occurs due to missing atoms, displaced atoms or extra atoms,
the imperfection is named as a point defect.
 Point defects: stiochiometric defects , non- stiochiometric defects and impurity
defects .
 The most common point (Stoichiometric) defects are the Schottky defect and
Frenkel defect. Non stoichiometric (less common point )defects are the metal
excess defect and the metal deficiency defect.

21. What is Schottky defect?

 This defect is caused due to lattice points are unoccupied by missing of equal
number of positive and negative ions.
 So, this crystal remains neutral. Does not change the stoichiometry of the
crystal.
 But large number of defects causes lowering its density.
 In ionic crystals in which the positive and negative ions similar in size.
 Example: NaCl

22. Write a note on Frenkel defect.

 This defect arises due to the dislocation of ions an interstitial position
between the lattice points.
 In this defect, anion is much larger in size than the cation.
 AgBr is an example.
 One of the Ag+ ion occupies a position in the interstitial space rather
than its own appropriate site in the lattice.
 The crystal remains neutral it contains same number of positive ions
and negative ions.
 It does not affect density of the crystal.
23. Why ZnO is colourless at room temperature. When it is heated, it becomes yellow in
colour?
ZnO is colourless at room temperature. When it is heated, it becomes yellow in
colour. On heating, it loses oxygen and thereby forming free Zn 2+ ions. The excess Zn2+
ions move to interstitial sites and the electrons also occupy the interstitial positions.

24. What is F- centers?

In metal excess defect, to maintain electrical neutrality of the crystal anionic
vacancies which are occupied by unpaired electrons are called F centers.

25. Write a note on Metal Excess Defect

 Metal excess defect arises due to the presence of more number of metal ions as
compared to anions.
 Alkali metal halides NaCl, KCl show this type of defect.
 The electrical neutrality of the crystal can be maintained by the presence of
anionic vacancies equal to the excess metal ions.

26. Write a note on Metal deficiency defect .

 Metal deficiency defect arises due to the presence of less number of cations
than the anions.
 This defect is observed in a crystal in which, the cations have variable
oxidation states.
 For example, in FeO crystal, some of the Fe2+ ions are missing from the crystal
lattice. To maintain the electrical neutrality, twice the number of other Fe2+ ions
in the crystal is oxidized to Fe3+ ions.
 In such cases, overall number of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions is less than the O2- ions.