Suport de curs

„Statica constructiilor – Structural

analysis”

Inginerie civila
Grupa ICE
An de studiu III

2013
 1. Flexibility Method

Portal frame – 2 load cases

Load case 1

d = l୧ + r − 3e
Degree of static indeterminacy

݈௜ -number of internal links

‫ – ݎ‬number of external links (reactions)
݁ – number of elements

݀ = 9+4−3∙4 =1 (considering 4 elements rigidly connected, with 3

internal links between elements)

݀ = 0+4−3∙1 =1
or
(the 4 elements rigidly connected may be seen as a
single body, therefore there are no internal links)

Primary structure

Dଵ୔ = dଵଵ ∙ Xଵ + Dଵ୔ =0

Compatibility equation
଴

݀ଵଵ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the

redundant horizontal reaction X1, caused by the unit value of X1, acting on
the primary structure;
 ݀ଵଵ ∙ ܺଵ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the
redundant horizontal reaction X1, caused by X1, acting on the primary

‫ܦ‬ଵ௉
଴
structure;
– linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the
redundant horizontal reaction X1, caused by the external loads, acting on the

‫ܦ‬ଵ௉ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the

primary structure;

redundant horizontal reaction X1, caused by X1 and by the external loads,

acting on the primary structure; it must be zero, , because in this point and
on the direction of X1, on the real structure exists a link which does not allow
this displacement (pinned support).

Bending moment on the primary structure due to external loads

ቀ෍ Hቁ = 0 R୔ୌଵ = 15kN

ቀ෍ Mቁ = 0 50 ∙ 6 + 15 ∙ 6 − R୔୚ହ ∙ 12 = 0
ଵ

⟹ R୔୚ହ = 32.5kN
(Clockwise is considered positive)

ቀ෍ Mቁ = 0 R୔୚ଵ ∙ 12 − 50 ∙ 6 + 15 ∙ 6 = 0 R୔୚ଵ = 17.5kN

ହ
Verification
ቀ෍ Vቁ = 0 R୔୚ଵ + R୔୚ହ − 50kN = 0

MP0

Bending moment on the primary structure due to X1=1

ቀ෍ Hቁ = 0 Rଵୌଵ = 1

ቀ෍ Mቁ = 0 Rଵ୚ଵ = 0
ଵ

ቀ෍ Mቁ = 0 Rଵ୚ହ = 0
ହ
1 6 ∙ ሺ−6ሻ 2 1 6.083 ∙ ሺ−6ሻ 2 1 1
EI ∙ dଵଵ = 2 ቈ ∙ ∙ ∙ ሺ−6ሻ + ∙ ∙ ൬ ∙ ሺ−6ሻ + ∙ ሺ−7ሻ൰ +
1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2
6.083 ∙ ሺ−7ሻ 2 1
∙ ∙ ൬ ∙ ሺ−7ሻ + ∙ ሺ−6ሻ൰቉
2 3 3
 EI ∙ dଵଵ = 401.514
1 6 ∙ 90 2 1 6.083 ∙ 90 2 1
EI ∙ Dଵ୔
଴
= ∙ ∙ ∙ ሺ−6ሻ + ∙ ∙ ቆ ∙ ሺ−6ሻ + ∙ ሺ−7ሻቇ +
1 2 3 2 2 3 3
1 6.083 ∙ 210 2 1 1 6.083 ∙ 210 2 1
+ ∙ ∙ ൬ ∙ ሺ−7ሻ + ∙ ሺ−6ሻ൰ + ∙ ∙ ൬ ∙ ሺ−7ሻ + ∙ ሺ−6ሻ൰
2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3
EI ∙ Dଵ୔
଴
= −6204.93
Dଵ୔
଴
Xଵ = − = 15.454 kN
dଵଵ

Portal frame with tie

E ∙ I = 1.512 ∙ 10ହ kNmଶ

E௧ ∙ A௧ = 1.4845 ∙ 10ହ kN

Degree of static indeterminacy (the frame may be considered as having

4 elements rigidly connected each-other by 3 internal links + the tie, hinged

d = l୧ + r − 3e = 13 + 4 − 3 ∙ 5 = 2
to the frame, thus resulting 2 internal links on each end of the tie):

Primary structure

‫ = ܦ‬dଵଵ ∙ Xଵ + dଵଶ ∙ Xଶ + Dଵ୔ =0

Compatibility equations
଴
ቊ ଵ୔
‫ܦ‬ଶ௉ = dଶଵ ∙ Xଵ + dଶଶ ∙ Xଶ + D଴ଶ୔ = −∆lଶ
 ݀ଵଵ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the
redundant horizontal reaction X1, caused by the unit value of X1, acting on

݀ଶଶ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the

the primary structure;

redundant axial force X2, caused by the unit value of X2, acting on the

݀ଵଵ ∙ ܺଵ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the

primary structure;

redundant horizontal reaction X1, caused by X1, acting on the primary

݀ଶଶ ∙ ܺଶ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the

structure;

݀ଵଶ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the

redundant axial force X2, caused by X2, acting on the primary structure;

redundant horizontal reaction X1, caused by the unit value of X2, acting on

݀ଶଵ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the

the primary structure;

redundant axial force X2, caused by the unit value of X1, acting on the

݀ଵଶ ∙ ܺଶ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the

primary structure;

redundant horizontal reaction X1, caused by X2, acting on the primary

݀ଶଵ ∙ ܺଵ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the

structure

‫ܦ‬ଵ௉
redundant axial force X2, caused by X1, acting on the primary structure;
଴
– linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the
redundant horizontal reaction X1, caused by the external loads, acting on the

‫ܦ‬ଶ௉
଴
primary structure
– linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the
redundant axial force X2, caused by the external loads, acting on the primary

‫ܦ‬ଵ௉ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the

structure;

redundant horizontal reaction X1, caused by X1, X2 and by the external loads,
acting on the primary structure; it must be zero, because in this point and on
the direction of X1, on the real structure exists a link which does not allow

‫ܦ‬ଶ௉ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the

this displacement;

redundant axial force X2, caused by X1, X2 and by the external loads, acting

displacement between points 2 and 4 (∆݈ଶ ) on the statically indeterminate

on the primary structure. This displacement is equal to the relative

structure. The “-“ sign indicates that the displacement produced by the axial
force in the tie (X2) on the statically indeterminate structure, is equal and
opposite to the displacement from the same force X2 acting on the primary

lଶସ
structure.
∆lଶ = ∙X
E୲ ∙ A ୲ ଶ

݈ଶସ – length of the tie

where:

‫ܧ‬௧ ∙ ‫ܣ‬௧ – axial rigidity of the tie

 Bending moment on the primary structure due to X2=1

1 6 ∙ ሺ−6ሻ 2 1 6.083 ∙ ሺ−6ሻ 2 1 1

EI ∙ dଵଵ = 2 ቈ ∙ ∙ ∙ ሺ−6ሻ + ∙ ∙ ൬ ∙ ሺ−6ሻ + ∙ ሺ−7ሻ൰ +
1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2
6.083 ∙ ሺ−7ሻ 2 1
∙ ∙ ൬ ∙ ሺ−7ሻ + ∙ ሺ−6ሻ൰቉
2 3 3
EI ∙ dଵଵ = 401.514
1 6.083 ∙ ሺ−6ሻ 1 1 6.083 ∙ ሺ−7ሻ 2
EI ∙ dଵଶ = 2 ቈ ∙ ∙ ቆ ∙ ሺ−1ሻቇ + ∙ ∙ ቆ ∙ ሺ−1ሻቇ቉
2 2 3 2 2 3
= 20.277
1 6.083 ∙ ሺ−1ሻ 2
EI ∙ dଶଶ = 2 ቈ ∙ ∙ ቆ ∙ ሺ−1ሻቇ቉ = 2.03
2 2 3

1 6 ∙ 90 2 1 6.083 ∙ 90 2 1 1 6.083 ∙ 210

EI ∙ Dଵ୔
଴
= ∙ ∙ ∙ ሺ−6ሻ + ∙ ∙ ൬ ∙ ሺ−6ሻ + ∙ ሺ−7ሻ൰ + ∙
1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2
2 1 1 6.083 ∙ 210 2 1
∙ ൬ ∙ ሺ−7ሻ + ∙ ሺ−6ሻ൰ + ∙ ∙ ൬ ∙ ሺ−7ሻ + ∙ ሺ−6ሻ൰
3 3 2 2 3 3
EI ∙ Dଵ୔
଴
= −6204.93
1 6.083 ∙ 90 1 1 6.083 ∙ 210 2 1
EI ∙ D଴ଶ୔ = ∙ ∙ ൬ ∙ ሺ−1ሻ൰ + ∙ ∙ ቆ ∙ ሺ−1ሻቇ +
2 2 3 2 2 3 2
6.083 ∙ 210 2
∙ ∙ ቆ ∙ ሺ−1ሻቇ
2 3
EI ∙ Dଶ୔ = −471.433
଴
 401.514 20.277 6204.93
‫ۓ‬Dଵ୔ = ∙ Xଵ + ∙ Xଶ − =0
EI EI EI
‫۔‬D = 20.277 ∙ X + 2.03 ∙ X − 471.433 = − 12.0 ∙ X
‫ ە‬ଶ୔ EI ଵ
EI ଶ
EI E୲ A ୲ ଶ
Dଵ୔ = 401.514 ∙ Xଵ + 20.277 ∙ Xଶ − 6204.93 = 0
ቐ EI
Dଶ୔ = 20.277 ∙ Xଵ + 2.03 ∙ Xଶ − 471.433 = −12 ∙X
E୲ A ୲ ଶ
‫ܫܧ‬ 1.512 ∙ 10ହ kNmଶ
= = 1.0165mଶ
‫ܧ‬௧ ‫ܣ‬௧ E௧ ∙ A௧ = 1.4845 ∙ 10ହ kN

ܺଵ = 14.852 kN
ܺଶ = 11.95 kN

Portal frame with inclined elements

Degree of static indeterminacy (the structure may be seen as two bodies

݀ = ݈௜ + ‫ ݎ‬− 3݁ = 2 + 5 − 3 ∙ 2 = 1
connected by a hinge, thus having 2 internal links):

- In the first case, the unknown is the moment reaction in point 5:

0
1

Bending moment on the primary structure due to external loads

 MP01

Dଵ୔ = dଵଵ ∙ Xଵ + Dଵ୔ =0

Compatibility equation
଴

The terms in the compatibility equation represent:

݀ଵଵ – rotation at the point and in the direction of the redundant moment

‫ܦ‬ଵ௉
଴
reaction X1, caused by the unit value of X1, acting on the primary structure
– rotation at the point and in the direction of the redundant moment

‫ܦ‬ଵ௉ – rotation at the point and in the direction of the redundant moment
reaction X1, caused by the external loads, acting on the primary structure

reaction X1, caused by X1 and by the external loads, acting on the primary
structure; it must be zero, because in this point and on the direction of X1,
on the real structure exists a link which does not allow this rotation (fixed
support).

x+2
The expression for bending moment between nodes 3 and 4 is:
M୔଴ = R୔୚ଵ ∙ x − p ∙ ሺx + 2ሻ ∙ ൬ ൰ − R଴ୌଵ ∙ 5
2
= 87.5 ∙ x − 7.5 ∙ ሺx ଶ + 4x + 4ሻ − 70
= −7.5 ∙ x ଶ + 57.5 ∙ x − 100
mଵ = Rଵ୚ଵ ∙ x − Rଵୌଵ ∙ 5 = 0.111 ∙ x − 0,555
mଵ ∙ mଵ
dଵଵ = න dx
EI
1 0.555 ∙ 5 1 0.555 ∙ 5 1 1 ∙ 6.403
EI ∙ dଵଵ = ∙ ∙ 0.37 + ∙ ∙ 0.37 + ∙ ∙ 0.667 = 2,904
1 2 2 2 1 2

mଵ ∙ M୮଴
Dଵ୔
଴
=න dx
EI
 1 −70 ∙ 5 2 1
EI ∙ Dଵ୔
଴
= ∙ ∙ ∙ ሺ−0,555ሻ +
1 2 3 2
ହ
∙ න ሺ0.111 ∙ x − 0,555ሻ ∙ ሺ−7.5 ∙ x ଶ + 57.5 ∙ x − 100ሻdx
଴
1 ହ
EI ∙ Dଵ୔
଴
= 64.75 + ∙ න ሺ−0.8325 ∙ x ଷ + 6.3825 ∙ x ଶ − 11.1 ∙ x +
2 ଴
+4.162 ∙ x ଶ − 31.9125 ∙ x + 55.5ሻdx

1 ହ
EI ∙ Dଵ୔
଴
= 64.75 + ∙ න ሺ−0.8325 ∙ x ଷ + 10.545 ∙ x ଶ − 43.0125 ∙ x + 55.5ሻdx
2 ଴
1 xସ xଷ xଶ
ହ
EI ∙ Dଵ୔
଴
= 64.75 + ∙ ቆ−0.8325 ∙ + 10.545 ∙ − 43.0125 ∙ + 55.5 ∙ xቇቤ
2 4 3 2 ଴
EI ∙ Dଵ୔
଴
= 64.75 + 24.57 = 89.32

Dଵ୔
଴
⟹ Xଵ = − = −30.75 kNm
dଵଵ

Symmetric portal frame

d = l୧ + r − 3e = 6 + 6 − 3 ∙ 3 = 3
Degree of static indeterminacy

The structure is symmetric. The load may be decomposed in two load

cases, which will be treated separately: one symmetric and one
antisymmetric.
 The deformed shapes of the structure for the two load cases are
symmetric and antisymmetric, respectively. For each load case, in the point
situated in the middle of the beam (in the axis of symmetry of the structure),
some displacements are zero:

In order to simplify the calculation, half of structure may be considered

for both load cases. For the point in the middle of the beam, external links
corresponding to the zero displacements from figures above may be
considered, by means of appropriate supports:

Consequently, the following primary structures may be considered for

the two structures:

0 0

The symmetric structure

Bending moment on the primary structure due to external loads

Bending moment on the primary structure due to X1=1

Bending moment on the primary structure due to X2=1

Dଵ୔ = dଵଵ ∙ Xଵ + dଵଶ ∙ Xଶ + Dଵ୔ =0

Compatibility equations
଴
ቊ
Dଶ୔ = dଶଵ ∙ Xଵ + dଶଶ ∙ Xଶ + D଴ଶ୔ = 0

1 4 ∙ ሺ−4ሻ 2
EI ∙ dଵଵ = ∙ ∙ ∙ ሺ−4ሻ = 21.333
1 2 3
1 4 ∙ ሺ−4ሻ
EI ∙ dଵଶ = ∙ ∙ 1 = −8
1 2
1 1
EI ∙ dଶଶ = ∙ ሺ4 ∙ 1ሻ ∙ 1 + ∙ ሺ4.5 ∙ 1ሻ ∙ 1 = 4.9757
1 4.612
1 1
EI ∙ Dଵ୔
଴
= ∙ ሾ4 ∙ ሺ−121.5ሻሿ ∙ ∙ ሺ−4ሻ = 972
1 2
1 1 1
EI ∙ Dଶ୔ = ∙ ሾ4 ∙ ሺ−121.5ሻሿ ∙ 1 +
଴
∙ ൤ ∙ 4.5 ∙ ሺ−121.5ሻ൨ ∙ 1 = −525.516
1 4.612 3

Xଵ = −15.001 kN
Xଶ = 81.497 kNm

The antisymmetric structure

Bending moment on the primary structure due to external loads

Bending moment on the primary structure due to X1=1

 Dଵ୔ = dଵଵ ∙ Xଵ + Dଵ୔ =0
Compatibility equations
଴

1 1 4.5 ∙ ሺ−4.5ሻ 2
EI ∙ dଵଵ = ∙ ሾ4 ∙ ሺ−4.5ሻሿ ∙ ሺ−4.5ሻ + ∙ ∙ ∙ ሺ−4.5ሻ = 87.586
1 4.612 2 3
1 1
EI ∙ Dଵ୔
଴
= ∙ ൤ ∙ 4 ∙ ሺ−28ሻ൨ ∙ ሺ−4.5ሻ = 168
1 3

Xଵ = −1.918 kN

2. TRUSSES
Problem 1
A

2A A 2A

A
A
A
2A 2A

d = b + r − 2 ∙ j = 10 + 3 − 2 ∙ 6 = 1
Degree of static indeterminacy

b - number of bars
‫ ݎ‬- number of external links (reactions)
݆ - number of joints

Primary structure
 Dଵ୔ = dଵଵ ∙ Xଵ + Dଵ୔ = −∆lଵ
Compatibility equation
଴

݀ଵଵ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the

redundant axial force X1, caused by the unit value of X1, acting on the

‫ܦ‬ଵ௉
଴
primary structure;
– linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the
redundant axial force X1, caused by the external loads, acting on the primary

‫ܦ‬ଵ௉ – displacement at the point and in the direction of the redundant axial
structure;

force X1, caused by X1 and by the external loads, acting on the primary

∆݈ଵ – relative displacement of joints 2 and 3 on the real structure. The “-“
structure;

sign indicates that the displacement produced by the axial force X1 on the
statically indeterminate structure is equal and opposite to the displacement

݈ଶଷ
from the same force acting on the primary structure.
∆݈ଵ = ∙ܺ
EA ଵ

݈ଶଷ – length of the bar 2-3

where:

EAଶଷ – axial rigidity of the bar 2-3

Problem 2

2A 2A

A
A 2A
2A A A A

2A 2A 2A 2A
 d = b + r − 2 ∙ j = 13 + 4 − 2 ∙ 8 = 1
Degree of static indeterminacy

Primary structure

Dଵ୔ = dଵଵ ∙ Xଵ + Dଵ୔ =0

Compatibility equation
଴

݀ଵଵ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the

redundant vertical reaction X1, caused by the unit value of X1, acting on the

‫ܦ‬ଵ௉଴
primary structure;
– linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the
redundant vertical reaction X1, caused by the external loads, acting on the

‫ܦ‬ଵ௉ – displacement at the point and in the direction of the redundant

primary structure;

vertical reaction X1, caused by X1 and by the external loads, acting on the
primary structure; it must be zero, because in this point, on the real structure
exists a link which prevents this vertical displacement (roller support).

Problem
3A 3A 3A

2A
A A A 2A A
2A
2A

3A 3A 3A

d = b + r − 2 ∙ j = 14 + 4 − 2 ∙ 8 = 2

Primary structure
 D = dଵଵ ∙ Xଵ + dଵଶ ∙ Xଶ + Dଵ୔ =0
Compatibility equations
଴
ቊ ଵ୔
Dଶ୔ = dଶଵ ∙ Xଵ + dଶଶ ∙ Xଶ + Dଶ୔ = −∆lଶ
଴

Problem

2A

A 2A
A A
A
2A 2A

d =b+r−2∙j =8+4−2∙5= 2
Degree of static indeterminacy

Primary structure

‫ = ܦ‬dଵଵ ∙ Xଵ + dଵଶ ∙ Xଶ + Dଵ୔ =0

Compatibility equations
଴
ቊ ଵ୔
‫ܦ‬ଶ௉ = dଶଵ ∙ Xଵ + dଶଶ ∙ Xଶ + Dଶ୔ = −∆lଶ
଴

ARCHES

Problem

Circular arch with constant cross-section

 ݂ 1 1
= <
‫ ܮ‬6 5

d = l୧ + r − 3e = 0 + 4 − 3 ∙ 1 = 1
Degree of static indeterminacy

Primary structure

Compatibility equation

Dଵ୔ = dଵଵ ∙ Xଵ + Dଵ୔

଴
=0

݀ଵଵ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the

redundant horizontal reaction X1, caused by the unit value of X1, acting on

‫ܦ‬ଵ௉
଴
the primary structure;
– linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the
redundant horizontal reaction X1, caused by the external loads, acting on the

‫ܦ‬ଵ௉ – displacement at the point and in the direction of the redundant

primary structure;

horizontal reaction X1, caused by X1 and by the external loads, acting on the
primary structure; it must be zero, because in this point and on the direction
of X1, on the real structure exists a link which does not allow this
displacement (pinned support).

Problem
Parabolic arch with the same span, rise, cross-section and external load
as for the structure from problem 1.9.

4∙݂∙‫ݔ‬
yሺxሻ = ∙ ሺ݈ − ‫ݔ‬ሻ
݈ଶ
 Primary structure

Compatibility equation

‫ܦ‬ଵ୔ = ݀ଵଵ ∙ ܺଵ + ‫ܦ‬ଵ௉

଴
=0

Problem
Tied parabolic arch with the same span, rise, cross-section and load as
for the arch from Problem 1.10.

E = 2.1 ∙ 10ସ E୲ = 2.1 ∙ 10ହ A୲ = 6362 mmଶ

୒ ୒
୫୫మ ୫୫మ
4∙f∙x
, ,

yሺxሻ = ∙ ሺl − xሻ
lଶ

d = l୧ + r − 3e = 4 + 3 − 3 ∙ 2 = 1
Degree of static indeterminacy

Primary structure
 0

Dଵ୔ = dଵଵ ∙ Xଵ + Dଵ୔ = −∆lଵ

Compatibility equation
଴

݀ଵଵ – linear displacement at the point and in the direction of the

redundant axial force X1, caused by the unit value of X1, acting on the

‫ܦ‬ଵ௉
଴
primary structure;
– displacement at the point and in the direction of the redundant axial

‫ܦ‬ଵ௉ – displacement at the point and in the direction of the redundant axial
force X1, caused by the external loads, acting on the primary structure;

force X1, caused by X1 and by the external loads, acting on the primary

real statically indeterminate arch ∆݈ଵ . The “-“ sign indicates that the
structure, equal to the relative horizontal displacement of the supports on the

displacement produced by the axial force in the tie (X1) on the statically
indeterminate arch, is equal and opposite to the displacement of the same
force X1 acting on the primary structure.

Displacement method

Problem

Primary structure

ܴ = ‫ݎ‬ଵଵ ∙ ‫ܦ‬ଵ + ‫ݎ‬ଵଶ ∙ ‫ܦ‬ଶ + R଴ଵ௉ = 0

Equilibrium equations
൜ ଵ୔
ܴଶ௉ = ‫ݎ‬ଶଵ ∙ ‫ܦ‬ଵ + ‫ݎ‬ଶଶ ∙ ‫ܦ‬ଶ + R଴ଶ௉ = 0
 ‫ݎ‬ଵଵ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by the unit

‫ݎ‬ଵଵ ∙ ‫ܦ‬ଵ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by D1

rotation of D1 imposed on the primary structure;

‫ݎ‬ଶଶ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 2, caused by the unit

imposed on the primary structure;

‫ݎ‬ଶଶ ∙ ‫ܦ‬ଶ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 2, caused by D2

rotation of D2 imposed on the primary structure;

‫ݎ‬ଵଶ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by the unit

imposed on the primary structure;

‫ݎ‬ଵଶ ∙ ‫ܦ‬ଶ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by D2

rotation of D2 imposed on the primary structure;

‫ݎ‬ଶଵ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 2, caused by the unit

imposed on the primary structure;

‫ݎ‬ଶଵ ∙ ‫ܦ‬ଵ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 2, caused by D1

rotation of D1 imposed on the primary structure;

R଴ଵ௉ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by the external

imposed on the primary structure;

R଴ଶ௉ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 2, caused by the external

loads on the primary structure;

ܴଵ୔ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by the

loads on the primary structure;

rotations D1, D2 and the external loads on the primary structure; it must be
zero, because on the real structure, joint (3) is free to rotate on the direction

ܴଶ୔ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 2, caused by the rotation

of D1;

D1, D2 and the external loads on the primary structure; it must be zero,
because on the real structure joint (4) is free to rotate on the direction of D2.

Fixed end moments due to external loads

The bending moment diagram between point 1 and 3 is the result of

adding the bending moment due to the point load (30kN) and the bending
moment due to the uniform distributed load as shown in the figure bellow:
Fixed end moments due to unit rotation D1=1

Fixed end moments due to the unit rotation D2=1

Moment reactions in the restrained joints

R଴ଵ୔ + 18 + 15 − 48 = 0 ⟹ R଴ଵ୔ = 15 kNm

rଵଵ = 0.667 ∙ EI + 0.75 ∙ EI ⟹ rଵଵ = 1.417 ∙ EI
R଴ଶ୔ + 60 − 18 = 0 ⟹ R଴ଶ୔ = −42 kNm
rଵଶ − 0.333 ∙ EI = 0 ⟹ rଵଶ = 0.333 ∙ EI = rଶଵ
rଶଶ = 1.417EI

1.417 ∙ EI ∙ Dଵ + 0.333 ∙ EI ∙ Dଶ + 15 = 0
൜
0.333 ∙ EI ∙ Dଵ + 1.417 ∙ EI ∙ Dଶ − 42 = 0
 18.576
⟹ Dଵ = −
EI
34
⟹ Dଶ =
EI

Problem

Primary structure

Rଵ୔ = rଵଵ ∙ Dଵ + R଴ଵ୔ = 0

Equilibrium equation

Fixed end moments due to external loads

=6

Fixed end moments due to unit rotation D1=1

 Moment reactions in the restrained joint 3

R଴ଵ୔ + 20 − 31.25 = 0 ⇒ R଴ଵ୔ = 11.25

rଵଵ − 2.25EI − EI − 1.8EI = 0 ⇒ rଵଵ = 5.05 EI
5.05EI ∙ Dଵ + 11.25 = 0
2,228
Dଵ = −
EI

Problem
The structure is similar to the one from problem 1.13, but a rigid joint is
considered in point 2.

Primary structure

Rଵ୔ = rଵଵ ∙ Dଵ + rଵଶ ∙ Dଶ + R଴ଵ୔ = 0

Equilibrium equations
ቊ
R ଶ୔ = rଶଵ ∙ Dଵ + rଶଶ ∙ Dଶ + R଴ଶ୔ = 0

Fixed end moments due to external loads

 =4

=4

Fixed end moments due to unit rotation D1=1

Fixed end moments due to unit rotation D2=1

Moment reactions in the restrained joints

R଴ଵ୔ + 20.83 − 4 = 0 ⟹ R଴ଵ୔ = −16.83kNm

R଴ଶ୔ + 20 − 20.83 = 0 ⟹ R଴ଶ୔ = 0.83kNm
rଵଵ − 2.4EI − 2EI = 0 ⟹ rଵଵ = 4.4EI
rଶଶ − 2.25EI − EI − 2,4 ∙ EI = 0 ⟹ rଶଶ = 5.65EI
rଵଶ − 1.2EI = 0 ⟹ rଵଶ = 1.2EI = rଶଵ

4.4 ∙ Dଵ + 1.2 ∙ Dଶ − 16.83 = 0

൜
1.2 ∙ Dଵ + 5.65 ∙ Dଶ + 0.83 = 0
 4.103
Dଵ =
EI
1.018
Dଶ = −
EI

Problem
The structure is similar to the one from problem 1.13, but a roller is
considered in point 5.

Primary structure

Rଵ୔ = rଵଵ ∙ Dଵ + rଵଶ ∙ Dଶ + R଴ଵ୔ = 0

Equilibrium equations
ቊ
R ଶ୔ = rଶଵ ∙ Dଵ + rଶଶ ∙ Dଶ + R଴ଶ୔ = 0

‫ݎ‬ଵଵ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by the unit

‫ݎ‬ଶଶ – force reaction in the linear displacement restraint 2, caused by the

rotation D1 imposed on the primary structure;

‫ݎ‬ଵଶ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by the unit

unit linear displacement D2 imposed on the primary structure;

‫ݎ‬ଶଵ – force reaction in the linear displacement restraint 2, caused by the

linear displacement D2 imposed on the primary structure;

R଴ଵ௉ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by the external

unit rotation D1 imposed on the primary structure;

R଴ଶ௉ – force reaction in the linear displacement restraint 2, caused by the

loads on the primary structure;

external loads on the primary structure;

 ܴଵ୔ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1 caused by the rotation
D1, the linear displacement D2 and the external loads on the primary
structure; it must be zero, because on the real structure joint (3) is free to

ܴଶ୔ – force reaction in the linear displacement restraint 2, caused by the

rotate in the direction of D1;

rotation D1, the linear displacement D2 and the external loads on the primary
structure; it must be zero, because on the real structure the roller in point (5)
allows the lateral displacement.

Problem
The structure is similar to the one from problem1.15, but the beams 2-3
and 3-5 are hinged to the column 3-4.

Primary structure

Rଵ୔ = rଵଵ ∙ Dଵ + R଴ଵ୔ = 0

Equilibrium equations

‫ݎ‬ଵଵ – force reaction in the linear displacement restraint 1, caused by the

R଴ଵ௉ – horizontal reaction in the linear displacement restraint 1, caused by

unit displacement D1 imposed on the primary structure;

ܴଵ୔ – force reaction in the linear displacement restraint 1, caused by the

the external loads on the primary structure;

linear displacement D1 and the external loads on the primary structure

Fixed end moments due to external loads

 Problem

Primary structure

Rଵ୔ = rଵଵ ∙ Dଵ + rଵଶ ∙ Dଶ + R଴ଵ୔ = 0

Equilibrium equations
ቊ
R ଶ୔ = rଶଵ ∙ Dଵ + rଶଶ ∙ Dଶ + R଴ଶ୔ = 0

Problem
The structure is similar to the one from problem 1.17, but a roller is
considered in point 7. The degree of kinematic indeterminacy becomes
higher than for the structure from problem 1.17, but the degree of static
indeterminacy is lower. It may be observed that this structure is statically
determinate, but it still may be analysed using the displacement method.
Primary structure

Rଵ୔ = rଵଵ ∙ Dଵ + rଵଶ ∙ Dଶ + rଵଷ ∙ Dଷ + R଴ଵ୔ = 0

Equilibrium equations

ቐR ଶ୔ = rଶଵ ∙ Dଵ + rଶଶ ∙ Dଶ + rଶଷ ∙ Dଷ + R଴ଶ୔ = 0

R ଷ୔ = rଷଵ ∙ Dଵ + rଷଶ ∙ Dଶ + rଷଷ ∙ Dଷ + R଴ଷ୔ = 0
 Problem
The geometry of the two structures bellow is similar, excepting for the
bending rigidity of column 1-2.

Primary structure (the same for both structures)

Problem

Primary structure

0
 Rଵ୔ = rଵଵ ∙ Dଵ + rଵଶ ∙ Dଶ + R଴ଵ୔ = 0
Equilibrium equations
ቊ
R ଶ୔ = rଶଵ ∙ Dଵ + rଶଶ ∙ Dଶ + R଴ଶ୔ = 0

3. STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

SUBJECTED TO TEMPERATURE VARIATION

2.1 Flexibility Method

Problem

‫ = ܫܧ‬0.448 ∙ 10ହ ݇ܰ݉ଶ

The structure is the same as the one from problem 1.3

ℎଵଷ = 40 ܿ݉
ℎଷସ = 50 ܿ݉
ℎସହ = 40 ܿ݉
ߙ = 10ିହ
5
tan ߙ =
4
ߙ = 51.34°
sin ߙ = 0.781
cos ߙ = 0.625

The degree of static indeterminacy of structure is 1, while the degree of

kinematic indeterminacy is 2. Therefore, for this problem it is easier to use
the flexibility method (1 unknown) instead of the displacement method (2
unknowns- one rotation and one linear displacement)

Primary structure

Dଵ୲ = dଵଵ ∙ Xଵ + Dଵ୲ =0

Compatibility equation
଴

݀ଵଵ – rotation at the point and in the direction of the redundant moment

‫ܦ‬ଵ௧
଴
reaction X1, caused by the unit value of X1, acting on the primary structure
– rotation at the point and in the direction of the redundant moment
reaction X1, caused by the temperature variation on the primary structure;
 ‫ܦ‬ଵ୲ – rotation at the point and in the direction of the redundant moment
reaction X1, caused by X1 and by temperature variation on the primary
structure; it must be zero, because in this point and on the direction of X1, on
the real structure exists a link which does not allow this displacement (fixed
support)
Temperature diagrams

Bending moment and axial force due to unit rotation X1=1

nହସ = Rଵ୚ହ ∙ sin α − Rଵୌହ ∙ cos α = 0.111 ∙ 0.781 − 0.111 ∙ 0.625 = 0.01732
nଵଷ = −Rଵ୚ଵ = −0.111
nଷସ = −Rଵୌଵ = −0.111

The value for ݀ଵଵ is the same as for the structure from Problem 1.3
2.904
dଵଵ =
EI
 α ∙ ∆t
Dଵ୲
଴
= ෍ න nଵ ∙ α ∙ t ୫ d x + න mଵ ∙ dx
h
= α ∙ ሺ−0.111 ∙ 5 ∙ 10 − 0.111 ∙ 5 ∙ 5 + 0.01732 ∙ 6.403 ∙ 5ሻ +
20 1 30 1 30 1
+α ∙ ൬ ∙ ∙ ሺ−0.555ሻ ∙ 5 + ∙ ∙ ሺ−0.555ሻ ∙ 5 + ∙ ∙ 1 ∙ 6.403൰
0.4 2 0.5 2 0.4 2
= α ∙ ሺ−7.771 + 87.49ሻ = 79.72 ∙ α

2.904
∙ Xଵ + 79.72 ∙ α = 0
EI
Xଵ = −27.4518 ∙ EI ∙ α = −12.30kNm

Displacement Method

Problem
The structure is the same as the one from problem 1.15

‫ = ܫܧ‬1.134 ∙ 10ହ ݇ܰ݉ଶ

ℎଵଶ = 50 ܿ݉
ℎଷସ = 40 ܿ݉
ℎଶଷ = ℎଷହ = 60 ܿ݉
ߙ = 10ିହ

The degree of static indeterminacy of the structure is 3, while the degree

of kinematic indeterminacy is 2. Therefore, for this problem, it is easier to
use the displacement method (2 unknowns – one rotation and one linear
displacement) instead of the flexibility method (3 unknowns).

Primary structure

Rଵ୲ = rଵଵ ∙ Dଵ + rଵଶ ∙ Dଶ + R଴ଵ୲ = 0

Equilibrium equations
ቊ
R ଶ୲ = rଶଵ ∙ Dଵ + rଶଶ ∙ Dଶ + R଴ଶ୲ = 0
‫ݎ‬ଵଵ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by the unit

‫ݎ‬ଶଶ – force reaction in the linear displacement restraint 2, caused by the

rotation of D1 imposed on the primary structure;

‫ݎ‬ଵଶ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by the unit

unit displacement of D2 imposed on the primary structure;

displacement of D2 imposed on the primary structure;

 ‫ݎ‬ଶଵ – force reaction in the linear displacement restraint 2, caused by the

R଴ଵ௧ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by the

unit rotation of D1 imposed on the primary structure;

R଴ଶ௧ – force reaction in the linear displacement restraint 2 caused by the

temperature variation on the primary structure;

ܴଵ୲ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by the rotation

temperature variation on the primary structure;

D1, linear displacement D2 and the temperature variation on the primary

ܴଶ୲ – force reaction in the linear displacement restraint 2, caused by the

structure;

rotation D1, linear displacement D2 and the temperature variation on the

primary structure.

Fixed end moments on the primary structure due to ‫ݐ‬௠

∆lଵଶ = α ∙ t ୫ଵଶ ∙ lଵଶ = α ∙ 25 ∙ 4 = 100 ∙ α

∆lଶଷ = α ∙ t ୫ଶସ ∙ lଶସ = α ∙ 25 ∙ 5 = 125 ∙ α
൞
∆lଷସ = α ∙ t ୫ଷସ ∙ lଷସ = α ∙ 15 ∙ 4 = 60 ∙ α
∆lଷହ = α ∙ t ୫ସହ ∙ lସହ = α ∙ 25 ∙ 4 = 100 ∙ α

E ∙ 2I
Mଵଶ
୲୫
= 3∙ ∙ ሺ∆lଶଷ + ∆lଷହ ሻ = 95.68 kNm
ሺlଵଶ ሻଶ
E ∙ 3I
Mଷଶ
୲୫
= 3∙ ∙ ሺ∆lଵଶ − ∆lଷସ ሻ = 16.33 kNm
ሺlଶଷ ሻଶ
6 ∙ EI
Mସଷ
୲୫
= Mଷସ
୲୫
= ∙ ∆lଷହ = 42.53 kNm
ሺlଷସ ሻଶ
E ∙ 3I
Mଷହ
୲୫
= 3∙ ∙ ∆lଷସ = 38.27 kNm
ሺlଷହ ሻଶ

Fixed end moments on the primary structure due to ∆‫ݐ‬

3 ∆t 3 20
Mଵଶ
∆୲
= ∙α∙ ∙ E ∙ 2I = ∙ 10ିହ ∙ ∙ 2 ∙ 1.134 ∙ 10ହ = 136.08
2 hଵଶ 2 0.5
 3 ∆t 3 20
Mଷଶ
∆୲
= ∙α∙ ∙ E ∙ 3I = ∙ 10ିହ ∙ ∙ 3 ∙ 1.134 ∙ 10ହ = 170.1
2 hଶସ 2 0.6
3 ∆t 3 20
Mଷହ
∆୲
= ∙α∙ ∙ E ∙ 3I = ∙ 10ିହ ∙ ∙ 3 ∙ 1.134 ∙ 10ହ = 170.1
2 hସହ 2 0.6
∆t 10
Mଷସ
∆୲
= Mସଷ
∆୲
= α ∙ ∙ E ∙ I = 10ିହ ∙ ∙ 1.134 ∙ 10ହ = 28.35
h 0.4

Moment reaction in the restrained joint

R୲୫
ଵ୲ + 38.27 − 42.53 + 16.33 = 0 ⟹ R୲୫
ଵ୲ = −12.07
R∆୲
ଵ୲ + 170.1 + 28.35 − 170.1 = 0 ⟹ R∆୲
ଵ୲ = −28.35

R଴ଵ୲ = R୲୫
ଵ୲ + Rଵ୲ = −40.42 kNm
∆୫

Force reaction in the restrained joint

ቀ෍ Mቁ = 0 − R୲୫
୚ଶଵ ∙ 4 + 95.68 = 0 R୲୫
୚ଶଵ = 23.92kN
ଵ

ቀ෍ Mቁ = 0 − R୲୫
୚ସଷ ∙ 4 + 42.53 ∙ 2 = 0 R୲୫
୚ସଷ = 21.27kN
ଷ
R୲୫
ଶ + 23.92 + 21.27 = 0 R୲୫
ଶ = −45.19 kN
 ቀ෍ ‫ܯ‬ቁ = 0 ܴ௏ଶଵ
∆௧
∙ 4 − 136.02 = 0 ܴ௏ଶଵ
∆௧
= 34.02kN
ଵ

ቀ෍ ‫ܯ‬ቁ = 0 − ܴ௏ଶଵ
∆௧
∙ 4 + 28.35 − 28.35 = 0 ܴ௏ଶଵ
∆௧
=0
ଷ
R∆୲
ଶ − 34.02 = 0 R∆୲
ଶ = 34.02

R଴ଶ୲ = R୲୫
ଶ + R ଶ = −11.17kN
∆୲

The fixed end moments due to unit rotation D1=1 and unit linear
displacement D2=1 are the same as for the structure from problem 1.16

rଵଵ = 5.05 ∙ EI
rଵଶ = −0.375 ∙ EI = rଶଵ
rଶଶ = 0.2814 ∙ EI
5.05 ∙ Dଵ + ሺ−0.375ሻ ∙ Dଶ + ሺ−40.42ሻ = 0
൜
−0.375 ∙ Dଵ + 0.2814 ∙ Dଶ + ሺ−11.17ሻ = 0

12.154
Dଵ =
EI
55.892
Dଶ =
EI
 4. STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
SUBJECTED TO SUPPORT SETTLEMENTS

Flexibility Method

Problem
The structure is the same as the one from problem 1.3 and 2.1
‫ = ܫܧ‬4.48 ∙ 10ସ ݇ܰ݉ଶ

5
tan ߙ =
4
ߙ = 51.34°
sin ߙ = 0.781
cos ߙ = 0.625

Primary structure

Dଵୱ = dଵଵ ∙ Xଵ + Dଵୱ = +φହ

Compatibility equation
଴

݀ଵଵ – rotation at the point and in the direction of the redundant moment

‫ܦ‬ଵ௦
଴
reaction X1, caused by the unit value of X1, acting on the primary structure;
– rotation at the point and in the direction of the redundant moment
reaction X1, caused by the displacements of the supports on the primary

‫ܦ‬ଵୱ – rotation at the point and in the direction of the redundant moment
structure;

reaction X1, caused by X1 and by the displacements of the supports on the

primary structure; this must be identical to the rotation of the support on the
real structure (f5).
 1

2.904
dଵଵ =
EI

Dଵୱ
଴
= −ሾRଵ୚ଵ ∙ ሺ−vଵ ሻ + ሺ−Rଵ୚ହ ሻ ∙ ሺ−vହ ሻ + ሺ−Rଵୌହ ሻ ∙ uହ ሿ
= 0.111 ∙ ሺ−0.01ሻ + 0.111 ∙ ሺ0.02ሻ + ሺ−0.111ሻ ∙ ሺ0.015ሻ
= 0.000555
π
φହ = 1.2° = 1.2 ∙ rad = 0.020944
180
2.904
Dଵୱ = Xଵ + 0.000555 = 0.020944
EI
Xଵ = 70.21 ∙ 10ିସ EI = 314.54 kNm

3.2 Displacement Method

Problem
The structure is the same as the one from problem 1.15 and 2.2.

‫ = ܫܧ‬1.134 ∙ 10ହ ݇ܰ݉ଶ

Primary structure
 0

R = rଵଵ ∙ Dଵ + rଵଶ ∙ Dଶ + R଴ଵୱ = 0

Equilibrium equations
ቊ ଵୱ
R ଶୱ = rଶଵ ∙ Dଵ + rଶଶ ∙ Dଶ + R଴ଶୱ = 0

‫ݎ‬ଵଵ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by the unit

‫ݎ‬ଶଶ – force reaction in the linear displacement restraint 2, caused by the

rotation of D1 imposed on the primary structure;

‫ݎ‬ଵଶ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by the unit

unit displacement of D2 imposed on the primary structure;

‫ݎ‬ଶଵ – force reaction in the linear displacement restraint 2, caused by the

displacement of D2 imposed on the primary structure;

ܴଵ௦଴
unit rotation of D1 imposed on the primary structure;
– moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by the

ܴଶ௦
displacement of the support on the primary structure;
଴
– force reaction in the linear displacement restraint 2, caused by the

ܴଵୱ – moment reaction in the rotational restraint 1, caused by the rotation

displacement of the support on the primary structure;

D1, linear displacement D2 and the displacement of the support on the

ܴଶୱ – force reaction in the linear displacement restraint 2, caused by the

primary structure;

rotation D1, linear displacement D2 and the displacement of the support on

the primary structure.

Fixed end moments caused by support displacement

0.006 3 ∙ E ∙ 3I 0.006
φ୴ଵ
ଶଷ = Mଷଶ
୴ଵ
= ∙ = 0.00216 ∙ EI
5 5 5
 0.004 3 ∙ E ∙ 3I 0.004
φ୴ସ
ଶଷ = Mଷଶ
୴ଷ
= ∙ = 0.00144 ∙ EI
5 5 5
0.004 3 ∙ E ∙ 3I 0.004
φ୴ସ = Mଷହ
୴ଷ
= ∙ = 0.00225 ∙ EI
ଷହ
4 4 4

0.005 6 ∙ EI 0.005
φ୳ସ
ଷସ = Mସଷ
୳ଷ
= Mଷସ
୳ଷ
= ∙ = 0.001875 ∙ EI
4 4 4

π
φସ = 0.8° = 0.8 ∙
180
4 ∙ EI π
Mଷସర = ∙ 0.8 ∙ = 13.96 ∙ 10ିଷ ∙ EI
஦
4 180
2 ∙ EI π
Mସଷర = ∙ 0.8 ∙ = 6.98 ∙ 10ିଷ ∙ EI
஦
4 180

0.01
φ୴ହ
ଷହ =
4
3 ∙ E ∙ 3I 0.01
Mସହ
୴ହ
= ∙ = 5.625 ∙ 10ିଷ ∙ EI
4 4
Final diagram for fixed end moments caused by support displacements
 0
s

Moment reaction in the restrained joint

R଴ଵୱ + 3.375 ∙ 10ିଷ ∙ EI + 5.105 ∙ 10ିଷ ∙ EI − 0.72 ∙ 10ିଷ ∙ EI = 0

R଴ଵୱ = −7.76 ∙ 10ିଷ ∙ EI = 880kNm

Force reaction in the restrained joint

ቀ෍ Mቁ = 0 Rୱ୚ଷସ ∙ 4 + ሺ−5.105 − 12.085ሻ ∙ 10ିଷ ∙ EI = 0

ଷ
17.19
Rୱ୚ଷସ = ∙ 10ିଷ ∙ EI = 4.2975 ∙ 10ିଷ ∙ EI
4

R଴ଶୱ − Rୱ୚ଷସ = 0 R ଶୱ = Rୱ୚ଷସ = 4.2975 ∙ 10ିଷ ∙ EI

The fixed end moments due to unit displacement D1 and unit linear

rଵଵ = 5.05EI
displacement D2 are the same as for the structure from problem 1.15.

rଵଶ = −0.375EI
rଶଶ = 0.2814EI

5.05EI ∙ Dଵ − 0.375EI ∙ Dଶ − 7.76 ∙ 10ିଷ ∙ EI = 0

൜
−0.375EI ∙ Dଵ + 0.2813EI ∙ Dଶ + 4.275 ∙ 10ିଷ ∙ EI = 0

Dଵ = 0.4462 ∙ 10ିଷ
Dଶ = −14.683 ∙ 10ିଷ