ROCKS

41
THREE BASIC TYPES OF ROCKS

Igneous Sedimentary
Rocks Rocks

Metamorphic
Rocks

Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks

42
 ROCKS
• The • Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary
Rock rocks are related by the rock cycle, the
Cycle circular process by which each is formed
from the others. Rocks are weathered to
form sediment, which is then buried.
During deeper and deeper burial, the rocks
undergo metamorphism and/or melting.
Later, they are deformed and uplifted into
mountain chains, only to be weathered
again and recycled

43
ROCK CYCLE

44
 IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Are formed from the
crystallization of
molten rock
(magma, lava), form
within the earth’s
mantle.
• Common igneous
rocks include
Granite, Rhyolite,
Basalt, and Gabbro.
45
 IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Two main criteria to distinguish between them:
• The Structure of the rock (mineral size: coarse,
fine, very fine…)
• The Chemical composition: (Felsic, Mafic,
ultramafic…)
• The structure tells about the Cristallization mode
of the magma (very rapid, rapid, low, very low)
• The chemical composition tells on the type f the
magma (feslic rich in Si, or mafic, poor in Si)
46
 IGNEOUS ROCKS

Basalt Rhyolite

Gabbro
Granite 47
 IGNEOUS ROCKS
Mafic (dark coloured) Felsic (light coloured)
Type 45 – 52% SiO2 > 69% SiO2
T°C: 1100-1400°C T°C: 600-700°C

Volcanic-Extrusive
(Microlithic fine grained Basalt Rhyolite
Structure)

Plutonic Intrusive
(Coarse Grained structure) Gabbro Granite

48
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary Rocks:
are formed as
sediments, either
from eroded
fragments of older
rocks or chemical
precipitates or
biogenic
accumulation.
May contain fossils

49
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Sedimentary rocks Shale
are formed from
pre-existing rocks or
pieces of once-living
organisms. They
form from deposits
that accumulate on
the Earth's surface.
Sedimentary rocks
often have
distinctive layering
or bedding (Strata).
50
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks subdivide into three types:

• Detrital ( = Clastic)
– Made of Rock Fragments
• Biogenic
–Formed by Organisms accumulation (Lumachelle,
Coquina limestones, chalks…)
•Chemical/Biochemical
– Precipitated from Chemical Solution
(carbonates, Phosphate, evaporites, Oxydes…)
– or resulting from Organic Matter accumulation
(peat, lignite, coal, petroleum…)
• 51
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks subdivide into three types:
• Clastic sedimentary rocks (Detritic):
• Are made up of pieces (clasts) of pre-existing
rocks. Pieces of rock are loosened by weathering,
then eroded and transported to some basin or
depression where sediment is trapped. If the
sediment is buried deeply, it becomes compacted
and cemented, forming sedimentary rock.
• Weathering Erosion Transport
Sedimentation Lithification (Diagenesis)
52
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks subdivide into three types:
• Clastic sedimentary rocks (Detritic):
Processes during Transport
• 1. Sorting
– Grain size is related to energy of transport
– Boulders high energy environment
– Mud low energy
Sorting and
Rounding
• 2. Rounding Well rounded
– abrasion is progressive Well sorted
– angular grains near source Quartz sandstone
– rounded grains long transport
Bimodal rounding
Poorly sorted
Lithic sandstone
53
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks subdivide into three types:
• Clastic sedimentary rocks (Detritic):
Lithification of Sand Grains
Lithification
Compaction
• Decrease in pore space
• Due to increasing pressure
with burial
 Cementation
• Pores filled
• quartz or calcite cements
 Recrystallization
Lithification • No porosity left
• Determines the nature of the reservoir • Beginning of metamorphism
• Critical for economic viability
• Highly variable
• Hard to predict ahead of the drill
54
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks subdivide into three types:
• Clastic sedimentary rocks (Detritic):

Lithification of Shale
Dewatering of shale
• Overpressure?
• Expulsion of hydrocarbons?

55
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks subdivide into three types: Shales
• Clastic sedimentary rocks (Detritic):  <2mm
• Clastic sedimentary rocks may have particles
ranging in size from microscopic clay (< 2 mm) to
huge boulders (> 2 mm). Their names are based
on their clast or grain size. The smallest grains Siltstone
are called Clays, then Silt, then Sand. Grains 2mm<<62mm
larger that 2mm are called pebbles.
• Shale is a rock made mostly of clay and includes
silts, Sandstone
• Siltstone is made up of silt-sized grains, 62mm<<2mm
• Sandstone is made of sand-sized clasts, and
• Conglomerate is made of pebbles surrounded
by a matrix of sand or mud.
Conglomerate
>2mm
56
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
CLASSIFICATION OF CLASTIC ROCKS

57
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks
subdivide into three Lumachelle
types:
• Biogenic sedimentary
rocks
• Biogenic sedimentary Coquina
limestone
rocks form when large
numbers of living
organisms die, pile up,
and are compressed and Chalk
(Microscopic
cemented to form rock. coccolithes )
58
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks
subdivide into three Limestone
Limestone
types:
• chemical /Biochemical
sedimentary rock
Limestone
• Forms through chemical
processes (precipitation,
evaporation)
• Fine grained Limestones Marls

and Marlstone are

oftenly organic rich
59
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks
subdivide into three Gypsum

types:
• chemical /Biochemical
sedimentary rock Anhydrite

• Evaporites: Gypsum,
Anhydrite and Salt

Salt

60
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks
Coal
subdivide into three
types:
• Chemical/Biochemical
sedimentary rock
• Accumulated carbon- Oil Shale
rich material (marine
and/or land derived)
may form petroleum
source rocks, Oil Shales, Oil source
rock
Gas Shales, Coal)
61
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Metamorphic
Rocks: are formed
by the effect of
extreme pressures
and temperatures
deep within the
Earth. This alters
the structure of the
existing rock.
Metamorphic rocks
are hard and
smooth.
62
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Metamorphic Rocks Slate
subdivide into:
• Foliated metamorphic
rock: Schistosity
(Regional
metamorphisme)
Schist
• Foliation forms when
Pressure squeezes the
flat or elongate minerals
within a rock so they
become aligned.
Examples: Slates, Schist
and Gneiss Gneiss

63
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Non-foliated metamorphic Amphibolite
rock
• Non-foliated metamorphic
rocks (contact
metamorphism)
Quartzite
• do not have a platy or
sheet-like structure.
• This is due mostly to low
pressure conditions
Marble

64
 Classification of Rocks
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC
Rock-forming Source of
material

Rocks under high

Molten materials in Weathering and
temperatures
deep crust and erosion of rocks
and pressures in
upper mantle exposed at surface
deep crust
process

Recrystallization due to
Crystallization Sedimentation, burial
heat, pressure, or
(Solidification of melt) and lithification
chemically active fluids

65
 PART 3

ROCK PROPERTIES

66
 ROCKS PROPERTIES
LIMESTONE:
• A sedimentary. A rock
composed of calcium
carbonate. Reacts with cold
HCl
• It is usually fine-grained and
may contain fossils.
• It is used mainly in the
manufacture of Portland
cement.
• Limestones are Common as
petroleum source and
Reservoirs rocks
Fine limestone source rock seeping oil
from the fractures
67